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Lewis Johnson T, Rowland LM, Ashraf MS, Clark CT, Dotson VM, Livinski AA, Simon M. Key Findings from Mental Health Research During the Menopause Transition for Racially and Ethnically Minoritized Women Living in the United States: A Scoping Review. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2024; 33:113-131. [PMID: 38079223 PMCID: PMC10880275 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2023.0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Racially and ethnically minoritized (REM) women experience social and structural factors that may affect their response to mental health treatment and menopausal symptoms during the menopause transition (MT). This scoping review on mental health during the MT for REM women in the United States was conducted to characterize factors associated with mental health challenges. Materials and Methods: Five databases were searched. Articles were included if focused on MT in REM women in the United States and its territories with specific mental illnesses and published in English from 2005 to 2021. Titles and abstracts and full text were screened. Screening and data collection were completed in duplicate by two reviewers in Covidence. Results: Sixty-five articles were included and indicate that REM women experience a disproportionate burden of depressive symptoms during the MT. Less evidence is reported about anxiety, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, psychosis, schizophrenia, and other mental illnesses. The risk factors associated with mental illness during MT are social, structural, and biological. Treatment response to therapeutic interventions is often underpowered to explain REM differences. Conclusion: Depression during the MT is associated with negative outcomes that may impact REM women differentially. Incorporating theoretical frameworks (e.g., intersectionality, weathering) into mental health research will reduce the likelihood that scientists mislabel race as the cause of these inequities, when racism and intersecting systems of oppression are the root causes of differential expression of mental illness among REM women during the MT. There is a need for interdisciplinary research to advance the mental health of REM women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Lewis Johnson
- Women's Mental Health Research Program, Office of Disparities Research and Workforce Diversity, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura M. Rowland
- Neuroscience of Mental Disorders and Aging Program, Division of Translational Research, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Mahela S. Ashraf
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Crystal T. Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vonetta M. Dotson
- Department of Psychology and Gerontology Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alicia A. Livinski
- National Institutes of Health Library, Office of Research Services, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Melissa Simon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute for Public Health, and Medicine (IPHAM)—Center for Health Equity Transformation, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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2
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Hare SM, Adhikari BM, Mo C, Chen S, Wijtenburg SA, Seneviratne C, Kane-Gerard S, Sathyasaikumar KV, Notarangelo FM, Schwarcz R, Kelly DL, Rowland LM, Buchanan RW. Tryptophan challenge in individuals with schizophrenia and healthy controls: acute effects on circulating kynurenine and kynurenic acid, cognition and cerebral blood flow. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:1594-1601. [PMID: 37118058 PMCID: PMC10516920 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairments predict poor functional outcomes in people with schizophrenia. These impairments may be causally related to increased levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA), a major metabolic product of tryptophan (TRYP). In the brain, KYNA acts as an antagonist of the of α7-nicotinic acetylcholine and NMDA receptors, both of which are involved in cognitive processes. To examine whether KYNA plays a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, we compared the acute effects of a single oral dose of TRYP (6 g) in 32 healthy controls (HC) and 37 people with either schizophrenia (Sz), schizoaffective or schizophreniform disorder, in a placebo-controlled, randomized crossover study. We examined plasma levels of KYNA and its precursor kynurenine; selected cognitive measures from the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery; and resting cerebral blood flow (CBF) using arterial spin labeling imaging. In both cohorts, the TRYP challenge produced significant, time-dependent elevations in plasma kynurenine and KYNA. The resting CBF signal (averaged across all gray matter) was affected differentially, such that TRYP was associated with higher CBF in HC, but not in participants with a Sz-related disorder. While TRYP did not significantly impair cognitive test performance, there was a trend for TRYP to worsen visuospatial memory task performance in HC. Our results demonstrate that oral TRYP challenge substantially increases plasma levels of kynurenine and KYNA in both groups, but exerts differential group effects on CBF. Future studies are required to investigate the mechanisms underlying these CBF findings, and to evaluate the impact of KYNA fluctuations on brain function and behavior. (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02067975).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Hare
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Bhim M Adhikari
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Chen Mo
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shuo Chen
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - S Andrea Wijtenburg
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Chamindi Seneviratne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Samuel Kane-Gerard
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Korrapati V Sathyasaikumar
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Francesca M Notarangelo
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Robert Schwarcz
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Deanna L Kelly
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Robert W Buchanan
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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León-Ortiz P, Reyes-Madrigal F, Kochunov P, Gómez-Cruz G, Moncada-Habib T, Malacara M, Mora-Durán R, Rowland LM, de la Fuente-Sandoval C. White matter alterations and the conversion to psychosis: A combined diffusion tensor imaging and glutamate 1H MRS study. Schizophr Res 2022; 249:85-92. [PMID: 32595100 PMCID: PMC10025976 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Widespread white matter abnormalities and alterations in glutamate levels have been reported in patients with schizophrenia. We hypothesized that alterations in white matter integrity and glutamate levels in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis are associated with the subsequent development of psychosis. METHODS Participants included 33 antipsychotic naïve CHR (Female 7/Male 26, Age 19.55 (4.14) years) and 38 healthy controls (Female 10/Male 28, Age 20.92 (3.37) years). Whole brain diffusion tensor imaging for fractional anisotropy (FA) and right frontal white matter proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for glutamate levels were acquired. CHR participants were clinically followed for 2 years to determine conversion to psychosis. RESULTS CHR participants that transitioned to psychosis (N = 7, 21%) were characterized by significantly lower FA values in the posterior thalamic radiation compared to those who did not transition and healthy controls. In the CHR group that transitioned to psychosis only, positive exploratory correlations between glutamate levels and FA values of the posterior thalamic radiation and the retrolenticular part of the internal capsule and a negative correlation between glutamate levels and the cingulum FA values were found. CONCLUSION The results of the present study highlight that alterations in white matter structure and glutamate are related with the conversion to psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo León-Ortiz
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Education, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco Reyes-Madrigal
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Gladys Gómez-Cruz
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tomás Moncada-Habib
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Melanie Malacara
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Mora-Durán
- Emergency Department, Hospital Fray Bernardino Álvarez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Camilo de la Fuente-Sandoval
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico; Neuropsychiatry Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico.
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McCullumsmith RE, Rowland LM. Postmortem, in silico, and clinical studies focused on perturbations of glutamate neurobiology in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2022; 249:1-3. [PMID: 36088176 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E McCullumsmith
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA; Neurosciences Institute, ProMedica, Toledo, OH, USA.
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
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5
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Leptourgos P, Bansal S, Dutterer J, Culbreth A, Powers A, Suthaharan P, Kenney J, Erickson M, Waltz J, Wijtenburg SA, Gaston F, Rowland LM, Gold J, Corlett P. Relating Glutamate, Conditioned, and Clinical Hallucinations via 1H-MR Spectroscopy. Schizophr Bull 2022; 48:912-920. [PMID: 35199836 PMCID: PMC9212089 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Hallucinations may be driven by an excessive influence of prior expectations on current experience. Initial work has supported that contention and implicated the anterior insula in the weighting of prior beliefs. STUDY DESIGN Here we induce hallucinated tones by associating tones with the presentation of a visual cue. We find that people with schizophrenia who hear voices are more prone to the effect and using computational modeling we show they overweight their prior beliefs. In the same participants, we also measured glutamate levels in anterior insula, anterior cingulate, dorsolateral prefrontal, and auditory cortices, using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. STUDY RESULTS We found a negative relationship between prior-overweighting and glutamate levels in the insula that was not present for any of the other voxels or parameters. CONCLUSIONS Through computational psychiatry, we bridge a pathophysiological theory of psychosis (glutamate hypofunction) with a cognitive model of hallucinations (prior-overweighting) with implications for the development of new treatments for hallucinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantelis Leptourgos
- Department of Psychiatry, Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT,USA
| | - Sonia Bansal
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Catonsville, MD,USA
| | - Jenna Dutterer
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Catonsville, MD,USA
| | - Adam Culbreth
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Catonsville, MD,USA
| | - Albert Powers
- Department of Psychiatry, Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT,USA
| | - Praveen Suthaharan
- Department of Psychiatry, Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT,USA
| | - Joshua Kenney
- Department of Psychiatry, Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT,USA
| | - Molly Erickson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL,USA
| | - James Waltz
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Catonsville, MD,USA
| | - S Andrea Wijtenburg
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Catonsville, MD,USA
| | - Frank Gaston
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Catonsville, MD,USA
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Catonsville, MD,USA
| | - James Gold
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Catonsville, MD,USA
| | - Philip Corlett
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; tel: 203-974-7866, fax: 203 974 7866, e-mail:
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6
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Henkel ND, Wu X, O'Donovan SM, Devine EA, Jiron JM, Rowland LM, Sarnyai Z, Ramsey AJ, Wen Z, Hahn MK, McCullumsmith RE. Schizophrenia: a disorder of broken brain bioenergetics. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2393-2404. [PMID: 35264726 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01494-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A substantial and diverse body of literature suggests that the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is related to deficits of bioenergetic function. While antipsychotics are an effective therapy for the management of positive psychotic symptoms, they are not efficacious for the complete schizophrenia symptom profile, such as the negative and cognitive symptoms. In this review, we discuss the relationship between dysfunction of various metabolic pathways across different brain regions in relation to schizophrenia. We contend that several bioenergetic subprocesses are affected across the brain and such deficits are a core feature of the illness. We provide an overview of central perturbations of insulin signaling, glycolysis, pentose-phosphate pathway, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation in schizophrenia. Importantly, we discuss pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions that target these pathways and how such interventions may be exploited to improve the symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Henkel
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA.
| | - Xiajoun Wu
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Sinead M O'Donovan
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Emily A Devine
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Jessica M Jiron
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zoltan Sarnyai
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Australian Institute for Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Amy J Ramsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Cell Biology, and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Margaret K Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert E McCullumsmith
- Department of Neurosciences, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
- Neurosciences Institute, ProMedica, Toledo, OH, USA
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7
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Ahmed AO, Kirkpatrick B, Granholm E, Rowland LM, Barker PB, Gold JM, Buchanan RW, Outram T, Bernardo M, Paz García-Portilla M, Mane A, Fernandez-Egea E, Strauss GP. Two Factors, Five Factors, or Both? External Validation Studies of Negative Symptom Dimensions in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2022; 48:620-630. [PMID: 35020936 PMCID: PMC9077418 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Negative symptom studies frequently use single composite scores as indicators of symptom severity and as primary endpoints in clinical trials. Factor analytic and external validation studies do not support this practice but rather suggest a multidimensional construct. The current study used structural equation modeling (SEM) to compare competing dimensional models of negative symptoms to determine the number of latent dimensions that best capture variance in biological, psychological, and clinical variables known to have associations with negative symptoms. METHODS Three independent studies (total n = 632) compared unidimensional, two-factor, five-factor, and hierarchical conceptualizations of negative symptoms in relation to cognition, psychopathology, and community functioning (Study 1); trait emotional experience and defeatist performance beliefs (Study 2); and glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in the anterior cingulate cortex quantified using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (Study 3). RESULTS SEM favored the five-factor and hierarchical models over the unidimensional and two-factor models regardless of the negative symptom measure or external validator. The five dimensions-anhedonia, asociality, avolition, blunted affect, and alogia-proved vital either as stand-alone domains or as first-order domains influenced by second-order dimensions-motivation and pleasure and emotional expression. The two broader dimensions sometimes masked important associations unique to the five narrower domains. Avolition, anhedonia, and blunted affect showed the most domain-specific associations with external variables across study samples. CONCLUSIONS Five domains and a hierarchical model reflect the optimal conceptualization of negative symptoms in relation to external variables. Clinical trials should consider using the two dimensions as primary endpoints and the five domains as secondary endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony O Ahmed
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, 21 Bloomingdale Road, White Plains, NY 10605, USA; tel: 914-997-5251, e-mail:
| | - Brian Kirkpatrick
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Eric Granholm
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA,Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Department of Psychiatry and Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter B Barker
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,FM Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James M Gold
- Department of Psychiatry and Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert W Buchanan
- Department of Psychiatry and Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tacina Outram
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, White Plains, NY, USA
| | - Miguel Bernardo
- Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Neuroscience Institute, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Medicine, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain,August Pi I Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Paz García-Portilla
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain,Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain,Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Anna Mane
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain,Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Adiccions, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain,Fundació Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Fernandez-Egea
- Department of Psychiatry, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gregory P Strauss
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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8
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Millman ZB, Schiffman J, Gold JM, Akouri-Shan L, Demro C, Fitzgerald J, Rakhshan Rouhakhtar PJ, Klaunig M, Rowland LM, Waltz JA. Linking Salience Signaling With Early Adversity and Affective Distress in Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: Results From an Event-Related fMRI Study. Schizophrenia Bulletin Open 2022; 3:sgac039. [PMID: 35799887 PMCID: PMC9250803 DOI: 10.1093/schizbullopen/sgac039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Evidence suggests dysregulation of the salience network in individuals with psychosis, but few studies have examined the intersection of stress exposure and affective distress with prediction error (PE) signals among youth at clinical high-risk (CHR). Here, 26 individuals at CHR and 19 healthy volunteers (HVs) completed a monetary incentive delay task in conjunction with fMRI. We compared these groups on the amplitudes of neural responses to surprising outcomes—PEs without respect to their valence—across the whole brain and in two regions of interest, the anterior insula and amygdala. We then examined relations of these signals to the severity of depression, anxiety, and trauma histories in the CHR group. Relative to HV, youth at CHR presented with aberrant PE-evoked activation of the temporoparietal junction and weaker deactivation of the precentral gyrus, posterior insula, and associative striatum. No between-group differences were observed in the amygdala or anterior insula. Among youth at CHR, greater trauma histories were correlated with stronger PE-evoked amygdala activation. No associations were found between affective symptoms and the neural responses to PE. Our results suggest that unvalenced PE signals may provide unique information about the neurobiology of CHR syndromes and that early adversity exposure may contribute to neurobiological heterogeneity in this group. Longitudinal studies of young people with a range of risk syndromes are needed to further disentangle the contributions of distinct aspects of salience signaling to the development of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary B Millman
- Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean Hospital , 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478 , USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School , 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02114 , USA
| | - Jason Schiffman
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine , 4201 Social and Behavioral Sciences Gateway, Irvine, CA 92697-7085 , USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland , Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 , USA
| | - James M Gold
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228 , USA
| | - LeeAnn Akouri-Shan
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland , Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 , USA
| | - Caroline Demro
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 75 East River Parkway , Minneapolis, MN 55455 , USA
| | - John Fitzgerald
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland , Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 , USA
| | - Pamela J Rakhshan Rouhakhtar
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland , Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 , USA
| | - Mallory Klaunig
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland , Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 , USA
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228 , USA
| | - James A Waltz
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228 , USA
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9
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Necka EA, Rowland LM, Evans JD. Social Disconnection in Late Life Mental Illness - Commentary From the National Institute of Mental Health. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2021; 29:727-730. [PMID: 32948438 PMCID: PMC7448789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
•Social disconnection – both objective social isolation as well as perceived social isolation (otherwise known as loneliness) – is a prevalent affliction among older adults, with profound effects on mental health. •Mechanistic understanding of how mental illness contributes to, is exacerbated by, or is otherwise linked to social disconnection remains elusive, and therapeutic interventions which leverage social connection to enhance compliance with or efficacy of mental health treatment, though promising, remain scarce. •The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is committed to transforming the understanding and treatment of mental illnesses through basic and clinical research, paving the way for prevention, recovery, and cure. To translate basic knowledge into new methods for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illness demands appreciation for the broader milieu of social and environmental factors in which mental illness prevails – of which, social connection or disconnection is one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Necka
- Geriatrics and Aging Processes Research Branch, Division of Translational Research (EAN, LMR, JDE), National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD; Office of Science Policy, Office of the Director (EAN), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Geriatrics and Aging Processes Research Branch, Division of Translational Research (EAN, LMR, JDE), National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jovier D Evans
- Geriatrics and Aging Processes Research Branch, Division of Translational Research (EAN, LMR, JDE), National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
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10
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Akouri-Shan L, Schiffman J, Millman ZB, Demro C, Fitzgerald J, Rakhshan Rouhakhtar PJ, Redman S, Reeves GM, Chen S, Gold JM, Martin EA, Corcoran C, Roiser JP, Buchanan RW, Rowland LM, Waltz JA. Relations Among Anhedonia, Reinforcement Learning, and Global Functioning in Help-seeking Youth. Schizophr Bull 2021; 47:1534-1543. [PMID: 34240217 PMCID: PMC8530392 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction in the neural circuits underlying salience signaling is implicated in symptoms of psychosis and may predict conversion to a psychotic disorder in youth at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis. Additionally, negative symptom severity, including consummatory and anticipatory aspects of anhedonia, may predict functional outcome in individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. However, it is unclear whether anhedonia is related to the ability to attribute incentive salience to stimuli (through reinforcement learning [RL]) and whether measures of anhedonia and RL predict functional outcome in a younger, help-seeking population. We administered the Salience Attribution Test (SAT) to 33 participants who met criteria for either CHR or a recent-onset psychotic disorder and 29 help-seeking youth with nonpsychotic disorders. In the SAT, participants must identify relevant and irrelevant stimulus dimensions and be sensitive to different reinforcement probabilities for the 2 levels of the relevant dimension ("adaptive salience"). Adaptive salience attribution was positively related to both consummatory pleasure and functioning in the full sample. Analyses also revealed an indirect effect of adaptive salience on the relation between consummatory pleasure and both role (αβ = .22, 95% CI = 0.02, 0.48) and social functioning (αβ = .14, 95% CI = 0.02, 0.30). These findings suggest a distinct pathway to poor global functioning in help-seeking youth, via impaired reward sensitivity and RL.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeeAnn Akouri-Shan
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jason Schiffman
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, 4201 Social and Behavioral Sciences Gateway, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Zachary B Millman
- Center of Excellence in Psychotic Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caroline Demro
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - John Fitzgerald
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Samantha Redman
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gloria M Reeves
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shuo Chen
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James M Gold
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Martin
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, 4201 Social and Behavioral Sciences Gateway, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Cheryl Corcoran
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY4, USA
| | - Jonathan P Roiser
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Robert W Buchanan
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James A Waltz
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, P.O. Box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA; tel: 410-402-6044, fax: 410-402-7198, e-mail:
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11
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Wisner KM, Chiappelli J, Savransky A, Fisseha F, Rowland LM, Kochunov P, Hong LE. Cingulum and abnormal psychological stress response in schizophrenia. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 14:548-561. [PMID: 31123971 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Stress is implicated in many aspects of schizophrenia, including heightened distress intolerance. We examined how affect and microstructure of major brain tracts involved in regulating affect may contribute to distress intolerance in schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (n = 78) and community controls (n = 95) completed diffusion weighted imaging and performed psychological stress tasks. Subjective affect was collected pre and post stressors. Individuals who did not persist during one or both stress tasks were considered distress intolerant (DI), and otherwise distress tolerant (DT). Fractional anisotropy (FA) of the dorsal cingulum showed a significant diagnosis x DT/DI phenotype interaction (p = 0.003). Post-hoc tests showed dorsal cingulum FA was significantly lower in DI patients compared with DI controls (p < 0.001), but not different between DT groups (p = 0.27). Regarding affect responses to stress, irritability showed the largest stress-related change (p < 0.001), but irritability changes were significantly reduced in DI patients compared to DI controls (p = 0.006). The relationship between irritability change and performance errors also differed among patients (ρ = -0.29, p = 0.011) and controls (ρ = 0.21, p = 0.042). Further modeling highlighted the explanatory power of dorsal cingulum for predicting DI even after performance and irritability were taken into account. Distress intolerance during psychological stress exposure is related to microstructural properties of the dorsal cingulum, a key structure for cognitive control and emotion regulation. In schizophrenia, the affective response to psychological stressors is abnormal, and distress intolerant patients had significantly reduced dorsal cingulum FA compared to distress intolerant controls. The findings provide new insight regarding distress intolerance in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista M Wisner
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, P.O. Box 21247, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA.
| | - Joshua Chiappelli
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, P.O. Box 21247, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA
| | - Anya Savransky
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, P.O. Box 21247, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA
| | - Feven Fisseha
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, P.O. Box 21247, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, P.O. Box 21247, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, P.O. Box 21247, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, P.O. Box 21247, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA
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12
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Wijtenburg SA, West J, Korenic SA, Kuhney F, Gaston FE, Chen H, Rowland LM. Multimodal Neuroimaging Study of Visual Plasticity in Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:644271. [PMID: 33868055 PMCID: PMC8046908 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.644271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness with visual learning and memory deficits, and reduced long term potentiation (LTP) may underlie these impairments. Recent human fMRI and EEG studies have assessed visual plasticity that was induced with high frequency visual stimulation, which is thought to mimic an LTP-like phenomenon. This study investigated the differences in visual plasticity in participants with schizophrenia and healthy controls. An fMRI visual plasticity paradigm was implemented, and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy data were acquired to determine whether baseline resting levels of glutamatergic and GABA metabolites were related to visual plasticity response. Adults with schizophrenia did not demonstrate visual plasticity after family-wise error correction; whereas, the healthy control group did. There was a significant regional difference in visual plasticity in the left visual cortical area V2 when assessing group differences, and baseline GABA levels were associated with this specific ROI in the SZ group only. Overall, this study suggests that visual plasticity is altered in schizophrenia and related to basal GABA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Andrea Wijtenburg
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jeffrey West
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Stephanie A Korenic
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Franchesca Kuhney
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Frank E Gaston
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hongji Chen
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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13
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Wijtenburg SA, Wang M, Korenic SA, Chen S, Barker PB, Rowland LM. Metabolite Alterations in Adults With Schizophrenia, First Degree Relatives, and Healthy Controls: A Multi-Region 7T MRS Study. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:656459. [PMID: 34093272 PMCID: PMC8170030 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.656459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies in schizophrenia have shown altered GABAergic, glutamatergic, and bioenergetic pathways, but if these abnormalities are brain region or illness-stage specific is largely unknown. MRS at 7T MR enables reliable quantification of multiple metabolites, including GABA, glutamate (Glu) and glutamine (Gln), from multiple brain regions within the time constraints of a clinical examination. In this study, GABA, Glu, Gln, the ratio Gln/Glu, and lactate (Lac) were quantified using 7T MRS in five brain regions in adults with schizophrenia (N = 40), first-degree relatives (N = 11), and healthy controls (N = 38). Metabolites were analyzed for differences between groups, as well as between subjects with schizophrenia with either short (<5 years, N = 19 or long (>5 years, N = 21) illness duration. For analyses between the three groups, there were significant glutamatergic and GABAergic differences observed in the anterior cingulate, centrum semiovale, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. There were also significant relationships between anterior cingulate cortex, centrum semiovale, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and cognitive measures. There were also significant glutamatergic, GABAergic, and lactate differences between subjects with long and short illness duration in the anterior cingulate, centrum semiovale, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus. Finally, negative symptom severity ratings were significantly correlated with both anterior cingulate and centrum semiovale metabolite levels. In summary, 7T MRS shows multi-region differences in GABAergic and glutamatergic metabolites between subjects with schizophrenia, first-degree relatives and healthy controls, suggesting relatively diffuse involvement that evolves with illness duration. Unmedicated first-degree relatives share some of the same metabolic characteristics as patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, suggesting that these differences may reflect a genetic vulnerability and are not solely due to the effects of antipsychotic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Andrea Wijtenburg
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Min Wang
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Stephanie A Korenic
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shuo Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Peter B Barker
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,FM Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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14
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Zhou YF, Huang JC, Zhang P, Fan FM, Chen S, Fan HZ, Cui YM, Luo XG, Tan SP, Wang ZR, Feng W, Yuan Y, Yang FD, Savransky A, Ryan M, Goldwaser E, Chiappelli J, Rowland LM, Kochunov P, Tan YL, Hong LE. Choroid Plexus Enlargement and Allostatic Load in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2020; 46:722-731. [PMID: 31603232 PMCID: PMC7147577 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbz100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although schizophrenia is a brain disorder, increasing evidence suggests that there may be body-wide involvement in this illness. However, direct evidence of brain structures involved in the presumed peripheral-central interaction in schizophrenia is still unclear. Seventy-nine previously treatment-naïve first-episode schizophrenia patients who were within 2-week antipsychotics initial stabilization, and 41 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Group differences in subcortical brain regional structures measured by MRI and the subclinical cardiovascular, metabolic, immune, and neuroendocrine biomarkers as indexed by allostatic load, and their associations were explored. Compared with controls, patients with schizophrenia had significantly higher allostatic load (P = .001). Lateral ventricle (P < .001), choroid plexus (P < .001), and thalamus volumes (P < .001) were significantly larger, whereas amygdala volume (P = .001) was significantly smaller in patients. The choroid plexus alone was significantly correlated with higher allostatic load after age, sex, education level, and the total intracranial volume were taken into account (t = 3.60, P < .001). Allostatic load was also significantly correlated with PANSS positive (r = 0.28, P = .016) and negative (r = -0.31, P = .008) symptoms, but in opposite directions. The peripheral multisystemic and central nervous system abnormalities in schizophrenia may interact through the choroid plexus during the early stage of the illness. The choroid plexus might provide a sensitive structural biomarker to study the treatment and prevention of brain-periphery interaction abnormalities in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fang Zhou
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Chao Huang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Mei Fan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Song Chen
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Zhen Fan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Min Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Guang Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Shu-Ping Tan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Ren Wang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ying Yuan
- School of Foreign Languages and Literature, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Fu-De Yang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Anya Savransky
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Meghann Ryan
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Eric Goldwaser
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Joshua Chiappelli
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Yun-Long Tan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China; tel: +86-(10)-83024319, fax: +86-(10)-62710156, e-mail:
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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15
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Grasby KL, Jahanshad N, Painter JN, Colodro-Conde L, Bralten J, Hibar DP, Lind PA, Pizzagalli F, Ching CRK, McMahon MAB, Shatokhina N, Zsembik LCP, Thomopoulos SI, Zhu AH, Strike LT, Agartz I, Alhusaini S, Almeida MAA, Alnæs D, Amlien IK, Andersson M, Ard T, Armstrong NJ, Ashley-Koch A, Atkins JR, Bernard M, Brouwer RM, Buimer EEL, Bülow R, Bürger C, Cannon DM, Chakravarty M, Chen Q, Cheung JW, Couvy-Duchesne B, Dale AM, Dalvie S, de Araujo TK, de Zubicaray GI, de Zwarte SMC, den Braber A, Doan NT, Dohm K, Ehrlich S, Engelbrecht HR, Erk S, Fan CC, Fedko IO, Foley SF, Ford JM, Fukunaga M, Garrett ME, Ge T, Giddaluru S, Goldman AL, Green MJ, Groenewold NA, Grotegerd D, Gurholt TP, Gutman BA, Hansell NK, Harris MA, Harrison MB, Haswell CC, Hauser M, Herms S, Heslenfeld DJ, Ho NF, Hoehn D, Hoffmann P, Holleran L, Hoogman M, Hottenga JJ, Ikeda M, Janowitz D, Jansen IE, Jia T, Jockwitz C, Kanai R, Karama S, Kasperaviciute D, Kaufmann T, Kelly S, Kikuchi M, Klein M, Knapp M, Knodt AR, Krämer B, Lam M, Lancaster TM, Lee PH, Lett TA, Lewis LB, Lopes-Cendes I, Luciano M, Macciardi F, Marquand AF, Mathias SR, Melzer TR, Milaneschi Y, Mirza-Schreiber N, Moreira JCV, Mühleisen TW, Müller-Myhsok B, Najt P, Nakahara S, Nho K, Loohuis LMO, Orfanos DP, Pearson JF, Pitcher TL, Pütz B, Quidé Y, Ragothaman A, Rashid FM, Reay WR, Redlich R, Reinbold CS, Repple J, Richard G, Riede BC, Risacher SL, Rocha CS, Mota NR, Salminen L, Saremi A, Saykin AJ, Schlag F, Schmaal L, Schofield PR, Secolin R, Shapland CY, Shen L, Shin J, Shumskaya E, Sønderby IE, Sprooten E, Tansey KE, Teumer A, Thalamuthu A, Tordesillas-Gutiérrez D, Turner JA, Uhlmann A, Vallerga CL, van derMeer D, van Donkelaar MMJ, van Eijk L, van Erp TGM, van Haren NEM, van Rooij D, van Tol MJ, Veldink JH, Verhoef E, Walton E, Wang M, Wang Y, Wardlaw JM, Wen W, Westlye LT, Whelan CD, Witt SH, Wittfeld K, Wolf C, Wolfers T, Wu JQ, Yasuda CL, Zaremba D, Zhang Z, Zwiers MP, Artiges E, Assareh AA, Ayesa-Arriola R, Belger A, Brandt CL, Brown GG, Cichon S, Curran JE, Davies GE, Degenhardt F, Dennis MF, Dietsche B, Djurovic S, Doherty CP, Espiritu R, Garijo D, Gil Y, Gowland PA, Green RC, Häusler AN, Heindel W, Ho BC, Hoffmann WU, Holsboer F, Homuth G, Hosten N, Jack CR, Jang M, Jansen A, Kimbrel NA, Kolskår K, Koops S, Krug A, Lim KO, Luykx JJ, Mathalon DH, Mather KA, Mattay VS, Matthews S, Van Son JM, McEwen SC, Melle I, Morris DW, Mueller BA, Nauck M, Nordvik JE, Nöthen MM, O’Leary DS, Opel N, Martinot MLP, Pike GB, Preda A, Quinlan EB, Rasser PE, Ratnakar V, Reppermund S, Steen VM, Tooney PA, Torres FR, Veltman DJ, Voyvodic JT, Whelan R, White T, Yamamori H, Adams HHH, Bis JC, Debette S, Decarli C, Fornage M, Gudnason V, Hofer E, Ikram MA, Launer L, Longstreth WT, Lopez OL, Mazoyer B, Mosley TH, Roshchupkin GV, Satizabal CL, Schmidt R, Seshadri S, Yang Q, Alvim MKM, Ames D, Anderson TJ, Andreassen OA, Arias-Vasquez A, Bastin ME, Baune BT, Beckham JC, Blangero J, Boomsma DI, Brodaty H, Brunner HG, Buckner RL, Buitelaar JK, Bustillo JR, Cahn W, Cairns MJ, Calhoun V, Carr VJ, Caseras X, Caspers S, Cavalleri GL, Cendes F, Corvin A, Crespo-Facorro B, Dalrymple-Alford JC, Dannlowski U, de Geus EJC, Deary IJ, Delanty N, Depondt C, Desrivières S, Donohoe G, Espeseth T, Fernández G, Fisher SE, Flor H, Forstner AJ, Francks C, Franke B, Glahn DC, Gollub RL, Grabe HJ, Gruber O, Håberg AK, Hariri AR, Hartman CA, Hashimoto R, Heinz A, Henskens FA, Hillegers MHJ, Hoekstra PJ, Holmes AJ, Hong LE, Hopkins WD, Pol HEH, Jernigan TL, Jönsson EG, Kahn RS, Kennedy MA, Kircher TTJ, Kochunov P, Kwok JBJ, Le Hellard S, Loughland CM, Martin NG, Martinot JL, McDonald C, McMahon KL, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Michie PT, Morey RA, Mowry B, Nyberg L, Oosterlaan J, Ophoff RA, Pantelis C, Paus T, Pausova Z, Penninx BWJH, Polderman TJC, Posthuma D, Rietschel M, Roffman JL, Rowland LM, Sachdev PS, Sämann PG, Schall U, Schumann G, Scott RJ, Sim K, Sisodiya SM, Smoller JW, Sommer IE, St Pourcain B, Stein DJ, Toga AW, Trollor JN, Van der Wee NJA, van ‘t Ent D, Völzke H, Walter H, Weber B, Weinberger DR, Wright MJ, Zhou J, Stein JL, Thompson PM, Medland SE. The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex. Science 2020; 367:eaay6690. [PMID: 32193296 PMCID: PMC7295264 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay6690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex underlies our complex cognitive capabilities, yet little is known about the specific genetic loci that influence human cortical structure. To identify genetic variants that affect cortical structure, we conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of brain magnetic resonance imaging data from 51,665 individuals. We analyzed the surface area and average thickness of the whole cortex and 34 regions with known functional specializations. We identified 199 significant loci and found significant enrichment for loci influencing total surface area within regulatory elements that are active during prenatal cortical development, supporting the radial unit hypothesis. Loci that affect regional surface area cluster near genes in Wnt signaling pathways, which influence progenitor expansion and areal identity. Variation in cortical structure is genetically correlated with cognitive function, Parkinson's disease, insomnia, depression, neuroticism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina L. Grasby
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jodie N. Painter
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lucía Colodro-Conde
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Janita Bralten
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Derrek P. Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Personalized Healthcare, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Penelope A. Lind
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Fabrizio Pizzagalli
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher R. K. Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Graduate Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mary Agnes B. McMahon
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Shatokhina
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leo C. P. Zsembik
- Department of Genetics and UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sophia I. Thomopoulos
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alyssa H. Zhu
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lachlan T. Strike
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Saud Alhusaini
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Neurology Department, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marcio A. A. Almeida
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Dag Alnæs
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inge K. Amlien
- Centre for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Micael Andersson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tyler Ard
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Allison Ashley-Koch
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joshua R. Atkins
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Manon Bernard
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel M. Brouwer
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth E. L. Buimer
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Robin Bülow
- Institute for Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Bürger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Dara M. Cannon
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Mallar Chakravarty
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Qiang Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joshua W. Cheung
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Baptiste Couvy-Duchesne
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anders M. Dale
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shareefa Dalvie
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tânia K. de Araujo
- Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- BRAINN-Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Greig I. de Zubicaray
- Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sonja M. C. de Zwarte
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anouk den Braber
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nhat Trung Doan
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katharina Dohm
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hannah-Ruth Engelbrecht
- Division of Human Genetics, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Susanne Erk
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chun Chieh Fan
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Iryna O. Fedko
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sonya F. Foley
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Judith M. Ford
- San Francisco Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Melanie E. Garrett
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tian Ge
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sudheer Giddaluru
- NORMENT K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Melissa J. Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nynke A. Groenewold
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Tiril P. Gurholt
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Boris A. Gutman
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Narelle K. Hansell
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Mathew A. Harris
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marc B. Harrison
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Courtney C. Haswell
- Duke UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center for Post Deployment Mental Health, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael Hauser
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stefan Herms
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Research Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk J. Heslenfeld
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - New Fei Ho
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Hoehn
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laurena Holleran
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Deborah Janowitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Iris E. Jansen
- Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and BrainInspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Christiane Jockwitz
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ryota Kanai
- Department of Neuroinformatics, Araya, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sherif Karama
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dalia Kasperaviciute
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Genomics England, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Tobias Kaufmann
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sinead Kelly
- Public Psychiatry Division, Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Masataka Kikuchi
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Marieke Klein
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michael Knapp
- Department of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Annchen R. Knodt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bernd Krämer
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Max Lam
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas M. Lancaster
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Phil H. Lee
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tristram A. Lett
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lindsay B. Lewis
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Iscia Lopes-Cendes
- Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- BRAINN-Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fabio Macciardi
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andre F. Marquand
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Samuel R. Mathias
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Tracy R. Melzer
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand-Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC/Vrije Universiteit and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nazanin Mirza-Schreiber
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jose C. V. Moreira
- BRAINN-Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
- IC-Institute of Computing, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thomas W. Mühleisen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Pablo Najt
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Soichiro Nakahara
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharmaceuticals, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Loes M. Olde Loohuis
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - John F. Pearson
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Unit, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Toni L. Pitcher
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand-Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Benno Pütz
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Yann Quidé
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anjanibhargavi Ragothaman
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Faisal M. Rashid
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William R. Reay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Ronny Redlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Céline S. Reinbold
- Centre for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Repple
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Geneviève Richard
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway
| | - Brandalyn C. Riede
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shannon L. Risacher
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Cristiane S. Rocha
- Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- BRAINN-Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Nina R. Mota
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Lauren Salminen
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arvin Saremi
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Fenja Schlag
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter R. Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Secolin
- Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- BRAINN-Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Chin Yang Shapland
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jean Shin
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Population Neuroscience & Developmental Neuroimaging, Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, East York, ON, Canada
| | - Elena Shumskaya
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ida E. Sønderby
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Emma Sprooten
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Katherine E. Tansey
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Diana Tordesillas-Gutiérrez
- Neuroimaging Unit, Technological Facilities, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
- Centro Investigacion Biomedica en Red Salud Mental, Santander, Spain
| | - Jessica A. Turner
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Anne Uhlmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Costanza L. Vallerga
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dennis van derMeer
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Liza van Eijk
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Theo G. M. van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Neeltje E. M. van Haren
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daan van Rooij
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marie-José van Tol
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan H. Veldink
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ellen Verhoef
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Esther Walton
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Mingyuan Wang
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joanna M. Wardlaw
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lars T. Westlye
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher D. Whelan
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephanie H. Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christiane Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Wolfers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jing Qin Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Clarissa L. Yasuda
- BRAINN-Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Dario Zaremba
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Zuo Zhang
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Marcel P. Zwiers
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Eric Artiges
- INSERM ERL Developmental Trajectories and Psychiatry; Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université de Paris, and CNRS 9010, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Amelia A. Assareh
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rosa Ayesa-Arriola
- Centro Investigacion Biomedica en Red Salud Mental, Santander, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria–IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Aysenil Belger
- Duke UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christine L. Brandt
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gregory G. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sven Cichon
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Joanne E. Curran
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | | | - Franziska Degenhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michelle F. Dennis
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center for Post Deployment Mental Health, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bruno Dietsche
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Colin P. Doherty
- Department of Neurology, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Academic Unit of Neurology, TBSI, Dublin, Ireland
- Future Neuro, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ryan Espiritu
- Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Garijo
- Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yolanda Gil
- Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Penny A. Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Robert C. Green
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander N. Häusler
- Center for Economics and Neuroscience, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Walter Heindel
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Beng-Choon Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Wolfgang U. Hoffmann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Florian Holsboer
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- HMNC Holding GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- University Medicine Greifswald, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Norbert Hosten
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - MiHyun Jang
- Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Core-Unit Brainimaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nathan A. Kimbrel
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center for Post Deployment Mental Health, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Knut Kolskår
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT, Nesodden, Norway
| | - Sanne Koops
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Axel Krug
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kelvin O. Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jurjen J. Luykx
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- GGNet Mental Health, Apeldoorn, Netherlands
| | - Daniel H. Mathalon
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Mental Health Service 116d, Veterans Affairs San Francisco Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Karen A. Mather
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Venkata S. Mattay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Matthews
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Jaqueline Mayoral Van Son
- Centro Investigacion Biomedica en Red Salud Mental, Santander, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria–IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Sarah C. McEwen
- Pacific Brain Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Derek W. Morris
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Bryon A. Mueller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Markus M. Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel S. O’Leary
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nils Opel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- INSERM ERL Developmental Trajectories and Psychiatry; Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université de Paris, and CNRS 9010, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- APHP.Sorbonne Université, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - G. Bruce Pike
- Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Adrian Preda
- School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Erin B. Quinlan
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Paul E. Rasser
- Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Priority Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Varun Ratnakar
- Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Simone Reppermund
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vidar M. Steen
- NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Paul A. Tooney
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Fábio R. Torres
- Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- BRAINN-Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Dick J. Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC/Vrije Universiteit and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - James T. Voyvodic
- Duke UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hidenaga Yamamori
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hieab H. H. Adams
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephanie Debette
- INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team VINTAGE, UMR 1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Neurology, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Charles Decarli
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Edith Hofer
- Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - M. Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lenore Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - W. T. Longstreth
- Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Oscar L. Lopez
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bernard Mazoyer
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Institute UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thomas H. Mosley
- MIND Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Gennady V. Roshchupkin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Claudia L. Satizabal
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Framingham Heart Study and Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marina K. M. Alvim
- BRAINN-Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - David Ames
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- National Ageing Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tim J. Anderson
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand-Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Neurology, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alejandro Arias-Vasquez
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mark E. Bastin
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bernhard T. Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jean C. Beckham
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center for Post Deployment Mental Health, Durham, VA Healthcare System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Dementia Centre for Research Collaboration, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Han G. Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics and School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Randy L. Buckner
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Juan R. Bustillo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Murray J. Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Vince Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vaughan J. Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Xavier Caseras
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gianpiero L. Cavalleri
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- The SFI FutureNeuro Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fernando Cendes
- BRAINN-Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- Centro Investigacion Biomedica en Red Salud Mental, Santander, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria–IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocio, IBiS, Universidad De Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - John C. Dalrymple-Alford
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand-Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, Christchurch, New Zealand
- School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Eco J. C. de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Norman Delanty
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Future Neuro, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chantal Depondt
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Simon E. Fisher
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Herta Flor
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas J. Forstner
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Clyde Francks
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - David C. Glahn
- Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
- Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Randy L. Gollub
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hans J. Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Oliver Gruber
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Asta K. Håberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ahmad R. Hariri
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frans A. Henskens
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Health Behaviour Research Group, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Manon H. J. Hillegers
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Avram J. Holmes
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - L. Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatry Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William D. Hopkins
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
| | - Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Terry L. Jernigan
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Human Development, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erik G. Jönsson
- NORMENT-K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - René S. Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin A. Kennedy
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Tilo T. J. Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatry Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John B. J. Kwok
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neurogenetics and Epigenetics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Carmel M. Loughland
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter New England Mental Health Service, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- INSERM ERL Developmental Trajectories and Psychiatry; Université Paris-Saclay, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Université de Paris, and CNRS 9010, Centre Borelli, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Colm McDonald
- Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Katie L. McMahon
- Faculty of Health, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Herston Imaging Research Facility, School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Patricia T. Michie
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Rajendra A. Morey
- Duke UNC Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center for Post Deployment Mental Health, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bryan Mowry
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Emma Children’s Hospital Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Clinical Neuropsychology section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Roel A. Ophoff
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- NorthWestern Mental Health, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Tomas Paus
- Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brenda W. J. H. Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC/Vrije Universiteit and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tinca J. C. Polderman
- Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Joshua L. Roffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura M. Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatry Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Perminder S. Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Ulrich Schall
- Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- PONS Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapie, Charité Campus Mitte, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rodney J. Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Division of Molecular Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Kang Sim
- General Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sanjay M. Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, ChalfontSt-Peter, UK
| | - Jordan W. Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Iris E. Sommer
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Medical and Biological Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Dan J. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Arthur W. Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julian N. Trollor
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Dennis van ‘t Ent
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Weber
- Center for Economics and Neuroscience, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel R. Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience, Genetics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Margaret J. Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Juan Zhou
- Center for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jason L. Stein
- Department of Genetics and UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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16
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Huang J, Zhu Y, Fan F, Chen S, Hong Y, Cui Y, Luo X, Tan S, Wang Z, Shang L, Yuan Y, Zhang J, Yang F, Li CSR, Rowland LM, Kochunov P, Zhang F, Hong LE, Tan Y. Hippocampus and cognitive domain deficits in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: A comparison with matched treatment-responsive patients and healthy controls ✰,✰✰,★,★★. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2020; 297:111043. [PMID: 32062167 PMCID: PMC7490244 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Some patients with schizophrenia do not respond to pharmacotherapy. More severe cognitive dysfunctions have been associated with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). This study examines cognitive functions and hippocampal volumes in 43 patients with TRS and compared them to 43 treatment-responsive patients (NTRS), matched on age, sex and education, as well as 53 healthy controls (HC). The results showed that there were significant deficits in all domains of cognition and hippocampal volumes in TRS as compared to HC group. However, TRS specific deficits, as indicated by comparisons with matched NTRS, were limited to poorer performance in working memory (p = 0.003) and smaller total hippocampal volume (p = 0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that working memory deficits [OR 0.94 (95% CI 0.89-0.98), p = 0.005] and smaller hippocampal volume [OR 0.89 (95% CI 0.81-0.97), p = 0.01], but not their interactions (p = 0.68), contributed to higher risk of treatment resistance. The findings suggest that treatment-resistance to currently available antipsychotic medications may not be due to global cognitive deficits in these patients, but be associated with specific deficits in working memory and hippocampus deficits in the subgroup of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Huang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Fengmei Fan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Song Chen
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Hong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Yimin Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xingguang Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Shuping Tan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhiren Wang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lan Shang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ying Yuan
- School of Foreign Languages and Literature, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Zhang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Fude Yang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Fengyu Zhang
- Global Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Bethesda, United States
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Yunlong Tan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China.
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17
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND Sleep dysfunction is prevalent among patients with schizophrenia. Although sex differences have been identified in schizophrenia, sex differences in sleep patterns among patients with schizophrenia are not established. Therefore, the current study examined sex differences in subjective sleep quality patterns in people with schizophrenia utilizing a standardized inventory. PARTICIPANTS Study sample consisted of 75 patients with schizophrenia and 82 healthy controls (HC). METHODS Participants completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). RESULTS Compared to HC, patients with schizophrenia were more likely to report being poor sleepers (PSQI global score > 5), longer sleep duration, more sleep disturbances, longer sleep onset latency, increased daytime dysfunction due to poor sleep, and more frequent use of sleep medications. Regarding sex differences, female patients were more likely to report being poor sleepers and endorsed more sleep disturbances than female HC, while male patients reported longer sleep duration, more daytime dysfunction, and poorer overall sleep quality relative to male HC. Additionally, higher level of sleep dysfunction was linked to higher symptom severity in male patients only. CONCLUSIONS Patients with schizophrenia endorsed a range of sleep difficulties, and male and female patients with schizophrenia differ compared to their HC counterparts. Implications for treatment of sleep complaints among patients with schizophrenia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle H. Chen
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, , Catonsville, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie A. Korenic
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, , Catonsville, MD, USA
| | - Emerson M. Wickwire
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Sleep Disorders Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S. Andrea Wijtenburg
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, , Catonsville, MD, USA
| | - L. Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, , Catonsville, MD, USA
| | - Laura M. Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, , Catonsville, MD, USA,Corresponding Author: Laura M. Rowland. Address: Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Tawes Building, Catonsville, MD 21228, USA. Phone: 410-402-6803.
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18
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Korenic SA, Klingaman EA, Wickwire EM, Gaston FE, Chen H, Wijtenburg SA, Rowland LM. Sleep quality is related to brain glutamate and symptom severity in schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 120:14-20. [PMID: 31610406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Up to 80% of patients with schizophrenia experience sleep disturbances, which negatively impact daytime functioning. Given that the glutamatergic system is involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia as well as normal sleep-wake neurobiology, the current project aimed to determine whether sleep quality was related to brain glutamate levels in schizophrenia. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess subjective sleep quality and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to quantify glutamate in the bilateral anterior cingulate, left parietal cortex, and left hippocampus. Results indicate that global PSQI scores were negatively correlated with the anterior cingulate and parietal glutamate levels. In patients with schizophrenia, poorer sleep quality correlated with greater positive symptom severity. Our findings suggest that poor sleep quality is related to greater positive symptom severity and lower levels of anterior cingulate glutamate in individuals with schizophrenia. Interventions to enhance sleep quality may prove beneficial for patients. Future studies will examine whether glutamate relates to objective measures of sleep quality, and whether glutamate may mediate the relationship between sleep quality and symptom severity across the schizophrenia-spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Korenic
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Klingaman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; VISN 5 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Capitol Health Care Network (VISN 5), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emerson M Wickwire
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Sleep Disorders Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Frank E Gaston
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hongji Chen
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Andrea Wijtenburg
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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19
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Adhikari BM, Dukart J, Hipp JF, Forsyth A, McMillan R, Muthukumaraswamy SD, Ryan MC, Hong LE, Eickhoff SB, Jahandshad N, Thompson PM, Rowland LM, Kochunov P. Effects of ketamine and midazolam on resting state connectivity and comparison with ENIGMA connectivity deficit patterns in schizophrenia. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 41:767-778. [PMID: 31633254 PMCID: PMC7267897 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Subanesthetic administration of ketamine is a pharmacological model to elicit positive and negative symptoms of psychosis in healthy volunteers. We used resting‐state pharmacological functional MRI (rsPhfMRI) to identify cerebral networks affected by ketamine and compared them to the functional connectivity (FC) in schizophrenia. Ketamine can produce sedation and we contrasted its effects with the effects of the anxiolytic drug midazolam. Thirty healthy male volunteers (age = 19–37 years) underwent a randomized, three‐way, cross‐over study consisting of three imaging sessions, with 48 hr between sessions. A session consisted of a control period followed by infusion of placebo or ketamine or midazolam. The ENIGMA rsfMRI pipeline was used to derive two long‐distance (seed‐based and dual‐regression) and one local (regional homogeneity, ReHo) FC measures. Ketamine induced significant reductions in the connectivity of the salience network (Cohen's d: 1.13 ± 0.28, p = 4.0 × 10−3), auditory network (d: 0.67 ± 0.26, p = .04) and default mode network (DMN, d: 0.63 ± 0.26, p = .05). Midazolam significantly reduced connectivity in the DMN (d: 0.77 ± 0.27, p = .03). The effect sizes for ketamine for resting networks showed a positive correlation (r = .59, p = .07) with the effect sizes for schizophrenia‐related deficits derived from ENIGMA's study of 261 patients and 327 controls. Effect sizes for midazolam were not correlated with the schizophrenia pattern (r = −.17, p = .65). The subtraction of ketamine and midazolam patterns showed a significant positive correlation with the pattern of schizophrenia deficits (r = .68, p = .03). RsPhfMRI reliably detected the shared and divergent pharmacological actions of ketamine and midazolam on cerebral networks. The pattern of disconnectivity produced by ketamine was positively correlated with the pattern of connectivity deficits observed in schizophrenia, suggesting a brain functional basis for previously poorly understood effects of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhim M Adhikari
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Juergen Dukart
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Pharma Research Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joerg F Hipp
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Pharma Research Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Forsyth
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca McMillan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Suresh D Muthukumaraswamy
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Meghann C Ryan
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Neda Jahandshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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20
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Kochunov P, Huang J, Chen S, Li Y, Tan S, Fan F, Feng W, Wang Y, Rowland LM, Savransky A, Du X, Chiappelli J, Chen S, Jahanshad N, Thompson PM, Ryan MC, Adhikari B, Sampath H, Cui Y, Wang Z, Yang F, Tan Y, Hong LE. White Matter in Schizophrenia Treatment Resistance. Am J Psychiatry 2019; 176:829-838. [PMID: 31352812 PMCID: PMC6773514 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18101212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Failure of antipsychotic medications to resolve symptoms in patients with schizophrenia creates a clinical challenge that is known as treatment resistance. The causes of treatment resistance are unknown, but it is associated with earlier age at onset and more severe cognitive deficits. The authors tested the hypothesis that white matter deficits that are involved in both neurodevelopment and severity of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are associated with a higher risk of treatment resistance. METHODS The study sample (N=122; mean age, 38.2 years) included schizophrenia patients at treatment initiation (N=45), patients whose symptoms were treatment responsive (N=40), and patients whose symptoms were treatment resistant (N=37), as well as healthy control subjects (N=78; mean age, 39.2 years). White matter regional vulnerability index (RVI) was tested as a predictor of treatment resistance and cognitive deficits. Higher RVI is indicative of better agreement between diffusion tensor imaging fractional anisotropy across the brain in an individual and the pattern identified by the largest-to-date meta-analysis of white matter deficits in schizophrenia. RESULTS Patients with treatment-resistant symptoms showed the highest white matter RVI (mean=0.38 [SD=0.2]), which was significantly higher than the RVI among patients with treatment-responsive symptoms (mean=0.30 [SD=0.02]). At the onset of treatment, schizophrenia patients showed significantly higher RVI than healthy control subjects (mean=0.18 [SD=0.03] and mean=0.13 [SD=0.02], respectively). RVIs were significantly correlated with performance on processing speed and negative symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Schizophrenia affects white matter microstructure in specific regional patterns. Susceptibility to white matter regional deficits is associated with an increased likelihood of treatment resistance. Developments to overcome schizophrenia treatment resistance should consider white matter as an important target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Corresponding Authors: Dr. Kochunov (), Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, Phone: (410) 402-6110, Fax: (410) 402-6778; Dr. Tan (), Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University, Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, P. R. China, Phone: (800) 010-83024532, Fax: (800) 010-83020156
| | - Junchao Huang
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Song Chen
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Li
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shuping Tan
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Fengmei Fan
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yunhui Wang
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Laura M. Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anya Savransky
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoming Du
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joshua Chiappelli
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shuo Chen
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Meghann C. Ryan
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bhim Adhikari
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hemalatha Sampath
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yimin Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhiren Wang
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Fude Yang
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Tan
- Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, P. R. China,Corresponding Authors: Dr. Kochunov (), Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, Phone: (410) 402-6110, Fax: (410) 402-6778; Dr. Tan (), Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University, Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, P. R. China, Phone: (800) 010-83024532, Fax: (800) 010-83020156
| | - L. Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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21
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Carpenter WT, Rowland LM, Shepard PD. Major Announcement: Schizophrenia Bulletin Open. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:1161-1162. [PMID: 31647567 PMCID: PMC6811839 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbz094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William T Carpenter
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,To whom correspondence should be addressed;
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Paul D Shepard
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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22
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Bruce HA, Kochunov P, Mitchell B, Strauss KA, Ament SA, Rowland LM, Du X, Fisseha F, Kavita T, Chiappelli J, Wisner K, Sampath H, Chen S, Kvarta MD, Seneviratne C, Postolache TT, Bellon A, McMahon FJ, Shuldiner A, Elliot Hong L. Clinical and genetic validity of quantitative bipolarity. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:228. [PMID: 31527585 PMCID: PMC6746871 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has yet to provide a comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis of bipolar disorder (BP). In genetic studies, defining the phenotype by diagnosis may miss risk-allele carriers without BP. The authors aimed to test whether quantitatively detected subclinical symptoms of bipolarity identifies a heritable trait that infers risk for BP. The Quantitative Bipolarity Scale (QBS) was administered to 310 Old Order Amish or Mennonite individuals from multigenerational pedigrees; 110 individuals had psychiatric diagnoses (20 BP, 61 major depressive disorders (MDD), 3 psychotic disorders, 26 other psychiatric disorders). Familial aggregation of QBS was calculated using the variance components method to derive heritability and shared household effects. The QBS score was significantly higher in BP subjects (31.5 ± 3.6) compared to MDD (16.7 ± 2.0), other psychiatric diagnoses (7.0 ± 1.9), and no psychiatric diagnosis (6.0 ± 0.65) (all p < 0.001). QBS in the whole sample was significantly heritable (h2 = 0.46 ± 0.15, p < 0.001) while the variance attributed to the shared household effect was not significant (p = 0.073). When subjects with psychiatric illness were removed, the QBS heritability was similar (h2 = 0.59 ± 0.18, p < 0.001). These findings suggest that quantitative bipolarity as measured by QBS can separate BP from other psychiatric illnesses yet is significantly heritable with and without BP included in the pedigrees suggesting that the quantitative bipolarity describes a continuous heritable trait that is not driven by a discrete psychiatric diagnosis. Bipolarity trait assessment may be used to supplement the diagnosis of BP in future genetic studies and could be especially useful for capturing subclinical genetic contributions to a BP phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A. Bruce
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA
| | - Peter Kochunov
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA
| | - Braxton Mitchell
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA
| | - Kevin A. Strauss
- grid.418640.fClinic for Special Children, Strasburg, PA 17579 USA
| | - Seth A. Ament
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA
| | - Laura M. Rowland
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA
| | - Xiaoming Du
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA
| | - Feven Fisseha
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA
| | - Thangavelu Kavita
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA
| | - Joshua Chiappelli
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA
| | - Krista Wisner
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA
| | - Hemalatha Sampath
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA
| | - Shuo Chen
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA
| | - Mark D. Kvarta
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA
| | - Chamindi Seneviratne
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA
| | - Teodor T. Postolache
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA
| | - Alfredo Bellon
- 0000 0001 2097 4281grid.29857.31Hershey Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Penn State University School of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033 USA
| | - Francis J. McMahon
- 0000 0004 0464 0574grid.416868.5Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Alan Shuldiner
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA
| | - L. Elliot Hong
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA
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23
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Shukla DK, Chiappelli JJ, Sampath H, Kochunov P, Hare SM, Wisner K, Rowland LM, Hong LE. Aberrant Frontostriatal Connectivity in Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:1051-1059. [PMID: 30576563 PMCID: PMC6737477 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sby165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Negative symptoms represent a distinct component of psychopathology in schizophrenia (SCZ) and are a stable construct over time. Although impaired frontostriatal connectivity has been frequently described in SCZ, its link with negative symptoms has not been carefully studied. We tested the hypothesis that frontostriatal connectivity at rest may be associated with the severity of negative symptoms in SCZ. Resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) data from 95 mostly medicated patients with SCZ and 139 healthy controls (HCs) were acquired. Negative symptoms were assessed using the Brief Negative Symptom Scale. The study analyzed voxel-wise rsFC between 9 frontal "seed regions" and the entire striatum, with the intention to reduce potential biases introduced by predefining any single frontal or striatal region. SCZ showed significantly reduced rsFC between the striatum and the right medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), lateral prefrontal cortex, and rostral anterior cingulate cortex compared with HCs. Further, rsFC between the striatum and the right medial OFC was significantly associated with negative symptom severity. The involved striatal regions were primarily at the ventral putamen. Our results support reduced frontostriatal functional connectivity in SCZ and implicate striatal connectivity with the right medial OFC in negative symptoms. This task-independent resting functional magnetic resonance imaging study showed that medial OFC-striatum functional connectivity is reduced in SCZ and associated with severity of negative symptoms. This finding supports a significant association between frontostriatal connectivity and negative symptoms and thus may provide a potential circuitry-level biomarker to study the neurobiological mechanisms of negative symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K Shukla
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, PO Box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228, US; tel: 410-402-6028, fax: 410-402-6077, e-mail:
| | - Joshua John Chiappelli
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Hemalatha Sampath
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Stephanie M Hare
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Krista Wisner
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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24
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Adhikari BM, Hong LE, Sampath H, Chiappelli J, Jahanshad N, Thompson PM, Rowland LM, Calhoun VD, Du X, Chen S, Kochunov P. Functional network connectivity impairments and core cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:4593-4605. [PMID: 31313441 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive deficits contribute to functional disability in patients with schizophrenia and may be related to altered functional networks that serve cognition. We evaluated the integrity of major functional networks and assessed their role in supporting two cognitive functions affected in schizophrenia: processing speed (PS) and working memory (WM). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) data, N = 261 patients and 327 controls, were aggregated from three independent cohorts and evaluated using Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta Analysis rsfMRI analysis pipeline. Meta- and mega-analyses were used to evaluate patient-control differences in functional connectivity (FC) measures. Canonical correlation analysis was used to study the association between cognitive deficits and FC measures. Patients showed consistent patterns of cognitive and resting-state FC (rsFC) deficits across three cohorts. Patient-control differences in rsFC calculated using seed-based and dual-regression approaches were consistent (Cohen's d: 0.31 ± 0.09 and 0.29 ± 0.08, p < 10-4 ). RsFC measures explained 12-17% of the individual variations in PS and WM in the full sample and in patients and controls separately, with the strongest correlations found in salience, auditory, somatosensory, and default-mode networks. The pattern of association between rsFC (within-network) and PS (r = .45, p = .07) and WM (r = .36, p = .16), and rsFC (between-network) and PS (r = .52, p = 8.4 × 10-3 ) and WM (r = .47, p = .02), derived from multiple networks was related to effect size of patient-control differences in the functional networks. No association was detected between rsFC and current medication dose or psychosis ratings. Patients demonstrated significant reduction in several FC networks that may partially underlie some of the core neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia. The strength of connectivity-cognition relationships in different networks was strongly associated with network's vulnerability to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhim M Adhikari
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hemalatha Sampath
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joshua Chiappelli
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Marina del Rey, California
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Marina del Rey, California
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Xiaoming Du
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shuo Chen
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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25
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Gaudiot C, Du X, Summerfelt A, Hare SM, Bustillo JR, Rowland LM, Hong LE. A working memory related mechanism of auditory hallucinations. J Abnorm Psychol 2019; 128:423-430. [PMID: 31058523 PMCID: PMC6774251 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive mechanisms underlying auditory hallucinations (AH) in schizophrenia have been related to working memory (WM), although the formative mechanism is unknown. The phonological loop refers to subvocal rehearsals of information held online for supporting WM. As WM deficiency is frequent in schizophrenia, we hypothesized that AH and WM deficit share a common dysfunction in phonological loop operation, especially when it is taxed by ambiguous auditory and verbal associations. We developed an active phonological priming (APP) paradigm in which participants generated arbitrary verbal associations to pseudowords with ambiguous meaning. They were later asked to rate their familiarity to each pseudoword, a task that required subvocal evaluation of ambiguous auditory-verbal information. Factor and mediation analyses were used to test the hypothesis that WM, AH, and APP induced phonological bias toward perceiving ambiguous contents as familiar may share a common underlying mechanism. In 32 patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and 20 healthy controls (HC), SZ rated ambiguous pseudowords as significantly more familiar compared with HC (p = .006), indicating a proneness to APP-induced bias. This increased subjective bias to perceive ambiguous contents as familiar after APP significantly correlated with AH severity (p = .001) and mediated the relationship between WM and AH. Factor analysis demonstrated a common latent factor among WM, AH, and the bias induced by active priming to ambiguous contents. A heightened phonological loop priming to ambiguous contents appears to be mechanistically linked to WM deficits and AH in schizophrenia. These findings emphasize the importance of jointly addressing WM deficits and AH in clinical practice and research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Gaudiot
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Xiaoming Du
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ann Summerfelt
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stephanie M. Hare
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Juan R. Bustillo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Laura M. Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - L. Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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26
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Wijtenburg SA, Kapogiannis D, Korenic SA, Mullins RJ, Tran J, Gaston FE, Chen S, Mustapic M, Hong LE, Rowland LM. Brain insulin resistance and altered brain glucose are related to memory impairments in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2019; 208:324-330. [PMID: 30760413 PMCID: PMC6656556 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Memory is robustly impaired in schizophrenia (SZ) and related to functional outcome. Memory dysfunction has been shown to be related to altered brain glucose metabolism and brain insulin resistance in animal models and human studies of Alzheimer's disease. In this study, differences in brain glucose using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and blood Extracellular Vesicle (EV) biomarkers of neuronal insulin resistance (i.e. Akt and signaling effectors) between SZ and controls were investigated, as well as whether these measures were related to memory impairments. Neuronal insulin resistance biomarkers showed a trend for being lower in SZ compared to controls, and memory measures were lower in SZ compared to controls. Occipital cortex glucose was higher in SZ compared to controls indicating lower brain glucose utilization. Linear regression analyses revealed significant relationships between neuronal insulin resistance biomarkers, memory measures, and brain glucose. More specifically, p70S6K, an insulin signaling effector, was related to verbal learning and brain MRS glucose in the SZ group. For the first time, we show that memory impairments in SZ may be related to brain glucose and brain insulin resistance. These data suggest that brain insulin resistance may play a role in the pathophysiology of learning and memory dysfunction in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Andrea Wijtenburg
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie A Korenic
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roger J Mullins
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joyce Tran
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Frank E Gaston
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shuo Chen
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maja Mustapic
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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27
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Du X, Rowland LM, Summerfelt A, Choa FS, Wittenberg GF, Wisner K, Wijtenburg A, Chiappelli J, Kochunov P, Hong LE. Cerebellar-Stimulation Evoked Prefrontal Electrical Synchrony Is Modulated by GABA. Cerebellum 2019; 17:550-563. [PMID: 29766458 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0945-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar-prefrontal connectivity has been recognized as important for behaviors ranging from motor coordination to cognition. Many of these behaviors are known to involve excitatory or inhibitory modulations from the prefrontal cortex. We used cerebellar transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) to probe cerebellar-evoked electrical activity in prefrontal cortical areas and used magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) measures of prefrontal GABA and glutamate levels to determine if they are correlated with those potentials. Cerebellar-evoked bilateral prefrontal synchrony in the theta to gamma frequency range showed patterns that reflect strong GABAergic inhibitory function (r = - 0.66, p = 0.002). Stimulation of prefrontal areas evoked bilateral prefrontal synchrony in the theta to low beta frequency range that reflected, conversely, glutamatergic excitatory function (r = 0.66, p = 0.002) and GABAergic inhibitory function (r = - 0.65, p = 0.002). Cerebellar-evoked prefrontal synchronization had opposite associations with cognition and motor coordination: it was positively associated with working memory performance (r = 0.57, p = 0.008) but negatively associated with coordinated motor function as measured by rapid finger tapping (r = - 0.59, p = 0.006). The results suggest a relationship between regional GABA levels and interregional effects on synchrony. Stronger cerebellar-evoked prefrontal synchrony was associated with better working memory but surprisingly worse motor coordination, which suggests competing effects for motor activity and cognition. The data supports the use of a TMS-EEG-MRS approach to study the neurochemical basis of large-scale oscillations modulated by the cerebellar-prefrontal connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Du
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, P.O. Box 21247, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA.
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, P.O. Box 21247, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA
| | - Ann Summerfelt
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, P.O. Box 21247, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA
| | - Fow-Sen Choa
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - George F Wittenberg
- Department of Neurology, Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Internal Medicine, Older Americans Independence Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Maryland Health Care System, Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, and Maryland Exercise & Robotics Center of Excellence, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Krista Wisner
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, P.O. Box 21247, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA
| | - Andrea Wijtenburg
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, P.O. Box 21247, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA
| | - Joshua Chiappelli
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, P.O. Box 21247, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, P.O. Box 21247, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, P.O. Box 21247, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA
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28
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Shukla DK, Wijtenburg SA, Chen H, Chiappelli JJ, Kochunov P, Hong LE, Rowland LM. Anterior Cingulate Glutamate and GABA Associations on Functional Connectivity in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:647-658. [PMID: 29912445 PMCID: PMC6483591 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sby075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The underlying neurobiological mechanism for abnormal functional connectivity in schizophrenia (SCZ) remains unknown. This project investigated whether glutamate and GABA, 2 metabolites that contribute to excitatory and inhibitory functions, may influence functional connectivity in SCZ. METHODS Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy were acquired from 58 SCZ patients and 61 healthy controls (HC). Seed-based connectivity maps were extracted between the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) spectroscopic voxel and all other brain voxels. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) spectra were processed to quantify glutamate and GABA levels. Regression analysis was performed to describe relationships between functional connectivity and glutamate and GABA levels. RESULTS Reduced ACC functional connectivity in SCZ was found in regions associated with several neural networks including the default mode network (DMN) compared to HC. In the HC, positive correlations were found between glutamate and both ACC-right inferior frontal gyrus functional connectivity and ACC-bilateral superior temporal gyrus functional connectivity. A negative correlation between GABA and ACC-left posterior cingulate functional connectivity was also observed in HC. These same relationships were not statistically significant in SCZ. CONCLUSIONS The present investigation is one of the first studies to examine links between functional connectivity and glutamate and GABA levels in SCZ. Results indicate that glutamate and GABA play an important role in the functional connectivity modulation in the healthy brain. The absence of glutamate and GABA correlations in areas where SCZ showed significantly reduced functional connectivity may suggest that this chemical-functional relationship is disrupted in SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K Shukla
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, PO Box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228, US; tel: 410-402-6028, fax: 410-402-6077, e-mail:
| | - S Andrea Wijtenburg
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Hongji Chen
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Joshua J Chiappelli
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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29
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McGuire SA, Ryan MC, Sherman PM, Sladky JH, Rowland LM, Wijtenburg SA, Hong LE, Kochunov PV. White matter and hypoxic hypobaria in humans. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:3165-3173. [PMID: 30927318 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupational exposure to hypobaria (low atmospheric pressure) is a risk factor for reduced white matter integrity, increased white matter hyperintensive burden, and decline in cognitive function. We tested the hypothesis that a discrete hypobaric exposure will have a transient impact on cerebral physiology. Cerebral blood flow, fractional anisotropy of water diffusion in cerebral white matter, white matter hyperintensity volume, and concentrations of neurochemicals were measured at baseline and 24 hr and 72 hr postexposure in N = 64 healthy aircrew undergoing standard US Air Force altitude chamber training and compared to N = 60 controls not exposed to hypobaria. We observed that hypobaric exposure led to a significant rise in white matter cerebral blood flow (CBF) 24 hr postexposure that remained elevated, albeit not significantly, at 72 hr. No significant changes were observed in structural measurements or gray matter CBF. Subjects with higher baseline concentrations of neurochemicals associated with neuroprotection and maintenance of normal white matter physiology (glutathione, N-acetylaspartate, glutamate/glutamine) showed proportionally less white matter CBF changes. Our findings suggest that discrete hypobaric exposure may provide a model to study white matter injury associated with occupational hypobaric exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A McGuire
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Meghann C Ryan
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paul M Sherman
- U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, 59MDW-USAFSAM/FHOH, San Antonio, Texas
| | - John H Sladky
- U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, 59MDW-USAFSAM/FHOH, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - S Andrea Wijtenburg
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peter V Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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30
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Sullivan CR, Mielnik CA, Funk A, O'Donovan SM, Bentea E, Pletnikov M, Ramsey AJ, Wen Z, Rowland LM, McCullumsmith RE. Measurement of lactate levels in postmortem brain, iPSCs, and animal models of schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5087. [PMID: 30911039 PMCID: PMC6433855 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41572-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Converging evidence suggests bioenergetic defects contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and may underlie cognitive dysfunction. The transport and metabolism of lactate energetically couples astrocytes and neurons and supports brain bioenergetics. We examined the concentration of lactate in postmortem brain (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) in subjects with schizophrenia, in two animal models of schizophrenia, the GluN1 knockdown mouse model and mutant disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) mouse model, as well as inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a schizophrenia subject with the DISC1 mutation. We found increased lactate in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (p = 0.043, n = 16/group) in schizophrenia, as well as in frontal cortical neurons differentiated from a subject with schizophrenia with the DISC1 mutation (p = 0.032). We also found a decrease in lactate in mice with induced expression of mutant human DISC1 specifically in astrocytes (p = 0.049). These results build upon the body of evidence supporting bioenergetic dysfunction in schizophrenia, and suggests changes in lactate are a key feature of this often devastating severe mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catharine A Mielnik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto Ontario M5S, 1A8, Toronto, Canada
| | - Adam Funk
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Sinead M O'Donovan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Eduard Bentea
- Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mikhail Pletnikov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Amy J Ramsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto Ontario M5S, 1A8, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, PO Box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228; tel: 410-402-6803, fax: 410-402-6077, e-mail:
| | - Emerson M Wickwire
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Sleep Disorders Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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32
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Wijtenburg SA, Rowland LM, Oeltzschner G, Barker PB, Workman CI, Smith GS. Reproducibility of brain MRS in older healthy adults at 7T. NMR Biomed 2019; 32:e4040. [PMID: 30489668 PMCID: PMC6324949 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To date, the majority of MRS reproducibility studies have been conducted in healthy younger adults, with only a few conducted in older adults at 3 T. With the growing interest in applying MRS methods to study the longitudinal course and effects of treatments in neurodegenerative disease, it is important to establish reproducibility in age-matched controls, especially in older individuals. In this study, spectroscopic data were acquired using a stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) localization technique in two regions (anterior and posterior cingulate cortices-ACC, PCC, respectively) in 10 healthy, cognitively normal older adults (64 ± 8.1 years). Reproducibility was assessed via mean coefficients of variation (CVs) and relative differences (RDs) calculated across two visits performed 2-3 months apart. Metabolites with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) such as NAA, tCho, and Glu had mean CVs of 10% or less and mean RDs of 15% or less across both regions. Metabolites with lower SNR such as GABA and Gln had slightly higher mean CVs of 22% or less and mean RDs of 27% or less across both regions. These results demonstrate the feasibility of acquiring MRS data at 7 T in older subjects, and establish that the spectroscopic data are reproducible in both the ACC and PCC in older, healthy subjects to the same extent as in previous studies in young subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Andrea Wijtenburg
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Laura M. Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, The Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peter B. Barker
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, The Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - Clifford I. Workman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Gwenn S. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Oeltzschner G, Wijtenburg SA, Mikkelsen M, Edden RAE, Barker PB, Joo JH, Leoutsakos JMS, Rowland LM, Workman CI, Smith GS. Neurometabolites and associations with cognitive deficits in mild cognitive impairment: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study at 7 Tesla. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 73:211-218. [PMID: 30390554 PMCID: PMC6294473 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The levels of several brain metabolites were investigated in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) in 13 healthy controls (HC) and 13 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) using single-voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 7T. Levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate (Glu), glutathione (GSH), N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG), N-acetylaspartate (NAA), and myo-inositol (mI) were quantified relative to total creatine (tCr). The effect of diagnosis on metabolite levels, and relationships between metabolite levels and memory and executive function, correcting for age, were investigated. MCI patients showed significantly decreased GABA/tCr (ACC, PCC), Glu/tCr (PCC), and NAA/tCr (PCC), and significantly increased mI/tCr (ACC). In the combined group, worse episodic verbal memory performance was correlated with lower Glu/tCr (PCC), lower NAA/tCr (PCC), and higher mI/tCr (ACC, PCC). Worse verbal fluency performance was correlated with lower GSH/tCr (PCC). In summary, MCI is associated with decreased GABA and Glu, most consistently in the PCC. Further studies in larger patient samples should be undertaken to determine the utility of 7T magnetic resonance spectroscopy in detecting MCI-related neurochemical changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Oeltzschner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - S Andrea Wijtenburg
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroimaging Research Program, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mark Mikkelsen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Peter B Barker
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jin Hui Joo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jeannie-Marie S Leoutsakos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Neuroimaging Research Program, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Clifford I Workman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gwenn S Smith
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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Wijtenburg SA, Near J, Korenic SA, Gaston FE, Chen H, Mikkelsen M, Chen S, Kochunov P, Hong LE, Rowland LM. Comparing the reproducibility of commonly used magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques to quantify cerebral glutathione. J Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 49:176-183. [PMID: 29659065 PMCID: PMC6191387 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral glutathione (GSH), a marker of oxidative stress, has been quantified in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Using a reproducible MRS technique is important, as it minimizes the impact of measurement technique variability on the study results and ensures that other studies can replicate the results. HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized that very short echo time (TE) acquisitions would have comparable reproducibility to a long TE MEGA-PRESS acquisition, and that the short TE PRESS acquisition would have the poorest reproducibility. STUDY TYPE Prospective. SUBJECTS/PHANTOMS Ten healthy adults were scanned during two visits, and six metabolite phantoms containing varying concentrations of GSH and metabolites with resonances that overlap with GSH were scanned once. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE At 3T we acquired MRS data using four different sequences: PRESS, SPECIAL, PR-STEAM, and MEGA-PRESS. ASSESSMENT Reproducibility of each MRS sequence across two visits was assessed. STATISTICAL TESTS Mean coefficients of variation (CV) and mean absolute difference (AD) were used to assess reproducibility. Linear regressions were performed on data collected from phantoms to examine the agreement between known and quantified levels of GSH. RESULTS Of the four techniques, PR-STEAM had the lowest mean CV and AD (5.4% and 7.5%, respectively), implying excellent reproducibility, followed closely by PRESS (5.8% and 8.2%) and SPECIAL (8.0 and 10.1%), and finally by MEGA-PRESS (13.5% and 17.1%). Phantom data revealed excellent fits (R2 ≥ 0.98 or higher) using all methods. DATA CONCLUSION Our data suggest that GSH can be quantified reproducibly without the use of spectral editing. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:176-183.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Andrea Wijtenburg
- Neuroimaging Research Program, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jamie Near
- Centre d’Imagerie Cérébrale, Douglas Mental Health Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stephanie A. Korenic
- Neuroimaging Research Program, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Frank E. Gaston
- Neuroimaging Research Program, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hongji Chen
- Neuroimaging Research Program, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark Mikkelsen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shuo Chen
- Neuroimaging Research Program, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Neuroimaging Research Program, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L. Elliot Hong
- Neuroimaging Research Program, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura M. Rowland
- Neuroimaging Research Program, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Du X, Choa FS, Chiappelli J, Wisner KM, Wittenberg G, Adhikari B, Bruce H, Rowland LM, Kochunov P, Hong LE. Aberrant Middle Prefrontal-Motor Cortex Connectivity Mediates Motor Inhibitory Biomarker in Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:49-59. [PMID: 30126607 PMCID: PMC6289820 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibitory deficits in motor cortex in schizophrenia have been well demonstrated using short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) by transcranial magnetic stimulation. However, it remains unknown whether these deficits originate from dysfunction of motor cortex itself or reflect abnormal modulations of motor cortex by other schizophrenia-related brain areas. METHODS The study was completed by 24 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and 30 healthy control subjects. SICI was obtained by delivering transcranial magnetic stimulation over the left motor cortex. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging fractional anisotropy were used to measure functional connectivity (FC) and white matter microstructures, respectively. Stimulation sites for SICI at motor cortex were used as the seeds to obtain whole-brain FC maps. Clinical symptoms were assessed with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. RESULTS In schizophrenia, left prefrontal cortex-motor cortex FC was inversely associated with SICI but positively associated with the underlying white matter microstructure at the left corona radiata and also associated with overall symptoms (all corrected p < .05). Mediation analysis showed that the prefrontal-motor cortex FC significantly mediated the corona radiata white matter effects on SICI (p = .007). CONCLUSIONS Higher resting-state left prefrontal-motor cortex FC, accompanied by a higher fractional anisotropy of left corona radiata, predicted fewer inhibitory deficits, suggesting that the inhibitory deficits in motor cortex in schizophrenia may in part be mediated by a top-down prefrontal influence. SICI may serve as a robust biomarker indexing inhibitory dysfunction at anatomic as well as circuitry levels in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Du
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Fow-Sen Choa
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,
University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joshua Chiappelli
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of
Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Krista M. Wisner
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of
Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George Wittenberg
- Departments of Neurology, Physical Therapy and
Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,
USA
| | - Bhim Adhikari
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of
Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heather Bruce
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of
Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura M. Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of
Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of
Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L. Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of
Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Ryan MC, Kochunov P, Sherman PM, Rowland LM, Wijtenburg SA, Acheson A, Hong LE, Sladky J, McGuire S. Miniature pig magnetic resonance spectroscopy model of normal adolescent brain development. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 308:173-182. [PMID: 30099002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We are developing the miniature pig (Sus scrofa domestica), an in-vivo translational, gyrencephalic model for brain development, as an alternative to laboratory rodents/non-human primates. We analyzed longitudinal changes in adolescent pigs using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) and examined the relationship with white matter (WM) integrity derived from diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). NEW METHOD Twelve female Sinclair™ pigs underwent three imaging/spectroscopy sessions every 23.95 ± 3.73 days beginning at three months of age using a clinical 3 T scanner. 1H-MRS data were collected using 1.2 × 1.0 × 3.0 cm voxels placed in left and right hemisphere WM using a Point Resolved Spectroscopy sequence (TR = 2000 ms, TE = 30 ms). Concentrations of N-acetylaspartate, myo-inositol (MI), glutamate + glutamine, choline, creatine, and macromolecules (MM) 09 and 14 were averaged from both hemispheres. DWI data were collected using 15 shells of b-values (b = 0-3500 s/mm2) with 32 directions/shell and fit using the WM Tract Integrity model to calculate fractional anisotropy (FA), kurtosis anisotropy (KA) and permeability-diffusivity index. RESULTS MI and MM09 significantly declined with age. Increased FA and KA significantly correlated with decline in MI and MM09. Correlations lost significance once corrected for age. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS MRI scanners/protocols can be used to collect 1H-MRS and DWI data in pigs. Pigs have a larger, more complex, gyrencephalic brain than laboratory rodents but are less complex than non-human primates, thus satisfying the "replacement" principle of animal research. CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal effects in MRS measurements were similar to those reported in adolescent humans. MRS changes correlated with diffusion measurements indicating ongoing WM myelination/maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghann C Ryan
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, United States.
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, United States.
| | - Paul M Sherman
- U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Aeromedical Research Department, 2510 5th Street, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7913, United States; Department of Radiology, 59thMedical Wing, 1100 Wilford Hall Loop, Bldg 4551, Joint Base San Antonio, TX, 78236, United States.
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, United States.
| | - S Andrea Wijtenburg
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, United States.
| | - Ashley Acheson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham St., Little Rock, AR, 72205, United States.
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, United States.
| | - John Sladky
- U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Aeromedical Research Department, 2510 5th Street, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7913, United States; Department of Neurology, 59th Medical Wing, 1100 Wilford Hall Loop, Bldg 4551, Joint Base San Antonio, Lackland AFB, TX, 78236, United States.
| | - Stephen McGuire
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States.
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McGuire JA, Sherman PM, Dean E, Bernot JM, Rowland LM, McGuire SA, Kochunov PV. Utilization of MRI for Cerebral White Matter Injury in a Hypobaric Swine Model-Validation of Technique. Mil Med 2018; 182:e1757-e1764. [PMID: 29087921 DOI: 10.7205/milmed-d-16-00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetitive hypobaric exposure in humans induces subcortical white matter change, observable on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and associated with cognitive impairment. Similar findings occur in traumatic brain injury (TBI). We are developing a swine MRI-driven model to understand the pathophysiology and to develop treatment interventions. METHODS Five miniature pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) were repetitively exposed to nonhypoxic hypobaria (30,000 feet/FIO2 100%/transcutaneous PO2 >90%) while under general anesthesia. Three pigs served as controls. Pre-exposure and postexposure MRIs were obtained that included structural sequences, dynamic contrast perfusion, and diffusion tensor quantification. Statistical comparison of individual subject and group change was performed utilizing a two-tailed t test. FINDINGS No structural imaging change was noted on T2-weighted or three-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery imaging between MRI 1 and MRI 2. No absolute difference in dynamic contrast perfusion was observed. A trend (p = 0.084) toward increase in interstitial extra-axonal fluid was noted. When individual subjects were examined, this trend toward increased extra-axonal fluid paralleled a decrease in contrast perfusion rate. DISCUSSION/IMPACT/RECOMMENDATIONS This study demonstrates high reproducibility of quantitative noninvasive MRI, suggesting MRI is an appropriate assessment tool for TBI and hypobaric-induced injury research in swine. The lack of fluid-attenuated inversion recovery change may be multifactorial and requires further investigation. A trend toward increased extra-axonal water content that negatively correlates with dynamic contrast perfusion implies generalized axonal injury was induced. This study suggests this is a potential model for hypobaric-induced injury as well as potentially other axonal injuries such as TBI in which similar subcortical white matter change occurs. Further development of this model is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A McGuire
- Conte Center, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228
| | - Paul M Sherman
- U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Aeromedical Research Department, 2510 5th Street, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7913
| | - Erica Dean
- U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Aeromedical Research Department, 2510 5th Street, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7913
| | - Jeremy M Bernot
- Department of Neuroradiology, 59th Medical Wing, 2200 Bergquist Drive, Suite 1, Room 7A45, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland AFB, TX 78236
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Conte Center, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228
| | - Stephen A McGuire
- U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Aeromedical Research Department, 2510 5th Street, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7913
| | - Peter V Kochunov
- Conte Center, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228
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Chiappelli J, Notarangelo FM, Pocivavsek A, Thomas MAR, Rowland LM, Schwarcz R, Hong LE. Influence of plasma cytokines on kynurenine and kynurenic acid in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43. [PMID: 29520060 PMCID: PMC6006321 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in the kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan degradation, leading to the dysfunction of neuroactive KP metabolites in the brain, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ). One plausible mechanism involves dysregulation of various pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with the disease, which affect indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a key enzyme for tryptophan to kynurenine conversion. In order to test this hypothesis directly, we measured plasma levels of the major KP metabolites kynurenine and kynurenic acid (KYNA), as well as four major cytokines, in a sample of 106 SZ patients and 104 control participants. In contrast to the replicable findings of elevation of KYNA in the central nervous system in SZ, plasma levels of KYNA were significantly lower in SZ compared to controls (p = .004). Kynurenine levels were significantly correlated with levels of interferon-γ (p < .001), which is involved in the regulation of IDO, in both patients and controls. However, although patients had higher levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) compared to controls (p = .012), IL-6 levels were not correlated with kynurenine or KYNA, and did not explain group differences in KYNA. Based on the lack of evidence that pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly related to the KP abnormality in SZ despite an adequate sample size, further studies must consider alternative hypotheses to identify the origins of the KP abnormalities in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Chiappelli
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Francesca M. Notarangelo
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Ana Pocivavsek
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Marian A. R. Thomas
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Laura M. Rowland
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Robert Schwarcz
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - L. Elliot Hong
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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Chiappelli J, Shi Q, Wijtenburg SA, Quiton R, Wisner K, Gaston F, Kodi P, Gaudiot C, Kochunov P, Rowland LM, Hong LE. Glutamatergic Response to Heat Pain Stress in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44:886-895. [PMID: 29036718 PMCID: PMC6007227 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of stress response involves top-down mechanisms of the frontal-limbic glutamatergic system. As schizophrenia is associated with glutamatergic abnormalities, we hypothesized that schizophrenia patients may have abnormal glutamatergic reactivity within the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), a key region involved in perception of and reaction to stress. To test this, we developed a somatic stress paradigm involving pseudorandom application of safe but painfully hot stimuli to the forearm of participants while they were undergoing serial proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure changes in glutamate and glutamine levels in the dACC. This paradigm was tested in a sample of 21 healthy controls and 23 patients with schizophrenia. Across groups, glutamate levels significantly decreased following exposure to thermal pain, while ratio of glutamine to glutamate significantly increased. However, schizophrenia patients exhibited an initial increase in glutamate levels during challenge that was significantly different from controls, after controlling for heat pain tolerance. Furthermore, in patients, the acute glutamate response was positively correlated with childhood trauma (r = .41, P = .050) and inversely correlated with working memory (r = -.49, P = .023). These results provide preliminary evidence for abnormal glutamatergic response to stress in schizophrenia patients, which may point toward novel approaches to understanding how stress contributes to the illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Chiappelli
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: 410-402-6827, fax: 410-402-6023, e-mail:
| | - Qiaoyun Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sarah Andrea Wijtenburg
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Raimi Quiton
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD
| | - Krista Wisner
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Frank Gaston
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Priyadurga Kodi
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Christopher Gaudiot
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD
| | - Liyi Elliot Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Glassman M, Wehring HJ, Pocivavsek A, Sullivan KM, Rowland LM, McMahon RP, Chiappelli J, Liu F, Kelly DL. Peripheral Cortisol and Inflammatory Response to a Psychosocial Stressor in People with Schizophrenia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 2. [PMID: 30801048 PMCID: PMC6384221 DOI: 10.21767/2471-8548.10008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives There is growing evidence of both hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and immune system dysfunction in schizophrenia. Additionally, accumulating evidence has linked dysfunction in the kynurenine pathway to schizophrenia as well as to stress and inflammation. The current pilot tested changes in immune, cortisol and kynurenine and kynurenic acid responses to a psychosocial stressor in people with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Methods Ten people with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder and 10 healthy controls were included. Participants completed the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) and cortisol, cytokines (IL-6 & TNF-α), kynurenine and kynurenic acid were measured in the plasma at baseline 15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes following the TSST. Results Compared to baseline, at 30 minutes post TSST, mean cortisol levels had increased by 7.6 ng/ml (11%) in healthy controls but decreased by 16.3 ng/ml (25%) in schizophrenia (F=4.34, df=3,38.2, p=0.010). While people with schizophrenia had a lower TNF-α level at baseline (χ2 (1)=10.14, p=0.001), no decreases or increases occurred after the TSST in either group. Both groups had a similar increase in IL-6 at 15 minutes post TSST (F=4.17, df=3, 16.3, p=0.023) demonstrating an immune response to the stress in both groups. A trend towards increased kynurenine from baseline was found immediately after the TSST followed by a decrease at 60 minutes in healthy controls but no change was found in people with schizophrenia (F=2.46, df=3, 49.1, p=0.074). Conclusion People with schizophrenia showed a decrease in cortisol from baseline following the TSST as compared to an elevation from baseline seen in healthy controls, supporting HPA axis dysfunction in schizophrenia. An immediate inflammatory response with IL-6 was seen in both groups following the TSST. Larger studies should examine psychosocial stress response in schizophrenia and the relationship of immune function and kynurenine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Glassman
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Heidi J Wehring
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ana Pocivavsek
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelli M Sullivan
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert P McMahon
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua Chiappelli
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Deanna L Kelly
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Rowland LM, Wijtenburg SA. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: A Promising Biomarker for Antipsychotic Treatment? Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:468-469. [PMID: 29429499 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - S Andrea Wijtenburg
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Ryan MC, Sherman P, Rowland LM, Wijtenburg SA, Acheson A, Fieremans E, Veraart J, Novikov DS, Hong LE, Sladky J, Peralta PD, Kochunov P, McGuire SA. Miniature pig model of human adolescent brain white matter development. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 296:99-108. [PMID: 29277719 PMCID: PMC5817010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroscience research in brain development and disorders can benefit from an in vivo animal model that portrays normal white matter (WM) development trajectories and has a sufficiently large cerebrum for imaging with human MRI scanners and protocols. NEW METHOD Twelve three-month-old Sinclair™ miniature pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) were longitudinally evaluated during adolescent development using advanced diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) focused on cerebral WM. Animals had three MRI scans every 23.95 ± 3.73 days using a 3-T scanner. The DWI imaging protocol closely modeled advanced human structural protocols and consisted of fifteen b-shells (b = 0-3500 s/mm2) with 32-directions/shell. DWI data were analyzed using diffusion kurtosis and bi-exponential modeling that provided measurements that included fractional anisotropy (FA), radial kurtosis, kurtosis anisotropy (KA), axial kurtosis, tortuosity, and permeability-diffusivity index (PDI). RESULTS Significant longitudinal effects of brain development were observed for whole-brain average FA, KA, and PDI (all p < 0.001). There were expected regional differences in trends, with corpus callosum fibers showing the highest rate of change. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) Pigs have a large, gyrencephalic brain that can be studied using clinical MRI scanners/protocols. Pigs are less complex than non-human primates thus satisfying the "replacement" principle of animal research. CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal effects were observed for whole-brain and regional diffusion measurements. The changes in diffusion measurements were interepreted as evidence for ongoing myelination and maturation of cerebral WM. Corpus callosum and superficial cortical WM showed the expected higher rates of change, mirroring results in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghann C Ryan
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, United States
| | - Paul Sherman
- U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Aeromedical Research Department, 2510 5th Street, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7913, United States
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, United States
| | - S Andrea Wijtenburg
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, United States
| | - Ashley Acheson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Els Fieremans
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, 660 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Jelle Veraart
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, 660 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Dmitry S Novikov
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, 660 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, United States
| | - John Sladky
- U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Aeromedical Research Department, 2510 5th Street, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7913, United States; Department of Neurology, 59th Medical Wing, 2200 Bergquist Drive, Suite 1, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland AFB, TX 78236, United States
| | - P Dana Peralta
- Department of Neurology, 59th Medical Wing, 2200 Bergquist Drive, Suite 1, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland AFB, TX 78236, United States
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, United States.
| | - Stephen A McGuire
- U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Aeromedical Research Department, 2510 5th Street, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7913, United States; Department of Neurology, 59th Medical Wing, 2200 Bergquist Drive, Suite 1, Joint Base San Antonio-Lackland AFB, TX 78236, United States
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Abstract
Background Delta band (1-4 Hz) neuronal responses support the precision and stability of auditory processing, and a deficit in delta band synchrony may be relevant to auditory domain symptoms in schizophrenia patients. Methods Delta band synchronization elicited by a 2.5 Hz auditory steady state response (ASSR) paradigm, along with those from theta (5 Hz), alpha (10 Hz), beta (20 Hz), gamma (40 Hz), and high gamma (80 Hz) frequency ASSR, were compared in 128 patients with schizophrenia, 108 healthy controls, and 55 first-degree relatives (FDR) of patients. Results Delta band synchronization was significantly impaired in patients compared with controls (F = 18.3, P < .001). There was a significant 2.5 Hz by 40 Hz ASSR interaction (P = .023), arising from a greater reduction of 2.5 Hz ASSR than of 40 Hz ASSR, in patients compared with controls. Greater deficit in delta ASSR was associated with auditory perceptual abnormality (P = .007) and reduced verbal working memory (P < .001). Gamma frequency ASSR impairment was also significant but more modest (F = 8.7, P = .004), and this deficit was also present in FDR (P = .022). Conclusions The ability to sustain delta band oscillation entrainment in the auditory pathway is significantly reduced in schizophrenia patients and appears to be clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna C Puvvada
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Ann Summerfelt
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Xiaoming Du
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nithin Krishna
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jonathan Z Simon
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia are often plagued by sleep disturbances that can exacerbate the illness, including potentiating psychosis and cognitive impairments. Cognitive dysfunction is a core feature of schizophrenia with learning and memory being particularly impaired. Sleep disruptions often accompanying the illness and may be key mechanism that contribute to these core dysfunctions. In this special translational neuroscience feature, we highlight the role of sleep in mediating cognitive function, with a special focus on learning and memory. By defining dysfunctional sleep architecture and rhythms in schizophrenia, we focus on the disarray of mechanisms critical to learning and memory and postulate an association between sleep disturbances and cognitive impairments in the disorder. Lastly, we review preclinical models of schizophrenia and highlight exciting translational research that may lead to new therapeutic approaches to alleviating sleep disturbances and effectively improving cognitive function in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pocivavsek
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, PO Box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228, US; tel: 410-402-6050, fax: 410-788-3837, e-mail:
| | - Paul D Shepard
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Janet L Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Ryan M, Kochunov P, Rowland LM, Mitchell BD, Wijtenburg SA, Fieremans E, Veraart J, Novikov DS, Du X, Adhikari B, Fisseha F, Bruce H, Chiappelli J, Sampath H, Ament S, O’Connell J, Shuldiner AR, Hong LE. Lipid Metabolism, Abdominal Adiposity, and Cerebral Health in the Amish. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:1876-1880. [PMID: 28834322 PMCID: PMC5667552 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association between peripheral lipid/fat profiles and cerebral gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) in healthy Old Order Amish (OOA). METHODS Blood lipids, abdominal adiposity, liver lipid contents, and cerebral microstructure were assessed in OOA (N = 64, 31 males/33 females, ages 18-77). Orthogonal factors were extracted from lipid and imaging adiposity measures. GM assessment used the Human Connectome Project protocol to measure whole-brain average cortical thickness. Diffusion-weighted imaging was used to derive WM fractional anisotropy and kurtosis anisotropy measurements. RESULTS Lipid/fat measures were captured by three orthogonal factors explaining 80% of the variance. Factor one loaded on cholesterol and/or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol measurements; factor two loaded on triglyceride/liver measurements; and factor three loaded on abdominal fat measurements. A two-stage regression including age/sex (first stage) and the three factors (second stage) examined the peripheral lipid/fat effects. Factors two and three significantly contributed to WM measures after Bonferroni corrections (P < 0.007). No factor significantly contributed to GM. Blood pressure (BP) inclusion did not meaningfully alter the lipid/fat-WM relationship. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral lipid/fat indicators were significantly and negatively associated with cerebral WM rather than with GM, independent of age and BP level. Dissecting the fat/lipid components contributing to different brain imaging parameters may open a new understanding of the body-brain connection through lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghann Ryan
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- CONTACT INFO: Please address correspondence to: Dr. Peter Kochunov, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, Phone: (410) 402-6110, Fax: (410)-402-7198,
| | - Laura M. Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Braxton D. Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S. Andrea Wijtenburg
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Els Fieremans
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jelle Veraart
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dmitry S. Novikov
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaoming Du
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bhim Adhikari
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Feven Fisseha
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heather Bruce
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joshua Chiappelli
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hemalatha Sampath
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seth Ament
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey O’Connell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan R. Shuldiner
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L. Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Kochunov P, Coyle TR, Rowland LM, Jahanshad N, Thompson PM, Kelly S, Du X, Sampath H, Bruce H, Chiappelli J, Ryan M, Fisseha F, Savransky A, Adhikari B, Chen S, Paciga SA, Whelan CD, Xie Z, Hyde CL, Chen X, Schubert CR, O’Donnell P, Hong LE. Association of White Matter With Core Cognitive Deficits in Patients With Schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry 2017; 74:958-966. [PMID: 28768312 PMCID: PMC5710230 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.2228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Efforts to remediate the multiple cognitive function impairments in schizophrenia should consider white matter as one of the underlying neural mechanisms. OBJECTIVE To determine whether altered structural brain connectivity is responsible for 2 of the core cognitive deficits in schizophrenia- reduced information processing speed and impaired working memory. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study design took place in outpatient clinics from August 1, 2004, to August 31, 2015. Participants included 166 patients with schizophrenia and 213 healthy control individuals. These participants were from 3 independent cohorts, each of which had its own healthy control group. No participant had current or past neurological conditions or major medical conditions. Patients were diagnosed with either schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder as defined by the DSM-IV. Controls had no Axis I psychiatric disorder. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Mediation analyses and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the associations among processing speed, working memory, and white matter microstructures. Whole-brain and regional diffusion tensor imaging fractional anisotropy were used to measure white matter microstructures. RESULTS Of the study participants, the 166 patients with schizophrenia had a mean (SD) age of 38.2 (13.3) years and the 213 healthy controls had a mean (SD) age of 39.2 (14.0) years. There were significantly more male patients than controls in each of the 3 cohorts (117 [70%] vs 91 [43%]), but there were no significant differences in sex composition among the 3 cohorts. Patients had significantly reduced processing speed (Cohen d = 1.24; P = 6.91 × 10-30) and working memory deficits (Cohen d = 0.83; P = 1.10 × 10-14) as well as a significant whole-brain fractional anisotropy deficit (Cohen d = 0.63; P = 2.20 × 10-9). In schizophrenia, working memory deficit was mostly accounted for by processing speed deficit, but this deficit remained when accounting for working memory (Cohen d = 0.89; P = 2.21 × 10-17). Mediation analyses showed a significant association pathway from fractional anisotropy to processing speed to working memory (P = 5.01 × 10-7). The strength of this brain-to-cognition pathway in different white matter tracts was strongly associated with the severity of schizophrenia-associated fractional anisotropy deficits in the corresponding white matter tracts as determined by a meta-analysis (r = 0.85-0.94; all P < .001). The same pattern was observed in patients and controls either jointly or independently. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Study findings suggest that (1) processing speed contributes to the association between white matter microstructure and working memory in schizophrenia and (2) white matter impairment in schizophrenia is regional tract-specific, particularly in tracts normally supporting processing speed performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Thomas R. Coyle
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Laura M. Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Marina del Rey
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Marina del Rey
| | - Sinead Kelly
- Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Marina del Rey
| | - Xiaoming Du
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Hemalatha Sampath
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Heather Bruce
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Joshua Chiappelli
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Meghann Ryan
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Feven Fisseha
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Anya Savransky
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Bhim Adhikari
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Shuo Chen
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Sara A. Paciga
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Zhiyong Xie
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Craig L. Hyde
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Xing Chen
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Patricio O’Donnell
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - L. Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
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McGuire SA, Wijtenburg SA, Sherman PM, Rowland LM, Ryan M, Sladky JH, Kochunov PV. Reproducibility of quantitative structural and physiological MRI measurements. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00759. [PMID: 28948069 PMCID: PMC5607538 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Quantitative longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy (MRI/S) is used to assess progress of brain disorders and treatment effects. Understanding the significance of MRI/S changes requires knowledge of the inherent technical and physiological consistency of these measurements. This longitudinal study examined the variance and reproducibility of commonly used quantitative MRI/S measurements in healthy subjects while controlling physiological and technical parameters. METHODS Twenty-five subjects were imaged three times over 5 days on a Siemens 3T Verio scanner equipped with a 32-channel phase array coil. Structural (T1, T2-weighted, and diffusion-weighted imaging) and physiological (pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy) data were collected. Consistency of repeated images was evaluated with mean relative difference, mean coefficient of variation, and intraclass correlation (ICC). Finally, a "reproducibility rating" was calculated based on the number of subjects needed for a 3% and 10% difference. RESULTS Structural measurements generally demonstrated excellent reproducibility (ICCs 0.872-0.998) with a few exceptions. Moderate-to-low reproducibility was observed for fractional anisotropy measurements in fornix and corticospinal tracts, for cortical gray matter thickness in the entorhinal, insula, and medial orbitofrontal regions, and for the count of the periependymal hyperintensive white matter regions. The reproducibility of physiological measurements ranged from excellent for most of the magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements to moderate for permeability-diffusivity coefficients in cingulate gray matter to low for regional blood flow in gray and white matter. DISCUSSION This study demonstrates a high degree of longitudinal consistency across structural and physiological measurements in healthy subjects, defining the inherent variability in these commonly used sequences. Additionally, this study identifies those areas where caution should be exercised in interpretation. Understanding this variability can serve as the basis for interpretation of MRI/S data in the assessment of neurological disorders and treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. McGuire
- Aeromedical Research DepartmentU.S. Air Force School of Aerospace MedicineWright‐Patterson AFBDaytonOHUSA
- Department of Neurology59 Medical WingJoint Base San Antonio‐LacklandSan AntonioTXUSA
- Department of Neuroradiology59 Medical WingJoint Base San Antonio‐LacklandSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - S. Andrea Wijtenburg
- Maryland Psychiatric Research CenterUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Paul M. Sherman
- Aeromedical Research DepartmentU.S. Air Force School of Aerospace MedicineWright‐Patterson AFBDaytonOHUSA
- Department of Neuroradiology59 Medical WingJoint Base San Antonio‐LacklandSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - Laura M. Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research CenterUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Meghann Ryan
- Maryland Psychiatric Research CenterUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - John H. Sladky
- Department of Neurology59 Medical WingJoint Base San Antonio‐LacklandSan AntonioTXUSA
| | - Peter V. Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research CenterUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
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Shovestul BJ, Glassman M, Rowland LM, McMahon RP, Liu F, Kelly DL. Pilot study examining the relationship of childhood trauma, perceived stress, and medication use to serum kynurenic acid and kynurenine levels in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2017; 185:200-201. [PMID: 28082139 PMCID: PMC5833307 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bridget J. Shovestul
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, PO Box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228
| | - Matthew Glassman
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, PO Box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228
| | - Laura M. Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, PO Box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228
| | - Robert P. McMahon
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, PO Box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228
| | - Fang Liu
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, PO Box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228
| | - Deanna L. Kelly
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, PO Box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228
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Harris AD, Puts NAJ, Wijtenburg SA, Rowland LM, Mikkelsen M, Barker PB, Evans CJ, Edden RAE. Normalizing data from GABA-edited MEGA-PRESS implementations at 3 Tesla. Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 42:8-15. [PMID: 28479342 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Standardization of results is an important milestone in the maturation of any truly quantitative methodology. For instance, a lack of measurement agreement across imaging platforms limits multisite studies, between-study comparisons based on the literature, and inferences based on and the generalizability of results. In GABA-edited MEGA-PRESS, two key sources of differences between implementations are: differences in editing efficiency of GABA and the degree of co-editing of macromolecules (MM). In this work, GABA editing efficiency κ and MM-co-editing μ constants are determined for three widely used MEGA-PRESS implementations (on the most common MRI platforms; GE, Philips, and Siemens) by phantom experiments. Implementation-specific κ,μ-corrections were then applied to two in vivo datasets, one consisted of 8 subject scanned on the three platforms and the other one subject scanned eight times on each platform. Manufacturer-specific κ and μ values were determined as: κGE=0.436, κSiemens=0.366 and κPhilips=0.394 and μGE=0.83, μSiemens=0.625 and μPhilips=0.75. Applying the κ,μ-correction on the Cr-referenced data decreased the coefficient of variation (CV) of the data for both in vivo data sets (multisubjects: uncorrected CV=13%, κ,μ-corrected CV=5%, single subject: uncorrected CV=23%, κ,μ-corrected CV=13%) but had no significant effect on mean GABA levels. For the water-referenced results, CV increased in the multisubject data (uncorrected CV=6.7%, κ,μ-corrected CV=14%) while it decreased in the single subject data (uncorrected CV=24%, κ,μ-corrected CV=21%) and manufacturer was a significant source of variance in the κ,μ-corrected data. Applying a correction for editing efficiency and macromolecule contamination decreases the variance between different manufacturers for creatine-referenced data, but other sources of variance remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D Harris
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Child and Adolescent Imaging Research (CAIR) Program, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Nicolaas A J Puts
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Andrea Wijtenburg
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark Mikkelsen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Peter B Barker
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C John Evans
- CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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