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Knol MJ, Poot RA, Evans TE, Satizabal CL, Mishra A, Sargurupremraj M, van der Auwera S, Duperron MG, Jian X, Hostettler IC, van Dam-Nolen DHK, Lamballais S, Pawlak MA, Lewis CE, Carrion-Castillo A, van Erp TGM, Reinbold CS, Shin J, Scholz M, Håberg AK, Kämpe A, Li GHY, Avinun R, Atkins JR, Hsu FC, Amod AR, Lam M, Tsuchida A, Teunissen MWA, Aygün N, Patel Y, Liang D, Beiser AS, Beyer F, Bis JC, Bos D, Bryan RN, Bülow R, Caspers S, Catheline G, Cecil CAM, Dalvie S, Dartigues JF, DeCarli C, Enlund-Cerullo M, Ford JM, Franke B, Freedman BI, Friedrich N, Green MJ, Haworth S, Helmer C, Hoffmann P, Homuth G, Ikram MK, Jack CR, Jahanshad N, Jockwitz C, Kamatani Y, Knodt AR, Li S, Lim K, Longstreth WT, Macciardi F, Mäkitie O, Mazoyer B, Medland SE, Miyamoto S, Moebus S, Mosley TH, Muetzel R, Mühleisen TW, Nagata M, Nakahara S, Palmer ND, Pausova Z, Preda A, Quidé Y, Reay WR, Roshchupkin GV, Schmidt R, Schreiner PJ, Setoh K, Shapland CY, Sidney S, St Pourcain B, Stein JL, Tabara Y, Teumer A, Uhlmann A, van der Lugt A, Vernooij MW, Werring DJ, Windham BG, Witte AV, Wittfeld K, Yang Q, Yoshida K, Brunner HG, Le Grand Q, Sim K, Stein DJ, Bowden DW, Cairns MJ, Hariri AR, Cheung CL, Andersson S, Villringer A, Paus T, Cichon S, Calhoun VD, Crivello F, Launer LJ, White T, Koudstaal PJ, Houlden H, Fornage M, Matsuda F, Grabe HJ, Ikram MA, Debette S, Thompson PM, Seshadri S, Adams HHH. Genetic variants for head size share genes and pathways with cancer. Cell Rep Med 2024:101529. [PMID: 38703765 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
The size of the human head is highly heritable, but genetic drivers of its variation within the general population remain unmapped. We perform a genome-wide association study on head size (N = 80,890) and identify 67 genetic loci, of which 50 are novel. Neuroimaging studies show that 17 variants affect specific brain areas, but most have widespread effects. Gene set enrichment is observed for various cancers and the p53, Wnt, and ErbB signaling pathways. Genes harboring lead variants are enriched for macrocephaly syndrome genes (37-fold) and high-fidelity cancer genes (9-fold), which is not seen for human height variants. Head size variants are also near genes preferentially expressed in intermediate progenitor cells, neural cells linked to evolutionary brain expansion. Our results indicate that genes regulating early brain and cranial growth incline to neoplasia later in life, irrespective of height. This warrants investigation of clinical implications of the link between head size and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Knol
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raymond A Poot
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tavia E Evans
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia L Satizabal
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aniket Mishra
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team VINTAGE, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Muralidharan Sargurupremraj
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sandra van der Auwera
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; German Centre of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marie-Gabrielle Duperron
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team VINTAGE, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Xueqiu Jian
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Isabel C Hostettler
- Stroke Research Centre, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Neurosurgical Department, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Dianne H K van Dam-Nolen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Lamballais
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mikolaj A Pawlak
- Department of Neurology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Cora E Lewis
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Amaia Carrion-Castillo
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Theo G M van Erp
- Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Céline S Reinbold
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Computational Life Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Jean Shin
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Markus Scholz
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE Research Center for Civilization Disease, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Asta K Håberg
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders Kämpe
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gloria H Y Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Reut Avinun
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joshua R Atkins
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Fang-Chi Hsu
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Alyssa R Amod
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Max Lam
- North Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore; Population and Global Health, LKC Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ami Tsuchida
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team VINTAGE, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France; Groupe d'imagerie neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mariël W A Teunissen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Nil Aygün
- Department of Genetics UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yash Patel
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dan Liang
- Department of Genetics UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alexa S Beiser
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frauke Beyer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Collaborative Research Center 1052 Obesity Mechanisms, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Day Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel Bos
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Nick Bryan
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robin Bülow
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gwenaëlle Catheline
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, team NeuroImagerie et Cognition Humaine, Bordeaux, France; EPHE-PSL University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Charlotte A M Cecil
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Shareefa Dalvie
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jean-François Dartigues
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team SEPIA, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Maria Enlund-Cerullo
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Judith M Ford
- San Francisco Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Barry I Freedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon Haworth
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Catherine Helmer
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team LEHA, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Kamran Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christiane Jockwitz
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Medical Faculty, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Annchen R Knodt
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keane Lim
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - W T Longstreth
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Fabio Macciardi
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bernard Mazoyer
- Groupe d'imagerie neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Susumu Miyamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Susanne Moebus
- Institute for Urban Public Health, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Ryan Muetzel
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas W Mühleisen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Manabu Nagata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Soichiro Nakahara
- Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Unit 2, Candidate Discovery Science Labs, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc, 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Nicholette D Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Adrian Preda
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yann Quidé
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - William R Reay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Gennady V Roshchupkin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Kazuya Setoh
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chin Yang Shapland
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Stephen Sidney
- Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jason L Stein
- Department of Genetics UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yasuharu Tabara
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anne Uhlmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Aad van der Lugt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Meike W Vernooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David J Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - B Gwen Windham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - A Veronica Witte
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Collaborative Research Center 1052 Obesity Mechanisms, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Day Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; German Centre of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kazumichi Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Han G Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics MUMC+, GROW School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, and MHeNs School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Quentin Le Grand
- Bordeaux Population Health, University of Bordeaux, INSERM U1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kang Sim
- West Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; SAMRC Unit on Risk and Resilience, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Donald W Bowden
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Murray J Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ching-Lung Cheung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Genomic Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sture Andersson
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Day Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tomas Paus
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sven Cichon
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS) {Georgia State, Georgia Tech, Emory}, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Fabrice Crivello
- Groupe d'imagerie neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Aging, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Koudstaal
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henry Houlden
- Stroke Research Centre, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stéphanie Debette
- Bordeaux Population Health, University of Bordeaux, INSERM U1219, Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hieab H H Adams
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Latin American Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.
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Kiltschewskij DJ, Reay WR, Geaghan MP, Atkins JR, Xavier A, Zhang X, Watkeys OJ, Carr VJ, Scott RJ, Green MJ, Cairns MJ. Alteration of DNA Methylation and Epigenetic Scores Associated With Features of Schizophrenia and Common Variant Genetic Risk. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:647-661. [PMID: 37480976 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unpacking molecular perturbations associated with features of schizophrenia is a critical step toward understanding phenotypic heterogeneity in this disorder. Recent epigenome-wide association studies have uncovered pervasive dysregulation of DNA methylation in schizophrenia; however, clinical features of the disorder that account for a large proportion of phenotypic variability are relatively underexplored. METHODS We comprehensively analyzed patterns of DNA methylation in a cohort of 381 individuals with schizophrenia from the deeply phenotyped Australian Schizophrenia Research Bank. Epigenetic changes were investigated in association with cognitive status, age of onset, treatment resistance, Global Assessment of Functioning scores, and common variant polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia. We subsequently explored alterations within genes previously associated with psychiatric illness, phenome-wide epigenetic covariance, and epigenetic scores. RESULTS Epigenome-wide association studies of the 5 primary traits identified 662 suggestively significant (p < 6.72 × 10-5) differentially methylated probes, with a further 432 revealed after controlling for schizophrenia polygenic risk on the remaining 4 traits. Interestingly, we uncovered many probes within genes associated with a variety of psychiatric conditions as well as significant epigenetic covariance with phenotypes and exposures including acute myocardial infarction, C-reactive protein, and lung cancer. Epigenetic scores for treatment-resistant schizophrenia strikingly exhibited association with clozapine administration, while epigenetic proxies of plasma protein expression, such as CCL17, MMP10, and PRG2, were associated with several features of schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Our findings collectively provide novel evidence suggesting that several features of schizophrenia are associated with alteration of DNA methylation, which may contribute to interindividual phenotypic variation in affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Kiltschewskij
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Precision Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - William R Reay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Precision Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael P Geaghan
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joshua R Atkins
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexandre Xavier
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Centre for Information Based Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xiajie Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Centre for Information Based Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Oliver J Watkeys
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rodney J Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Centre for Information Based Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Murray J Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Precision Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia.
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3
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Reay WR, Clarke E, Eslick S, Riveros C, Holliday EG, McEvoy MA, Peel R, Hancock S, Scott RJ, Attia JR, Collins CE, Cairns MJ. Using Genetics to Inform Interventions Related to Sodium and Potassium in Hypertension. Circulation 2024; 149:1019-1032. [PMID: 38131187 PMCID: PMC10962430 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.123.065394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a key risk factor for major adverse cardiovascular events but remains difficult to treat in many individuals. Dietary interventions are an effective approach to lower blood pressure (BP) but are not equally effective across all individuals. BP is heritable, and genetics may be a useful tool to overcome treatment response heterogeneity. We investigated whether the genetics of BP could be used to identify individuals with hypertension who may receive a particular benefit from lowering sodium intake and boosting potassium levels. METHODS In this observational genetic study, we leveraged cross-sectional data from up to 296 475 genotyped individuals drawn from the UK Biobank cohort for whom BP and urinary electrolytes (sodium and potassium), biomarkers of sodium and potassium intake, were measured. Biologically directed genetic scores for BP were constructed specifically among pathways related to sodium and potassium biology (pharmagenic enrichment scores), as well as unannotated genome-wide scores (conventional polygenic scores). We then tested whether there was a gene-by-environment interaction between urinary electrolytes and these genetic scores on BP. RESULTS Genetic risk and urinary electrolytes both independently correlated with BP. However, urinary sodium was associated with a larger BP increase among individuals with higher genetic risk in sodium- and potassium-related pathways than in those with comparatively lower genetic risk. For example, each SD in urinary sodium was associated with a 1.47-mm Hg increase in systolic BP for those in the top 10% of the distribution of genetic risk in sodium and potassium transport pathways versus a 0.97-mm Hg systolic BP increase in the lowest 10% (P=1.95×10-3). This interaction with urinary sodium remained when considering estimated glomerular filtration rate and indexing sodium to urinary creatinine. There was no strong evidence of an interaction between urinary sodium and a standard genome-wide polygenic score of BP. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that genetic risk in sodium and potassium pathways could be used in a precision medicine model to direct interventions more specifically in the management of hypertension. Intervention studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Reay
- Schools of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (W.R.R., R.J.S., M.J.C.), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Precision Medicine Research Program (W.R.R., M.J.C.), New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Erin Clarke
- Health Sciences (E.C., S.E., C.E.C.), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Food and Nutrition Research Program (E.C., C.E.C.), New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Shaun Eslick
- Health Sciences (E.C., S.E., C.E.C.), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Carlos Riveros
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (C.R., E.G.H., J.R.A.), New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Elizabeth G. Holliday
- Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., R.P., S.H., J.R.A.), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (C.R., E.G.H., J.R.A.), New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark A. McEvoy
- Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia (M.A.M.)
| | - Roseanne Peel
- Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., R.P., S.H., J.R.A.), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen Hancock
- Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., R.P., S.H., J.R.A.), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Rodney J. Scott
- Schools of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (W.R.R., R.J.S., M.J.C.), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Cancer Detection and Therapy Research Program (R.J.S.), New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - John R. Attia
- Medicine and Public Health (E.G.H., R.P., S.H., J.R.A.), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (C.R., E.G.H., J.R.A.), New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Clare E. Collins
- Health Sciences (E.C., S.E., C.E.C.), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Food and Nutrition Research Program (E.C., C.E.C.), New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Murray J. Cairns
- Schools of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy (W.R.R., R.J.S., M.J.C.), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Precision Medicine Research Program (W.R.R., M.J.C.), New Lambton, NSW, Australia
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Reay WR, Kiltschewskij DJ, Di Biase MA, Gerring ZF, Kundu K, Surendran P, Greco LA, Clarke ED, Collins CE, Mondul AM, Albanes D, Cairns MJ. Genetic influences on circulating retinol and its relationship to human health. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1490. [PMID: 38374065 PMCID: PMC10876955 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45779-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinol is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays an essential role in many biological processes throughout the human lifespan. Here, we perform the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) of retinol to date in up to 22,274 participants. We identify eight common variant loci associated with retinol, as well as a rare-variant signal. An integrative gene prioritisation pipeline supports novel retinol-associated genes outside of the main retinol transport complex (RBP4:TTR) related to lipid biology, energy homoeostasis, and endocrine signalling. Genetic proxies of circulating retinol were then used to estimate causal relationships with almost 20,000 clinical phenotypes via a phenome-wide Mendelian randomisation study (MR-pheWAS). The MR-pheWAS suggests that retinol may exert causal effects on inflammation, adiposity, ocular measures, the microbiome, and MRI-derived brain phenotypes, amongst several others. Conversely, circulating retinol may be causally influenced by factors including lipids and serum creatinine. Finally, we demonstrate how a retinol polygenic score could identify individuals more likely to fall outside of the normative range of circulating retinol for a given age. In summary, this study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the genetics of circulating retinol, as well as revealing traits which should be prioritised for further investigation with respect to retinol related therapies or nutritional intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Reay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia.
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Dylan J Kiltschewskij
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria A Di Biase
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zachary F Gerring
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kousik Kundu
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Praveen Surendran
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Health Data Research UK, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Hinxton, UK
| | - Laura A Greco
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Erin D Clarke
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Food and Nutrition Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Clare E Collins
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Food and Nutrition Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Alison M Mondul
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Murray J Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia.
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5
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Jameei H, Rakesh D, Zalesky A, Cairns MJ, Reay WR, Wray NR, Di Biase MA. Linking Polygenic Risk of Schizophrenia to Variation in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Brain Measures: A Comprehensive Systematic Review. Schizophr Bull 2024; 50:32-46. [PMID: 37354489 PMCID: PMC10754175 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Schizophrenia is highly heritable, with a polygenic effect of many genes conferring risk. Evidence on whether cumulative risk also predicts alterations in brain morphology and function is inconsistent. This systematic review examined evidence for schizophrenia polygenic risk score (sczPRS) associations with commonly used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures. We expected consistent evidence to emerge for significant sczPRS associations with variation in structure and function, specifically in frontal, temporal, and insula cortices that are commonly implicated in schizophrenia pathophysiology. STUDY DESIGN In accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO for peer-reviewed studies published between January 2013 and March 2022. Studies were screened against predetermined criteria and National Institutes of Health (NIH) quality assessment tools. STUDY RESULTS In total, 57 studies of T1-weighted structural, diffusion, and functional MRI were included (age range = 9-80 years, Nrange = 64-76 644). We observed moderate, albeit preliminary, evidence for higher sczPRS predicting global reductions in cortical thickness and widespread variation in functional connectivity, and to a lesser extent, region-specific reductions in frontal and temporal volume and thickness. Conversely, sczPRS does not predict whole-brain surface area or gray/white matter volume. Limited evidence emerged for sczPRS associations with diffusion tensor measures of white matter microstructure in a large community sample and smaller cohorts of children and young adults. These findings were broadly consistent across community and clinical populations. CONCLUSIONS Our review supports the hypothesis that schizophrenia is a disorder of disrupted within and between-region brain connectivity, and points to specific whole-brain and regional MRI metrics that may provide useful intermediate phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Jameei
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
| | - Divyangana Rakesh
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Murray J Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - William R Reay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Maria A Di Biase
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Barnett MM, Reay WR, Geaghan MP, Kiltschewskij DJ, Green MJ, Weidenhofer J, Glatt SJ, Cairns MJ. miRNA cargo in circulating vesicles from neurons is altered in individuals with schizophrenia and associated with severe disease. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadi4386. [PMID: 38019909 PMCID: PMC10686555 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi4386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
While RNA expression appears to be altered in several brain disorders, the constraints of postmortem analysis make it impractical for well-powered population studies and biomarker development. Given that the unique molecular composition of neurons are reflected in their extracellular vesicles (EVs), we hypothesized that the fractionation of neuron derived EVs provides an opportunity to specifically profile their encapsulated contents noninvasively from blood. To investigate this hypothesis, we determined miRNA expression in microtubule associated protein 1B (MAP1B)-enriched serum EVs derived from neurons from a large cohort of individuals with schizophrenia and nonpsychiatric comparison participants. We observed dysregulation of miRNA in schizophrenia subjects, in particular those with treatment-resistance and severe cognitive deficits. These data support the hypothesis that schizophrenia is associated with alterations in posttranscriptional regulation of synaptic gene expression and provides an example of the potential utility of tissue-specific EV analysis in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. Barnett
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - William R. Reay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Michael P. Geaghan
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Medical Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Dylan J. Kiltschewskij
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Melissa J. Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Judith Weidenhofer
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Glatt
- Psychiatric Genetic Epidemiology and Neurobiology Laboratory (PsychGENe lab), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Murray J. Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
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7
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Greco LA, Reay WR, Dayas CV, Cairns MJ. Exploring opportunities for drug repurposing and precision medicine in cannabis use disorder using genetics. Addict Biol 2023; 28:e13313. [PMID: 37500481 PMCID: PMC10909568 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis use disorder (CUD) remains a significant public health issue globally, affecting up to one in five adults who use cannabis. Despite extensive research into the molecular underpinnings of the condition, there are no effective pharmacological treatment options available. Therefore, we sought to further explore genetic analyses to prioritise opportunities to repurpose existing drugs for CUD. Specifically, we aimed to identify druggable genes associated with the disorder, integrate transcriptomic/proteomic data and estimate genetic relationships with clinically actionable biochemical traits. Aggregating variants to genes based on genomic position, prioritised the phosphodiesterase gene PDE4B as an interesting target for drug repurposing in CUD. Credible causal PDE4B variants revealed by probabilistic finemapping in and around this locus demonstrated an association with inflammatory and other substance use phenotypes. Gene and protein expression data integrated with the GWAS data revealed a novel CUD associated gene, NPTX1, in whole blood and supported a role for hyaluronidase, a key enzyme in the extracellular matrix in the brain and other tissues. Finally, genetic correlation with biochemical traits revealed a genetic overlap between CUD and immune-related markers such as lymphocyte count, as well as serum triglycerides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Greco
- School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
- Precision Medicine Research ProgramHunter Medical Research InstituteNew LambtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | - William R. Reay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
- Precision Medicine Research ProgramHunter Medical Research InstituteNew LambtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Christopher V. Dayas
- School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Murray J. Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
- Precision Medicine Research ProgramHunter Medical Research InstituteNew LambtonNew South WalesAustralia
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8
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Adams DM, Reay WR, Cairns MJ. Multiomic prioritisation of risk genes for anorexia nervosa. Psychol Med 2023; 53:1-9. [PMID: 36803885 PMCID: PMC10600818 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric disorder associated with marked morbidity. Whilst AN genetic studies could identify novel treatment targets, integration of functional genomics data, including transcriptomics and proteomics, would assist to disentangle correlated signals and reveal causally associated genes. METHODS We used models of genetically imputed expression and splicing from 14 tissues, leveraging mRNA, protein, and mRNA alternative splicing weights to identify genes, proteins, and transcripts, respectively, associated with AN risk. This was accomplished through transcriptome, proteome, and spliceosome-wide association studies, followed by conditional analysis and finemapping to prioritise candidate causal genes. RESULTS We uncovered 134 genes for which genetically predicted mRNA expression was associated with AN after multiple-testing correction, as well as four proteins and 16 alternatively spliced transcripts. Conditional analysis of these significantly associated genes on other proximal association signals resulted in 97 genes independently associated with AN. Moreover, probabilistic finemapping further refined these associations and prioritised putative causal genes. The gene WDR6, for which increased genetically predicted mRNA expression was correlated with AN, was strongly supported by both conditional analyses and finemapping. Pathway analysis of genes revealed by finemapping identified the pathway regulation of immune system process (overlapping genes = MST1, TREX1, PRKAR2A, PROS1) as statistically overrepresented. CONCLUSIONS We leveraged multiomic datasets to genetically prioritise novel risk genes for AN. Multiple-lines of evidence support that WDR6 is associated with AN, whilst other prioritised genes were enriched within immune related pathways, further supporting the role of the immune system in AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M. Adams
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Centre for Complex Disease Neurobiology and Precision Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - William R. Reay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Centre for Complex Disease Neurobiology and Precision Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Murray J. Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Centre for Complex Disease Neurobiology and Precision Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Geaghan MP, Reay WR, Cairns MJ. MicroRNA binding site variation is enriched in psychiatric disorders. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:2153-2169. [PMID: 36217923 PMCID: PMC10947041 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders have a polygenic architecture, often associated with dozens or hundreds of independent genomic loci. Most associated loci impact noncoding regions of the genome, suggesting that the majority of disease heritability originates from the disruption of regulatory sequences. While most research has focused on variants that modify regulatory DNA elements, those affecting cis-acting RNA sequences, such as miRNA binding sites, are also likely to have a significant impact. We intersected genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics with the dbMTS database of predictions for miRNA binding site variants (MBSVs). We compared the distributions of MBSV association statistics to non-MBSVs within brain-expressed 3'UTR regions. We aggregated GWAS p values at the gene, pathway, and miRNA family levels to investigate cellular functions and miRNA families strongly associated with each trait. We performed these analyses in several psychiatric disorders as well as nonpsychiatric traits for comparison. We observed significant enrichment of MBSVs in schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, and anorexia nervosa, particularly in genes targeted by several miRNA families, including miR-335-5p, miR-21-5p/590-5p, miR-361-5p, and miR-557, and a nominally significant association between miR-323b-3p MBSVs and schizophrenia risk. We identified evidence for the association between MBSVs in synaptic gene sets in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. We also observed a significant association of MBSVs in other complex traits including type 2 diabetes. These observations support the role of miRNA in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders and suggest that MBSVs are an important class of regulatory variants that have functional implications for many disorders, as well as other complex human traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Geaghan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - William R. Reay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
- Precision Medicine Research ProgramHunter Medical Research InstituteNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Murray J. Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNew South WalesAustralia
- Precision Medicine Research ProgramHunter Medical Research InstituteNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
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10
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Greco LA, Reay WR, Dayas CV, Cairns MJ. Pairwise genetic meta-analyses between schizophrenia and substance dependence phenotypes reveals novel association signals with pharmacological significance. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:403. [PMID: 36151087 PMCID: PMC9508072 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost half of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia also present with a substance use disorder, however, little is known about potential molecular mechanisms underlying this comorbidity. We used genetic analyses to enhance our understanding of the molecular overlap between these conditions. Our analyses revealed a positive genetic correlation between schizophrenia and the following dependence phenotypes: alcohol (rg = 0.368, SE = 0.076, P = 1.61 × 10-6), cannabis use disorder (rg = 0.309, SE = 0.033, P = 1.97 × 10-20) and nicotine (rg = 0.117, SE = 0.043, P = 7.0 × 10-3), as well as drinks per week (rg = 0.087, SE = 0.021, P = 6.36 × 10-5), cigarettes per day (rg = 0.11, SE = 0.024, P = 4.93 × 10-6) and life-time cannabis use (rg = 0.234, SE = 0.029, P = 3.74 × 10-15). We further constructed latent causal variable (LCV) models to test for partial genetic causality and found evidence for a potential causal relationship between alcohol dependence and schizophrenia (GCP = 0.6, SE = 0.22, P = 1.6 × 10-3). This putative causal effect with schizophrenia was not seen using a continuous phenotype of drinks consumed per week, suggesting that distinct molecular mechanisms underlying dependence are involved in the relationship between alcohol and schizophrenia. To localise the specific genetic overlap between schizophrenia and substance use disorders (SUDs), we conducted a gene-based and gene-set pairwise meta-analysis between schizophrenia and each of the four individual substance dependence phenotypes in up to 790,806 individuals. These bivariate meta-analyses identified 44 associations not observed in the individual GWAS, including five shared genes that play a key role in early central nervous system development. The results from this study further supports the existence of underlying shared biology that drives the overlap in substance dependence in schizophrenia, including specific biological systems related to metabolism and neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Greco
- grid.266842.c0000 0000 8831 109XSchool of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW Australia ,grid.413648.cPrecision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW Australia
| | - William R. Reay
- grid.266842.c0000 0000 8831 109XSchool of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW Australia ,grid.413648.cPrecision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW Australia
| | - Christopher V. Dayas
- grid.266842.c0000 0000 8831 109XSchool of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW Australia
| | - Murray J. Cairns
- grid.266842.c0000 0000 8831 109XSchool of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW Australia ,grid.413648.cPrecision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW Australia
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11
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Reay WR, Geaghan MP, Atkins JR, Carr VJ, Green MJ, Cairns MJ. Genetics-informed precision treatment formulation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:1620-1637. [PMID: 36055211 PMCID: PMC9502060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically informed drug development and repurposing is an attractive prospect for improving patient outcomes in psychiatry; however, the effectiveness of these endeavors is confounded by heterogeneity. We propose an approach that links interventions implicated by disorder-associated genetic risk, at the population level, to a framework that can target these compounds to individuals. Specifically, results from genome-wide association studies are integrated with expression data to prioritize individual "directional anchor" genes for which the predicted risk-increasing direction of expression could be counteracted by an existing drug. While these compounds represent plausible therapeutic candidates, they are not likely to be equally efficacious for all individuals. To account for this heterogeneity, we constructed polygenic scores restricted to variants annotated to the network of genes that interact with each directional anchor gene. These metrics, which we call a pharmagenic enrichment score (PES), identify individuals with a higher burden of genetic risk, localized in biological processes related to the candidate drug target, to inform precision drug repurposing. We used this approach to investigate schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and reveal several compounds targeting specific directional anchor genes that could be plausibly repurposed. These genetic risk scores, mapped to the networks associated with target genes, revealed biological insights that cannot be observed in undifferentiated genome-wide polygenic risk score (PRS). For example, an enrichment of these partitioned scores in schizophrenia cases with otherwise low PRS. In summary, genetic risk could be used more specifically to direct drug repurposing candidates that target particular genes implicated in psychiatric and other complex disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Reay
- Centre for Complex Disease and Precision Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael P Geaghan
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Medical Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Joshua R Atkins
- Centre for Complex Disease and Precision Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Murray J Cairns
- Centre for Complex Disease and Precision Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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12
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Reay WR, Haslam R, Cairns MJ, Moschonis G, Clarke E, Attia J, Collins CE. Variation in cardiovascular disease risk factors among older adults in the Hunter Community Study cohort; a comparison of diet quality versus polygenic risk score. J Hum Nutr Diet 2022; 35:675-688. [PMID: 35560851 PMCID: PMC9542949 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background The interplay between cardiovascular disease (CVD) genetic risk indexed by a polygenic risk score (PRS) and diet quality still requires further investigation amongst older adults or those with established or treated CVD. The present study aimed to evaluate the relative contribution of diet quality, measured using the Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS) and PRS, with respect to explaining variation in plasma lipids CVD outcomes in the Hunter Cohort. Methods The study comprised a secondary analysis of cross‐sectional data from the Hunter Cohort study. Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms from previously derived polygenic scores (PGSs) for three lipid classes were obtained: low‐density lipoprotein, high‐density lipoprotein and triglycerides, as well as PRS for coronary artery disease (CAD) from the PGS catalogue. Regression modelling and odds ratios were used to determine associations between PRS, ARFS and CVD risk. Results In total, 1703 participants were included: mean ± SD age 66 ± 7.4 years, 51% female, mean ± SD total ARFS 28.1 ± 8 (out of 74). Total diet quality and vegetable subscale were not significantly associated with measured lipids. By contrast, PGS for each lipid demonstrated a markedly strong, statistically significant correlation with its respective measured lipid. There was a significant association between CAD PRS and 5/6 CVD phenotypes (all except atrial fibrillation), with the largest effect size shown with coronary bypass. Adding dietary intake as a covariate did not change this relationship. Conclusions Lipid PGS explained more variance in measured lipids than diet quality. However, the poor diet quality observed in the current cohort may have limited the ability to observe any beneficial effects. Future research should investigate whether the diet quality of older adults can be improved and also the effect of these improvements on changes in polygenic risk. The Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS) had little association with lipid and cardiovascular disease (CVD) endpoints. Lipid polygenic score (PGS) explained more variance in measured lipids than diet quality. The lipid PGS was associated with all three lipid parameters and some CVD endpoints, especially high cholesterol. Coronary artery disease polygenic risk score was associated with CVD endpoints angina, coronary bypass, heart attack, high cholesterol and hypertension and some lipid parameters (high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol).
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Reay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebecca Haslam
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Murray J Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - George Moschonis
- Department of Dietetics, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Erin Clarke
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - John Attia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia.,School of Population Health and Medical Practice, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Clare Elizabeth Collins
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, The University of Newcastle Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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13
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Reay WR, Kiltschewskij DJ, Geaghan MP, Atkins JR, Carr VJ, Green MJ, Cairns MJ. Genetic estimates of correlation and causality between blood-based biomarkers and psychiatric disorders. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabj8969. [PMID: 35385317 PMCID: PMC8986101 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj8969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a long-standing interest in exploring the relationship between blood-based biomarkers and psychiatric disorders, despite their causal role being difficult to resolve in observational studies. In this study, we leverage genome-wide association study data for a large panel of heritable serum biochemical traits to refine our understanding of causal effect in biochemical-psychiatric trait pairings. We observed widespread positive and negative genetic correlation between psychiatric disorders and biochemical traits. Causal inference was then implemented to distinguish causation from correlation, with strong evidence that C-reactive protein (CRP) exerts a causal effect on psychiatric disorders. Notably, CRP demonstrated both protective and risk-increasing effects on different disorders. Multivariable models that conditioned CRP effects on interleukin-6 signaling and body mass index supported that the CRP-schizophrenia relationship was not driven by these factors. Collectively, these data suggest that there are shared pathways that influence both biochemical traits and psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Reay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Dylan J. Kiltschewskij
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael P. Geaghan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Joshua R. Atkins
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Vaughan J. Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa J. Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Murray J. Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Corresponding author.
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14
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Di Biase MA, Geaghan MP, Reay WR, Seidlitz J, Weickert CS, Pébay A, Green MJ, Quidé Y, Atkins JR, Coleman MJ, Bouix S, Knyazhanskaya EE, Lyall AE, Pasternak O, Kubicki M, Rathi Y, Visco A, Gaunnac M, Lv J, Mesholam-Gately RI, Lewandowski KE, Holt DJ, Keshavan MS, Pantelis C, Öngür D, Breier A, Cairns MJ, Shenton ME, Zalesky A. Cell type-specific manifestations of cortical thickness heterogeneity in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2052-2060. [PMID: 35145230 PMCID: PMC9126812 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01460-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain morphology differs markedly between individuals with schizophrenia, but the cellular and genetic basis of this heterogeneity is poorly understood. Here, we sought to determine whether cortical thickness (CTh) heterogeneity in schizophrenia relates to interregional variation in distinct neural cell types, as inferred from established gene expression data and person-specific genomic variation. This study comprised 1849 participants in total, including a discovery (140 cases and 1267 controls) and a validation cohort (335 cases and 185 controls). To characterize CTh heterogeneity, normative ranges were established for 34 cortical regions and the extent of deviation from these ranges was measured for each individual with schizophrenia. CTh deviations were explained by interregional gene expression levels of five out of seven neural cell types examined: (1) astrocytes; (2) endothelial cells; (3) oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs); (4) excitatory neurons; and (5) inhibitory neurons. Regional alignment between CTh alterations with cell type transcriptional maps distinguished broad patient subtypes, which were validated against genomic data drawn from the same individuals. In a predominantly neuronal/endothelial subtype (22% of patients), CTh deviations covaried with polygenic risk for schizophrenia (sczPRS) calculated specifically from genes marking neuronal and endothelial cells (r = -0.40, p = 0.010). Whereas, in a predominantly glia/OPC subtype (43% of patients), CTh deviations covaried with sczPRS calculated from glia and OPC-linked genes (r = -0.30, p = 0.028). This multi-scale analysis of genomic, transcriptomic, and brain phenotypic data may indicate that CTh heterogeneity in schizophrenia relates to inter-individual variation in cell-type specific functions. Decomposing heterogeneity in relation to cortical cell types enables prioritization of schizophrenia subsets for future disease modeling efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Di Biase
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Michael P Geaghan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - William R Reay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Jakob Seidlitz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Alice Pébay
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yann Quidé
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joshua R Atkins
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael J Coleman
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sylvain Bouix
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Amanda E Lyall
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ofer Pasternak
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marek Kubicki
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yogesh Rathi
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Visco
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Megan Gaunnac
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jinglei Lv
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Kathryn E Lewandowski
- Division of Psychotic Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daphne J Holt
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Matcheri S Keshavan
- Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
| | - Dost Öngür
- Division of Psychotic Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alan Breier
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Murray J Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Martha E Shenton
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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15
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Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed important biological insights into complex diseases, which are broadly expected to lead to the identification of new drug targets and opportunities for treatment. Drug development, however, remains hampered by the time taken and costs expended to achieve regulatory approval, leading many clinicians and researchers to consider alternative paths to more immediate clinical outcomes. In this Review, we explore approaches that leverage common variant genetics to identify opportunities for repurposing existing drugs, also known as drug repositioning. These approaches include the identification of compounds by linking individual loci to genes and pathways that can be pharmacologically modulated, transcriptome-wide association studies, gene-set association, causal inference by Mendelian randomization, and polygenic scoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Reay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Murray J Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia. .,Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
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16
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Adams DM, Reay WR, Geaghan MP, Cairns MJ. Investigation of glycaemic traits in psychiatric disorders using Mendelian randomisation revealed a causal relationship with anorexia nervosa. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:1093-1102. [PMID: 32920595 PMCID: PMC8115098 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00847-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Data from observational studies have suggested an involvement of abnormal glycaemic regulation in the pathophysiology of psychiatric illness. This may be an attractive target for clinical intervention as glycaemia can be modulated by both lifestyle factors and pharmacological agents. However, observational studies are inherently confounded, and therefore, causal relationships cannot be reliably established. We employed genetic variants rigorously associated with three glycaemic traits (fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and glycated haemoglobin) as instrumental variables in a two-sample Mendelian randomisation analysis to investigate the causal effect of these measures on the risk for eight psychiatric disorders. A significant protective effect of a natural log transformed pmol/L increase in fasting insulin levels was observed for anorexia nervosa after the application of multiple testing correction (OR = 0.48 [95% CI: 0.33-0.71]-inverse-variance weighted estimate). There was no consistently strong evidence for a causal effect of glycaemic factors on the other seven psychiatric disorders considered. The relationship between fasting insulin and anorexia nervosa was supported by a suite of sensitivity analyses, with no statistical evidence of instrument heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy. Further investigation is required to explore the relationship between insulin levels and anorexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Adams
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - William R Reay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael P Geaghan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Murray J Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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17
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Reay WR, El Shair SI, Geaghan MP, Riveros C, Holliday EG, McEvoy MA, Hancock S, Peel R, Scott RJ, Attia JR, Cairns MJ. Genetic association and causal inference converge on hyperglycaemia as a modifiable factor to improve lung function. eLife 2021; 10:63115. [PMID: 33720009 PMCID: PMC8060032 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Measures of lung function are heritable, and thus, we sought to utilise genetics to propose drug-repurposing candidates that could improve respiratory outcomes. Lung function measures were found to be genetically correlated with seven druggable biochemical traits, with further evidence of a causal relationship between increased fasting glucose and diminished lung function. Moreover, we developed polygenic scores for lung function specifically within pathways with known drug targets and investigated their relationship with pulmonary phenotypes and gene expression in independent cohorts to prioritise individuals who may benefit from particular drug-repurposing opportunities. A transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) of lung function was then performed which identified several drug–gene interactions with predicted lung function increasing modes of action. Drugs that regulate blood glucose were uncovered through both polygenic scoring and TWAS methodologies. In summary, we provided genetic justification for a number of novel drug-repurposing opportunities that could improve lung function. Chronic respiratory disorders like asthma affect around 600 million people worldwide. Although these illnesses are widespread, they can have several different underlying causes, making them difficult to treat. Drugs that work well on one type of respiratory disorder may be completely ineffective on another. Understanding the biological and environmental factors that cause these illnesses will allow them to be treated more effectively by tailoring therapies to each patient. Reduced lung function is a factor in respiratory disorders and it can have many genetic causes. Studying the genes of patients with reduced lung function can reveal the genes involved, some of which may already be targets of existing drugs for other illnesses. So, could a patient’s genetics be used to repurpose existing drugs to treat their respiratory disorders? Reay et al. combined three methods to link genetics and biological processes to the causes of reduced lung function. The results reveal several factors that could lead to new treatments. In one example, reduced lung function showed a link to genes associated with high blood sugar. As such, treatments used in diabetes might help improve lung function in some patients. Reay et al. also developed a scoring system that could predict the efficacy of a treatment based on a patient’s genetics. The study suggests that COVID-19 infection could be affected by blood sugar levels too. Chronic respiratory disorders are a critical issue worldwide and have proven difficult to treat, but these results suggest a way to identify new therapies and target them to the right patients. The findings also support a connection between lung function and blood sugar levels. This implies that perhaps existing diabetes treatments – including diet and lifestyle changes aimed at reducing or limiting blood sugar – could be repurposed to treat respiratory disorders in some patients. The next step will be to perform clinical trials to test whether these therapies are in fact effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Reay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Sahar I El Shair
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Michael P Geaghan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Carlos Riveros
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Elizabeth G Holliday
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Mark A McEvoy
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Stephen Hancock
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Roseanne Peel
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Rodney J Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - John R Attia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Murray J Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
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18
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Mahmoudi E, Atkins JR, Quidé Y, Reay WR, Cairns HM, Fitzsimmons C, Carr VJ, Green MJ, Cairns MJ. The MIR137 VNTR rs58335419 Is Associated With Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia and Altered Cortical Morphology. Schizophr Bull 2020; 47:495-504. [PMID: 32910167 PMCID: PMC8370045 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of schizophrenia have strongly implicated a risk locus in close proximity to the gene for miR-137. While there are candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with functional implications for the microRNA's expression encompassed by the common haplotype tagged by rs1625579, there are likely to be others, such as the variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) variant rs58335419, that have no proxy on the SNP genotyping platforms used in GWAS to date. Using whole-genome sequencing data from schizophrenia patients (n = 299) and healthy controls (n = 131), we observed that the MIR137 4-repeats VNTR (VNTR4) variant was enriched in a cognitive deficit subtype of schizophrenia and associated with altered brain morphology, including thicker left inferior temporal gyrus and deeper right postcentral sulcus. These findings suggest that the MIR137 VNTR4 may impact neuroanatomical development that may, in turn, influence the expression of more severe cognitive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Mahmoudi
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of
Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia,Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of
Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New South Wales, New Lambton,
Australia
| | - Joshua R Atkins
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of
Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia,Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of
Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New South Wales, New Lambton,
Australia
| | - Yann Quidé
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New
South Wales, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales,
Australia
| | - William R Reay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of
Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia,Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of
Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New South Wales, New Lambton,
Australia
| | - Heath M Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of
Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia,Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of
Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New South Wales, New Lambton,
Australia
| | - Chantel Fitzsimmons
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of
Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia,Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of
Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New South Wales, New Lambton,
Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New
South Wales, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales,
Australia,Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash
University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New
South Wales, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales,
Australia
| | - Murray J Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of
Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia,Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of
Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New South Wales, New Lambton,
Australia,To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: +61 (02) 4921 8670, fax:
+61 (02) 4921 7903, e-mail:
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19
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Liu X, Low SK, Atkins JR, Wu JQ, Reay WR, Cairns HM, Green MJ, Schall U, Jablensky A, Mowry B, Michie PT, Catts SV, Henskens F, Pantelis C, Loughland C, Boddy AV, Tooney PA, Scott RJ, Carr VJ, Cairns MJ. Wnt receptor gene FZD1 was associated with schizophrenia in genome-wide SNP analysis of the Australian Schizophrenia Research Bank cohort. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2020; 54:902-908. [PMID: 31735061 DOI: 10.1177/0004867419885443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Large-scale genetic analysis of common variation in schizophrenia has been a powerful approach to understanding this complex but highly heritable psychotic disorder. To further investigate loci, genes and pathways associated more specifically in the well-characterized Australian Schizophrenia Research Bank cohort, we applied genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis in these three annotation categories. METHODS We performed a case-control genome-wide association study in 429 schizophrenia samples and 255 controls. Post-genome-wide association study analyses were then integrated with genomic annotations to explore the enrichment of variation at the gene and pathway level. We also examine candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms with potential function within expression quantitative trait loci and investigate overall enrichment of variation within tissue-specific functional regulatory domains of the genome. RESULTS The strongest finding (p = 2.01 × 10-6, odds ratio = 1.82, 95% confidence interval = [1.42, 2.33]) in genome-wide association study was with rs10252923 at 7q21.13, downstream of FZD1 (frizzled class receptor 1). While this did not stand alone after correction, the involvement of FZD1 was supported by gene-based analysis, which exceeded the threshold for genome-wide significance (p = 2.78 × 10-6). CONCLUSION The identification of FZD1, as an independent association signal at the gene level, supports the hypothesis that the Wnt signalling pathway is altered in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and may be an important target for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Liu
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Siew-Kee Low
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Project for Immunogenomics, Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joshua R Atkins
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Brain & Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Jing Qin Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Brain & Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney
| | - William R Reay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Brain & Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Heath M Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Brain & Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ulrich Schall
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Brain & Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Assen Jablensky
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Bryan Mowry
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Patricia T Michie
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Stan V Catts
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD Australia
| | - Frans Henskens
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour and Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,NorthWestern Mental Health, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Neural Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Carmel Loughland
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter New England Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Alan V Boddy
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Paul A Tooney
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Brain & Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Rodney J Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,NSW Health Pathology, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Murray J Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Brain & Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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20
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Reay WR, Cairns MJ. Pairwise common variant meta-analyses of schizophrenia with other psychiatric disorders reveals shared and distinct gene and gene-set associations. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:134. [PMID: 32398653 PMCID: PMC7217970 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0817-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex aetiology of schizophrenia is postulated to share components with other psychiatric disorders. We investigated pleiotropy amongst the common variant genomics of schizophrenia and seven other psychiatric disorders using a multimarker association test. Transcriptomic imputation was then leveraged to investigate the functional significance of variation mapped to these genes, prioritising several interesting functional candidates. Gene-based analysis of common variation revealed 67 schizophrenia-associated genes shared with other psychiatric phenotypes, including bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, ADHD and autism-spectrum disorder. In addition, we uncovered 78 genes significantly enriched with common variant associations for schizophrenia that were not linked to any of these seven disorders (P > 0.05). Multivariable gene-set association suggested that common variation enrichment within biologically constrained genes observed for schizophrenia also occurs across several psychiatric phenotypes. Pairwise meta-analysis of schizophrenia and each psychiatric phenotype was implemented and identified 330 significantly associated genes (PMeta < 2.7 × 10-6) that were only nominally associated with each disorder individually (P < 0.05). These analyses consolidate the overlap between the genomic architecture of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders, uncovering several candidate pleiotropic genes which warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Reay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Murray J Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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21
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Grasby KL, Jahanshad N, Painter JN, Colodro-Conde L, Bralten J, Hibar DP, Lind PA, Pizzagalli F, Ching CRK, McMahon MAB, Shatokhina N, Zsembik LCP, Thomopoulos SI, Zhu AH, Strike LT, Agartz I, Alhusaini S, Almeida MAA, Alnæs D, Amlien IK, Andersson M, Ard T, Armstrong NJ, Ashley-Koch A, Atkins JR, Bernard M, Brouwer RM, Buimer EEL, Bülow R, Bürger C, Cannon DM, Chakravarty M, Chen Q, Cheung JW, Couvy-Duchesne B, Dale AM, Dalvie S, de Araujo TK, de Zubicaray GI, de Zwarte SMC, den Braber A, Doan NT, Dohm K, Ehrlich S, Engelbrecht HR, Erk S, Fan CC, Fedko IO, Foley SF, Ford JM, Fukunaga M, Garrett ME, Ge T, Giddaluru S, Goldman AL, Green MJ, Groenewold NA, Grotegerd D, Gurholt TP, Gutman BA, Hansell NK, Harris MA, Harrison MB, Haswell CC, Hauser M, Herms S, Heslenfeld DJ, Ho NF, Hoehn D, Hoffmann P, Holleran L, Hoogman M, Hottenga JJ, Ikeda M, Janowitz D, Jansen IE, Jia T, Jockwitz C, Kanai R, Karama S, Kasperaviciute D, Kaufmann T, Kelly S, Kikuchi M, Klein M, Knapp M, Knodt AR, Krämer B, Lam M, Lancaster TM, Lee PH, Lett TA, Lewis LB, Lopes-Cendes I, Luciano M, Macciardi F, Marquand AF, Mathias SR, Melzer TR, Milaneschi Y, Mirza-Schreiber N, Moreira JCV, Mühleisen TW, Müller-Myhsok B, Najt P, Nakahara S, Nho K, Loohuis LMO, Orfanos DP, Pearson JF, Pitcher TL, Pütz B, Quidé Y, Ragothaman A, Rashid FM, Reay WR, Redlich R, Reinbold CS, Repple J, Richard G, Riede BC, Risacher SL, Rocha CS, Mota NR, Salminen L, Saremi A, Saykin AJ, Schlag F, Schmaal L, Schofield PR, Secolin R, Shapland CY, Shen L, Shin J, Shumskaya E, Sønderby IE, Sprooten E, Tansey KE, Teumer A, Thalamuthu A, Tordesillas-Gutiérrez D, Turner JA, Uhlmann A, Vallerga CL, van derMeer D, van Donkelaar MMJ, van Eijk L, van Erp TGM, van Haren NEM, van Rooij D, van Tol MJ, Veldink JH, Verhoef E, Walton E, Wang M, Wang Y, Wardlaw JM, Wen W, Westlye LT, Whelan CD, Witt SH, Wittfeld K, Wolf C, Wolfers T, Wu JQ, Yasuda CL, Zaremba D, Zhang Z, Zwiers MP, Artiges E, Assareh AA, Ayesa-Arriola R, Belger A, Brandt CL, Brown GG, Cichon S, Curran JE, Davies GE, Degenhardt F, Dennis MF, Dietsche B, Djurovic S, Doherty CP, Espiritu R, Garijo D, Gil Y, Gowland PA, Green RC, Häusler AN, Heindel W, Ho BC, Hoffmann WU, Holsboer F, Homuth G, Hosten N, Jack CR, Jang M, Jansen A, Kimbrel NA, Kolskår K, Koops S, Krug A, Lim KO, Luykx JJ, Mathalon DH, Mather KA, Mattay VS, Matthews S, Van Son JM, McEwen SC, Melle I, Morris DW, Mueller BA, Nauck M, Nordvik JE, Nöthen MM, O’Leary DS, Opel N, Martinot MLP, Pike GB, Preda A, Quinlan EB, Rasser PE, Ratnakar V, Reppermund S, Steen VM, Tooney PA, Torres FR, Veltman DJ, Voyvodic JT, Whelan R, White T, Yamamori H, Adams HHH, Bis JC, Debette S, Decarli C, Fornage M, Gudnason V, Hofer E, Ikram MA, Launer L, Longstreth WT, Lopez OL, Mazoyer B, Mosley TH, Roshchupkin GV, Satizabal CL, Schmidt R, Seshadri S, Yang Q, Alvim MKM, Ames D, Anderson TJ, Andreassen OA, Arias-Vasquez A, Bastin ME, Baune BT, Beckham JC, Blangero J, Boomsma DI, Brodaty H, Brunner HG, Buckner RL, Buitelaar JK, Bustillo JR, Cahn W, Cairns MJ, Calhoun V, Carr VJ, Caseras X, Caspers S, Cavalleri GL, Cendes F, Corvin A, Crespo-Facorro B, Dalrymple-Alford JC, Dannlowski U, de Geus EJC, Deary IJ, Delanty N, Depondt C, Desrivières S, Donohoe G, Espeseth T, Fernández G, Fisher SE, Flor H, Forstner AJ, Francks C, Franke B, Glahn DC, Gollub RL, Grabe HJ, Gruber O, Håberg AK, Hariri AR, Hartman CA, Hashimoto R, Heinz A, Henskens FA, Hillegers MHJ, Hoekstra PJ, Holmes AJ, Hong LE, Hopkins WD, Pol HEH, Jernigan TL, Jönsson EG, Kahn RS, Kennedy MA, Kircher TTJ, Kochunov P, Kwok JBJ, Le Hellard S, Loughland CM, Martin NG, Martinot JL, McDonald C, McMahon KL, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Michie PT, Morey RA, Mowry B, Nyberg L, Oosterlaan J, Ophoff RA, Pantelis C, Paus T, Pausova Z, Penninx BWJH, Polderman TJC, Posthuma D, Rietschel M, Roffman JL, Rowland LM, Sachdev PS, Sämann PG, Schall U, Schumann G, Scott RJ, Sim K, Sisodiya SM, Smoller JW, Sommer IE, St Pourcain B, Stein DJ, Toga AW, Trollor JN, Van der Wee NJA, van ‘t Ent D, Völzke H, Walter H, Weber B, Weinberger DR, Wright MJ, Zhou J, Stein JL, Thompson PM, Medland SE. The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex. Science 2020; 367:eaay6690. [PMID: 32193296 PMCID: PMC7295264 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay6690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex underlies our complex cognitive capabilities, yet little is known about the specific genetic loci that influence human cortical structure. To identify genetic variants that affect cortical structure, we conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of brain magnetic resonance imaging data from 51,665 individuals. We analyzed the surface area and average thickness of the whole cortex and 34 regions with known functional specializations. We identified 199 significant loci and found significant enrichment for loci influencing total surface area within regulatory elements that are active during prenatal cortical development, supporting the radial unit hypothesis. Loci that affect regional surface area cluster near genes in Wnt signaling pathways, which influence progenitor expansion and areal identity. Variation in cortical structure is genetically correlated with cognitive function, Parkinson's disease, insomnia, depression, neuroticism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina L. Grasby
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jodie N. Painter
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lucía Colodro-Conde
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Janita Bralten
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Derrek P. Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Personalized Healthcare, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Penelope A. Lind
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Fabrizio Pizzagalli
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher R. K. Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Graduate Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mary Agnes B. McMahon
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Shatokhina
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leo C. P. Zsembik
- Department of Genetics and UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sophia I. Thomopoulos
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alyssa H. Zhu
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lachlan T. Strike
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Saud Alhusaini
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Neurology Department, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marcio A. A. Almeida
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Dag Alnæs
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inge K. Amlien
- Centre for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Micael Andersson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tyler Ard
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Allison Ashley-Koch
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joshua R. Atkins
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Manon Bernard
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel M. Brouwer
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth E. L. Buimer
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Robin Bülow
- Institute for Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Bürger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Dara M. Cannon
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Mallar Chakravarty
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Qiang Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joshua W. Cheung
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Baptiste Couvy-Duchesne
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anders M. Dale
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shareefa Dalvie
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tânia K. de Araujo
- Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- BRAINN-Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Greig I. de Zubicaray
- Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sonja M. C. de Zwarte
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anouk den Braber
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nhat Trung Doan
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katharina Dohm
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hannah-Ruth Engelbrecht
- Division of Human Genetics, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Susanne Erk
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chun Chieh Fan
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Iryna O. Fedko
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sonya F. Foley
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Judith M. Ford
- San Francisco Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Melanie E. Garrett
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tian Ge
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sudheer Giddaluru
- NORMENT K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Melissa J. Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nynke A. Groenewold
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Tiril P. Gurholt
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Boris A. Gutman
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Narelle K. Hansell
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Mathew A. Harris
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marc B. Harrison
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Courtney C. Haswell
- Duke UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center for Post Deployment Mental Health, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael Hauser
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stefan Herms
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Research Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk J. Heslenfeld
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - New Fei Ho
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Hoehn
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laurena Holleran
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Deborah Janowitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Iris E. Jansen
- Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and BrainInspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Christiane Jockwitz
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ryota Kanai
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Araya, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sherif Karama
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dalia Kasperaviciute
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Genomics England, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Tobias Kaufmann
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sinead Kelly
- Public Psychiatry Division, Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Masataka Kikuchi
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Marieke Klein
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michael Knapp
- Department of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Annchen R. Knodt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bernd Krämer
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Max Lam
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas M. Lancaster
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Phil H. Lee
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tristram A. Lett
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lindsay B. Lewis
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Iscia Lopes-Cendes
- Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- BRAINN-Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fabio Macciardi
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andre F. Marquand
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Samuel R. Mathias
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Tracy R. Melzer
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand-Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC/Vrije Universiteit and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nazanin Mirza-Schreiber
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jose C. V. Moreira
- BRAINN-Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
- IC-Institute of Computing, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thomas W. Mühleisen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Pablo Najt
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Soichiro Nakahara
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharmaceuticals, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Loes M. Olde Loohuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - John F. Pearson
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Unit, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Toni L. Pitcher
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand-Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Benno Pütz
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Yann Quidé
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anjanibhargavi Ragothaman
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Faisal M. Rashid
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William R. Reay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Ronny Redlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Céline S. Reinbold
- Centre for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Repple
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Geneviève Richard
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway
| | - Brandalyn C. Riede
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shannon L. Risacher
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Cristiane S. Rocha
- Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- BRAINN-Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Nina R. Mota
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Lauren Salminen
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arvin Saremi
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Fenja Schlag
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter R. Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Secolin
- Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- BRAINN-Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Chin Yang Shapland
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jean Shin
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Population Neuroscience & Developmental Neuroimaging, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, East York, ON, Canada
| | - Elena Shumskaya
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ida E. Sønderby
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Emma Sprooten
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Katherine E. Tansey
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Diana Tordesillas-Gutiérrez
- Neuroimaging Unit, Technological Facilities, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
- Centro Investigacion Biomedica en Red Salud Mental, Santander, Spain
| | - Jessica A. Turner
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Anne Uhlmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Costanza L. Vallerga
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dennis van derMeer
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Liza van Eijk
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Theo G. M. van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Neeltje E. M. van Haren
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daan van Rooij
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marie-José van Tol
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan H. Veldink
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ellen Verhoef
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Esther Walton
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Mingyuan Wang
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joanna M. Wardlaw
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lars T. Westlye
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher D. Whelan
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephanie H. Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christiane Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Wolfers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jing Qin Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Clarissa L. Yasuda
- BRAINN-Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Dario Zaremba
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Zuo Zhang
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Marcel P. Zwiers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Eric Artiges
- INSERM ERL Developmental Trajectories and Psychiatry; Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université de Paris, and CNRS 9010, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Amelia A. Assareh
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rosa Ayesa-Arriola
- Centro Investigacion Biomedica en Red Salud Mental, Santander, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria–IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Aysenil Belger
- Duke UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christine L. Brandt
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gregory G. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sven Cichon
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Joanne E. Curran
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | | | - Franziska Degenhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michelle F. Dennis
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center for Post Deployment Mental Health, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bruno Dietsche
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Colin P. Doherty
- Department of Neurology, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Academic Unit of Neurology, TBSI, Dublin, Ireland
- Future Neuro, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ryan Espiritu
- Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Garijo
- Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yolanda Gil
- Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Penny A. Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Robert C. Green
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander N. Häusler
- Center for Economics and Neuroscience, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Walter Heindel
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Beng-Choon Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Wolfgang U. Hoffmann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Florian Holsboer
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- HMNC Holding GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- University Medicine Greifswald, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Norbert Hosten
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - MiHyun Jang
- Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Core-Unit Brainimaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nathan A. Kimbrel
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center for Post Deployment Mental Health, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Knut Kolskår
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway
| | - Sanne Koops
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Axel Krug
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kelvin O. Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jurjen J. Luykx
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- GGNet Mental Health, Apeldoorn, Netherlands
| | - Daniel H. Mathalon
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Mental Health Service 116d, Veterans Affairs San Francisco Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Karen A. Mather
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Venkata S. Mattay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Matthews
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Jaqueline Mayoral Van Son
- Centro Investigacion Biomedica en Red Salud Mental, Santander, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria–IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Sarah C. McEwen
- Pacific Brain Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Derek W. Morris
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Bryon A. Mueller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Markus M. Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel S. O’Leary
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nils Opel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- INSERM ERL Developmental Trajectories and Psychiatry; Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université de Paris, and CNRS 9010, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- APHP.Sorbonne Université, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - G. Bruce Pike
- Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Adrian Preda
- School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Erin B. Quinlan
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Paul E. Rasser
- Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Priority Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Varun Ratnakar
- Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Simone Reppermund
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vidar M. Steen
- NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Paul A. Tooney
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Fábio R. Torres
- Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- BRAINN-Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Dick J. Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC/Vrije Universiteit and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - James T. Voyvodic
- Duke UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hidenaga Yamamori
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hieab H. H. Adams
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephanie Debette
- INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team VINTAGE, UMR 1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Neurology, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Charles Decarli
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Edith Hofer
- Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - M. Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lenore Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - W. T. Longstreth
- Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Oscar L. Lopez
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bernard Mazoyer
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Institute UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thomas H. Mosley
- MIND Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Gennady V. Roshchupkin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Claudia L. Satizabal
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Framingham Heart Study and Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marina K. M. Alvim
- BRAINN-Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - David Ames
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- National Ageing Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tim J. Anderson
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand-Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Neurology, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alejandro Arias-Vasquez
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mark E. Bastin
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bernhard T. Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jean C. Beckham
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center for Post Deployment Mental Health, Durham, VA Healthcare System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Dementia Centre for Research Collaboration, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Han G. Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics and School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Randy L. Buckner
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Juan R. Bustillo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Murray J. Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Vince Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vaughan J. Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Xavier Caseras
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gianpiero L. Cavalleri
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- The SFI FutureNeuro Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fernando Cendes
- BRAINN-Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Centro Investigacion Biomedica en Red Salud Mental, Santander, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria–IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocio, IBiS, Universidad De Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - John C. Dalrymple-Alford
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand-Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, Christchurch, New Zealand
- School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Eco J. C. de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Norman Delanty
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Future Neuro, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chantal Depondt
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Simon E. Fisher
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Herta Flor
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas J. Forstner
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Clyde Francks
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - David C. Glahn
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
- Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Randy L. Gollub
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hans J. Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Oliver Gruber
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Asta K. Håberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ahmad R. Hariri
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frans A. Henskens
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Health Behaviour Research Group, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Manon H. J. Hillegers
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Avram J. Holmes
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - L. Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatry Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William D. Hopkins
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
| | - Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Terry L. Jernigan
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Human Development, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erik G. Jönsson
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - René S. Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin A. Kennedy
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Tilo T. J. Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatry Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John B. J. Kwok
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neurogenetics and Epigenetics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Carmel M. Loughland
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter New England Mental Health Service, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- INSERM ERL Developmental Trajectories and Psychiatry; Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université de Paris, and CNRS 9010, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Colm McDonald
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Katie L. McMahon
- Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Herston Imaging Research Facility, School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Patricia T. Michie
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Rajendra A. Morey
- Duke UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center for Post Deployment Mental Health, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bryan Mowry
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Emma Children’s Hospital Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Clinical Neuropsychology section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Roel A. Ophoff
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- NorthWestern Mental Health, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Tomas Paus
- Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brenda W. J. H. Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC/Vrije Universiteit and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tinca J. C. Polderman
- Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Joshua L. Roffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura M. Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatry Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Perminder S. Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Ulrich Schall
- Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- PONS Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapie, Charité Campus Mitte, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rodney J. Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Division of Molecular Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Kang Sim
- General Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sanjay M. Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, ChalfontSt-Peter, UK
| | - Jordan W. Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Iris E. Sommer
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Medical and Biological Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Dan J. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Arthur W. Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julian N. Trollor
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Dennis van ‘t Ent
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Weber
- Center for Economics and Neuroscience, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience, Genetics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Margaret J. Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Juan Zhou
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jason L. Stein
- Department of Genetics and UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Abstract
Signalling by retinoid compounds is vital for embryonic development, with particular importance for neurogenesis in the human brain. Retinoids, metabolites of vitamin A, exert influence over the expression of thousands of transcripts genome wide, and thus, act as master regulators of many important biological processes. A significant body of evidence in the literature now supports dysregulation of the retinoid system as being involved in the aetiology of schizophrenia. This includes mechanistic insights from large-scale genomic, transcriptomic and, proteomic studies, which implicate disruption of disparate aspects of retinoid biology such as transport, metabolism, and signalling. As a result, retinoids may present a valuable clinical opportunity in schizophrenia via novel pharmacotherapies and dietary intervention. Further work, however, is required to expand on the largely observational data collected thus far and confirm causality. This review will highlight the fundamentals of retinoid biology and examine the evidence for retinoid dysregulation in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Reay
- 0000 0000 8831 109Xgrid.266842.cSchool of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW Australia ,grid.413648.cCentre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW Australia
| | - Murray J. Cairns
- 0000 0000 8831 109Xgrid.266842.cSchool of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW Australia ,grid.413648.cCentre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW Australia
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Reay WR, Atkins JR, Quidé Y, Carr VJ, Green MJ, Cairns MJ. Polygenic disruption of retinoid signalling in schizophrenia and a severe cognitive deficit subtype. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:719-731. [PMID: 30532020 PMCID: PMC7156344 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0305-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid metabolites of vitamin A are intrinsically linked to neural development, connectivity and plasticity, and have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. We hypothesised that a greater burden of common and rare genomic variation in genes involved with retinoid biogenesis and signalling could be associated with schizophrenia and its cognitive symptoms. Common variants associated with schizophrenia in the largest genome-wide association study were aggregated in retinoid genes and used to formulate a polygenic risk score (PRSRet) for each participant in the Australian Schizophrenia Research Bank. In support of our hypothesis, we found PRSRet to be significantly associated with the disorder. Cases with severe cognitive deficits, while not further differentiated by PRSRet, were enriched with rare variation in the retinoic acid receptor beta gene RARB, detected through whole-genome sequencing. RARB rare variant burden was also associated with reduced cerebellar volume in the cases with marked cognitive deficit, and with covariation in grey matter throughout the brain. An excess of rare variation was further observed in schizophrenia in retinoic acid response elements proximal to target genes, which we show are differentially expressed in the disorder in two RNA sequencing datasets. Our results suggest that genomic variation may disrupt retinoid signalling in schizophrenia, with particular significance for cases with severe cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Reay
- 0000 0000 8831 109Xgrid.266842.cSchool of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW Australia ,grid.413648.cCentre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW Australia
| | - Joshua R. Atkins
- 0000 0000 8831 109Xgrid.266842.cSchool of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW Australia ,grid.413648.cCentre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW Australia
| | - Yann Quidé
- 0000 0004 4902 0432grid.1005.4School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia ,0000 0000 8900 8842grid.250407.4Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Vaughan J. Carr
- 0000 0004 4902 0432grid.1005.4School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia ,0000 0000 8900 8842grid.250407.4Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW Australia ,0000 0004 1936 7857grid.1002.3Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Melissa J. Green
- 0000 0004 4902 0432grid.1005.4School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW Australia ,0000 0000 8900 8842grid.250407.4Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Murray J. Cairns
- 0000 0000 8831 109Xgrid.266842.cSchool of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW Australia ,grid.413648.cCentre for Brain and Mental Health Research, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW Australia
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24
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Nakamura JP, Schroeder A, Hudson M, Jones N, Gillespie B, Du X, Notaras M, Swaminathan V, Reay WR, Atkins JR, Green MJ, Carr VJ, Cairns MJ, Sundram S, Hill RA. The maternal immune activation model uncovers a role for the Arx gene in GABAergic dysfunction in schizophrenia. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:161-171. [PMID: 31175998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark feature of schizophrenia is altered high frequency neural oscillations, including reduced auditory-evoked gamma oscillatory power, which is underpinned by parvalbumin (PV) interneuron dysfunction. Maternal immune activation (MIA) in rodents models an environmental risk factor for schizophrenia and recapitulates these PV interneuron changes. This study sought to link reduced PV expression in the MIA model with alterations to auditory-evoked gamma oscillations and transcript expression. We further aligned transcriptional findings from the animal model with human genome sequencing data. We show that MIA, induced by the viral mimetic, poly-I:C in C57Bl/6 mice, caused in adult offspring reduced auditory-evoked gamma and theta oscillatory power paralleled by reduced PV protein levels. We then showed the Arx gene, critical to healthy neurodevelopment of PV interneurons, is reduced in the forebrain of MIA exposed mice. Finally, in a whole-genome sequenced patient cohort, we identified a novel missense mutation of ARX in a patient with schizophrenia and in the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium 2 cohort, a nominal association of proximal ARX SNPs with the disorder. This suggests MIA, as a risk factor for schizophrenia, may be influencing Arx expression to induce the GABAergic dysfunction seen in schizophrenia and that the ARX gene may play a role in the prenatal origins of schizophrenia pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay P Nakamura
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Anna Schroeder
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew Hudson
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Nigel Jones
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Brendan Gillespie
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Xin Du
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Michael Notaras
- Centre for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York 10021, USA
| | - Vaidy Swaminathan
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - William R Reay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Joshua R Atkins
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Barker St, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Barker St, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Murray J Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Suresh Sundram
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Monash Medical Centre, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Rachel A Hill
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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