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Yates JR. Aberrant glutamatergic systems underlying impulsive behaviors: Insights from clinical and preclinical research. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 135:111107. [PMID: 39098647 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Impulsivity is a broad construct that often refers to one of several distinct behaviors and can be measured with self-report questionnaires and behavioral paradigms. Several psychiatric conditions are characterized by one or more forms of impulsive behavior, most notably the impulsive/hyperactive subtype of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mood disorders, and substance use disorders. Monoaminergic neurotransmitters are known to mediate impulsive behaviors and are implicated in various psychiatric conditions. However, growing evidence suggests that glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter of the mammalian brain, regulates important functions that become dysregulated in conditions like ADHD. The purpose of the current review is to discuss clinical and preclinical evidence linking glutamate to separate aspects of impulsivity, specifically motor impulsivity, impulsive choice, and affective impulsivity. Hyperactive glutamatergic activity in the corticostriatal and the cerebro-cerebellar pathways are major determinants of motor impulsivity. Conversely, hypoactive glutamatergic activity in frontal cortical areas and hippocampus and hyperactive glutamatergic activity in anterior cingulate cortex and nucleus accumbens mediate impulsive choice. Affective impulsivity is controlled by similar glutamatergic dysfunction observed for motor impulsivity, except a hyperactive limbic system is also involved. Loss of glutamate homeostasis in prefrontal and nucleus accumbens may contribute to motor impulsivity/affective impulsivity and impulsive choice, respectively. These results are important as they can lead to novel treatments for those with a condition characterized by increased impulsivity that are resistant to conventional treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Yates
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, 1 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA.
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2
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Liu J. Proteome-wide association studies have predicted that the protein abundance of LSM6, GMPPB, ICA1L, and CISD2 is associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024:10.1007/s00787-024-02517-4. [PMID: 38954053 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-024-02517-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Identification of changes in protein abundance for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is important for potential disease mechanisms and therapeutic study for ADHD. In order to identify candidate proteins that confer risk for ADHD, a proteome-wide association study (PWAS) for ADHD was conducted by integrating two human brain proteome datasets and the ADHD genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics released by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC). A total of 11 risk proteins were identified as significant candidates that passed the bonferroni corrected proteome-wide significant (PWS) level. The predicted protein abundance level of LSM6, GMPPB, ICA1L and CISD2 are shown significantly associated with ADHD in both proteome datasets, highlighting their potential role in ADHD pathogenesis. A transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) of ADHD was also conducted, and 13 genes with predicted expression changes related to ADHD were identified. GMPPB, ICA1L and NAT6 were supported by both TWAS and PWASs analysis. This study uncovers the predicted protein abundance changes that confer risk for ADHD and pinpoints a number of high-confidence protein candidates (e.g. LSM6, GMPPB, ICA1L, CISD2) for further functional exploration studies and drug development targeting these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewei Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei, China.
- Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Hospital for Psychotherapy, Wuhan, 430012, Hubei, China.
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3
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Qneibi M, Bdir S, Bdair M, Aldwaik SA, Sandouka D, Heeh M, Idais TI. AMPA receptor neurotransmission and therapeutic applications: A comprehensive review of their multifaceted modulation. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 266:116151. [PMID: 38237342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The neuropharmacological community has shown a strong interest in AMPA receptors as critical components of excitatory synaptic transmission during the last fifteen years. AMPA receptors, members of the ionotropic glutamate receptor family, allow rapid excitatory neurotransmission in the brain. AMPA receptors, which are permeable to sodium and potassium ions, manage the bulk of the brain's rapid synaptic communications. This study thoroughly examines the recent developments in AMPA receptor regulation, focusing on a shift from single chemical illustrations to a more extensive investigation of underlying processes. The complex interplay of these modulators in modifying the function and structure of AMPA receptors is the main focus, providing insight into their influence on the speed of excitatory neurotransmission. This research emphasizes the potential of AMPA receptor modulation as a therapy for various neurological disorders such as epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease. Analyzing these regulators' sophisticated molecular details enhances our comprehension of neuropharmacology, representing a significant advancement in using AMPA receptors for treating intricate neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Qneibi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
| | - Sosana Bdir
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Mohammad Bdair
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Samia Ammar Aldwaik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Dana Sandouka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | | | - Tala Iyad Idais
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
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4
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Golubeva EA, Lavrov MI, Veremeeva PN, Vyunova TV, Shevchenko KV, Topchiy MA, Asachenko AF, Palyulin VA. New Allosteric Modulators of AMPA Receptors: Synthesis and Study of Their Functional Activity by Radioligand-Receptor Binding Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10293. [PMID: 37373440 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthetic approaches to three new AMPA receptor modulators-derivatives of 1,11-dimethyl-3,6,9-triazatricyclo[7.3.1.13,11]tetradecane-4,8,12-trione-had been developed and all steps of synthesis were optimized. The structures of the compounds contain tricyclic cage and indane fragments necessary for binding with the target receptor. Their physiological activity was studied by radioligand-receptor binding analysis using [3H]PAM-43 as a reference ligand, which is a highly potent positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptors. The results of radioligand-binding studies indicated the high potency of two synthesized compounds to bind with the same targets as positive allosteric modulator PAM-43 (at least on AMPA receptors). We suggest that the Glu-dependent specific binding site of [3H]PAM-43 or the receptor containing this site may be one of the targets of the new compounds. We also suggest that enhanced radioligand binding may indicate the existence of synergistic effects of compounds 11b and 11c with respect to PAM-43 binding to the targets. At the same time, these compounds may not compete directly with PAM-43 for its specific binding sites but bind to other specific sites of this biotarget, changing its conformation and thereby causing a synergistic effect of cooperative interaction. It can be expected that the newly synthesized compounds will also have pronounced effects on the glutamatergic system of the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Golubeva
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mstislav I Lavrov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina N Veremeeva
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Vyunova
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology of Peptides, Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin V Shevchenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology of Peptides, Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim A Topchiy
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey F Asachenko
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Palyulin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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5
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Heal DJ, Smith SL. Prospects for new drugs to treat binge-eating disorder: Insights from psychopathology and neuropharmacology. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:680-703. [PMID: 34318734 PMCID: PMC9150143 DOI: 10.1177/02698811211032475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge-eating disorder (BED) is a common psychiatric condition with adverse psychological and metabolic consequences. Lisdexamfetamine (LDX) is the only approved BED drug treatment. New drugs to treat BED are urgently needed. METHODS A comprehensive review of published psychopathological, pharmacological and clinical findings. RESULTS The evidence supports the hypothesis that BED is an impulse control disorder with similarities to ADHD, including responsiveness to catecholaminergic drugs, for example LDX and dasotraline. The target product profile (TPP) of the ideal BED drug combines treating the psychopathological drivers of the disorder with an independent weight-loss effect. Drugs with proven efficacy in BED have a common pharmacology; they potentiate central noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission. Because of the overlap between pharmacotherapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and BED, drug-candidates from diverse pharmacological classes, which have already failed in ADHD would also be predicted to fail if tested in BED. The failure in BED trials of drugs with diverse pharmacological mechanisms indicates many possible avenues for drug discovery can probably be discounted. CONCLUSIONS (1) The efficacy of drugs for BED is dependent on reducing its core psychopathologies of impulsivity, compulsivity and perseveration and by increasing cognitive control of eating. (2) The analysis revealed a large number of pharmacological mechanisms are unlikely to be productive in the search for effective new BED drugs. (3) The most promising areas for new treatments for BED are drugs, which augment noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission and/or those which are effective in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Heal
- David J Heal, DevelRx Ltd, BioCity, Nottingham, NG1 1GF, UK.
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6
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Mamiya PC, Richards TL, Edden RAE, Lee AKC, Stein MA, Kuhl PK. Reduced Glx and GABA Inductions in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Caudate Nucleus Are Related to Impaired Control of Attention in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094677. [PMID: 35563067 PMCID: PMC9100027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that impairs the control of attention and behavioral inhibition in affected individuals. Recent genome-wide association findings have revealed an association between glutamate and GABA gene sets and ADHD symptoms. Consistently, people with ADHD show altered glutamate and GABA content in the brain circuitry that is important for attention control function. Yet, it remains unknown how glutamate and GABA content in the attention control circuitry change when people are controlling their attention, and whether these changes can predict impaired attention control in people with ADHD. To study these questions, we recruited 18 adults with ADHD (31-51 years) and 16 adults without ADHD (28-54 years). We studied glutamate + glutamine (Glx) and GABA content in the fronto-striatal circuitry while participants performed attention control tasks. We found that Glx and GABA concentrations at rest did not differ between participants with ADHD or without ADHD. However, while participants were performing the attention control tasks, participants with ADHD showed smaller Glx and GABA increases than participants without ADHD. Notably, smaller GABA increases in participants with ADHD significantly predicted their poor task performance. Together, these findings provide the first demonstration showing that attention control deficits in people with ADHD may be related to insufficient responses of the GABAergic system in the fronto-striatal circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping C. Mamiya
- Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Todd L. Richards
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Richard A. E. Edden
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Adrian K. C. Lee
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Mark A. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Patricia K. Kuhl
- Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
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7
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McWilliams S, Zhou T, Stockler S, Elbe D, Ipsiroglu OS. Sleep as an outcome measure in ADHD randomized controlled trials: a scoping review. Sleep Med Rev 2022; 63:101613. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Heal DJ, Gosden J, Smith SL. New Drugs to Treat ADHD: Opportunities and Challenges in Research and Development. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 57:79-126. [PMID: 35507283 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the landmark MTA (Multimodal Treatment of ADHD) trial unequivocally demonstrated the efficacy of methylphenidate, catecholaminergic drugs, especially stimulants, have been the therapeutic mainstay in treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). We review the new drugs which have entered the ADHD formulary. The lessons learned from drug-candidates that have succeeded in clinical trials together with those that have not have also been considered. What emerges confirms and consolidates the hypothesis that clinically effective ADHD drugs indirectly or directly increase catecholaminergic neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Attempts to enhance catecholaminergic signalling through modulatory neurotransmitter systems or cognitive-enhancing drugs have all failed. New drugs approved for ADHD are catecholaminergic reuptake inhibitors and releasing agents, or selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors. Triple reuptake inhibitors with preferential effects on dopamine have not been successful. The substantial number of failures probably accounts for a continued focus on developing novel catecholaminergic and noradrenergic drugs, and a dearth of drug-candidates with novel mechanisms entering clinical development. However, substantial improvements in ADHD pharmacotherapy have been achieved by the almost exclusive use of once-daily medications and prodrugs, e.g. lisdexamfetamine and Azstarys®, which improve compliance, deliver greater efficacy and reduce risks for diversion and abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Heal
- DevelRx Ltd, Nottingham, UK.
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
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9
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Kadriu B, Musazzi L, Johnston JN, Kalynchuk LE, Caruncho HJ, Popoli M, Zarate CA. Positive AMPA receptor modulation in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders: A long and winding road. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2816-2838. [PMID: 34358693 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glutamatergic transmission is widely implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders, and the discovery that ketamine elicits rapid-acting antidepressant effects by modulating α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) signaling has spurred a resurgence of interest in the field. This review explores agents in various stages of development for neuropsychiatric disorders that positively modulate AMPARs, both directly and indirectly. Despite promising preclinical research, few direct and indirect AMPAR positive modulators have progressed past early clinical development. Challenges such as low potency have created barriers to effective implementation. Nevertheless, the functional complexity of AMPARs sets them apart from other drug targets and allows for specificity in drug discovery. Additional effective treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders that work through positive AMPAR modulation may eventually be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashkim Kadriu
- Experimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Laura Musazzi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Jenessa N Johnston
- Experimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Lisa E Kalynchuk
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Hector J Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Maurizio Popoli
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Suzuki A, Kunugi A, Tajima Y, Suzuki N, Suzuki M, Toyofuku M, Kuno H, Sogabe S, Kosugi Y, Awasaki Y, Kaku T, Kimura H. Strictly regulated agonist-dependent activation of AMPA-R is the key characteristic of TAK-653 for robust synaptic responses and cognitive improvement. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14532. [PMID: 34267258 PMCID: PMC8282797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Agonistic profiles of AMPA receptor (AMPA-R) potentiators may be associated with seizure risk and bell-shaped dose-response effects. Here, we report the pharmacological characteristics of a novel AMPA-R potentiator, TAK-653, which exhibits minimal agonistic properties. TAK-653 bound to the ligand binding domain of recombinant AMPA-R in a glutamate-dependent manner. TAK-653 strictly potentiated a glutamate-induced Ca2+ influx in hGluA1i-expressing CHO cells through structural interference at Ser743 in GluA1. In primary neurons, TAK-653 augmented AMPA-induced Ca2+ influx and AMPA-elicited currents via physiological AMPA-R with little agonistic effects. Interestingly, TAK-653 enhanced electrically evoked AMPA-R-mediated EPSPs more potently than AMPA (agonist) or LY451646 (AMPA-R potentiator with a prominent agonistic effect) in brain slices. Moreover, TAK-653 improved cognition for both working memory and recognition memory, while LY451646 did so only for recognition memory, and AMPA did not improve either. These data suggest that the facilitation of phasic AMPA-R activation by physiologically-released glutamate is the key to enhancing synaptic and cognitive functions, and nonselective activation of resting AMPA-Rs may negatively affect this process. Importantly, TAK-653 had a wide safety margin against convulsion; TAK-653 showed a 419-fold (plasma Cmax) and 1017-fold (AUC plasma) margin in rats. These findings provide insight into a therapeutically important aspect of AMPA-R potentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Suzuki
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kunugi
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Tajima
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Noriko Suzuki
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Motohisa Suzuki
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Toyofuku
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kuno
- Bio-Molecular Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sogabe
- Bio-Molecular Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yohei Kosugi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Awasaki
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kaku
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Haruhide Kimura
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Fujisawa, Japan.
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11
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Mamiya PC, Arnett AB, Stein MA. Precision Medicine Care in ADHD: The Case for Neural Excitation and Inhibition. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11010091. [PMID: 33450814 PMCID: PMC7828220 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that has become increasingly prevalent worldwide. Its core symptoms, including difficulties regulating attention, activity level, and impulses, appear in early childhood and can persist throughout the lifespan. Current pharmacological options targeting catecholamine neurotransmissions have effectively alleviated symptoms in some, but not all affected individuals, leaving clinicians to implement trial-and-error approach to treatment. In this review, we discuss recent experimental evidence from both preclinical and human studies that suggest imbalance of excitation/inhibition (E/I) in the fronto-striatal circuitry during early development may lead to enduring neuroanatomical abnormality of the circuitry, causing persistence of ADHD symptoms in adulthood. We propose a model of precision medicine care that includes E/I balance as a candidate biomarker for ADHD, development of GABA-modulating medications, and use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and scalp electrophysiology methods to monitor the effects of treatments on shifting E/I balance throughout the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping C. Mamiya
- Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Anne B. Arnett
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (A.B.A.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Mark A. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (A.B.A.); (M.A.S.)
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12
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Sari SA, Ulger D, Ersan S, Bakir D, Uzun Cicek A, Ismailoglu F. Effects of agmatine, glutamate, arginine, and nitric oxide on executive functions in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:1675-1684. [PMID: 33026491 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of agmatine, nitric oxide (NO), arginine, and glutamate, which are the metabolites in the polyamine pathway, on the performance of executive functions (EF) in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The ADHD group included 35 treatment-naive children (6-14 years old) who were ewly diagnosed with ADHD. The control group consisted of 35 healthy children with the same age and sex, having no previous psychiatric disorders. In the study groups, Stroop test (ST) and trail making test (TMT) were used to monitor EF, and blood samples were collected to measure agmatine with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and NO, glutamate, and arginine with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The EFs were significantly impaired in the ADHD group. The agmatine and arginine levels of the ADHD group were significantly higher than their peers. The NO and glutamate levels were also higher in the ADHD group compared to the control group, but these differences did not reach statistical significance. Children with ADHD had more difficulties during EF tasks compared to healthy children. The elevated NO and glutamate levels may be related with the impairment during EF tasks. Therefore, agmatine and arginine may increase to improve EF tasks through its inhibitory effect on the synthesis of NO and glutamate. Further studies are needed about polyamine pathway molecules to shed light on the pathophysiology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Aybuke Sari
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Imaret Village, 58140, Sivas, Turkey.
| | - Dilara Ulger
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Serpil Ersan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Nigde Omer Halis University, Nigde, Turkey
| | - Deniz Bakir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Ayla Uzun Cicek
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Imaret Village, 58140, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Firat Ismailoglu
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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13
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Pozzi M, Bertella S, Gatti E, Peeters GGAM, Carnovale C, Zambrano S, Nobile M. Emerging drugs for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2020; 25:395-407. [PMID: 32938246 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2020.1820481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting up to 5.3% of children and 2.5% of adults depending on the country considered. Current pharmacological treatments for ADHD are based on stimulant or non-stimulant medications, targeting dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems in the frontal cortex and dopaminergic system in the basal ganglia. These drugs are effective and safe for the majority of patients, whereas about 20% of treated patients do not tolerate current therapies or experience insufficient efficacy. The adequate treatment of ADHD is necessary to allow a proper social placement and prevent the acquisition of additional, more severe, comorbidities. AREAS COVERED We conducted a review of the scientific literature and of unpublished/ongoing clinical trials to summarize the advances made in the last 10 years (2010-2020) for the pharmacological treatment of ADHD. We found many pharmacological mechanisms beyond dopaminergic and noradrenergic ones have been investigated in patients. EXPERT OPINION Some emerging drugs for ADHD may be promising as add-on treatment especially in children, amantadine to enhance cognitive functions and tipepidine for hyperactivity/impulsivity. Stand-alone emerging treatments for ADHD include viloxazine and dasotraline, which will soon have more clinical data available to support market access requests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pozzi
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea , Lecco, Italy
| | - Silvana Bertella
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea , Lecco, Italy
| | - Erika Gatti
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea , Lecco, Italy
| | - Gabriëlla G A M Peeters
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, "Luigi Sacco" University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Carnovale
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, "Luigi Sacco" University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Zambrano
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea , Lecco, Italy.,Postgraduate Specialization School in Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Nobile
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea , Lecco, Italy
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14
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Synthesis of an allosteric modulator of ionotropic glutamate receptors. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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15
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Cellular and Molecular Changes in Hippocampal Glutamate Signaling and Alterations in Learning, Attention, and Impulsivity Following Prenatal Nicotine Exposure. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2002-2020. [PMID: 31916029 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01854-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over 70 million European pregnant women are smokers during their child-bearing years. Consumption of tobacco-containing products during pregnancy is associated with several negative behavioral outcomes for the offspring, including a higher susceptibility for the development of attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD). In efforts to minimize fetal exposure to tobacco smoke, many women around the world switch to nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs) during the gestational period; however, prenatal nicotine exposure (PNE) in any form has been associated with alterations in cognitive processes, including learning, memory, and attention. These processes are controlled by glutamatergic signaling of hippocampal pyramidal neurons within the CA1 region, suggesting actions of nicotine on glutamatergic transmission in this region if present prenatally. Accordingly, we aimed to investigate hippocampal glutamatergic function following PNE treatment in NMRI mice employing molecular, cellular electrophysiology, and pharmacological approaches, as well as to evaluate cognition in the rodent continuous performance task (rCPT), a recently developed mouse task allowing assessment of learning, attention, and impulsivity. PNE induced increases in the expression levels of mRNA coding for different glutamate receptors and subunits within the hippocampus. Functional alterations in AMPA and NMDA receptors on CA1 pyramidal neurons of PNE mice were suggestive of higher GluA2-lacking and lower GluN2A-containing receptors, respectively. Finally, PNE was associated with reduced learning, attention, and enhanced impulsivity in the rCPT. Alterations in glutamatergic functioning in CA1 neurons parallel changes seen in the spontaneously hypertensive rat ADHD model and likely contribute to the lower cognitive performance in the rCPT.
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16
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Grigoriev VV, Lavrov MI, Zamoyski VL, Garibova TL, Palyulin VA, Bachurin SO. New Positive Allosteric Modulator of AMPA Receptors: in vitro and in vivo Studies. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2019; 488:304-306. [PMID: 31768846 DOI: 10.1134/s160767291905003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A new derivative of 3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, which showed a high activity as a positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptors of the CNS, was studied in electrophysiological experiments. At doses of 0.01 mg/kg, this compound significantly improved the memory of experimental animals disturbed by maximal electric shock. The results indicate that this compound is a promising candidate for preclinical trials and clinical studies as a drug for treatment of a number of psychoneurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Grigoriev
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - M I Lavrov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia.,Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - V L Zamoyski
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - T L Garibova
- Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 125315, Moscow, Russia
| | - V A Palyulin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia.,Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - S O Bachurin
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, Russia
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17
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Glutamate receptor metabotropic 7 (GRM7) gene polymorphisms in mood disorders and attention deficit hyperactive disorder. Neurochem Int 2019; 129:104483. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Novel Positive Allosteric Modulators of AMPA Receptors Based on 3,7-Diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane Scaffold. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:191-199. [PMID: 31515692 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01768-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A series of new positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors based on 3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane scaffold have been designed, synthesized, and analyzed. In electrophysiological patch clamp studies, several compounds have demonstrated a sub-nanomolar potency. Compound 4 in in vivo tests showed anti-amnestic properties in the scopolamine-induced model of amnesia in the step-through passive avoidance or maximal electroshock experiments in rats at 0.01 mg/kg showing a significant "dose-response" advantage over memantine. Based on the analysis of the flexible docking results of PAMs, the cyclothiazide-like mechanism of binding mode was suggested as the major site for the interaction with AMPA receptors.
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19
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Huang X, Wang M, Zhang Q, Chen X, Wu J. The role of glutamate receptors in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: From physiology to disease. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2019; 180:272-286. [PMID: 30953404 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common psychiatric disorder in children and adolescents, which is characterized by behavioral problems such as attention deficit, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. As the receptors of the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), glutamate receptors (GluRs) are strongly linked to normal brain functioning and pathological processes. Extensive investigations have been made about the structure, function, and regulation of GluR family, describing evidences that support the disruption of these mechanisms in mental disorders, including ADHD. In this review, we briefly described the family and function of GluRs in the CNS, and discussed what is recently known about the role of GluRs in ADHD, that including GluR genes, animal models, and the treatment, which would help us further elucidate the etiology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinzhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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20
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Medin T, Jensen V, Skare Ø, Storm-Mathisen J, Hvalby Ø, Bergersen LH. Altered α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor function and expression in hippocampus in a rat model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Behav Brain Res 2018; 360:209-215. [PMID: 30552946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutamatergic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs) carry the bulk of excitatory synaptic transmission. Their modulation plays key roles in synaptic plasticity, which underlies hippocampal learning and memory. A dysfunctional glutamatergic system may negatively affect learning abilities and underlie symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The aim of this study was to investigate whether the expression and function of AMPARs were altered in ADHD. We recorded AMPAR mediated synaptic transmission at hippocampal excitatory synapses and quantified immunogold labelling density of AMPAR subunits GluA1 and GluA2/3 in a rat model for ADHD; the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Electrophysiological recordings showed significantly reduced AMPAR mediated synaptic transmission at the CA3-to-CA1 pyramidal cell synapses in stratum radiatum and stratum oriens in SHRs compared to control rats. Electronmicroscopic immunogold quantifications did not show any statistically significant changes in labelling densities of the GluA1 subunit of the AMPAR on dendritic spines in stratum radiatum or in stratum oriens. However, there was a significant increase of the GluA2/3 subunit intracellularly in stratum oriens in SHR compared to control, interpreted as a compensatory effect. The proportion of synapses lacking AMPAR subunit labelling was the same in the two genotypes. In addition, electronmicroscopic examination of tissue morphology showed the density of this type of synapse (i.e., asymmetric synapses on spines), and the average size of the synaptic membranes, to be the same. AMPAR dysfunction, possibly involving molecular changes, in hippocampus may in part reflect altered learning in individuals with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirill Medin
- OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Faculty of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 4, St. Olavs Plass, 0130, Oslo, Norway; The Brain and Muscle Energy Group, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, NO-0316, Oslo, Norway; Synaptic Neurochemistry and Amino Acid Transporters Labs, Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (IMB) and Healthy Brain Ageing Centre (SERTA), University of Oslo, NO-0317, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Vidar Jensen
- Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (IMB), University of Oslo, NO-0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øyvind Skare
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon Storm-Mathisen
- Synaptic Neurochemistry and Amino Acid Transporters Labs, Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (IMB) and Healthy Brain Ageing Centre (SERTA), University of Oslo, NO-0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øyvind Hvalby
- Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (IMB), University of Oslo, NO-0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Linda Hildegard Bergersen
- The Brain and Muscle Energy Group, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, NO-0316, Oslo, Norway; Synaptic Neurochemistry and Amino Acid Transporters Labs, Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (IMB) and Healthy Brain Ageing Centre (SERTA), University of Oslo, NO-0317, Oslo, Norway; Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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21
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The first AMPA receptor negative modulators based on the tetrahydroquinazoline scaffold. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Radin DP, Li YX, Rogers G, Purcell R, Lippa A. Tarps differentially affect the pharmacology of ampakines. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 154:446-451. [PMID: 29906466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory proteins (TARPs) govern AMPA receptor cell surface expression and distinct physiological properties including agonist affinity, desensitization and deactivation kinetics. The prototypical TARP, STG or γ2 and TARPs γ3, γ4, γ7 and γ8 are all expressed to varying degrees in the mammalian brain and differentially regulate AMPAR gating parameters. Positive allosteric AMPA receptor modulators or ampakines alter receptor rates of agonist binding/unbinding, channel opening and can offset receptor desensitization and deactivation. The effects of the two ampakines, CX614 and cyclothiazide (CTZ) were evaluated on homomeric GluR1-flip receptors and GluR2-flop receptors expressed on HEK293 cells by transient transfection with or without different TARPs γ2, γ3, γ4 or γ8 genes. γ4 was the most robust TARP in increasing the affinities of CX614 and CTZ on GluR1-flip receptors, but had no such effect on GluR2-flop receptors. However, γ8 gave the most significant increases in affinities of CX614 and CTZ on GluR2-flop. These data show that TARPs differentially affect the surface expression and kinetics of the AMPA receptor, as well as the pharmacology of ampakines for the AMPA receptor. The modulatory effects of TARPs on ampakine pharmacology are complex, being dependent on both the TARP subtype and the AMPA receptor subtypes/isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Radin
- RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., 126 Valley Road, Glen Rock, NJ 07452,United States.
| | - Yong-Xin Li
- RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., 126 Valley Road, Glen Rock, NJ 07452,United States
| | - Gary Rogers
- RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., 126 Valley Road, Glen Rock, NJ 07452,United States
| | - Richard Purcell
- RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., 126 Valley Road, Glen Rock, NJ 07452,United States
| | - Arnold Lippa
- RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., 126 Valley Road, Glen Rock, NJ 07452,United States
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23
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Lavrov MI, Karlov DS, Palyulin VA, Grigoriev VV, Zamoyski VL, Brkich GE, Pyatigorskaya NV, Zapolskiy ME. Novel positive allosteric modulator of AMPA-receptors based on tricyclic scaffold. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Radin DP, Li YX, Rogers G, Purcell R, Lippa A. Stargazin differentially modulates ampakine gating kinetics and pharmacology. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 148:308-314. [PMID: 29330065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It was previously reported that Stargazin (STG) enhances the surface expression of AMPA receptors, controls receptor gating and slows channel desensitization as an auxiliary subunit of the receptors. Ampakines are a class of AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulators that modify rates of transmitter binding, channel activity and desensitization parameters. As such, they have shown efficacy in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases, where excitatory synaptic transmission is compromised. Given the functional similarities between STG and ampakines, the current study sought to probe interactions between STG and ampakine gating properties. The effects of the high impact ampakines, CX614 and cyclothiazide (CTZ), were compared with homomeric GluR1-flip (Glur1i) and GluR2-flop (Glur2o) receptors expressed in HEK293 cells by transient transfection with or without STG gene. STG dramatically enhanced the surface expression of AMPA receptors and increased glutamate-induced steady-state currents during desensitization. STG also increased ratios of 500 μM kainate and 500 μM glutamate activated steady-state currents. STG reduced association rates of ampakines and differentially affected the dissociation rates for both CX614 and CTZ on desensitized receptors. The estimated Kd value for CX614 was lowered from 340 μM to 70 μM, whereas that for CTZ was lowered from 170 μM to 6 μM by STG. The data suggest that Stargazin can dramatically alter the conformation of the receptor dimer interface where CX614 and CTZ are known to bind. This work also demonstrates the importance of considering STG interactions when developing ampakines to treat neurodegenerative diseases in which AMPAergic signaling is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Radin
- RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., 126 Valley Road, Glen Rock, NJ 07452, United States.
| | - Yong-Xin Li
- RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., 126 Valley Road, Glen Rock, NJ 07452, United States
| | - Gary Rogers
- RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., 126 Valley Road, Glen Rock, NJ 07452, United States
| | - Richard Purcell
- RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., 126 Valley Road, Glen Rock, NJ 07452, United States
| | - Arnold Lippa
- RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc., 126 Valley Road, Glen Rock, NJ 07452, United States
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25
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Larsen AP, Francotte P, Frydenvang K, Tapken D, Goffin E, Fraikin P, Caignard DH, Lestage P, Danober L, Pirotte B, Kastrup JS. Synthesis and Pharmacology of Mono-, Di-, and Trialkyl-Substituted 7-Chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-Dioxides Combined with X-ray Structure Analysis to Understand the Unexpected Structure-Activity Relationship at AMPA Receptors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:378-90. [PMID: 26771108 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive allosteric modulators of 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid (AMPA)-type ionotropic glutamate receptors are promising compounds for treatment of neurological disorders, for example, Alzheimer's disease. Here, we report synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a series of mono-, di-, or trialkyl-substituted 7-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides, comprising in total 16 new modulators. The trisubstituted compounds 7b, 7d, and 7e revealed potent activity (EC2× = 2.7-4.3 μM; concentration of compound responsible for a 2-fold increase of the AMPA mediated response) as AMPA receptor potentiators in an in vitro cellular fluorescence assay (FLIPR). The 4-cyclopropyl compound 7f was found to be considerably less potent (EC2× = 60 μM), in contrast to previously described 4-monoalkyl-substituted benzothiadiazine dioxides for which the cyclopropyl group constitutes the best choice of substituent. 7b was subjected to X-ray structural analysis in complex with the GluA2 ligand-binding domain. We propose an explanation of the unexpected structure-activity relationship of this new series of mono-, di-, and trialkyl-substituted 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide compounds. The methyl substituent in the 3-position directs the binding mode of the 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide (BTD) scaffold. When a methyl substituent is present in the 3-position of the BTD, additional methyl substituents in both the 2- and 4-positions increase potency, whereas introduction of a 4-cyclopropyl group does not enhance potency of 2,3,4-alkyl-substituted BTDs. A hydrogen bond donor in the 2-position of the BTD is not necessary for modulator potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Probst Larsen
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pierre Francotte
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines
(CIRM), University of Liege, Avenue de l’Hôpital,
1, B36, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Karla Frydenvang
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Tapken
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eric Goffin
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines
(CIRM), University of Liege, Avenue de l’Hôpital,
1, B36, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Fraikin
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines
(CIRM), University of Liege, Avenue de l’Hôpital,
1, B36, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Daniel-Henri Caignard
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Chemin de Ronde, 125, F-78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Pierre Lestage
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Chemin de Ronde, 125, F-78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Laurence Danober
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Chemin de Ronde, 125, F-78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Bernard Pirotte
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines
(CIRM), University of Liege, Avenue de l’Hôpital,
1, B36, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Jette Sandholm Kastrup
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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26
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AMPA receptor-positive allosteric modulators for the treatment of schizophrenia: an overview of recent patent applications. Future Med Chem 2016; 7:473-91. [PMID: 25875874 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of glutamate and its receptors in central nervous system biology and disease has long been of interest to scientists involved in both fundamental research and drug discovery, however the complex pharmacology and lack of highly selective compounds has severely hampered drug discovery efforts in this area. Recent advances in the identification and profiling of positive allosteric modulators of the AMPA receptor offer a potential way forward and the hope of a new treatment for schizophrenia. This article will review recent patent applications published in this area.
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27
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Battisti UM, Citti C, Rastelli G, Pinzi L, Puja G, Ravazzini F, Ciccarella G, Braghiroli D, Cannazza G. An unexpected reversal in the pharmacological stereoselectivity of benzothiadiazine AMPA positive allosteric modulators. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6md00440g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The stereodiscrimination process in the binding of the R isomer with the receptor pocket is ruled by van der Waals interactions and/or H-bonding with water molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto M. Battisti
- Department of Life Sciences
- University of Modena & Reggio Emilia
- 41125 Modena
- Italy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
| | - Cinzia Citti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies
- University of Salento
- 73100 Lecce
- Italy
- CNR-NANOTEC
| | - Giulio Rastelli
- Department of Life Sciences
- University of Modena & Reggio Emilia
- 41125 Modena
- Italy
| | - Luca Pinzi
- Department of Life Sciences
- University of Modena & Reggio Emilia
- 41125 Modena
- Italy
| | - Giulia Puja
- Department of Life Sciences
- University of Modena & Reggio Emilia
- 41125 Modena
- Italy
| | - Federica Ravazzini
- Department of Life Sciences
- University of Modena & Reggio Emilia
- 41125 Modena
- Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ciccarella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies
- University of Salento
- 73100 Lecce
- Italy
- CNR-NANOTEC
| | - Daniela Braghiroli
- Department of Life Sciences
- University of Modena & Reggio Emilia
- 41125 Modena
- Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cannazza
- Department of Life Sciences
- University of Modena & Reggio Emilia
- 41125 Modena
- Italy
- CNR-NANOTEC
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Partin KM. AMPA receptor potentiators: from drug design to cognitive enhancement. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 20:46-53. [PMID: 25462292 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Positive allosteric modulators of ionotropic glutamate receptors have emerged as a target for treating cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration, but also mental illnesses such as major depressive disorder. The possibility of creating a new class of pharmaceutical agent to treat refractive mental health issues has compelled researchers to redouble their efforts to develop a safe, effective treatment for memory and cognition impairments. Coupled with the more robust research methodologies that have emerged, including more sophisticated high-throughput-screens, higher resolution structural biology techniques, and more focused assessment on pharmacokinetics, the development of positive modulators of AMPA receptors holds great promise. We describe recent approaches that improve our understanding of the basic physiology underlying memory and cognition, and their application toward promoting human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Partin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Co 80523-1617, United States.
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Francotte P, Nørholm AB, Deva T, Olsen L, Frydenvang K, Goffin E, Fraikin P, de Tullio P, Challal S, Thomas JY, Iop F, Louis C, Botez-Pop I, Lestage P, Danober L, Kastrup JS, Pirotte B. Positive Allosteric Modulators of 2-Amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic Acid Receptors Belonging to 4-Cyclopropyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-pyridothiadiazine Dioxides and Diversely Chloro-Substituted 4-Cyclopropyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-Dioxides. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9539-53. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501268r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Francotte
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines
(CIRM), University of Liege, Avenue de l’Hôpital,
1, B36, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Ann-Beth Nørholm
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Taru Deva
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Olsen
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karla Frydenvang
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eric Goffin
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines
(CIRM), University of Liege, Avenue de l’Hôpital,
1, B36, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Fraikin
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines
(CIRM), University of Liege, Avenue de l’Hôpital,
1, B36, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Pascal de Tullio
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines
(CIRM), University of Liege, Avenue de l’Hôpital,
1, B36, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Challal
- Institut
de Recherches
Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, F-78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jean-Yves Thomas
- Institut
de Recherches
Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, F-78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Fabrice Iop
- Institut
de Recherches
Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, F-78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Caroline Louis
- Institut
de Recherches
Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, F-78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Iuliana Botez-Pop
- Institut
de Recherches
Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, F-78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Pierre Lestage
- Institut
de Recherches
Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, F-78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Laurence Danober
- Institut
de Recherches
Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, F-78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jette S. Kastrup
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bernard Pirotte
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines
(CIRM), University of Liege, Avenue de l’Hôpital,
1, B36, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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30
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Maltezos S, Horder J, Coghlan S, Skirrow C, O'Gorman R, Lavender TJ, Mendez MA, Mehta M, Daly E, Xenitidis K, Paliokosta E, Spain D, Pitts M, Asherson P, Lythgoe DJ, Barker GJ, Murphy DG. Glutamate/glutamine and neuronal integrity in adults with ADHD: a proton MRS study. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e373. [PMID: 24643164 PMCID: PMC3966039 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that abnormalities in glutamate signalling may contribute to the pathophysiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ([1H]MRS) can be used to measure glutamate, and also its metabolite glutamine, in vivo. However, few studies have investigated glutamate in the brain of adults with ADHD naive to stimulant medication. Therefore, we used [1H]MRS to measure the combined signal of glutamate and glutamine (Glu+Gln; abbreviated as Glx) along with other neurometabolites such as creatine (Cr), N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and choline. Data were acquired from three brain regions, including two implicated in ADHD-the basal ganglia (caudate/striatum) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)-and one 'control' region-the medial parietal cortex. We compared 40 adults with ADHD, of whom 24 were naive for ADHD medication, whereas 16 were currently on stimulants, against 20 age, sex and IQ-matched healthy controls. We found that compared with controls, adult ADHD participants had a significantly lower concentration of Glx, Cr and NAA in the basal ganglia and Cr in the DLPFC, after correction for multiple comparisons. There were no differences between stimulant-treated and treatment-naive ADHD participants. In people with untreated ADHD, lower basal ganglia Glx was significantly associated with more severe symptoms of inattention. There were no significant differences in the parietal 'control' region. We suggest that subcortical glutamate and glutamine have a modulatory role in ADHD adults; and that differences in glutamate-glutamine levels are not explained by use of stimulant medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maltezos
- Adult ADHD Service, The Maudsley Hospital, London, UK,King's College London, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - J Horder
- King's College London, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK,King's College London, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, PO Box 50, London SE5 8AF, UK. E-mail:
| | - S Coghlan
- King's College London, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - C Skirrow
- King's College London, MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - R O'Gorman
- King's College London, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - T J Lavender
- King's College London, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - M A Mendez
- King's College London, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK,Autism Assessment and Behavioural Genetics Clinic, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, UK
| | - M Mehta
- King's College London, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - E Daly
- King's College London, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - K Xenitidis
- Adult ADHD Service, The Maudsley Hospital, London, UK,King's College London, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - E Paliokosta
- Adult ADHD Service, The Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
| | - D Spain
- King's College London, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK,Autism Assessment and Behavioural Genetics Clinic, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, UK
| | - M Pitts
- Adult ADHD Service, The Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
| | - P Asherson
- Adult ADHD Service, The Maudsley Hospital, London, UK,King's College London, MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - D J Lythgoe
- King's College London, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - G J Barker
- King's College London, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - D G Murphy
- King's College London, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK,Autism Assessment and Behavioural Genetics Clinic, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Beckenham, UK,Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
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Nørholm AB, Francotte P, Olsen L, Krintel C, Frydenvang K, Goffin E, Challal S, Danober L, Botez-Pop I, Lestage P, Pirotte B, Kastrup JS. Synthesis, Pharmacological and Structural Characterization, and Thermodynamic Aspects of GluA2-Positive Allosteric Modulators with a 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-Dioxide Scaffold. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8736-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4012092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Beth Nørholm
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pierre Francotte
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Research Centre (CIRM), University of Liege, Avenue de l’Hôpital 1, B36, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Lars Olsen
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Krintel
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karla Frydenvang
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eric Goffin
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Research Centre (CIRM), University of Liege, Avenue de l’Hôpital 1, B36, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Challal
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Chemin de Ronde 125, F-78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Laurence Danober
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Chemin de Ronde 125, F-78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Iuliana Botez-Pop
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Chemin de Ronde 125, F-78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Pierre Lestage
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Chemin de Ronde 125, F-78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Bernard Pirotte
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Research Centre (CIRM), University of Liege, Avenue de l’Hôpital 1, B36, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Jette S. Kastrup
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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32
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Manor I, Newcorn JH, Faraone SV, Adler LA. Efficacy of metadoxine extended release in patients with predominantly inattentive subtype attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Postgrad Med 2013; 125:181-90. [PMID: 23933905 DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2013.07.2689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of metadoxine extended release (ER) with those of placebo on inattentive (IA) versus hyperactive-impulsive (H-I) symptoms and predominantly inattentive (PI) versus combined type (CT) subtype in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS This was a 1:1 randomized, double-blind, parallel-design study of metadoxine ER 1400 mg/day for 6 weeks in 120 adults with ADHD. Efficacy measures were baseline to end-of-treatment changes in Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale-Investigator Rated (CAARS-INV) Total ADHD Symptoms scores with adult ADHD prompts, the Test of Variables of Attention ADHD scores, and response rates (≥ 25% or ≥ 40% improvement in CAARS-INV Total ADHD Symptoms score). RESULTS There was a significant decrease in CAARS-INV Total ADHD Symptoms scores in patients with ADHD-PI taking metadoxine ER (40%) compared with those taking placebo (21%) (P < 0.05), while the decrease for patients with ADHD-CT was not significant (27% vs 26%). Similarly, there was a significant decrease in IA scores in patients with ADHD-PI (metadoxine ER, 50% vs placebo, 23%; P < 0.005), while the change in patients with ADHD-CT was not significant. There was no significant difference in percent decreases seen in H-I scores for patients with PI or ADHD-CT. Significantly higher response rates at both cutoffs (ie, 25% and 45% improvement) were seen in the metadoxine ER group compared with the placebo group in CAARS-INV Total ADHD Symptoms scores in patients with ADHD-PI, but not those with ADHD-CT. Test of Variables of Attention ADHD scores were significantly decreased in the metadoxine ER group compared with the placebo group for patients with ADHD-PI, but not those with ADHD-CT. CONCLUSION These data suggest that metadoxine ER is selectively efficacious for treating IA symptoms in adults with ADHD-PI. TRIAL REGISTRATION www.ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01243242.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Manor
- Geha Mental Health Center, Petach Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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33
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Pirotte B, Francotte P, Goffin E, de Tullio P. AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulators: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:615-28. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.770840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Nations KR, Dogterom P, Bursi R, Schipper J, Greenwald S, Zraket D, Gertsik L, Johnstone J, Lee A, Pande Y, Ruigt G, Ereshefsky L. Examination of Org 26576, an AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulator, in patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder: an exploratory, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:1525-39. [PMID: 22954616 DOI: 10.1177/0269881112458728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Org 26576 acts by modulating ionotropic AMPA-type glutamate receptors to enhance glutamatergic neurotransmission. The aim of this Phase 1b study (N=54) was to explore safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of Org 26576 in depressed patients. Part I (N=24) evaluated the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and optimal titration schedule in a multiple rising dose paradigm (range 100 mg BID to 600 mg BID); Part II (N=30) utilized a parallel groups design (100 mg BID, 400 mg BID, placebo) to examine all endpoints over a 28-day dosing period. Based on the number of moderate intensity adverse events reported at the 600 mg BID dose level, the MTD established in Part I was 450 mg BID. Symptomatic improvement as measured by the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale was numerically greater in the Org 26576 groups than in the placebo group in both study parts. In Part II, the 400 mg BID dose was associated with improvements in executive functioning and speed of processing cognitive tests. Org 26576 was also associated with growth hormone increases and cortisol decreases at the end of treatment but did not influence prolactin or brain-derived neurotrophic factor. The quantitative electroencephalogram index Antidepressant Treatment Response at Week 1 was able to significantly predict symptomatic response at endpoint in the active treatment group, as was early improvement in social acuity. Overall, Org 26576 demonstrated good tolerability and pharmacokinetic properties in depressed patients, and pharmacodynamic endpoints suggested that it may show promise in future well-controlled, adequately powered proof of concept trials.
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