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Okazaki M, Yumoto M, Kaneko Y, Maruo K. Correlation of motor-auditory cross-modal and auditory unimodal N1 and mismatch responses of schizophrenic patients and normal subjects: an MEG study. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1217307. [PMID: 37886112 PMCID: PMC10598755 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1217307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction It has been suggested that the positive symptoms of schizophrenic patients (hallucinations, delusions, and passivity experience) are caused by dysfunction of their internal and external sensory prediction errors. This is often discussed as related to dysfunction of the forward model that executes self-monitoring. Several reports have suggested that dysfunction of the forward model in schizophrenia causes misattributions of self-generated thoughts and actions to external sources. There is some evidence that the forward model can be measured using the electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) components such as N1 (m) and mismatch negativity (MMN) (m). The objective in this MEG study is to investigate differences in the N1m and MMNm-like activity generated in motor-auditory cross-modal tasks in normal control (NC) subjects and schizophrenic (SC) patients, and compared that activity with N1m and MMNm in the auditory unimodal task. Methods The N1m and MMNm/MMNm-like activity were recorded in 15 SC patients and 12 matched NC subjects. The N1m-attenuation effects and peak amplitude of MMNm/MMNm-like activity of the NC and SC groups were compared. Additionally, correlations between MEG measures (N1m suppression rate, MMNm, and MMNm-like activity) and clinical variables (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores and antipsychotic drug (APD) dosages) in SC patients were investigated. Results It was found that (i) there was no significant difference in N1m-attenuation for the NC and SC groups, and that (ii) MMNm in the unimodal task in the SC group was significantly smaller than that in the NC group. Further, the MMNm-like activity in the cross-modal task was smaller than that of the MMNm in the unimodal task in the NC group, but there was no significant difference in the SC group. The PANSS positive symptoms and general psychopathology score were moderately negatively correlated with the amplitudes of the MMNm-like activity, and the APD dosage was moderately negatively correlated with the N1m suppression rate. However, none of these correlations reached statistical significance. Discussion The findings suggest that schizophrenic patients perform altered predictive processes differently from healthy subjects in latencies reflecting MMNm, depending on whether they are under forward model generation or not. This may support the hypothesis that schizophrenic patients tend to misattribute their inner experience to external agents, thus leading to the characteristic schizophrenia symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Okazaki
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Ome Municipal General Hospital, Ome, Japan
| | - Masato Yumoto
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Medical Science and Technology, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Yuu Kaneko
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Center Hospital of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Kazushi Maruo
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Larson LM, Feuerriegel D, Hasan MI, Braat S, Jin J, Tipu SMU, Shiraji S, Tofail F, Biggs BA, Hamadani JD, Johnson KA, Bode S, Pasricha SR. Effects of iron supplementation on neural indices of habituation in Bangladeshi children. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117:73-82. [PMID: 36789946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2022.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron deficiency and anemia have been associated with poor cognition in children, yet the effects of iron supplementation on neurocognition remain unclear. OBJECTIVE We aimed to examine the effects of supplementation with iron on neural indices of habituation using auditory event-related brain potentials (ERPs). METHODS This substudy was nested within a 3-arm, double-blind, double-dummy, individual randomized trial in Bangladesh, in which 3300 8-mo-old children were randomly selected to receive 3 mo of daily iron syrup (12.5 mg iron), multiple micronutrient powders (MNPs) (including 12.5 mg iron), or placebo. Children were assessed after 3 mo of intervention (mo 3) and 9 mo thereafter (mo 12). The neurocognitive substudy comprised a randomly selected subset of children from the main trial. Brain activity elicited during an auditory roving oddball task was recorded using electroencephalography to provide an index of habituation. The differential response to a novel (deviant) compared with a repeated (standard) sound was examined. The primary outcome was the amplitude of the mismatch response (deviant minusstandard tone waveforms) at mo 3. Secondary outcomes included the deviant and standard tone-evoked amplitudes, N2 amplitude differences, and differences in mean amplitudes evoked by deviant tones presented in the second compared with first half of the oddball sequence at mo 3 and 12. RESULTS Data were analyzed from 329 children at month 3 and 363 at mo 12. Analyses indicated no treatment effects of iron interventions compared with placebo on the amplitude of the mismatch response (iron syrup compared with placebo: mean difference (MD) = 0.07μV [95% CI: -1.22, 1.37]; MNPs compared with placebo: MD = 0.58μV [95% CI: -0.74, 1.90]) nor any secondary ERP outcomes at mo 3 or 12, despite improvements in hemoglobin and ferritin concentrations from iron syrup and MNPs in this nested substudy. CONCLUSION In Bangladeshi children with >40% anemia prevalence, iron or MNP interventions alone are insufficient to improve neural indices of habituation. This trial was registered at the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN12617000660381.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila M Larson
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA; Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases at the Peter Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Daniel Feuerriegel
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohammed Imrul Hasan
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sabine Braat
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases at the Peter Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jerry Jin
- Department of Infectious Diseases at the Peter Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sm Mulk Uddin Tipu
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shamima Shiraji
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fahmida Tofail
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Beverley-Ann Biggs
- Department of Infectious Diseases at the Peter Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jena D Hamadani
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Katherine A Johnson
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stefan Bode
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sant-Rayn Pasricha
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Diagnostic Hematology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville VIC, Australia; Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Hematology, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Parmentier FBR, Leiva A, Andrés P, Maybery MT. Distraction by violation of sensory predictions: Functional distinction between deviant sounds and unexpected silences. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274188. [PMID: 36067181 PMCID: PMC9447928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been established that participants performing a continuous categorization task respond significantly slower following the presentation of unexpected, task-irrelevant, auditory stimuli, compared to a repetitive (standard) sound. Evidence indicates that such distraction emerges because of the violation of sensory predictions. This has typically been studied by measuring the impact of replacing the repeated sound by a different sound on rare and unpredictable trials. Here, we examine the impact of a different type of violation: the mere omission of the standard sound. Capitalizing upon the recent finding that deviant sounds exert distinct effects on response times as a function of whether participants produced or withheld a response on the previous trial, we present the results of an experiment seeking to disentangle two potential effects of sound omission: deviance distraction and the removal of an unspecific warning signal. The results indicate that deviant sound and the unexpected omission of the standard sound impact response times through, at least partially, distinct mechanisms. Deviant sounds affect performance by triggering the orienting of attention towards a new sensory input. Sound omissions, in contrast, appear to affect performance in part because responses no longer benefit from an unspecific warning signal to prepare for action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice B. R. Parmentier
- Department of Psychology & Research Institute of Health Sciences, Neuropsychology & Cognition Group, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
- Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Alicia Leiva
- Department of Psychology, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Pilar Andrés
- Department of Psychology & Research Institute of Health Sciences, Neuropsychology & Cognition Group, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
- Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Murray T. Maybery
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Di Dona G, Scaltritti M, Sulpizio S. Formant-invariant voice and pitch representations are pre-attentively formed from constantly varying speech and non-speech stimuli. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:4086-4106. [PMID: 35673798 PMCID: PMC9545905 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether listeners can form abstract voice representations while ignoring constantly changing phonological information and if they can use the resulting information to facilitate voice change detection. Further, the study aimed at understanding whether the use of abstraction is restricted to the speech domain or can be deployed also in non‐speech contexts. We ran an electroencephalogram (EEG) experiment including one passive and one active oddball task, each featuring a speech and a rotated speech condition. In the speech condition, participants heard constantly changing vowels uttered by a male speaker (standard stimuli) which were infrequently replaced by vowels uttered by a female speaker with higher pitch (deviant stimuli). In the rotated speech condition, participants heard rotated vowels, in which the natural formant structure of speech was disrupted. In the passive task, the mismatch negativity was elicited after the presentation of the deviant voice in both conditions, indicating that listeners could successfully group together different stimuli into a formant‐invariant voice representation. In the active task, participants showed shorter reaction times (RTs), higher accuracy and a larger P3b in the speech condition with respect to the rotated speech condition. Results showed that whereas at a pre‐attentive level the cognitive system can track pitch regularities while presumably ignoring constantly changing formant information both in speech and in rotated speech, at an attentive level the use of such information is facilitated for speech. This facilitation was also testified by a stronger synchronisation in the theta band (4–7 Hz), potentially pointing towards differences in encoding/retrieval processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Dona
- Dipartimento di Psicologia e Scienze Cognitive, Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Michele Scaltritti
- Dipartimento di Psicologia e Scienze Cognitive, Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Simone Sulpizio
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.,Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMi), Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
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5
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Ruiz-Martínez FJ, Morales Ortiz M, Gomez CM. Late N1 and Post Imperative Negative Variation analysis depending on the previous trial history in paradigms of increasing auditory complexity. J Neurophysiol 2022; 127:1240-1252. [PMID: 35389770 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00313.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Predictive coding reflects the ability of the human brain to extract environmental patterns in order to reformulate previous expectations. The present report analyzes through the late N1 auditory component and the post imperative negative variation (PINV) the updating of predictions regarding the characteristics of a new trial, depending on the previous trial history, complexity, and type of trial (standard or deviant). Data were obtained from 31 healthy subjects recorded in a previous study, based on two paradigms composed of stimulus sequences of decreasing or increasing frequencies intermingled with the sporadic appearance of unexpected tone endings. Our results showed a higher amplitude for the most complex condition and deviant trials for both the late N1 and the PINV components. Additionally, the N1 and PINV presented a different amplitude response to the standard and deviant trials as a function of previous trial history, suggesting a continuous updating of trial categorization. The results suggest that the late N1 and PINV components are involved in the generation of an internal model about the rules of external auditory stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Morales Ortiz
- Human Psychobiology Lab, Experimental Psychology Department, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Carlos M Gomez
- Human Psychobiology Lab, Experimental Psychology Department, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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Toufan R, Aghamolaei M, Ashayeri H. Differential effects of gender on mismatch negativity to violations of simple and pattern acoustic regularities. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e2248. [PMID: 34124855 PMCID: PMC8413778 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effects of gender on the mismatch negativity (MMN) potential have been studied using simple frequency deviants. However, the effects of gender on MMN to violations of abstract regularities have not yet been studied. Here, we addressed this issue and compared the effects of gender on simple and pattern frequency MMNs. METHODS MMN response was recorded from 29 healthy young adults, 14 females (mean age = 26.20 ± 2.17) and 15 males (mean age = 27.57 ± 2.24), using 32 scalp electrodes during simple and pattern frequency oddball paradigms and the mean amplitude, peak latency, and scalp topography of MMN evoked by each paradigm were compared between the two genders. RESULTS The peak latency of simple MMN was significantly longer in females (p < .05); however, its mean amplitude and topography were similar between the two genders (p > .05). There were no significant differences in peak latency, mean amplitude, and scalp topography of pattern MMN between the two genders (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS Based on the obtained results, gender differently affects simple and pattern MMN. These findings may provide preliminary evidence for distinct effects of gender on various types of MMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhane Toufan
- Department of Audiology, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Aghamolaei
- Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasan Ashayeri
- Department of Basic Sciences in Rehabilitation, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
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Bader M, Schröger E, Grimm S. Auditory Pattern Representations Under Conditions of Uncertainty-An ERP Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:682820. [PMID: 34305553 PMCID: PMC8299531 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.682820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The auditory system is able to recognize auditory objects and is thought to form predictive models of them even though the acoustic information arriving at our ears is often imperfect, intermixed, or distorted. We investigated implicit regularity extraction for acoustically intact versus disrupted six-tone sound patterns via event-related potentials (ERPs). In an exact-repetition condition, identical patterns were repeated; in two distorted-repetition conditions, one randomly chosen segment in each sound pattern was replaced either by white noise or by a wrong pitch. In a roving-standard paradigm, sound patterns were repeated 1-12 times (standards) in a row before a new pattern (deviant) occurred. The participants were not informed about the roving rule and had to detect rarely occurring loudness changes. Behavioral detectability of pattern changes was assessed in a subsequent behavioral task. Pattern changes (standard vs. deviant) elicited mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a, and were behaviorally detected above the chance level in all conditions, suggesting that the auditory system extracts regularities despite distortions in the acoustic input. However, MMN and P3a amplitude were decreased by distortions. At the level of MMN, both types of distortions caused similar impairments, suggesting that auditory regularity extraction is largely determined by the stimulus statistics of matching information. At the level of P3a, wrong-pitch distortions caused larger decreases than white-noise distortions. Wrong-pitch distortions likely prevented the engagement of restoration mechanisms and the segregation of disrupted from true pattern segments, causing stronger informational interference with the relevant pattern information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bader
- Cognitive and Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology-Wilhelm Wundt, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Erich Schröger
- Cognitive and Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology-Wilhelm Wundt, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabine Grimm
- Cognitive and Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology-Wilhelm Wundt, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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8
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Coy N, Bader M, Schröger E, Grimm S. Change detection of auditory tonal patterns defined by absolute versus relative pitch information. A combined behavioural and EEG study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247495. [PMID: 33630974 PMCID: PMC7906474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human auditory system often relies on relative pitch information to extract and identify auditory objects; such as when the same melody is played in different keys. The current study investigated the mental chronometry underlying the active discrimination of unfamiliar melodic six-tone patterns by measuring behavioural performance and event-related potentials (ERPs). In a roving standard paradigm, such patterns were either repeated identically within a stimulus train, carrying absolute frequency information about the pattern, or shifted in pitch (transposed) between repetitions, so only relative pitch information was available to extract the pattern identity. Results showed that participants were able to use relative pitch to detect when a new melodic pattern occurred. Though in the absence of absolute pitch sensitivity significantly decreased and behavioural reaction time to pattern changes increased. Mismatch-Negativity (MMN), an ERP indicator of auditory deviance detection, was elicited at approximately 206 ms after stimulus onset at frontocentral electrodes, even when only relative pitch was available to inform pattern discrimination. A P3a was elicited in both conditions, comparable in amplitude and latency. Increased latencies but no differences in amplitudes of N2b, and P3b suggest that processing at higher levels is affected when, in the absence of absolute pitch cues, relative pitch has to be extracted to inform pattern discrimination. Interestingly, the response delay of approximately 70 ms on the behavioural level, already fully manifests at the level of N2b. This is in accordance with recent findings on implicit auditory learning processes and suggests that in the absence of absolute pitch cues a slowing of target selection rather than a slowing of the auditory pattern change detection process causes the deterioration in behavioural performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Coy
- Institute of Psychology–Wilhelm Wundt, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Bader
- Institute of Psychology–Wilhelm Wundt, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Erich Schröger
- Institute of Psychology–Wilhelm Wundt, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabine Grimm
- Institute of Psychology–Wilhelm Wundt, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Lui TKY, Shum YH, Xiao XZ, Wang Y, Cheung ATC, Chan SSM, Neggers SFW, Tse CY. The critical role of the inferior frontal cortex in establishing a prediction model for generating subsequent mismatch negativity (MMN): A TMS-EEG study. Brain Stimul 2020; 14:161-169. [PMID: 33346067 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prediction violation account of automatic or pre-attentive change detection assumed that the inferior frontal cortex (IFC) is involved in establishing a prediction model for detecting unexpected changes. Evidence supporting the IFC's contribution to prediction model is mainly based on the Mismatch Negativity (MMN) to deviants violating predictions that are established based on the frequently presented standard events. However, deviant detection involves processes, such as events comparison, other than prediction model establishment. OBJECTIVE The current study investigated the critical role of the IFC in establishing a prediction model during standards processing for subsequent deviant detection. METHODS Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) was applied at the IFC to disrupt the processing of the initial 2 or 5 standards of a 3-, 6-, or 9-standard train, while the MMN responses to pitch deviant presented after the standard trains were recorded and compared. RESULTS An abolishment of MMN was only observed when TMS was delivered to the IFC at the initial 2 standards of the 3-standard train, but not at the initial 5 standards, or when TMS at the vertex or TMS sound recording was applied. The MMNs were also preserved when IFC TMS, vertex TMS, or TMS sound recording was applied at the initial 2 or 5 standards of longer trains. CONCLUSION The IFC plays a critical role in processing the initial standards of a short standard train for subsequent deviant detection. This result is consistent with the prediction violation account that the IFC is important for establishing the prediction model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troby Ka-Yan Lui
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu-Hei Shum
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xue-Zhen Xiao
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Sandra Sau-Man Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Chun-Yu Tse
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Vasilev MR, Parmentier FB, Kirkby JA. Distraction by auditory novelty during reading: Evidence for disruption in saccade planning, but not saccade execution. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2020; 74:826-842. [PMID: 33283659 PMCID: PMC8054167 DOI: 10.1177/1747021820982267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Novel or unexpected sounds that deviate from an otherwise repetitive
sequence of the same sound cause behavioural distraction. Recent work
has suggested that distraction also occurs during reading as fixation
durations increased when a deviant sound was presented at the fixation
onset of words. The present study tested the hypothesis that this
increase in fixation durations occurs due to saccadic inhibition. This
was done by manipulating the temporal onset of sounds relative to the
fixation onset of words in the text. If novel sounds cause saccadic
inhibition, they should be more distracting when presented during the
second half of fixations when saccade programming usually takes place.
Participants read single sentences and heard a 120 ms sound when they
fixated five target words in the sentence. On most occasions
(p = .9), the same sine wave tone was presented
(“standard”), while on the remaining occasions (p =
.1) a new sound was presented (“novel”). Critically, sounds were
played, on average, either during the first half of the fixation (0 ms
delay) or during the second half of the fixation (120 ms delay).
Consistent with the saccadic inhibition hypothesis (SIH), novel sounds
led to longer fixation durations in the 120 ms compared to the 0 ms
delay condition. However, novel sounds did not generally influence the
execution of the subsequent saccade. These results suggest that
unexpected sounds have a rapid influence on saccade planning, but not
saccade execution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrice Br Parmentier
- Department of Psychology and Research Institute for Health Sciences (iUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain.,Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.,School of Psychology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Julie A Kirkby
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
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Tse CY, Yip LY, Lui TKY, Xiao XZ, Wang Y, Chu WCW, Parks NA, Chan SSM, Neggers SFW. Establishing the functional connectivity of the frontotemporal network in pre-attentive change detection with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and event-related optical signal. Neuroimage 2018; 179:403-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Virtala P, Partanen E, Tervaniemi M, Kujala T. Neural discrimination of speech sound changes in a variable context occurs irrespective of attention and explicit awareness. Biol Psychol 2018; 132:217-227. [PMID: 29305875 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To process complex stimuli like language, our auditory system must tolerate large acoustic variance, like speaker variability, and still be sensitive enough to discriminate between phonemes and to detect complex sound relationships in, e.g., prosodic cues. Our study determined discrimination of speech sounds in input mimicking natural speech variability, and detection of deviations in regular pitch relationships (rule violations) between speech sounds. We investigated the automaticity and the influence of attention and explicit awareness on these changes by recording the neurophysiological mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a as well as task performance from 21 adults. The results showed neural discrimination of phonemes and rule violations as indicated by MMN and P3a, regardless of whether the sounds were attended or not, even when participants could not explicitly describe the rule. While small sample size precluded statistical analysis of some outcomes, we still found preliminary associations between the MMN amplitudes, task performance, and emerging explicit awareness of the rule. Our results highlight the automaticity of processing complex aspects of speech as a basis for the emerging conscious perception and explicit awareness of speech properties. While MMN operates at the implicit processing level, P3a appears to work at the borderline of implicit and explicit.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Virtala
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Institute for Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - E Partanen
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Institute for Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience (CFIN), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M Tervaniemi
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Institute for Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; Cicero Learning, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Kujala
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Institute for Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Ono K, Yamasaki D, Altmann CF, Mima T. The effect of illusionary perception on mismatch negativity (MMN): An electroencephalography study. Hear Res 2017; 356:87-92. [PMID: 29074265 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mismatch negativity (MMN) is a unique brain response elicited by any discernible change of features in a tone sequence. Although the occurrence of MMN is dependent upon the difference of a stimulus parameter, such as frequency or intensity, recent studies have suggested that MMN occurs as a result of a comparison between an internal representation created by perception and an incoming tone. The present study aimed to investigate MMN occurs based upon the physical properties of stimuli or as a result of the perception of the scale illusion. A scale illusion occurs during presentation of ascending and descending musical scales between C4 and C5. The tones of these scales are presented to the right and left ear alternately using a dichotic listening paradigm. Although the ascending/descending sequences are alternated between ears after each tone, we perceive the illusion of progressively ascending/descending tones as being separated by ear. The experiment was designed as an oddball task using the illusionary sequence and three different types of tone sequences as control conditions. Brain response to these sequences and infrequently presented deviants was measured using electroencephalography (EEG). All of the control sequences showed MMN in response to the deviant. However, the illusionary sequence did not result in a significant MMN. These results suggest that in the case of scale illusion, the occurrence of MMN is based upon the representation of tones created by perception, but not upon the physical properties of a tone sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ono
- Center of KANSEI Innovation, Hiroshima University, Japan; Graduate School of Core Ethics and Frontier Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Japan.
| | - Daiki Yamasaki
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Christian F Altmann
- Center of Medical Education and Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Mima
- Graduate School of Core Ethics and Frontier Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Japan
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14
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Ruffini G. An algorithmic information theory of consciousness. Neurosci Conscious 2017; 2017:nix019. [PMID: 30042851 PMCID: PMC6007168 DOI: 10.1093/nc/nix019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Providing objective metrics of conscious state is of great interest across multiple research and clinical fields-from neurology to artificial intelligence. Here we approach this challenge by proposing plausible mechanisms for the phenomenon of structured experience. In earlier work, we argued that the experience we call reality is a mental construct derived from information compression. Here we show that algorithmic information theory provides a natural framework to study and quantify consciousness from neurophysiological or neuroimaging data, given the premise that the primary role of the brain is information processing. We take as an axiom that "there is consciousness" and focus on the requirements for structured experience: we hypothesize that the existence and use of compressive models by cognitive systems, e.g. in biological recurrent neural networks, enables and provides the structure to phenomenal experience. Self-awareness is seen to arise naturally (as part of a better model) in cognitive systems interacting bidirectionally with the external world. Furthermore, we argue that by running such models to track data, brains can give rise to apparently complex (entropic but hierarchically organized) data. We compare this theory, named KT for its basis on the mathematical theory of Kolmogorov complexity, to other information-centric theories of consciousness. We then describe methods to study the complexity of the brain's output streams or of brain state as correlates of conscious state: we review methods such as (i) probing the brain through its input streams (e.g. event-related potentials in oddball paradigms or mutual algorithmic information between world and brain), (ii) analyzing spontaneous brain state, (iii) perturbing the brain by non-invasive transcranial stimulation, and (iv) quantifying behavior (e.g. eye movements or body sway).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Ruffini
- Starlab Barcelona, Avda. Tibidabo 47bis, 08035 Barcelona, Spain and Neuroelectrics Corporation, 210 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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15
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On the Globality of Motor Suppression: Unexpected Events and Their Influence on Behavior and Cognition. Neuron 2017; 93:259-280. [PMID: 28103476 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Unexpected events are part of everyday experience. They come in several varieties-action errors, unexpected action outcomes, and unexpected perceptual events-and they lead to motor slowing and cognitive distraction. While different varieties of unexpected events have been studied largely independently, and many different mechanisms are thought to explain their effects on action and cognition, we suggest a unifying theory. We propose that unexpected events recruit a fronto-basal-ganglia network for stopping. This network includes specific prefrontal cortical nodes and is posited to project to the subthalamic nucleus, with a putative global suppressive effect on basal-ganglia output. We argue that unexpected events interrupt action and impact cognition, partly at least, by recruiting this global suppressive network. This provides a common mechanistic basis for different types of unexpected events; links the literatures on motor inhibition, performance monitoring, attention, and working memory; and is relevant for understanding clinical symptoms of distractibility and mental inflexibility.
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16
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Bader M, Schröger E, Grimm S. How regularity representations of short sound patterns that are based on relative or absolute pitch information establish over time: An EEG study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176981. [PMID: 28472146 PMCID: PMC5417614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recognition of sound patterns in speech or music (e.g., a melody that is played in different keys) requires knowledge about pitch relations between successive sounds. We investigated the formation of regularity representations for sound patterns in an event-related potential (ERP) study. A pattern, which consisted of six concatenated 50 ms tone segments differing in fundamental frequency, was presented 1, 2, 3, 6, or 12 times and then replaced by another pattern by randomly changing the pitch of the tonal segments (roving standard paradigm). In an absolute repetition condition, patterns were repeated identically, whereas in a transposed condition, only the pitch relations of the tonal segments of the patterns were repeated, while the entire patterns were shifted up or down in pitch. During ERP measurement participants were not informed about the pattern repetition rule, but were instructed to discriminate rarely occurring targets of lower or higher sound intensity. EPRs for pattern changes (mismatch negativity, MMN; and P3a) and for pattern repetitions (repetition positivity, RP) revealed that the auditory system is able to rapidly extract regularities from unfamiliar complex sound patterns even when absolute pitch varies. Yet, enhanced RP and P3a amplitudes, and improved behavioral performance measured in a post-hoc test, in the absolute as compared with the transposed condition suggest that it is more difficult to encode patterns without absolute pitch information. This is explained by dissociable processing of standards and deviants as well as a back propagation mechanism to early sensory processing stages, which is effective after less repetitions of a standard stimulus for absolute pitch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bader
- Institute of Psychology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Erich Schröger
- Institute of Psychology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabine Grimm
- Institute of Psychology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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17
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Fogerty D, Humes LE, Busey TA. Age-Related Declines in Early Sensory Memory: Identification of Rapid Auditory and Visual Stimulus Sequences. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:90. [PMID: 27199737 PMCID: PMC4858528 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related temporal-processing declines of rapidly presented sequences may involve contributions of sensory memory. This study investigated recall for rapidly presented auditory (vowel) and visual (letter) sequences presented at six different stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA) that spanned threshold SOAs for sequence identification. Younger, middle-aged, and older adults participated in all tasks. Results were investigated at both equivalent performance levels (i.e., SOA threshold) and at identical physical stimulus values (i.e., SOAs). For four-item sequences, results demonstrated best performance for the first and last items in the auditory sequences, but only the first item for visual sequences. For two-item sequences, adults identified the second vowel or letter significantly better than the first. Overall, when temporal-order performance was equated for each individual by testing at SOA thresholds, recall accuracy for each position across the age groups was highly similar. These results suggest that modality-specific processing declines of older adults primarily determine temporal-order performance for rapid sequences. However, there is some evidence for a second amodal processing decline in older adults related to early sensory memory for final items in a sequence. This selective deficit was observed particularly for longer sequence lengths and was not accounted for by temporal masking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fogerty
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South CarolinaColumbia, SC, USA
| | - Larry E. Humes
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Indiana UniversityBloomington, IN, USA
| | - Thomas A. Busey
- Department of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Indiana UniversityBloomington, IN, USA
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18
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Early indices of deviance detection in humans and animal models. Biol Psychol 2016; 116:23-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Pacheco-Unguetti AP, Gelabert JM, Parmentier FBR. Can auditory deviant stimuli temporarily suspend cognitive processing? Evidence from patients with anxiety. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2016; 69:150-60. [DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2015.1031145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
While anxiety is typically thought to increase distractibility, this notion mostly derives from studies using emotionally loaded distractors presented in the same modality as the target stimuli and tasks involving crosstalk interference. We examined whether pathological anxiety might also increase distractibility for emotionally neutral irrelevant sounds presented prior to target stimuli in a task where these stimuli do not compete for selection. Patients with anxiety and control participants categorized visual digits preceded by task-irrelevant sounds that changed on rare trials (auditory deviance). Both groups exhibited an equivalent increase in response times following a deviant sound but patients showed a reduction of response accuracy, which was entirely due to an increase in response omissions. We conclude that the involuntary capture of attention by unexpected stimuli may, in patients with anxiety, result in a temporary suspension of cognitive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia P. Pacheco-Unguetti
- Department of Psychology & Institute of Health Sciences (iUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), Palma, Spain
| | - Joan Miquel Gelabert
- Department of Psychology & Institute of Health Sciences (iUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
- Quirón Palmaplanas Hospital, Palma, Spain
| | - Fabrice B. R. Parmentier
- Department of Psychology & Institute of Health Sciences (iUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), Palma, Spain
- School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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20
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Masutomi K, Barascud N, Kashino M, McDermott JH, Chait M. Sound segregation via embedded repetition is robust to inattention. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2015; 42:386-400. [PMID: 26480248 PMCID: PMC4763252 DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The segregation of sound sources from the mixture of sounds that enters the ear is a core capacity of human hearing, but the extent to which this process is dependent on attention remains unclear. This study investigated the effect of attention on the ability to segregate sounds via repetition. We utilized a dual task design in which stimuli to be segregated were presented along with stimuli for a "decoy" task that required continuous monitoring. The task to assess segregation presented a target sound 10 times in a row, each time concurrent with a different distractor sound. McDermott, Wrobleski, and Oxenham (2011) demonstrated that repetition causes the target sound to be segregated from the distractors. Segregation was queried by asking listeners whether a subsequent probe sound was identical to the target. A control task presented similar stimuli but probed discrimination without engaging segregation processes. We present results from 3 different decoy tasks: a visual multiple object tracking task, a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) digit encoding task, and a demanding auditory monitoring task. Load was manipulated by using high- and low-demand versions of each decoy task. The data provide converging evidence of a small effect of attention that is nonspecific, in that it affected the segregation and control tasks to a similar extent. In all cases, segregation performance remained high despite the presence of a concurrent, objectively demanding decoy task. The results suggest that repetition-based segregation is robust to inattention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Masutomi
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | | | - Makio Kashino
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Josh H McDermott
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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21
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Bendixen A, Schwartze M, Kotz SA. Temporal dynamics of contingency extraction from tonal and verbal auditory sequences. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2015; 148:64-73. [PMID: 25512177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Consecutive sound events are often to some degree predictive of each other. Here we investigated the brain's capacity to detect contingencies between consecutive sounds by means of electroencephalography (EEG) during passive listening. Contingencies were embedded either within tonal or verbal stimuli. Contingency extraction was measured indirectly via the elicitation of the mismatch negativity (MMN) component of the event-related potential (ERP) by contingency violations. MMN results indicate that structurally identical forms of predictability can be extracted from both tonal and verbal stimuli. We also found similar generators to underlie the processing of contingency violations across stimulus types, as well as similar performance in an active-listening follow-up test. However, the process of passive contingency extraction was considerably slower (twice as many rule exemplars were needed) for verbal than for tonal stimuli These results suggest caution in transferring findings on complex predictive regularity processing obtained with tonal stimuli directly to the speech domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bendixen
- Auditory Psychophysiology Lab, Department of Psychology, Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all", European Medical School, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany; Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Michael Schwartze
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, UK; Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sonja A Kotz
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, UK; Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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22
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Pacheco-Unguetti AP, Parmentier FBR. Happiness increases distraction by auditory deviant stimuli. Br J Psychol 2015; 107:419-33. [PMID: 26302716 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rare and unexpected changes (deviants) in an otherwise repeated stream of task-irrelevant auditory distractors (standards) capture attention and impair behavioural performance in an ongoing visual task. Recent evidence indicates that this effect is increased by sadness in a task involving neutral stimuli. We tested the hypothesis that such effect may not be limited to negative emotions but reflect a general depletion of attentional resources by examining whether a positive emotion (happiness) would increase deviance distraction too. Prior to performing an auditory-visual oddball task, happiness or a neutral mood was induced in participants by means of the exposure to music and the recollection of an autobiographical event. Results from the oddball task showed significantly larger deviance distraction following the induction of happiness. Interestingly, the small amount of distraction typically observed on the standard trial following a deviant trial (post-deviance distraction) was not increased by happiness. We speculate that happiness might interfere with the disengagement of attention from the deviant sound back towards the target stimulus (through the depletion of cognitive resources and/or mind wandering) but help subsequent cognitive control to recover from distraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Pilar Pacheco-Unguetti
- Neuropsychology & Cognition Group, Department of Psychology and Research Institute for Health Sciences (iUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.,Health Research Institute of Palma (IdISPa), Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Fabrice B R Parmentier
- Neuropsychology & Cognition Group, Department of Psychology and Research Institute for Health Sciences (iUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.,Health Research Institute of Palma (IdISPa), Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.,School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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23
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Cornella M, Bendixen A, Grimm S, Leung S, Schröger E, Escera C. Spatial auditory regularity encoding and prediction: Human middle-latency and long-latency auditory evoked potentials. Brain Res 2015; 1626:21-30. [PMID: 25912975 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
By encoding acoustic regularities present in the environment, the human brain can generate predictions of what is likely to occur next. Recent studies suggest that deviations from encoded regularities are detected within 10-50ms after stimulus onset, as indicated by electrophysiological effects in the middle latency response (MLR) range. This is upstream of previously known long-latency (LLR) signatures of deviance detection such as the mismatch negativity (MMN) component. In the present study, we created predictable and unpredictable contexts to investigate MLR and LLR signatures of the encoding of spatial auditory regularities and the generation of predictions from these regularities. Chirps were monaurally delivered in an either regular (predictable: left-right-left-right) or a random (unpredictable left/right alternation or repetition) manner. Occasional stimulus omissions occurred in both types of sequences. Results showed that the Na component (peaking at 34ms after stimulus onset) was attenuated for regular relative to random chirps, albeit no differences were observed for stimulus omission responses in the same latency range. In the LLR range, larger chirp-and omission-evoked responses were elicited for the regular than for the random condition, and predictability effects were more prominent over the right hemisphere. We discuss our findings in the framework of a hierarchical organization of spatial regularity encoding. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Prediction and Attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cornella
- Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior (IR3C), University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - A Bendixen
- Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Auditory Psychophysiology Lab, Department of Psychology, Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all", European Medical School, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - S Grimm
- Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior (IR3C), University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Leung
- Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior (IR3C), University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - E Schröger
- Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - C Escera
- Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior (IR3C), University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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24
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Rimmele JM, Sussman E, Poeppel D. The role of temporal structure in the investigation of sensory memory, auditory scene analysis, and speech perception: a healthy-aging perspective. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 95:175-83. [PMID: 24956028 PMCID: PMC4272684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Listening situations with multiple talkers or background noise are common in everyday communication and are particularly demanding for older adults. Here we review current research on auditory perception in aging individuals in order to gain insights into the challenges of listening under noisy conditions. Informationally rich temporal structure in auditory signals--over a range of time scales from milliseconds to seconds--renders temporal processing central to perception in the auditory domain. We discuss the role of temporal structure in auditory processing, in particular from a perspective relevant for hearing in background noise, and focusing on sensory memory, auditory scene analysis, and speech perception. Interestingly, these auditory processes, usually studied in an independent manner, show considerable overlap of processing time scales, even though each has its own 'privileged' temporal regimes. By integrating perspectives on temporal structure processing in these three areas of investigation, we aim to highlight similarities typically not recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Maria Rimmele
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Elyse Sussman
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - David Poeppel
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States; Max-Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt, Germany
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25
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Parmentier FBR, Kefauver M. The semantic aftermath of distraction by deviant sounds: Crosstalk interference is mediated by the predictability of semantic congruency. Brain Res 2015; 1626:247-57. [PMID: 25641044 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rare changes in a stream of otherwise repeated task-irrelevant sounds break through selective attention and disrupt performance in an unrelated visual task. This deviance distraction effect emerges because deviant sounds violate the cognitive system's predictions. In this study we sought to examine whether predictability also mediate the so-called semantic effect whereby behavioral performance suffers from the clash between the involuntary semantic evaluation of irrelevant sounds and the voluntary processing of visual targets (e.g., when participants must categorize a right visual arrow following the presentation of the deviant sound "left"). By manipulating the conditional probabilities of the congruent and incongruent deviant sounds in a left/right arrow categorization task, we elicited implicit predictions about the upcoming target and related response. We observed a linear increase of the semantic effect with the proportion of congruent deviant trials (i.e., as deviant sounds increasingly predicted congruent targets). We conclude that deviant sounds affect response times based on a combination of crosstalk interference and two types of prediction violations: stimulus violations (violations of predictions regarding the identity of upcoming irrelevant sounds) and semantic violations (violations of predictions regarding the target afforded by deviant sounds). We report a three-parameter model that captures all key features of the observed RTs. Overall, our results fit with the view that the brain builds forward models of the environment in order to optimize cognitive processing and that control of one's attention and actions is called upon when predictions are violated. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Prediction and Attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice B R Parmentier
- Neuropsychology & Cognition Group, Department of Psychology and Research Institute for Health Sciences (iUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), Balearic Islands, Spain; School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Miriam Kefauver
- Neuropsychology & Cognition Group, Department of Psychology and Research Institute for Health Sciences (iUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
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26
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Nelken I. Stimulus-specific adaptation and deviance detection in the auditory system: experiments and models. BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2014; 108:655-663. [PMID: 24477619 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-014-0585-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA) is the reduction in the response to a common stimulus that does not generalize, or only partially generalizes, to other, rare stimuli. SSA has been proposed to be a correlate of 'deviance detection', an important computational task of sensory systems. SSA is ubiquitous in the auditory system: It is found both in cortex and in subcortical stations, and it has been demonstrated in many mammalian species as well as in birds. A number of models have been suggested in the literature to account for SSA in the auditory domain. In this review, the experimental literature is critically examined in relationship to these models. While current models can all account for auditory SSA to some degree, none is fully compatible with the available findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Nelken
- Department of Neurobiology, The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904 , Jerusalem, Israel,
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27
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Weise A, Grimm S, Trujillo-Barreto NJ, Schröger E. Timing matters: the processing of pitch relations. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:387. [PMID: 24966823 PMCID: PMC4052740 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human central auditory system can automatically extract abstract regularities from a variant auditory input. To this end, temporarily separated events need to be related. This study tested whether the timing between events, falling either within or outside the temporal window of integration (~350 ms), impacts the extraction of abstract feature relations. We utilized tone pairs for which tones within but not across pairs revealed a constant pitch relation (e.g., pitch of second tone of a pair higher than pitch of first tone, while absolute pitch values varied across pairs). We measured the mismatch negativity (MMN; the brain's error signal to auditory regularity violations) to second tones that rarely violated the pitch relation (e.g., pitch of second tone lower). A Short condition in which tone duration (90 ms) and stimulus onset asynchrony between the tones of a pair were short (110 ms) was compared to two conditions, where this onset asynchrony was long (510 ms). In the Long Gap condition, the tone durations were identical to Short (90 ms), but the silent interval was prolonged by 400 ms. In Long Tone, the duration of the first tone was prolonged by 400 ms, while the silent interval was comparable to Short (20 ms). Results show a frontocentral MMN of comparable amplitude in all conditions. Thus, abstract pitch relations can be extracted even when the within-pair timing exceeds the integration period. Source analyses indicate MMN generators in the supratemporal cortex. Interestingly, they were located more anterior in Long Gap than in Short and Long Tone. Moreover, frontal generator activity was found for Long Gap and Long Tone. Thus, the way in which the system automatically registers irregular abstract pitch relations depends on the timing of the events to be linked. Pending that the current MMN data mirror established abstract rule representations coding the regular pitch relation, neural processes building these templates vary with timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annekathrin Weise
- Kognitive einschließlich Biologische Psychologie, Institut für Psychologie, Universität Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabine Grimm
- Kognitive einschließlich Biologische Psychologie, Institut für Psychologie, Universität Leipzig Leipzig, Germany ; Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour (IR3C), University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain ; Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Erich Schröger
- Kognitive einschließlich Biologische Psychologie, Institut für Psychologie, Universität Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
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The cognitive determinants of behavioral distraction by deviant auditory stimuli: a review. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2013; 78:321-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-013-0534-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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The Mechanisms and Meaning of the Mismatch Negativity. Brain Topogr 2013; 27:500-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-013-0337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Deviance Detection Based on Regularity Encoding Along the Auditory Hierarchy: Electrophysiological Evidence in Humans. Brain Topogr 2013; 27:527-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-013-0328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lieder F, Stephan KE, Daunizeau J, Garrido MI, Friston KJ. A neurocomputational model of the mismatch negativity. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1003288. [PMID: 24244118 PMCID: PMC3820518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mismatch negativity (MMN) is an event related potential evoked by violations of regularity. Here, we present a model of the underlying neuronal dynamics based upon the idea that auditory cortex continuously updates a generative model to predict its sensory inputs. The MMN is then modelled as the superposition of the electric fields evoked by neuronal activity reporting prediction errors. The process by which auditory cortex generates predictions and resolves prediction errors was simulated using generalised (Bayesian) filtering--a biologically plausible scheme for probabilistic inference on the hidden states of hierarchical dynamical models. The resulting scheme generates realistic MMN waveforms, explains the qualitative effects of deviant probability and magnitude on the MMN - in terms of latency and amplitude--and makes quantitative predictions about the interactions between deviant probability and magnitude. This work advances a formal understanding of the MMN and--more generally--illustrates the potential for developing computationally informed dynamic causal models of empirical electromagnetic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Lieder
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Social and Neuronal Systems Research, Dept. of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Klaas E. Stephan
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Social and Neuronal Systems Research, Dept. of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Daunizeau
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Social and Neuronal Systems Research, Dept. of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), Paris, France
| | - Marta I. Garrido
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Karl J. Friston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Paavilainen P. The mismatch-negativity (MMN) component of the auditory event-related potential to violations of abstract regularities: A review. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 88:109-23. [PMID: 23542165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kuchenbuch A, Paraskevopoulos E, Herholz SC, Pantev C. Effects of musical training and event probabilities on encoding of complex tone patterns. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:51. [PMID: 23617597 PMCID: PMC3639196 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human auditory cortex automatically encodes acoustic input from the environment and differentiates regular sound patterns from deviant ones in order to identify important, irregular events. The Mismatch Negativity (MMN) response is a neuronal marker for the detection of sounds that are unexpected, based on the encoded regularities. It is also elicited by violations of more complex regularities and musical expertise has been shown to have an effect on the processing of complex regularities. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG), we investigated the MMN response to salient or less salient deviants by varying the standard probability (70%, 50% and 35%) of a pattern oddball paradigm. To study the effects of musical expertise in the encoding of the patterns, we compared the responses of a group of non-musicians to those of musicians. RESULTS We observed significant MMN in all conditions, including the least salient condition (35% standards), in response to violations of the predominant tone pattern for both groups. The amplitude of MMN from the right hemisphere was influenced by the standard probability. This effect was modulated by long-term musical training: standard probability changes influenced MMN amplitude in the group of non-musicians only. CONCLUSION This study indicates that pattern violations are detected automatically, even if they are of very low salience, both in non-musicians and musicians, with salience having a stronger impact on processing in the right hemisphere of non-musicians. Long-term musical training influences this encoding, in that non-musicians benefit to a greater extent from a good signal-to-noise ratio (i.e. high probability of the standard pattern), while musicians are less dependent on the salience of an acoustic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kuchenbuch
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Li B, Parmentier FB, Zhang M. Behavioral Distraction by Auditory Deviance Is Mediated by the Sound’s Informational Value *Li and Parmentier share the first authorship of this study. Exp Psychol 2013; 60:260-8. [DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sounds deviating from an otherwise repetitive background in some task-irrelevant respect (deviant sounds among standard sounds) capture attention in an obligatory fashion and result in behavioral distraction in an ongoing task. Traditionally, such distraction has been considered as the ineluctable consequence of the deviant sound’s low probability of occurrence relative to that of the standard. Recent evidence from a cross-modal oddball task challenged this idea by showing that deviant sounds only yield distraction in a visual task when auditory distractors (standards and deviants) announce with certainty the imminent presentation of a target stimulus (event information), regardless of whether they predict the target’s temporal onset (temporal information). The present study sought to test for the first time whether this finding may be generalized to a purely auditory oddball task in which distractor and target information form part of the same perceptual stimulus. Participants were asked to judge whether a sound starting from a central location moved left or right while ignoring rare and unpredictable changes in the sound’s identity. By manipulating the temporal and probabilistic relationship between sound onset and movement onset, we disentangled the roles of event and temporal information and found that, as in the auditory-visual oddball task, deviance distraction is mediated by the extent to which distractor information harbingers the presentation of the target information (event information). This finding suggests that the provision of event information by auditory distractors is a fundamental prerequisite of behavioral deviance distraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biqin Li
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, P.R. China
- Department of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, P.R. China
| | - Fabrice B.R. Parmentier
- Department of Psychology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, P.R. China
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Lieder F, Daunizeau J, Garrido MI, Friston KJ, Stephan KE. Modelling trial-by-trial changes in the mismatch negativity. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1002911. [PMID: 23436989 PMCID: PMC3578779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mismatch negativity (MMN) is a differential brain response to violations of learned regularities. It has been used to demonstrate that the brain learns the statistical structure of its environment and predicts future sensory inputs. However, the algorithmic nature of these computations and the underlying neurobiological implementation remain controversial. This article introduces a mathematical framework with which competing ideas about the computational quantities indexed by MMN responses can be formalized and tested against single-trial EEG data. This framework was applied to five major theories of the MMN, comparing their ability to explain trial-by-trial changes in MMN amplitude. Three of these theories (predictive coding, model adjustment, and novelty detection) were formalized by linking the MMN to different manifestations of the same computational mechanism: approximate Bayesian inference according to the free-energy principle. We thereby propose a unifying view on three distinct theories of the MMN. The relative plausibility of each theory was assessed against empirical single-trial MMN amplitudes acquired from eight healthy volunteers in a roving oddball experiment. Models based on the free-energy principle provided more plausible explanations of trial-by-trial changes in MMN amplitude than models representing the two more traditional theories (change detection and adaptation). Our results suggest that the MMN reflects approximate Bayesian learning of sensory regularities, and that the MMN-generating process adjusts a probabilistic model of the environment according to prediction errors. The ability to predict one's environment is crucial for adaptive and proactive behaviour. It requires learning a mental model that captures the environment's statistical regularities. A process of this sort is thought to be reflected by the mismatch negativity (MMN) potential, a non-invasive electrophysiological measure of the neural response to regularity violation by sensory stimuli. However, the exact computational processes reflected by the MMN remain a matter of debate. We developed a modelling framework in which competing hypotheses about these processes can be objectively compared by their ability to predict single-trial MMN amplitudes. We applied this framework to formalize five major MMN theories and propose a unifying view on three distinct theories which explain the MMN as a reflection of prediction errors, model adjustment, and novelty detection, respectively. We assessed our models of the five theories with EEG data from eight healthy volunteers. Our results are consistent with the idea that the MMN arises from prediction error driven adjustments of a probabilistic mental model of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Lieder
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit-TNU, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Scharinger M, Bendixen A, Trujillo-Barreto NJ, Obleser J. A sparse neural code for some speech sounds but not for others. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40953. [PMID: 22815876 PMCID: PMC3397972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise neural mechanisms underlying speech sound representations are still a matter of debate. Proponents of 'sparse representations' assume that on the level of speech sounds, only contrastive or otherwise not predictable information is stored in long-term memory. Here, in a passive oddball paradigm, we challenge the neural foundations of such a 'sparse' representation; we use words that differ only in their penultimate consonant ("coronal" [t] vs. "dorsal" [k] place of articulation) and for example distinguish between the German nouns Latz ([lats]; bib) and Lachs ([laks]; salmon). Changes from standard [t] to deviant [k] and vice versa elicited a discernible Mismatch Negativity (MMN) response. Crucially, however, the MMN for the deviant [lats] was stronger than the MMN for the deviant [laks]. Source localization showed this difference to be due to enhanced brain activity in right superior temporal cortex. These findings reflect a difference in phonological 'sparsity': Coronal [t] segments, but not dorsal [k] segments, are based on more sparse representations and elicit less specific neural predictions; sensory deviations from this prediction are more readily 'tolerated' and accordingly trigger weaker MMNs. The results foster the neurocomputational reality of 'representationally sparse' models of speech perception that are compatible with more general predictive mechanisms in auditory perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Scharinger
- Max Planck Research Group Auditory Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
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37
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Grimm S, Escera C. Auditory deviance detection revisited: Evidence for a hierarchical novelty system. Int J Psychophysiol 2012; 85:88-92. [PMID: 21669238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Bendixen A, Schröger E, Ritter W, Winkler I. Regularity extraction from non-adjacent sounds. Front Psychol 2012; 3:143. [PMID: 22661959 PMCID: PMC3356878 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The regular behavior of sound sources helps us to make sense of the auditory environment. Regular patterns may, for instance, convey information on the identity of a sound source (such as the acoustic signature of a train moving on the rails). Yet typically, this signature overlaps in time with signals emitted from other sound sources. It is generally assumed that auditory regularity extraction cannot operate upon this mixture of signals because it only finds regularities between adjacent sounds. In this view, the auditory environment would be grouped into separate entities by means of readily available acoustic cues such as separation in frequency and location. Regularity extraction processes would then operate upon the resulting groups. Our new experimental evidence challenges this view. We presented two interleaved sound sequences which overlapped in frequency range and shared all acoustic parameters. The sequences only differed in their underlying regular patterns. We inserted deviants into one of the sequences to probe whether the regularity was extracted. In the first experiment, we found that these deviants elicited the mismatch negativity (MMN) component. Thus the auditory system was able to find the regularity between the non-adjacent sounds. Regularity extraction was not influenced by sequence cohesiveness as manipulated by the relative duration of tones and silent inter-tone-intervals. In the second experiment, we showed that a regularity connecting non-adjacent sounds was discovered only when the intervening sequence also contained a regular pattern, but not when the intervening sounds were randomly varying. This suggests that separate regular patterns are available to the auditory system as a cue for identifying signals coming from distinct sound sources. Thus auditory regularity extraction is not necessarily confined to a processing stage after initial sound grouping, but may precede grouping when other acoustic cues are unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bendixen
- Institute for Psychology, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
- Institute for Psychology, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapest, Hungary
| | - Erich Schröger
- Institute for Psychology, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Walter Ritter
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, OrangeburgNY, USA
| | - István Winkler
- Institute for Psychology, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapest, Hungary
- Institute of Psychology, University of SzegedSzeged, Hungary
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39
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Bendixen A, SanMiguel I, Schröger E. Early electrophysiological indicators for predictive processing in audition: A review. Int J Psychophysiol 2012; 83:120-31. [PMID: 21867734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bendixen
- Institute for Psychology, University of Leipzig, Seeburgstraße 14-20, Leipzig, Germany.
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40
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Sculthorpe LD, Campbell KB. Evidence that the mismatch negativity to pattern violations does not vary with deviant probability. Clin Neurophysiol 2011; 122:2236-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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41
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Cortical responses to changes in acoustic regularity are differentially modulated by attentional load. Neuroimage 2011; 59:1932-41. [PMID: 21945789 PMCID: PMC3271381 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates how acoustic change-events are represented in a listener's brain when attention is strongly focused elsewhere. Using magneto-encephalography (MEG) we examine whether cortical responses to different kinds of changes in stimulus statistics are similarly influenced by attentional load, and whether the processing of such acoustic changes in auditory cortex depends on modality-specific or general processing resources. We investigated these issues by examining cortical responses to two basic forms of acoustic transitions: (1) Violations of a simple acoustic pattern and (2) the emergence of a regular pattern from a random one. To simulate a complex sensory environment, these patterns were presented concurrently with streams of auditory and visual decoys. Listeners were required to perform tasks of high- and low-attentional-load in these domains. Results demonstrate that while auditory attentional-load does not influence the cortical representation of simple violations of regularity, it significantly reduces the magnitude of responses to the emergence of a regular acoustic pattern, suggesting a fundamentally skewed representation of the unattended auditory scene. In contrast, visual attentional-load had no effect on either transition response, consistent with the hypothesis that processing resources necessary for change detection are modality-specific.
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42
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Rimmele J, Sussman E, Keitel C, Jacobsen T, Schröger E. Electrophysiological evidence for age effects on sensory memory processing of tonal patterns. Psychol Aging 2011; 27:384-98. [PMID: 21823798 DOI: 10.1037/a0024866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In older adults, difficulties processing complex auditory scenes, such as speech comprehension in noisy environments, might be due to a specific impairment of temporal processing at early, automatic processing stages involving auditory sensory memory (ASM). Even though age effects on auditory temporal processing have been well-documented, there is a paucity of research on how ASM processing of more complex tone-patterns is altered by age. In the current study, age effects on ASM processing of temporal and frequency aspects of two-tone patterns were investigated using a passive listening protocol. The P1 component, the mismatch negativity (MMN) and the P3a component of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to tone frequency and temporal pattern deviants were recorded in younger and older adults as a measure of auditory event detection, ASM processing, and attention switching, respectively. MMN was elicited with smaller amplitude to both frequency and temporal deviants in older adults. Furthermore, P3a was elicited only in the younger adults. In conclusion, the smaller MMN amplitude indicates that automatic processing of both frequency and temporal aspects of two-tone patterns is impaired in older adults. The failure to initiate an attention switch, suggested by the absence of P3a, indicates that impaired ASM processing of patterns may lead to less distractibility in older adults. Our results suggest age-related changes in ASM processing of patterns that cannot be explained by an inhibitory deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Rimmele
- Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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43
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Naatanen R, Kujala T, Kreegipuu K, Carlson S, Escera C, Baldeweg T, Ponton C. The mismatch negativity: an index of cognitive decline in neuropsychiatric and neurological diseases and in ageing. Brain 2011; 134:3435-53. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Parmentier FBR, Elsley JV, Andrés P, Barceló F. Why are auditory novels distracting? Contrasting the roles of novelty, violation of expectation and stimulus change. Cognition 2011; 119:374-80. [PMID: 21382615 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Past studies show that novel auditory stimuli, presented in the context of an otherwise repeated sound, capture participants' attention away from a focal task, resulting in measurable behavioral distraction. Novel sounds are traditionally defined as rare and unexpected but past studies have not sought to disentangle these concepts directly. Using a cross-modal oddball task, we contrasted these aspects orthogonally by manipulating the base rate and conditional probabilities of sound events. We report for the first time that behavioral distraction does not result from a sound's novelty per se but from the violation of the cognitive system's expectation based on the learning of conditional probabilities and, to some extent, the occurrence of a perceptual change from one sound to another.
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45
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Näätänen R, Kujala T, Winkler I. Auditory processing that leads to conscious perception: A unique window to central auditory processing opened by the mismatch negativity and related responses. Psychophysiology 2010; 48:4-22. [PMID: 20880261 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Risto Näätänen
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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46
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Automatic auditory intelligence: An expression of the sensory–cognitive core of cognitive processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 64:123-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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47
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Garagnani M, Pulvermüller F. From sounds to words: a neurocomputational model of adaptation, inhibition and memory processes in auditory change detection. Neuroimage 2010; 54:170-81. [PMID: 20728545 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most animals detect sudden changes in trains of repeated stimuli but only some can learn a wide range of sensory patterns and recognise them later, a skill crucial for the evolutionary success of higher mammals. Here we use a neural model mimicking the cortical anatomy of sensory and motor areas and their connections to explain brain activity indexing auditory change and memory access. Our simulations indicate that while neuronal adaptation and local inhibition of cortical activity can explain aspects of change detection as observed when a repeated unfamiliar sound changes in frequency, the brain dynamics elicited by auditory stimulation with well-known patterns (such as meaningful words) cannot be accounted for on the basis of adaptation and inhibition alone. Specifically, we show that the stronger brain responses observed to familiar stimuli in passive oddball tasks are best explained in terms of activation of memory circuits that emerged in the cortex during the learning of these stimuli. Such memory circuits, and the activation enhancement they entail, are absent for unfamiliar stimuli. The model illustrates how basic neurobiological mechanisms, including neuronal adaptation, lateral inhibition, and Hebbian learning, underlie neuronal assembly formation and dynamics, and differentially contribute to the brain's major change detection response, the mismatch negativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Garagnani
- Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK.
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48
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Gjini K, Arfken C, Boutros NN. Relationships between sensory "gating out" and sensory "gating in" of auditory evoked potentials in schizophrenia: a pilot study. Schizophr Res 2010; 121:139-45. [PMID: 20537865 PMCID: PMC2910174 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The interrelationship between the ability to inhibit incoming redundant input (gating out) and the ability of the brain to respond when the stimulus changes (gating in), has not been extensively examined. We administered a battery of auditory evoked potential tests to a group of chronic, medicated schizophrenia patients (N=12) and a group of healthy subjects (N=12) in order to examine relationships between "gating out" measures (suppression with repetition of the P50, N100, and P200 evoked responses), and the mismatch negativity (MMN) and the P300 event related potentials as measures of "gating in". Gating ratios for N100 and P200 in a visual attention paired-click task differed significantly between groups. Mismatch negativity and P300 potential amplitudes were also significantly reduced in the patient group. When including all subjects (N=24) a negative correlation was found between the P50 gating and the amplitude of the MMN. In healthy subjects this correlation was significantly stronger compared to schizophrenia patients. While no significant correlation was noted between the amplitudes of the P300 and any gating measures when all 24 subjects were included, a significant negative correlation was seen between the P200 gating and the P300 amplitudes in schizophrenia patients; an opposite trend was noted in healthy subjects. Finally, a positive correlation was seen between the P300 and MMN (to abstract deviance) amplitudes in healthy subjects, but the opposite was found in patients. These results suggest that further study of these interrelationships could inform the understanding of information processing abnormalities in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klevest Gjini
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, 2751 E. Jefferson, Detroit, MI 48207 USA.
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49
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The mismatch negativity (MMN) with no standard stimulus. Clin Neurophysiol 2010; 121:1043-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bendixen A, Grimm S, Deouell LY, Wetzel N, Mädebach A, Schröger E. The time-course of auditory and visual distraction effects in a new crossmodal paradigm. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:2130-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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