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Lewis Johnson T, Rowland LM, Ashraf MS, Clark CT, Dotson VM, Livinski AA, Simon M. Key Findings from Mental Health Research During the Menopause Transition for Racially and Ethnically Minoritized Women Living in the United States: A Scoping Review. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2024; 33:113-131. [PMID: 38079223 PMCID: PMC10880275 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2023.0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Racially and ethnically minoritized (REM) women experience social and structural factors that may affect their response to mental health treatment and menopausal symptoms during the menopause transition (MT). This scoping review on mental health during the MT for REM women in the United States was conducted to characterize factors associated with mental health challenges. Materials and Methods: Five databases were searched. Articles were included if focused on MT in REM women in the United States and its territories with specific mental illnesses and published in English from 2005 to 2021. Titles and abstracts and full text were screened. Screening and data collection were completed in duplicate by two reviewers in Covidence. Results: Sixty-five articles were included and indicate that REM women experience a disproportionate burden of depressive symptoms during the MT. Less evidence is reported about anxiety, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, psychosis, schizophrenia, and other mental illnesses. The risk factors associated with mental illness during MT are social, structural, and biological. Treatment response to therapeutic interventions is often underpowered to explain REM differences. Conclusion: Depression during the MT is associated with negative outcomes that may impact REM women differentially. Incorporating theoretical frameworks (e.g., intersectionality, weathering) into mental health research will reduce the likelihood that scientists mislabel race as the cause of these inequities, when racism and intersecting systems of oppression are the root causes of differential expression of mental illness among REM women during the MT. There is a need for interdisciplinary research to advance the mental health of REM women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Lewis Johnson
- Women's Mental Health Research Program, Office of Disparities Research and Workforce Diversity, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura M. Rowland
- Neuroscience of Mental Disorders and Aging Program, Division of Translational Research, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Mahela S. Ashraf
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Crystal T. Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vonetta M. Dotson
- Department of Psychology and Gerontology Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alicia A. Livinski
- National Institutes of Health Library, Office of Research Services, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Melissa Simon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute for Public Health, and Medicine (IPHAM)—Center for Health Equity Transformation, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Shenker RF, Johnson TL, Ribeiro MR, Karukonda P, Brizel DM, Chino F, Chino JP, Mowery YM. Environmental Toxicity of Driving Distance to External Beam Radiotherapy (EBRT) for Head and Neck Cancer Patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023; 117:e625. [PMID: 37785869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.06.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) For many patients undergoing external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), distance from home to treatment center is significant and require housing in closer proximity to minimize this travel burden. Patient transport also contributes significantly to the carbon footprint of EBRT. We sought to define the difference of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from commuting for patients who stay at a charity housing (CH) facility during treatment for head and neck cancer (HNC) versus a commute from home. MATERIALS/METHODS Patients with HNC were enrolled in an IRB-approved prospective protocol from 2019-2021. A distance of 3 miles (mi) was calculated from CH to our facility using Google Maps. Driving distance from home was indicated by patient self-report. Distance traveled per day Mon-Fri was doubled to account for driving to and from treatment. It was assumed that patients staying at CH returned home on weekends and that all used a standard, gasoline powered automobile for transportation to and from home. Transportation from CH to treatment was via a gasoline powered, 6-person shuttle. Both forms of transport were considered light-duty vehicles (LDV) with mileage and tailpipe emissions corresponding to the US on-road average (23.7 mi per gallon and 0.84 lb CO2/mi). For estimation of CH emissions, conversions were made from the reported electricity bill multiplied by the North Carolina grid emissions rate of 0.698 lb CO2/kWh. Natural gas used by CH for heating (prorated per patient) was estimated using the Piedmont Natural Gas rate (located in NC) and the monthly gas bill. Emissions from patient homes were assumed to be similar for patients commuting and making use of CH and therefore ignored. RESULTS Forty-nine patients enrolled in the study: 38 drove themselves to treatment daily, and 2 stayed at CH. The remaining 9 patients indicated that they stayed with friends/family or in a hotel where travel distance to DCI was unknown. CH electricity emissions were estimated to be 8,823 lb CO2/month. CH gas emissions were estimated to be 2,210.6 lb CO2/month. Emissions at CH were calculated as 137.9 lb CO2 per patient per month. The median emissions of those who drove daily per course of EBRT was 1205.4 lb CO2 (IQR 366.0 - 2221.2). For the 2 patients who stayed at the CH, total mi per course were 650 and 774. Including emissions of CH, emissions per patient were 1305.6 and 1523.2 lb CO2. If these patients were to have driven daily from their home, emissions would have been doubled (2368.8 and 2646 lb CO2, respectively). CH was estimated to result in fewer emissions for those that live ≥ 12 miles from the treatment facility. CONCLUSION Affordable and safe housing, such as charity housing is not only convenient for patients, but also reduces the environmental impact of travel for care for HNC. Patients who stayed at the charity housing in this study reduced their emissions from travel by nearly a half compared to driving daily in a personal vehicle. Further studies are imperative to continue to measure and mitigate the environmental toxicity of cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Shenker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - T L Johnson
- Duke University Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC
| | - M R Ribeiro
- Duke University Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC
| | - P Karukonda
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Durham, NC
| | - D M Brizel
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - F Chino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - J P Chino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Y M Mowery
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC
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Crear-Perry J, Correa-de-Araujo R, Lewis Johnson T, McLemore MR, Neilson E, Wallace M. Social and Structural Determinants of Health Inequities in Maternal Health. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2021; 30:230-235. [PMID: 33181043 PMCID: PMC8020519 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2020.8882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the World Health Organization launched its commission on the social determinants of health (SDOH) over a decade ago, a large body of research has proven that social determinants-defined as the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age-are significant drivers of disease risk and susceptibility within clinical care and public health systems. Unfortunately, the term has lost meaning within systems of care because of misuse and lack of context. As many disparate health outcomes remain, including higher risk of maternal mortality among Black women, a deeper understanding of the SDOH-and what forces underlie their distribution-is needed. In this article, we will expand our review of social determinants of maternal health to include the terms "structural determinants of health" and "root causes of inequities" as we assess the literature on this topic. We hypothesize that the addition of structural determinants and root causes will identify racism as a cause of inequities in maternal health outcomes, as many of the social and political structures and policies in the United States were born out of racism, classism, and gender oppression. We will conclude with proposed practice and policy solutions to end inequities in maternal health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joia Crear-Perry
- National Birth Equity Collaborative, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Rosaly Correa-de-Araujo
- Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tamara Lewis Johnson
- Office of Disparities Research and Workforce Diversity, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Monica R. McLemore
- Family Health Care Nursing Department, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth Neilson
- Office of Disease Prevention, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maeve Wallace
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Jean-Francois B, Bailey Lash T, Dagher RK, Green Parker MC, Han SB, Lewis Johnson T. The Potential for Health Information Technology Tools to Reduce Racial Disparities in Maternal Morbidity and Mortality. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2021; 30:274-279. [PMID: 33211604 PMCID: PMC8020554 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2020.8889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Health information technology (health IT) potentially is a promising vital lever to address racial and ethnic, socioeconomic, and geographic disparities in maternal morbidity and mortality (MMM). This is especially relevant given that approximately 60% of maternal deaths are considered preventable.1-36 Interventions that leverage health IT tools to target the underlying drivers of disparities at the patient, clinician, and health care system levels potentially could reduce disparities in quality of care throughout the continuum (antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum) of maternity care. This article presents an overview of the research (and gaps) on the potential of health IT tools to document SDoH and community-level geocoded data in EHR-based CDS systems, minimize implicit bias, and improve adherence to clinical guidelines and coordinated care to inform multilevel (patient, clinician, system) interventions throughout the continuum of maternity care for health disparity populations impacted by MMM. Telemedicine models for improving access in rural areas and new technologies for risk assessment and disease management (e.g., regarding preeclampsia) also are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beda Jean-Francois
- Division of Scientific Programs, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tiffani Bailey Lash
- Division of Health Informatics Technologies, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rada K. Dagher
- Division of Scientific Programs, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Melissa C. Green Parker
- Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sacha B. Han
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tamara Lewis Johnson
- Women's Mental Health Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Alvidrez J, Greenwood GL, Johnson TL, Parker KL. Intersectionality in Public Health Research: A View From the National Institutes of Health. Am J Public Health 2021; 111:95-97. [PMID: 33326274 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2020.305986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Alvidrez
- Jennifer Alvidrez is with the Division of Extramural Scientific Programs, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Gregory L. Greenwood is with the Division of AIDS Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health. Tamara Lewis Johnson is with the Office of Disparities Research and Workforce Diversity, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health. Karen L. Parker is with the Sexual & Gender Minority Research Office, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health
| | - Gregory L Greenwood
- Jennifer Alvidrez is with the Division of Extramural Scientific Programs, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Gregory L. Greenwood is with the Division of AIDS Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health. Tamara Lewis Johnson is with the Office of Disparities Research and Workforce Diversity, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health. Karen L. Parker is with the Sexual & Gender Minority Research Office, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health
| | - Tamara Lewis Johnson
- Jennifer Alvidrez is with the Division of Extramural Scientific Programs, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Gregory L. Greenwood is with the Division of AIDS Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health. Tamara Lewis Johnson is with the Office of Disparities Research and Workforce Diversity, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health. Karen L. Parker is with the Sexual & Gender Minority Research Office, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health
| | - Karen L Parker
- Jennifer Alvidrez is with the Division of Extramural Scientific Programs, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Gregory L. Greenwood is with the Division of AIDS Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health. Tamara Lewis Johnson is with the Office of Disparities Research and Workforce Diversity, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health. Karen L. Parker is with the Sexual & Gender Minority Research Office, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health
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Johnson TL, Fletcher SR, Baker W, Charles RL. How and why we need to capture tacit knowledge in manufacturing: Case studies of visual inspection. Appl Ergon 2019; 74:1-9. [PMID: 30487087 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Human visual inspection skills remain superior for ensuring product quality and conformance to standards in the manufacturing industry. However, at present these skills cannot be formally shared with other workers or used to develop and implement new solutions or assistive technologies because they involve a high level of tacit knowledge which only exists in skilled operators' internal cognitions. Industry needs reliable methods for the capture and analysis of this tacit knowledge so that it can be shared and not lost but also so that it can be best utilised in the transfer of manual work to automated systems and introduction of new technologies and processes. This paper describes two UK manufacturing case studies that applied systematic task analysis methods to capture and scrutinise the tacit knowledge and skills being applied in the visual inspection of aerospace components. Results reveal that the method was effective in eliciting tacit knowledge, and showed that tacit skills are particularly needed when visual inspection standards lack specification or the task requires greater subjective interpretation. The implications of these findings for future research and for developments in the manufacturing industry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Johnson
- Industrial Psychology and Human Factors Group, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford, MK43 0AL, UK.
| | - S R Fletcher
- Industrial Psychology and Human Factors Group, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - W Baker
- Industrial Psychology and Human Factors Group, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - R L Charles
- Industrial Psychology and Human Factors Group, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford, MK43 0AL, UK
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Johnson TL, Bjork JKH, Neitzel DF, Dorr FM, Schiffman EK, Eisen RJ. Habitat Suitability Model for the Distribution of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in Minnesota. J Med Entomol 2016; 53:598-606. [PMID: 27026161 PMCID: PMC5042859 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ixodes scapularis Say, the black-legged tick, is the primary vector in the eastern United States of several pathogens causing human diseases including Lyme disease, anaplasmosis, and babesiosis. Over the past two decades, I. scapularis-borne diseases have increased in incidence as well as geographic distribution. Lyme disease exists in two major foci in the United States, one encompassing northeastern states and the other in the Upper Midwest. Minnesota represents a state with an appreciable increase in counties reporting I. scapularis-borne illnesses, suggesting geographic expansion of vector populations in recent years. Recent tick distribution records support this assumption. Here, we used those records to create a fine resolution, subcounty-level distribution model for I. scapularis using variable response curves in addition to tests of variable importance. The model identified 19% of Minnesota as potentially suitable for establishment of the tick and indicated with high accuracy (AUC = 0.863) that the distribution is driven by land cover type, summer precipitation, maximum summer temperatures, and annual temperature variation. We provide updated records of established populations near the northwestern species range limit and present a model that increases our understanding of the potential distribution of I. scapularis in Minnesota.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Johnson
- Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80521 (; ),
| | - J K H Bjork
- Minnesota Department of Health, 625 Robert St N, St. Paul, MN 55164 (; ; ; )
| | - D F Neitzel
- Minnesota Department of Health, 625 Robert St N, St. Paul, MN 55164 (; ; ; )
| | - F M Dorr
- Minnesota Department of Health, 625 Robert St N, St. Paul, MN 55164 (; ; ; )
| | - E K Schiffman
- Minnesota Department of Health, 625 Robert St N, St. Paul, MN 55164 (; ; ; )
| | - R J Eisen
- Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80521 (; )
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Johnson TL, Tomanek L, Peterson DG. A proteomic analysis of the effect of growth hormone on mammary alveolar cell-T (MAC-T) cells in the presence of lactogenic hormones. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2013; 44:26-35. [PMID: 23017303 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The bovine mammary alveolar cell-T (MAC-T) cell line is able to uniformly differentiate and secrete casein proteins in response to dexamethasone, insulin, and prolactin and is extensively used to study bovine mammary epithelial cell (MEC) function. Somatotropin, or growth hormone (GH), has been shown to increase milk protein synthesis both in vivo and in mammary cell models and to induce cytoskeletal rearrangement in a 3T3 fibroblast cell line and a Chinese hamster ovary cell line. To identify the nature of the effects of GH in MECs cultured with lactogenic hormones, changes in global protein expression were assessed in the MAC-T cell line with the use of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization tandem time of flight mass spectrometry. Forty proteins were differentially expressed in response to GH (P < 0.05) and were related to metabolism, the cytoskeleton, protein folding, RNA and DNA processing, and oxidant stress. These widespread changes in protein expression are indicative of a global role of GH in overall cellular differentiation that may underlie the direct modulation of milk component synthesis in MEC models that have been described to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Johnson
- Animal Science Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
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Abstract
While biological phosphorus removal (BPR) has been practised for 30 years, up to recently it has been restricted mainly to activated sludge processes, with the corresponding need for large basin volumes. Yet, research with biofilm reactors showed that the principle of alternate anaerobic and aerated conditions was applicable to fixed bacteria by changing the conditions in time rather than in space. Attached growth enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) systems are attractive because of their compactness and capability to retain high biomass levels. However, the phosphorus extraction depends on backwashes to enhance the phosphorus-rich attached biomass, and correct control of unsteady effluent quality created by frequently modified process conditions. Accordingly, EBPR remains a challenging task in terms of combining nitrogen and phosphorus removal using attached growth systems. Nevertheless, a combination of activated sludge and biofilm carriers, in the integrated fixed-film activated sludge system, provides treatment opportunities not readily available using suspended growth systems. Current practice is only at the beginning of exploiting the full potential of this combination, but the first full-scale results show that compact tankage and low nutrient results based on biological principles are possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rogalla
- Black & Veatch Corporation, 69 London Road, Redhill RH1 1LQ, UK.
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Mays GP, Hesketh HA, Ammerman AS, Stockmyer CK, Johnson TL, Bayne-Smith M. Integrating Preventive Health Services within Community Health Centers: Lessons from WISEWOMAN. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2004; 13:607-15. [PMID: 15257852 DOI: 10.1089/1540999041281070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Well-Integrated Screening and Evaluation for Women Across the Nation (WISEWOMAN) provides low-income, underserved women ages 40-64 with risk factor screening and lifestyle intervention and referral services to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD). Integrating WISEWOMAN's services with the culturally appropriate medical care and support services offered by community health centers may improve the program's ability to reduce CVD burden among underserved women. METHODS We conducted a formative assessment of the perceived opportunities, challenges, and strategies associated with integrating WISEWOMAN into community health center settings. A panel of stakeholders that included health center and WISEWOMAN representatives was convened in 2002, and a semistructured discussion guide was used to elicit perspectives about integration. We also conducted an in-depth review of WISEWOMAN's history of collaboration with health centers in North Carolina. RESULTS Stakeholders perceived a clear need for integrating WISEWOMAN within health center settings, indicating that centers have few other resources to expand preventive services delivery and offer effective lifestyle interventions for underserved populations. Perceived barriers to integration included competing demands on health center resources, difficulties hiring staff for new programs, and administrative burdens associated with data collection and reporting. Experiences within North Carolina's WISEWOMAN project demonstrate, however, that lifestyle interventions can be designed in ways that facilitate integration by health centers. CONCLUSIONS Integration strategies need to be tailored to the resources, skills, and capacities available within health centers. As health centers and WISEWOMAN projects gain more experience in collaborating, additional research should be conducted to identify how best to achieve integration within specific institutional and community contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen P Mays
- Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., Washington, DC 20024, USA
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Clark RT, Johnson TL, Schalet BJ, Davis L, Gaschen V, Hunziker EB, Oldberg A, Mikic B. GDF-5 deficiency in mice leads to disruption of tail tendon form and function. Connect Tissue Res 2002; 42:175-86. [PMID: 11913489 DOI: 10.3109/03008200109005648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although the biological factors which regulate tendon homeostasis are poorly understood, recent evidence suggests that Growth and Differentiation Factor-5 (GDF-5) may play a role in this important process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of GDF-5 deficiency on mouse tail tendon using the brachypodism mouse model. We hypothesized that GDF-5 deficient tail tendon would exhibit altered composition, ultrastructure, and biomechanical behavior when compared to heterozygous control littermates. Mutant tail tendons did not display any compositional differences in sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAG/DNA), collagen (hydroxyproline/DNA), or levels of fibromodulin, decorin, or lumican. However, GDF-5 deficiency did result in a 17% increase in the proportion of medium diameter (100-225 nm) collagen fibrils in tail tendon (at the expense of larger fibrils) when compared to controls (p < 0.05). Also, mutants exhibited a trend toward an increase in irregularly-shaped polymorphic fibrils (33% more, p > 0.05). While GDF-5 deficient tendon fascicles did not demonstrate any significant differences in quasistatic biomechanical properties, mutant fascicles relaxed 11% more slowly than control tendons during time-dependent stress-relaxation tests (p < 0.05). We hypothesize that this subtle alteration in time-dependent mechanical behavior is most-likely due to the increased prevalence of irregularly shaped type I collagen fibrils in the mutant tail tendons. These findings provide additional evidence to support the conclusion that GDF-5 may play a role in tendon homeostasis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Clark
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, USA
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Gruber HE, Johnson TL, Kinsella JM, Greiner EC, Gordon BE. Tapeworm identification in the fat sand rat (Psammomys obesus obesus). Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 2001; 40:22-4. [PMID: 11703052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The identification of a tapeworm (Rodentolepis nana, formerly named Hymenolepis nana) infection in a research breeding colony of sand rats (Psammomys obesus obesus) was complicated because of the unexpected long length (< 150 mm) of the worms. Other morphologic features that were consistent with this identification included the number (24), size (16 mm), and shape of the hooks on the rostellum. No evidence of intermediate hosts was found in the colony. Previous surveys of natural populations of sand rats had not identified this tapeworm. However, a detailed search of the literature revealed that variation in the size of R. nana had been reported, thus supporting the final identification of the tapeworm. R. nana is important and interesting because of its zoonotic potential and because it is the only tapeworm that is able to infect its definitive host without use of an intermediate host. This report is presented to help clarify the ambiguity found in the laboratory animal literature about the differences in the size of R. nana among rodent species used in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Gruber
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Biology, Cannon Bldg., 3rd floor, Carolinas Medical Center, P.O. Box 32861, Charlotte, North Carolina 28232, USA
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Johnson TL, Keith DW. Electricity from fossil fuels without CO2 emissions: assessing the costs of carbon dioxide capture and sequestration in U.S. electricity markets. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2001; 51:1452-1459. [PMID: 11686250 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.2001.10464370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The decoupling of fossil-fueled electricity production from atmospheric CO2 emissions via CO2 capture and sequestration (CCS) is increasingly regarded as an important means of mitigating climate change at a reasonable cost. Engineering analyses of CO2 mitigation typically compare the cost of electricity for a base generation technology to that for a similar plant with CO2 capture and then compute the carbon emissions mitigated per unit of cost. It can be hard to interpret mitigation cost estimates from this plant-level approach when a consistent base technology cannot be identified. In addition, neither engineering analyses nor general equilibrium models can capture the economics of plant dispatch. A realistic assessment of the costs of carbon sequestration as an emissions abatement strategy in the electric sector therefore requires a systems-level analysis. We discuss various frameworks for computing mitigation costs and introduce a simplified model of electric sector planning. Results from a "bottom-up" engineering-economic analysis for a representative U.S. North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) region illustrate how the penetration of CCS technologies and the dispatch of generating units vary with the price of carbon emissions and thereby determine the relationship between mitigation cost and emissions reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Johnson
- Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Abstract
Spliceosome assembly has been characterized as the ordered association of the snRNP particles U1, U2, and U4/U6.U5 onto pre-mRNA. We have used an in vitro trans-splicing/cross-linking system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclear extracts to examine the first step of this process, 5' splice site recognition. This trans-splicing reaction has ATP, Mg(2+), and splice-site sequence requirements similar to those of cis-splicing reactions. Using this system, we identified and characterized a novel U4-5' splice site interaction that is ATP-dependent, but does not require the branch point, the 3' splice site, or the 5' end of the U1 snRNA. Additionally, we identified several ATP-dependent U6 cross-links at the 5' splice site, indicating that different regions of U6 sample it before a U6-5' splice site interaction is stabilized that persists through the first step of splicing. This work provides evidence for ATP-dependent U4/U6 association with the 5' splice site independent of ATP-mediated U2 association with the branch point. Furthermore, it defines specific nucleotides in U4 and U6 that interact with the 5' splice site at this early stage, even in the absence of base-pairing with the U1 snRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Johnson
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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15
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Sielecki TM, Johnson TL, Liu J, Muckelbauer JK, Grafstrom RH, Cox S, Boylan J, Burton CR, Chen H, Smallwood A, Chang CH, Boisclair M, Benfield PA, Trainor GL, Seitz SP. Quinazolines as cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:1157-60. [PMID: 11354366 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Quinazolines have been identified as inhibitors of CDK4/D1 and CDK2/E. Aspects of the SAR were investigated using solution-phase, parallel synthesis. An X-ray crystal structure was obtained of quinazoline 51 bound in CDK2 and key interactions within the ATP binding pocket are defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Sielecki
- The DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, Wilmington, DE 19880-0500, USA.
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17
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Johnson TL. Pilot study of dental hygienists' comfort and confidence levels and care planning for patients with disabilities. J Dent Educ 2000; 64:839-46. [PMID: 11197945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
A questionnaire assessing comfort levels and behaviors of dental hygienists concerning treatment of patients with special needs or disabilities was mailed to a random sample of 175 practicing dental hygienists in Idaho. All respondents had seen patients with disabilities, although 53 percent had never completed a formal course or received training directed specifically toward this population. Survey respondents were moderately to always comfortable treating special needs and disabled patients. Use of a wheelchair was the only disability in which clinicians were significantly more comfortable with treatment following completion of a course or receipt of training. Severity of a patient's disability and limited time were considered moderate to very high barriers to the provision of dental hygiene care. Recommended treatment planning techniques are being used to a limited extent, and respondents were slightly to moderately confident using alternative communication and treatment techniques. The findings suggest that although education or training was not strongly associated with comfort and confidence levels of these dental hygienists, they were interested in opportunities for further training in caring for patients with special needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Johnson
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Idaho State University, Pocatello 83209, USA.
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Shtilbans A, Shanske S, Goodman S, Sue CM, Bruno C, Johnson TL, Lava NS, Waheed N, DiMauro S. G8363A mutation in the mitochondrial DNA transfer ribonucleic acidLys gene: another cause of Leigh syndrome. J Child Neurol 2000; 15:759-61. [PMID: 11108511 DOI: 10.1177/088307380001501109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We identified a G-->A transition at nt-8363 in the mitochondrial DNA transfer ribonucleic acidLys gene in blood and muscle from a 13-month-old girl who had clinical and neuroradiologic evidence of Leigh syndrome and died at age 27 months. The mutation was less abundant in the same tissues from the patient's mother, who developed myoclonus epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MERRF) in her late 20s. In both mother and daughter, muscle histochemistry showed ragged red and cytochrome c oxidase-negative fibers and biochemical analysis showed partial defects of multiple respiratory-chain enzymes. A maternal half-sister of the proband had died at 2.5 years of age from neuropathologically proven Leigh syndrome. The G8363A mutation, which previously had been associated with cardiomyopathy and hearing loss, MERRF, and multiple lipomas, also should be included in the differential diagnosis of maternally inherited Leigh syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shtilbans
- H. Houston Merrit Clinical Research Center for Muscular Dystrophy and Related Diseases, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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Pavlik EJ, Johnson TL, Depriest PD, Andrykowski MA, Kryscio RJ, Van Nagell JR. Continuing participation supports ultrasound screening for ovarian cancer. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000; 15:354-364. [PMID: 10976474 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-0705.2000.00069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ovarian cancer screening on survival is enabled by women who continue to actively participate in screening. In this report, factors that affect participation are examined. Participants included 13,963 Kentucky women who received 56,392 screens accounting for a 46,113 screening year experience. Background, health history and reasons for participating in transvaginal sonographic screening were collected via a self-reported questionnaire. Screening participants were characterized as > 50 years old, mostly married, well educated, medically insured, health conscious women, living in the vicinity of the screening centre or 51-150 miles away. Approximately 70% of the participants can be considered active in the study based upon a screening visit during the 1997-1998 2-year period. The probabilities of a return screen at 1, 2, 5 and 7.5 years were 77.8%, 72.0%, 58.7% and 50.6%, respectively. A total of 96% of return visits occurred within 2 years, with 33.7% having intervals of < 1 year. Perceived family history was not observed to affect continuation. However, abnormal findings were associated with a shortened participation. These high levels of continuation in ultrasound screening indicate that women take this disease seriously and demonstrate that this disease is of consequence to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Pavlik
- Division of Gynecological Oncology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, USA
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20
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Mikic B, Johnson TL, Chhabra AB, Schalet BJ, Wong M, Hunziker EB. Differential effects of embryonic immobilization on the development of fibrocartilaginous skeletal elements. J Rehabil Res Dev 2000; 37:127-33. [PMID: 10850818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The importance of mechanical influences during skeletal development has been well established in both experimental studies and computer models. Under conditions of embryonic immobilization, it has been observed that the early stages of joint formation proceed normally (up to and including interzone formation), but the later stages of joint cavitation and maintenance are impaired, resulting in fusion of the cartilaginous elements across the presumptive joint line. Two structures in particular are noticeably absent from late-stage synovial joints in immobilized chick embryos: the menisci of the tibiofemoral joint and the plantar tarsal sesamoid of the tibiotarsal joint. Both of these fibrocartilaginous structures are known to serve mechanical functions in postnatal animals, helping to distribute loads within the joint and, in the case of sesamoid structures, to provide a mechanical advantage to muscles acting across the joint. We demonstrate in this study that embryonic immobilization differentially affects the developmental fate of these two distinct fibrocartilages. The absence of the plantar tarsal sesamoid in late-stage immobilized embryos is due to a failure in the initial formation of this structure. In contrast, the early stages of meniscus formation proceed normally. Without the normal mechanical stimuli of skeletal muscle contractions, however, the meniscus fails to mature and ultimately degenerates.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mikic
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908, USA.
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Drew ML, Phalen DN, Berridge BR, Johnson TL, Bouley D, Weeks BR, Miller HA, Walker MA. Partial tracheal obstruction due to chondromas in ball pythons (Python regius). J Zoo Wildl Med 1999; 30:151-7. [PMID: 10367658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Over a 9-mo period, three adult ball pythons (Python regius) (one male, two females) were evaluated for severe dyspnea. Partial obstructions of the tracheal lumen were identified radiographically and/or visualized with a 3.0-mm rigid laparoscope inserted into the tracheal lumen in all three snakes. Administration of systemic antibiotics and nebulization resulted in partial improvement of the dyspnea. In two snakes, the tracheal lesions were removed with a rigid laparoscope and a flexible biopsy instrument inserted into the tracheal lumen. The other snake died and was necropsied. Histologically, the lesions from two snakes were determined to be benign chondromas. The chondromas were composed of a variably disorganized chondroid matrix populated by quiescent, normal-appearing chondrocytes within lacunae, although the chondrocytes were increased in density compared with normal hyaline cartilage and contained rare mitotic figures. The tracheal masses in one snake grew by expansion, not invasion, and were focally continuous with a mineralized cartilage tracheal ring, suggesting a benign nature. This is the second report of tracheal chondroma in ball pythons. Tracheal chondromas are exceedingly rare in humans and domesticated animals, suggesting a possible predisposition of ball pythons for this neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Drew
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA
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Abstract
Skin is a reservoir of sensory and autonomic nerve fibers that are potential indicators of peripheral nerve disease. Biopsies of skin have shown that sensory nerves in the most superficial layer of skin, the epidermal nerve fibers (ENFs), are reduced in patients with polyneuropathy. This report describes a minimally invasive skin blister method to isolate, image, and obtain quantitative analysis of ENFs. Blisters are made by applying a suction capsule to skin. The epidermal roof of the blister is excised, immunostained, whole mounted, and analyzed for ENF number and distribution. A reduction in number and abnormal distribution of ENFs are early indicators of peripheral nerve disease. Illustrations of skin blister and skin biopsy specimens from patients with different types of peripheral nerve disorders are included. These patients were chosen because their findings demonstrate the complementary information obtained by the blister and biopsy methods and the potential of the blister procedure to evaluate single nerve lesions and polyneuropathy and to follow the progress of ENF degeneration and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Kennedy
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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Gaston MH, Barrett SE, Johnson TL, Epstein LG. Health care needs of medically underserved women of color: The role of the Bureau of Primary Health Care. Health Soc Work 1998; 23:86-95. [PMID: 9598391 DOI: 10.1093/hsw/23.2.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Bureau of Primary Health Care (BPHC) was developed to increase access to comprehensive primary and preventive health care and to improve the health status of medically underserved populations. Approximately 43 million Americans fall into this category, and the majority are poor, female, young, and uninsured. Under the Public Health Services Act, BPHC does not provide direct services, but rather assist local communities in identifying populations at risk of poor health outcomes and helps these communities through various programs. One of the newest initiatives of BPHC is the Office of Minority and Women's Health, developed with a mission to help reduce the disparities in the health status of women of racial and ethnic minority populations. This article outlines these disparities and discusses proposals for reducing them.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the gender of women's regular physicians, controlling for physician specialty, is associated with women's receiving key preventive services within recommended intervals. DESIGN Cross-sectional, nationally representative women's health telephone survey conducted by Louis Harris and Associates in February and March 1993 for The Commonwealth Fund. PARTICIPANTS A total of 2,525 women in the continental United States, > or = 18 years old, including oversamples of African-American and Hispanic women. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Receipt of each of five preventive services (blood pressure reading, Pap smear, cholesterol test, clinical breast examination, and mammogram) within specific periods. RESULTS Physician gender makes a significant difference for two specialty areas and for three preventive services. Patients of women family or general practitioners are more likely than the patients of men to have received a Pap smear or a blood cholesterol test within the last 3 years, and the patients of women internists are more likely to have received a Pap test. Physician gender is associated with a higher likelihood of mammography, but this finding was limited to patients ages 40-49 of women family or general practitioners. Physician gender does not affect receipt of blood pressure screening or breast examination. CONCLUSIONS Analyses reveal limited evidence that physician gender affects women's receipt of preventive services. Physician specialty appears to be a more powerful predictor of preventive services received. The limited evidence for a physician gender effect, however, is relevant for those women who rely on a family or general practitioner or an internist for regular care.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Cassard
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Avery MA, Mehrotra S, Johnson TL, Bonk JD, Vroman JA, Miller R. Structure-activity relationships of the antimalarial agent artemisinin. 5. Analogs of 10-deoxoartemisinin substituted at C-3 and C-9. J Med Chem 1996; 39:4149-55. [PMID: 8863791 DOI: 10.1021/jm9603577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Novel 3- and 9-substituted analogs (4-19) of 10-deoxoartemisinin, 3, were prepared from the corresponding known lactones by one-pot reduction with sodium borohydride and boron trifluoride etherate. Reproducibility problems associated with this heterogeneous reaction were encountered on small reaction scales, and thus alternative methodology was sought for this reduction. Conversion of the lactones to tetrahydropyrans via the corresponding intermediate lactols was made more reproducible using a two-step sequence involving low-temperature reduction with diisobutylaluminum hydride followed by deoxygenation with boron trifluoride etherate in the presence of triethylsilane. In this manner, 10-deoxoartemisinin (3) could be obtained from artemisinin (1) in greater than 95% overall yield. All analogs were tested in vitro against W-2 and D-6 strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Several of the analogs were much more active than the natural product (+)-artemisinin (1) or 10-deoxoartemisinin (3). Conventional structure-activity relationships are discussed in relation to the bioassay data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Avery
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University 38677, USA
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Abstract
Metaplastic breast carcinomas (MBC) account for < 5% of breast malignancies and have an uncertain prognostic significance. The tumors tend to grow rapidly, and most are negative for hormone receptors. Adenosquamous carcinomas and various types of carcinosarcomas may be classified as MBC. We evaluated the cytologic, histologic, and clinical parameters of 10 MBC to determine important diagnostic features of these tumors. A cytologic diagnosis of MBC, based on the identification of two distinct malignant components, was made preoperatively in five of 10 (50%) cases, and retrospectively in two additional cases; two specimens were inadequately cellular. Poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma was the most frequently encountered component of MBC. It is recommended that malignant breast aspirates be carefully scrutinized for multiple neoplastic components. Our series of MBC differs from previous reports in that two cases presented as inflammatory breast cancer, one case was pregnancy-associated, and there was a higher incidence of estrogen and progesterone receptor positivity. No cancer-related deaths occurred during a mean follow-up period of over 6 yr.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Abstract
Cytohistological correlation of abnormal cervicovaginal smears indicates that endometrial metaplasia may be associated with the presence of atypical glandular cells. Seven patients with histologically confirmed endometrial metaplasia had atypical glandular cells in cervicovaginal smears; five smears were interpreted as being suspicious for endometrial adenocarcinoma. Most of the patients (5/7) were postmenopausal (mean age = 61.3 years), and three of seven patients had abnormal vaginal bleeding. The corresponding endometrial tissue specimens demonstrated various combinations of eosinophilic, papillary, squamous, and tubal metaplasia; in one case tubal metaplasia occurred in association with an endometrial polyp. Cytologic features noted in the cervicovaginal smears from all seven patients were similar and included small clusters of atypical glandular cells in an inflammatory background. Intracytoplasmic vacuoles were often present, and a moderate degree of aniosonucleosis was noted. Enlarged glandular nuclei contained finely granular chromatin and distinct nucleoli. The differential diagnosis of atypical glandular cells includes endometrial hyperplasia and well-differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma. The atypical cells associated with endometrial metaplasia were characterized by a relatively low N:C ratio and evenly distributed chromatin. In contrast, the cells of endometrial carcinoma typically demonstrate increased N:C ratios and irregularly distributed chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Johnson TL. Update on the surgical pathology of the vulva. Clin Lab Med 1995; 15:455-92. [PMID: 8542720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in the surgical pathology of the vulva include updated classifications of non-neoplastic epithelial disorders and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasias. Several histologic variants of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with distinct clinicopathologic features have been described. The concept of superficially invasive vulvar SCC continues to be a complex issue. The use of standardized surgical pathology reports and checklists are recent developments in surgical pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Johnson TL, Keohane ME, Danzey TJ, Hicks ML. Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix metastatic to an ovarian Brenner tumor. Mod Pathol 1995; 8:307-11. [PMID: 7617659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic tumors account for approximately 10 to 15% of surgically excised ovarian malignancies (Semin Diagn Pathol 8:250-276, 1991). Although the majority of tumors arise within the female genital tract, cervical cancer is a rare source of metastasis to the ovary. Cervical carcinomas with ovarian involvement are usually advanced lesions with lymph node involvement (Am J Obstet Gynecol 166:50-53, 1992; Cancer 71:407-418, 1993). We present a case of Stage IIB squamous cell carcinoma of cervix metastatic to an ovarian Brenner tumor. Our purpose in presenting this case is to report useful histologic features in the diagnosis of this rare combination of tumors. We are not aware of any other published reports of this entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Johnson TL, Bauman WB, Josephson RA. Case 2-1994: tricuspid regurgitation. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:1688; author reply 1688-9. [PMID: 8177284 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199406093302315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Johnson TL, Joseph CL, Caison-Sorey TJ, Smith RE, Bedrossian CW, Sarkar FH. Prevalence of HPV 16 and 18 DNA sequences in CIN III lesions of adults and adolescents. Diagn Cytopathol 1994; 10:276-83. [PMID: 8050336 DOI: 10.1002/dc.2840100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents may be more susceptible to cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and may have more rapid progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplastic (CIN) lesions than adults. We evaluated Papanicolaou (Pap) smears and cervical tissue specimens from a consecutive series of 25 adolescent (age 15-20 yr) and 17 adult (age 35-40 yr) patients with a histologic diagnosis of CIN III. The study patients were all Detroit residents enrolled in a health maintenance organization (HMO) affiliated with Henry Ford Hospital. The cervical tissue specimens were evaluated for HPV 6b/11, HPV 16, and HPV 18 using agarose gel electrophoresis and Southern hybridization following polymerase chain reaction (PCR) DNA amplification. While the small sample size precluded testing for statistical significance, HPV 16 and/or HPV 18 DNA was detected in specimens from 21/25 (84%) adolescents compared to 12/17 (71%) adults (odds ratio [OR] = 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.49-9.74). The relationship between adolescence and HPV infections appears to be stronger for HPV 18 and mixed HPV 16/18 infections (OR = 5.6; 95% CI = 0.7-42.4) than for HPV 16 infections (OR = 1.93; 95% CI = 0.4-8.8). None of the cervical specimens contained HPV 6b/11 DNA. Oral contraceptive (OC) use was associated with HPV infection in patients with CIN III, but there was no association between cigarette smoking and HPV infection. The effect of OC use on the relationship of age and HPV could not be evaluated due to small sample size. The effects of previous sexually transmitted disease (STD) on the relationship of age and HPV were assessed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
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Abstract
In the absence of DNA, purified yeast RNA polymerase II can bind RNA to form a binary complex. RNA in such RNA-RNA polymerase complexes undergoes reactions previously thought to be unique to nascent RNA in ternary complexes with DNA, including TFIIS-dependent cleavage and elongation by 3'-terminal addition of NMP from NTP. Both of these reactions are inhibited by alpha-amanitin. Hence, by several criteria the RNA in binary complexes is bound to the polymerase in a manner quite similar to that in ternary complexes in which the catalytic site for nucleotide addition is positioned at or near the 3'-OH terminus of the RNA. These findings are consistent with a model for the RNA polymerase ternary complex in which the RNA is bound at the 3' terminus through two protein-binding sites located up to 10 nt apart.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Johnson
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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Johnson TL. Diagnosis of low back pain, secondary to prostate metastasis to the lumbar spine, by digital rectal examination and serum prostate-specific antigen. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1994; 17:107-12. [PMID: 7513338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present a case in which the initial diagnosis of spinal metastasis secondary to prostate cancer was established from findings of the digital rectal examination (DRE) and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) analysis. CLINICAL FEATURES A 79-yr-old black male was seen after suffering from low back pain for 1 month. Urinary frequency and nocturia were associated symptoms. Abnormal findings on the DRE and serum PSA determination suggested a preliminary diagnosis of spinal metastases secondary to prostate cancer. Subsequent referral for biopsy and bone scan yielded the final diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma with spinal metastasis. Radiographs of the lumbosacral spinal region were inconclusive and results of routine laboratory tests (CBC, ESR, U/A) were within normal limits. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME The patient was referred for medical palliation of his condition. A bilateral orchiectomy was performed along with oral antiandrogen administration. At a consultation 8 months postoperatively, he reported to be free of pain. CONCLUSION At least 40% of newly diagnosed cases of prostate cancer can be expected to have metastasized at the time of initial discovery. Routine use of DRE and serum PSA in patients complaining of low back pain who are at high risk for prostate cancer is recommended. However, mass screening with DRE or PSA in asymptomatic males is not recommended. There are no prospective studies showing evidence that mass screening for prostate cancer will reduce the mortality or morbidity rates from the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Johnson
- National College of Chiropractic Clinic, Chicago, IL
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Johnson JH, Wolf AM, Johnson TL, Jensen JM. Gentamicin toxicosis in a North American cougar. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993; 203:854-6. [PMID: 8226241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This report documents nephrotoxicosis in a North American cougar (Felis concolor) caused by gentamicin overdose and describes a method of calculating drug dosages by metabolic scaling for species in which pharmacokinetic studies have not been performed. Determining drug dosages by metabolic scaling can decrease the likelihood of administering inappropriate drug doses in exotic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Johnson
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, Texas Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4475
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Abstract
We describe two cases of worsening tricuspid regurgitation following surgical pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis. Both patients demonstrated hemodynamic profiles characteristic of constrictive pericarditis on cardiac catheterization. They also had moderate tricuspid regurgitation as judged by Doppler echocardiography. The worsening tricuspid regurgitation observed was a result of postoperative right ventricular dilatation. These cases demonstrate the importance of determining tricuspid valvular function in patients with constrictive pericarditis prior to pericardiectomy; however, the hemodynamic changes that result in worsening tricuspid regurgitation may not be present for weeks.
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Abstract
Cytologic preparations containing metastatic transitional cell carcinoma (MTCC) from 18 sites in 16 patients were reviewed to determine characteristic morphologic features. The patient group included 13 males and 3 females with a mean age of 66 years. Primary TCC occurred in the bladder (14), kidney (1), and ureter (1); nearly all the primary tumors were poorly differentiated and most were invasive at the time of diagnosis. The cytologic specimens were derived from lymph nodes (6), liver (4), serous fluids (2), pelvic soft tissue (2), subcutaneous nodules (2), and lung (1). One patient presented with MTCC in Pap smears. Cytologically MTCC presented as loosely cohesive, moderate to markedly pleomorphic cells which occurred singly and in syncytial clusters. The malignant cells were usually large with abundant granular or fibrillar cytoplasm and the cell borders were generally distinct. Most nuclei were large and hyperchromatic with irregularly distributed granular chromatin and prominent nucleoli. The most distinctive features were the presence of spindled, pyramidal, and/or racquet-shaped malignant cells with eccentric nuclei and cytoplasmic features of both squamous and glandular differentiation including endoplasmic/ectoplasmic interfaces and intracytoplasmic vacuoles. Although clinical history is most useful in the diagnosis of MTCC, these morphologic features in cytologic preparations of malignant epithelial neoplasms may be helpful. In the absence of a known primary TCC, it is doubtful that a definite cytologic diagnosis could be made; however, the characteristic cell shapes and cytoplasmic features may be suggestive of MTCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202
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McClure SR, Welch RD, Johnson TL. Use of an implant for intraosseous infusion as supportive therapy for a Vietnamese pot-bellied pig with urethral obstruction caused by a polyp. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992; 201:1587-90. [PMID: 1289341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A Vietnamese pot-bellied pig with a urethral polyp was supported by total parenteral nutrition given through an intraosseous implant. Peripheral vascular access was difficult to establish and maintain in this anorectic pig, so a pediatric intraosseous implant was placed in the left tibia. Surgical repair of the urethra was not considered possible, and alternative techniques of a functional bypass were unacceptable to the owners, so euthanasia was elected. Histologic examination of the urethra revealed a polypoid structure believed to be similar to benign congenital polyps described in young boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R McClure
- Texas Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4475
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38
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Bonewald LF, Kester MB, Schwartz Z, Swain LD, Khare A, Johnson TL, Leach RJ, Boyan BD. Effects of combining transforming growth factor beta and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on differentiation of a human osteosarcoma (MG-63). J Biol Chem 1992; 267:8943-9. [PMID: 1577731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3), when added simultaneously to a human osteosarcoma cell line, MG-63, induce alkaline phosphatase activity 40-70-fold over basal levels, 6-7-fold over 1,25D3 treatment alone, and 15-20-fold over TGF beta treatment alone. TGF beta and 1,25D3 synergistically increased alkaline phosphatase specific activity in both matrix vesicles and plasma membrane isolated from the cultures, but the specific activity was greater in and targeted to the matrix vesicle fraction. Inhibitor and cleavage studies proved that the enzymatic activity was liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase. Preincubation of MG-63 cells with TGF beta for 30 min before addition of 1,25D3 was sufficient for maximal induction of enzyme activity. Messenger RNA for liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase was increased 2.1-fold with TGF beta, 1.7-fold with 1,25D3, and 4.8-fold with the combination at 72 h. Human alkaline phosphatase protein as detected by radioimmunoassay was stimulated only 6.3-fold over control levels with the combination. This combination of factors was tested for their effect on production of three other osteoblast cell proteins: collagen type I, osteocalcin, and fibronectin. TGF beta inhibited 1,25D3-induced osteocalcin production, whereas both factors were additive for fibronectin and collagen type I production. TGF beta appears to modulate the differentiation effects of 1,25D3 on this human osteoblast-like cell and thereby retain the cell in a non-fully differentiated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Bonewald
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78284-7877
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Graham DY, Colon-Pagan J, Morse RS, Johnson TL, Walsh JH, McCullough AJ, Marks JW, Sklar M, Stone RC, Cagliola AJ. Ulcer recurrence following duodenal ulcer healing with omeprazole, ranitidine, or placebo: a double-blind, multicenter, 6-month study. The Omeprazole Duodenal Ulcer Study Group. Gastroenterology 1992; 102:1289-94. [PMID: 1551535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The present study determined whether the rate of relapse of duodenal ulcer was reduced after ulcer healing with omeprazole compared with ranitidine or placebo. It was made up of a double-blind, randomized, controlled multiple-center trial set within the United States. Patients were candidates if their duodenal or pyloric channel ulcer successfully healed in one of two large multicenter U.S. trials; one compared omeprazole, 20 mg once daily, before breakfast with ranitidine, 150 mg twice daily, and the other compared the same dose of omeprazole with placebo. Two hundred forty (73.8%) of the 325 patients with complete ulcer healing within 4 weeks of starting therapy who were eligible to enter the follow-up study were enrolled. There was no intervention. Endoscopic assessment of ulcer status was performed at 2, 4, and 6 months and whenever patients had symptoms thought to represent return of an ulcer. The lifetable relapse rates for duodenal ulcer according to initial ulcer therapy with omeprazole, ranitidine, or placebo were 76.7% [95% confidence interval (CI), 64%-89.3%], 59.8% (95% CI, 47.8-71.7%), and 50.4% (95% CI, 15.7%-85.2%), respectively. These rates were not statistically significantly different. Seventeen percent of recurrent ulcers occurred at a site different from that of the original ulcer. It is concluded that despite the more rapid rate of duodenal ulcer healing with omeprazole therapy, the rate of ulcer relapse appears similar and independent of whether ulcer healing was accelerated with omeprazole or ranitidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Graham
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Houston, Texas
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40
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Johnson TL, Kim W, Plieth DA, Sarkar FH. Detection of HPV 16/18 DNA in cervical adenocarcinoma using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology. Mod Pathol 1992; 5:35-40. [PMID: 1311838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-two tissue samples of primary adenocarcinoma (adenoCA) of the uterine cervix were evaluated for the presence of HPV 16/18 DNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR was used to specifically amplify the E6-E7 gene region of HPV 16/18 DNA. The amplification products were analyzed using gel electrophoresis and Southern dot blotting with 32p labeled type-specific oligonucleotide probes. HPV 18 DNA was identified in 13/22 (59%) and HPV 16 DNA was identified in 5/22 (23%) of the tumors. There were no tumors with mixed infections. In three patients, two different specimens were evaluated, and there was concordance of HPV typing. The presence of squamous carcinoma in situ, koilocytosis and younger patient age were associated with an increased incidence of HPV 16/18 DNA detection. HPV 16/18 DNA was not detected in six metastatic adenoCA to cervix (four endometrial, two ovarian). We conclude that HPV 16/18 DNA is present in a significant proportion of primary adenoCA of the cervix, and we have identified some clinicopathologic associations. The detection of HPV DNA may be useful in distinguishing primary from metastatic adenoCA of the cervix.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
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41
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Abstract
Matrix Gla protein (MGLAP) and bone Gla protein (BGLAP) are calcium-binding, vitamin K-dependent proteins produced by cells of the osteoblastic lineage. Sequence homology suggests that the genes for these proteins evolved from a common ancestor. Somatic whole cell hybrids and karyotypically simple microcell hybrids were used to map Mglap to mouse Chromosome 6 and Bglap to mouse Chromosome 3. Human MGLAP has previously been mapped to chromosome 12p, a region with homology to mouse Chromosome 6, and human BGLAP has been mapped to chromosome 1q, a region with homology to mouse Chromosome 3. It appears that BGLAP is the third calcium-binding protein that maps to human chromosome 1q and mouse Chromosome 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78284
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42
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Johnson TL, Kennedy AW, Segal GH. Lymphangioma circumscriptum of the vulva. A report of two cases. J Reprod Med 1991; 36:808-12. [PMID: 1765960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lymphangioma circumscriptum is an uncommon dermatologic problem that only rarely affects the vulva. It is considered to be a circumscribed developmental defect of lymphatic tissue in the dermis. We encountered two patients whose clinical manifestations required management with extensive vulvar surgery. These cases illustrate the spectrum of presentation of this disorder and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Johnson
- Department of Gynecology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio
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43
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Abstract
Addison's disease is a possible diagnosis in any patient who presents with weakness, weight loss, hyperpigmentation, hyponatremia, and hypotension. Laboratory findings, including depressed levels of cortisol and aldosterone, help to confirm the diagnosis. Computed tomography may reveal adrenal calcification and abnormal-sized adrenal glands. In most cases, autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex is the cause of Addison's disease; however, as in the patient described here, tuberculosis is a possible cause.
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44
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Johnson TL, Reus BE, Culpepper AL, Naylor SL, Leach RJ. Detection of a length polymorphism for human GIP gene by polymerase chain reaction. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19:4312. [PMID: 1870998 PMCID: PMC328604 DOI: 10.1093/nar/19.15.4312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T L Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78284
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Abstract
Collagenous spherulosis is generally classified as a component of benign proliferative breast disease. Previous reports have described the histologic features of collagenous spherulosis, but we are unaware of cytologic descriptions of the condition. In this report, the cytologic features of collagenous spherulosis are described and the differential diagnosis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
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46
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Johnson TL, Plieth DA, Crissman JD, Sarkar FH. HPV detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in verrucous lesions of the upper aerodigestive tract. Mod Pathol 1991; 4:461-5. [PMID: 1656433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nineteen formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded verrucous lesions of the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) were evaluated for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) 6b/11, 16, and 18 DNA sequences using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in-situ hybridization, and dot blot analysis. HPV DNA was confirmed in two dysplastic papillomas only; both cases contained HPV 6b/11. E6-E7 portions of HPV DNA was not reproducibly detected in any of the 11 verrucous carcinomas, 4 verrucous hyperplasias, or 2 mature papillomas. In-situ hybridization and dot blot analysis confirmed HPV 6b/11 in the two dysplastic papillomas and failed to identify HPV in the other verrucous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202
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Valenzuela JE, Berlin RG, Snape WJ, Johnson TL, Hirschowitz BI, Colon-Pagan J, Morse RS, Petrozza J, Van Deventer GM, Cagliola A. U.S. experience with omeprazole in duodenal ulcer. Multicenter double-blind comparative study with ranitidine. The Omeprazole DU Comparative Study Group. Dig Dis Sci 1991; 36:761-8. [PMID: 2032518 DOI: 10.1007/bf01311234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To assess the comparative efficacy of omeprazole 20 mg, a proton pump inhibitor, versus ranitidine 150 mg twice a day, an H2-receptor antagonist, in healing duodenal ulcers we performed a randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial in 309 patients with endoscopically diagnosed ulcers. Patients were treated for up to four weeks and were seen at week 2 and at week 4, if unhealed at week 2, for determination of ulcer status by endoscopy, review of daily self-assessment symptom diaries, and clinical laboratory including fasting serum gastrin. Gastrin levels were repeated two weeks after cessation of study medication. Evaluation of baseline demographic and laboratory parameters demonstrated no significant differences between the two groups at entry. At week 2, 42% of the omeprazole and 34% of the ranitidine-treated patients were healed (P = NS). At week 4, there was a 19% advantage in ulcer healing for the omeprazole-treated patients in comparison to those treated with ranitidine (82% vs 63%, respectively, P less than 0.05). Healing of ulcers greater than or equal to 1.0 cm occurred in 83% of those treated with omeprazole versus 37% treated with ranitidine (P less than 0.01). There were no significant differences in rate of pain relief or incidence of clinical laboratory abnormalities. Mean fasting serum gastrin value during treatment increased over the baseline in both groups, (P less than 0.05). The percent change was significantly greater with omeprazole but few patients had elevations above the upper limit of normal for the assay. Both drugs were well tolerated. Omeprazole 20 mg demonstrated superiority in healing duodenal ulcers at four weeks in comparison to ranitidine 150 mg twice daily and was more effective in healing ulcers greater than or equal to 1.0 cm.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Valenzuela
- USC School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033
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Somkuti GA, Solaiman DK, Johnson TL, Steinberg DH. Transfer and expression of a Streptomyces cholesterol oxidase gene in Streptococcus thermophilus. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 1991; 13:238-45. [PMID: 2043280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The recombinant plasmid pNCO937 (8.1 kbp) containing a Streptomyces sp. cholesterol oxidase gene was introduced into Streptococcus thermophilus by electrotransformation. Transformation frequency was 7.2 x 10(5) colony forming units/micrograms of DNA. The presence of the cholesterol oxidase gene in S. thermophilus was confirmed with Southern blot analysis using a biotinylated probe. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis showed the expression of the Streptomyces cholesterol oxidase gene resulting in the oxidation of cholesterol to 4-cholesten-3-one. S. thermophilus may be a suitable host for the expression of other genes regulating prokaryotic cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Somkuti
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, ARS, Eastern Regional Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19118
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49
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Johnson TL, Klueber KM. Skeletal muscle following tonic overload: functional and structural analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23:49-55. [PMID: 1997813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Functional overloading of skeletal muscle induces a compensatory hypertrophy as an adaptive response to increased functional demand. Overload of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle (129 ReJ strain male mouse) was induced by unilateral surgical removal of a synergistic muscle, tibialis anterior (TA). Response of the EDL to overload for 7, 21, and 42 d was analyzed for changes in 1) muscle weight, 2) myofiber type distribution, 3) myofiber cross-sectional area by fiber type, 4) speed of contraction and relaxation of the muscle, 5) force of contraction, and 6) myofiber morphologic integrity. The weight of the EDL significantly increased. The overload caused no impairment of muscle contractility and did not have a significant effect on isometric twitch contraction time to peak tension or the time to one-half relaxation of the twitch. Overloaded muscles demonstrated a transient shift in fiber type profile with preferential hypertrophy of Type IIA fibers that occurred in the early phase of overload while type IIB fibers were recruited by 42 d. No significant increase in myofiber number in overloaded muscles occurred. Some morphologic changes in over-loaded muscles parallel those found in patients with neurogenic muscular disorders. However, overloaded muscle did not exhibit a significant occurrence of fiber branching from controls in the midbelly region of the muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Johnson
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington 47405
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50
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Abstract
A case review of 225 patients with abnormal breast nipple secretions (NS) was done to determine diagnostically useful clinical and cytologic features. The cytologic specimens and medical records from all patients and 45 concurrent breast biopsies were reviewed. Nipple discharge was attributed to fibrocystic disease (FCD) in 81 cases, physiologic disturbances in 62, papillomas in 18, ductal carcinoma (CA) in 5, miscellaneous benign disorders in 14, and unknown causes in 45. Although cytologic examination of NS was very specific in identifying malignancy, the sensitivity of cytology was low. Carcinoma was diagnosed or suspected cytologically in only three of the five CA cases, with no false-positive cytopathologic interpretations. Malignant NS were usually unilateral, hemorrhagic, mass-associated, and in older patients. Males with nipple discharge had a significantly higher incidence of breast cancer (two of nine; 22%) than women with abnormal NS (3 of 216; 1.5%). Papilloma NS were generally unilateral and hemorrhagic; FCD and physiologic NS were mostly serous or milky. Benign NS were not cytologically distinguishable. We conclude that cytologic examination of NS is a specific but insensitive method to identify underlying malignancy. Additional clinical features, including patient age, laterality and character of NS, and radiographic findings, were found to be diagnostically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202
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