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Ullsperger M. Beyond peaks and troughs: Multiplexed performance monitoring signals in the EEG. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14553. [PMID: 38415791 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
With the discovery of event-related potentials elicited by errors more than 30 years ago, a new avenue of research on performance monitoring, cognitive control, and decision making emerged. Since then, the field has developed and expanded fulminantly. After a brief overview on the EEG correlates of performance monitoring, this article reviews recent advancements based on single-trial analyses using independent component analysis, multiple regression, and multivariate pattern classification. Given the close interconnection between performance monitoring and reinforcement learning, computational modeling and model-based EEG analyses have made a particularly strong impact. The reviewed findings demonstrate that error- and feedback-related EEG dynamics represent variables reflecting how performance-monitoring signals are weighted and transformed into an adaptation signal that guides future decisions and actions. The model-based single-trial analysis approach goes far beyond conventional peak-and-trough analyses of event-related potentials and enables testing mechanistic theories of performance monitoring, cognitive control, and decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Ullsperger
- Department of Neuropsychology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Halle-Jena-Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Intervention and Research on adaptive and maladaptive brain Circuits underlying mental health (C-I-R-C), Halle-Jena-Magdeburg, Germany
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2
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Mattes A, Porth E, Niessen E, Kummer K, Mück M, Stahl J. Larger error negativity peak amplitudes for accuracy versus speed instructions may reflect more neuro-cognitive alignment, not more intense error processing. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2259. [PMID: 36755038 PMCID: PMC9908975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29434-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding human error processing is a highly relevant interdisciplinary goal. More than 30 years of research in this field have established the error negativity (Ne) as a fundamental electrophysiological marker of various types of erroneous decisions (e.g. perceptual, economic) and related clinically relevant variations. A common finding is that the Ne is more pronounced when participants are instructed to focus on response accuracy rather than response speed, an observation that has been interpreted as reflecting more thorough error processing. We challenge this wide-spread interpretation by demonstrating that when controlling for the level of non-event-related noise in the participant-average waveform and for single-trial peak latency variability, the significant speed-accuracy difference in the participant-average waveform vanishes. This suggests that the previously reported Ne differences may be mostly attributable to a more precise alignment of neuro-cognitive processes and not (only) to more intense error processing under accuracy instructions, opening up novel perspectives on previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Mattes
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Pohligstraße 1, 50969, Köln, Germany.
| | - Elisa Porth
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Pohligstraße 1, 50969, Köln, Germany
| | - Eva Niessen
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Pohligstraße 1, 50969, Köln, Germany
| | - Kilian Kummer
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Pohligstraße 1, 50969, Köln, Germany
| | - Markus Mück
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Pohligstraße 1, 50969, Köln, Germany
| | - Jutta Stahl
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Pohligstraße 1, 50969, Köln, Germany
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3
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Foerster A, Moeller B, Frings C, Pfister R. What is left after an error? Towards a comprehensive account of goal-based binding and retrieval. Atten Percept Psychophys 2023; 85:120-139. [PMID: 36451075 PMCID: PMC9816262 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-022-02609-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The cognitive system readily detects and corrects erroneous actions by establishing episodic bindings between representations of the acted upon stimuli and the intended correct response. If these stimuli are encountered again, they trigger the retrieval of the correct response. Thus, binding and retrieval efficiently pave the way for future success. The current study set out to define the role of the erroneous response itself and explicit feedback for the error during these processes of goal-based binding and retrieval. Two experiments showed robust and similar binding and retrieval effects with and without feedback and pointed towards sustained activation of the unbound, erroneous response. The third experiment confirmed that the erroneous response is more readily available than a neutral alternative. Together, the results demonstrate that episodic binding biases future actions toward success, guided primarily through internal feedback processes, while the erroneous response still leaves detectable traces in human action control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Foerster
- Department of Psychology III, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Birte Moeller
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Christian Frings
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Roland Pfister
- Department of Psychology III, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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4
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Overhoff H, Ko YH, Fink GR, Stahl J, Weiss PH, Bode S, Niessen E. The relationship between response dynamics and the formation of confidence varies across the lifespan. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:969074. [PMID: 36589534 PMCID: PMC9799236 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.969074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate metacognitive judgments, such as forming a confidence judgment, are crucial for goal-directed behavior but decline with older age. Besides changes in the sensory processing of stimulus features, there might also be changes in the motoric aspects of giving responses that account for age-related changes in confidence. In order to assess the association between confidence and response parameters across the adult lifespan, we measured response times and peak forces in a four-choice flanker task with subsequent confidence judgments. In 65 healthy adults from 20 to 76 years of age, we showed divergent associations of each measure with confidence, depending on decision accuracy. Participants indicated higher confidence after faster responses in correct but not incorrect trials. They also indicated higher confidence after less forceful responses in errors but not in correct trials. Notably, these associations were age-dependent as the relationship between confidence and response time was more pronounced in older participants, while the relationship between confidence and response force decayed with age. Our results add to the notion that confidence is related to response parameters and demonstrate noteworthy changes in the observed associations across the adult lifespan. These changes potentially constitute an expression of general age-related deficits in performance monitoring or, alternatively, index a failing mechanism in the computation of confidence in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Overhoff
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Jülich, Germany
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yiu Hong Ko
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Jülich, Germany
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gereon R. Fink
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Jülich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jutta Stahl
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter H. Weiss
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Jülich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Bode
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eva Niessen
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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5
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Lamp G, Sola Molina RM, Hugrass L, Beaton R, Crewther D, Crewther SG. Kinematic Studies of the Go/No-Go Task as a Dynamic Sensorimotor Inhibition Task for Assessment of Motor and Executive Function in Stroke Patients: An Exploratory Study in a Neurotypical Sample. Brain Sci 2022; 12:1581. [PMID: 36421905 PMCID: PMC9688448 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12111581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of reaching and grasping actions as an element of cognitive control and executive function is a vital component of sensorimotor behaviour that is often impaired in patients who have lost sensorimotor function following a stroke. To date, there are few kinematic studies detailing the fine spatial and temporal upper limb movements associated with the millisecond temporal trajectory of correct and incorrect responses to visually driven Go/No-Go reaching and grasping tasks. Therefore, we aimed to refine the behavioural measurement of correct and incorrect inhibitory motor responses in a Go/No-Go task for future quantification and personalized rehabilitation in older populations and those with acquired motor disorders, such as stroke. An exploratory study mapping the kinematic profiles of hand movements in neurotypical participants utilizing such a task was conducted using high-speed biological motion capture cameras, revealing both within and between subject differences in a sample of healthy participants. These kinematic profiles and differences are discussed in the context of better assessment of sensorimotor function impairment in stroke survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Lamp
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Rosa Maria Sola Molina
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Laila Hugrass
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Russell Beaton
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - David Crewther
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3022, Australia
| | - Sheila Gillard Crewther
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3022, Australia
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6
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Long C, Hu X, Qi G, Zhang L. Self-interest is intuitive during opportunity (in)equity: Evidence from multivariate pattern analysis of electroencephalography data. Neuropsychologia 2022; 174:108343. [PMID: 35932948 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Fairness is a remarkable preference for human society, involving both outcome and opportunity equity. Most previous studies have explored whether fairness itself or self-interest is intuitive during outcome (in)equity. However, intuition during outcome (in)equity can be affected by both fairness level and actual payoff. Since opportunity (in)equity is only affected by the fairness level, we explored only intuition during fairness by measuring event-related potential responses to opportunity (in)equity. Participants played a social non-competitive two-person choice game with advantage opportunity inequity (AI), opportunity equity (OE), and disadvantage opportunity inequity (DI). The behavioral results suggested an opportunity inequity bias, with greater feelings of fairness and pleasantness during OE than during AI and DI. However, multivariate pattern analysis of the event-related potential (ERP) data suggested that AI, OE, and DI can be significantly distinguished from each other in relatively early windows overlapping with early positive negativity (EPN), and AI and DI can be significantly further distinguished during a relatively late window overlapping with late positive potential (LPP). Moreover, the conventional ERP analysis found that EPN amplitudes were more negative for AI than for OE and DI, as well as for OE than for DI, suggesting a pleasure bias for increased self-interest. LPP amplitudes were greater for DI than for AI and OE, suggesting enhanced sensitivity to DI. These results suggest that self-interest is intuitive during opportunity (in)equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changquan Long
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of the Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Xin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of the Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Guomei Qi
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of the Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of the Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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7
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Yu S, Mückschel M, Hoffmann S, Bluschke A, Pscherer C, Beste C. The neural stability of perception-motor representations affects action outcomes and behavioral adaptation. Psychophysiology 2022; 60:e14146. [PMID: 35816288 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Actions can fail - even though this is well known, little is known about what distinguishes neurophysiological processes preceding errors and correct actions. In this study, relying on the Theory of Event Coding, we test the assumption that only specific aspects of information coded in EEG activity are relevant for understanding processes leading to response errors. We examined N = 69 healthy participants who performed a mental rotation task and combined temporal EEG signal decomposition with multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) and source localization analyses. We show that fractions of the EEG signal, primarily representing stimulus-response translation (event file) processes and motor response representations, are essential. Stimulus representations were less critical. The source localization results revealed widespread activity modulations in structures including the frontopolar, the middle and superior frontal, the anterior cingulate cortex, the cuneus, the inferior parietal cortex, and the ventral stream regions. These are associated with differential effects of the neural dynamics preceding correct/erroneous responses. The temporal-generalization MVPA showed that event file representations and representations of the motor response were already distinct 200 ms after stimulus presentation and this lasted till around 700 ms. The stability of this representational content was predictive for the magnitude of posterror slowing, which was particularly strong when there was no clear distinction between the neural activity profile of event file representations associated with a correct or an erroneous response. The study provides a detailed analysis of the dynamics leading to an error/correct response in connection to an overarching framework on action control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijing Yu
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,University Neuropsychology Center, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Moritz Mückschel
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,University Neuropsychology Center, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sven Hoffmann
- General Psychology: Judgment, Decision Making, & Action, Institute of Psychology, University of Hagen, Hagen, Germany
| | - Annet Bluschke
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,University Neuropsychology Center, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Charlotte Pscherer
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,University Neuropsychology Center, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,University Neuropsychology Center, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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8
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Feuerriegel D, Murphy M, Konski A, Mepani V, Sun J, Hester R, Bode S. Electrophysiological correlates of confidence differ across correct and erroneous perceptual decisions. Neuroimage 2022; 259:119447. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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9
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Feuerriegel D, Bode S. Bring a map when exploring the ERP data processing multiverse: A commentary on Clayson et al. 2021. Neuroimage 2022; 259:119443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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10
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Foerster A, Schiltenwolf M, Dignath D, Pfister R. Binding Error-Induced Control States. J Cogn 2022; 5:24. [PMID: 36072103 PMCID: PMC9400645 DOI: 10.5334/joc.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding and retrieval of stimulus features, response features, and their attentional weighting tune cognitive processing to situational demands. The two mechanisms promote successful actions, especially in situations in which such actions depend on controlled processing. Here we explored binding and retrieval of attentional control states that follow from erroneous actions. By definition, such errors are characterized by insufficient cognitive control but at the same time, error detection has been shown to trigger corresponding adjustments to prevent future failures. We reanalyzed existing datasets and conducted a novel experiment to investigate whether error-induced control states become bound to task-relevant stimuli. Results point towards a binding and retrieval of error-induced control states; however, the effect appears to be less reliable than for binding and retrieval of specific stimulus and response features. We discuss potential implications and alternative interpretations in terms of a mediating impact of error-induced control.
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11
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Foerster A, Steinhauser M, Schwarz KA, Kunde W, Pfister R. Error cancellation. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:210397. [PMID: 35296111 PMCID: PMC8905184 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The human cognitive system houses efficient mechanisms to monitor ongoing actions. Upon detecting an erroneous course of action, these mechanisms are commonly assumed to adjust cognitive processing to mitigate the error's consequences and to prevent future action slips. Here, we demonstrate that error detection has far earlier consequences by feeding back directly onto ongoing motor activity, thus cancelling erroneous movements immediately. We tested this prediction of immediate auto-correction by analysing how the force of correct and erroneous keypress actions evolves over time while controlling for cognitive and biomechanical constraints relating to response time and the peak force of a movement. We conclude that the force profiles are indicative of active cancellation by showing indications of shorter response durations for errors already within the first 100 ms, i.e. between the onset and the peak of the response, a timescale that has previously been related solely to error detection. This effect increased in a late phase of responding, i.e. after response force peaked until its offset, further corroborating that it indeed reflects cancellation efforts instead of consequences of planning or initiating the error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Foerster
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Wilfried Kunde
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roland Pfister
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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12
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Hu L, Feng D, Li Y, Xu J, Zheng J. The Effect of Safety Signs on the Monitoring of Conflict and Erroneous Response. Front Psychol 2022; 13:830929. [PMID: 35250774 PMCID: PMC8891479 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.830929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety sign is important in our daily life and workplace to prevent potential safety issues. However, it remains undetermined whether the safety signs would influence the cognitive control ability of the people, which serves to guide the behaviors in a goal-directed manner. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of safety signs on cognitive control by uncovering the behavioral performance and neural manifestations underlying the monitoring of conflict and error. The participants performed a flanker task after watching low- and high-hazard safety signs with the electroencephalogram (EEG) data recorded continually. The behavioral results indicated a classic congruency effect with higher accuracy rate and faster response time under a congruent condition compared to an incongruent condition. However, no hazard effect on behavioral performances was observed. The results of event-related potentials (ERPs) demonstrated a more negative N2 elicited by the incongruent trials and an increased (error-related negativity) ERN difference between the error and correct responses in the high-hazard condition compared to those in the low-hazard condition, implying that the monitoring of the conflict and error were both enhanced after watching the high-hazard safety signs. This study contributes to the understanding of the relationship between safety signs and cognitive control, and further expand the measurements that can be applied to assess the effectiveness of safety signs design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Hu
- School of Management, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Hantemu Valve Co., Ltd., Lishui, China
| | - Dingzhong Feng
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yelang Li
- Zhejiang Hantemu Valve Co., Ltd., Lishui, China
| | - Jinwu Xu
- Zhejiang Hantemu Valve Co., Ltd., Lishui, China
| | - Jiehui Zheng
- Alibaba Business School, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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13
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The influence of error detection and error significance on neural and behavioral correlates of error processing in a complex choice task. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 22:1231-1249. [PMID: 35915335 PMCID: PMC9622536 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-022-01028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Error detection and error significance form essential mechanisms that influence error processing and action adaptation. Error detection often is assessed by an immediate self-evaluation of accuracy. Our study used cognitive neuroscience methods to elucidate whether self-evaluation itself influences error processing by increasing error significance in the context of a complex response selection process. In a novel eight-alternative response task, our participants responded to eight symbol stimuli with eight different response keys and a specific stimulus-response assignment. In the first part of the experiment, the participants merely performed the task. In the second part, they also evaluated their response accuracy on each trial. We replicated variations in early and later stages of error processing and action adaptation as a function of error detection. The additional self-evaluation enhanced error processing on later stages, probably reflecting error evidence accumulation, whereas earlier error monitoring processes were not amplified. Implementing multivariate pattern analysis revealed that self-evaluation influenced brain activity patterns preceding and following the response onset, independent of response accuracy. The classifier successfully differentiated between responses from the self- and the no-self-evaluation condition several hundred milliseconds before response onset. Subsequent exploratory analyses indicated that both self-evaluation and the time on task contributed to these differences in brain activity patterns. This suggests that in addition to its effect on error processing, self-evaluation in a complex choice task seems to have an influence on early and general processing mechanisms (e.g., the quality of attention and stimulus encoding), which is amplified by the time on task.
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14
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Mattes A, Porth E, Stahl J. Linking neurophysiological processes of action monitoring to post-response speed-accuracy adjustments in a neuro-cognitive diffusion model. Neuroimage 2021; 247:118798. [PMID: 34896290 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cognitive system needs to continuously monitor actions and initiate adaptive measures aimed at increasing task performance and avoiding future errors. To investigate the link between the contributing cognitive processes, we introduce the neuro-cognitive diffusion model, a statistical approach that allows a combination of computational modelling of behavioural and electrophysiological data on a single-trial level. This unique combination of methods allowed us to demonstrate across three experimental datasets that early response monitoring (error negativity; Ne/c) was related to more response caution and increased attention on task-relevant features on the subsequent trial, thereby preventing future errors, whereas later response monitoring (error positivity, Pe/c) maintained the ability of responding fast under speed pressure. Our results suggest that Pe/c-related processes might keep Ne/c-related processes in check regarding their impact on post-response adaptation to reconcile the conflicting criteria of fast and accurate responding.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Mattes
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Pohligstraße 1, Köln 50969, Germany.
| | - Elisa Porth
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Pohligstraße 1, Köln 50969, Germany
| | - Jutta Stahl
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Pohligstraße 1, Köln 50969, Germany
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15
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Schubert E, Rosenblatt D, Eliby D, Kashima Y, Hogendoorn H, Bode S. Decoding explicit and implicit representations of health and taste attributes of foods in the human brain. Neuropsychologia 2021; 162:108045. [PMID: 34610343 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has become a significant problem word-wide and is strongly linked to poor food choices. Even in healthy individuals, taste perceptions often drive dietary decisions more strongly than healthiness. This study tested whether health and taste representations can be directly decoded from brain activity, both when explicitly considered, and when implicitly processed for decision-making. We used multivariate support vector regression for event-related potentials (as measured by the electroencephalogram) to estimate a regression model predicting ratings of tastiness and healthiness for each participant, based on their neural activity occurring in the first second of food cue processing. In Experiment 1, 37 healthy participants viewed images of various foods and explicitly rated their tastiness and healthiness. In Experiment 2, 89 healthy participants completed a similar rating task, followed by an additional experimental phase, in which they indicated their desire to consume snack foods with no explicit instruction to consider tastiness or healthiness. In Experiment 1 both attributes could be decoded, with taste information being available earlier than health. In Experiment 2, both dimensions were also decodable, and their significant decoding preceded the decoding of decisions (i.e., desire to consume the food). However, in Experiment 2, health representations were decodable earlier than taste representations. These results suggest that health information is activated in the brain during the early stages of dietary decisions, which is promising for designing obesity interventions aimed at quickly activating health awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elektra Schubert
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel Rosenblatt
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Djamila Eliby
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yoshihisa Kashima
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hinze Hogendoorn
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stefan Bode
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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16
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Galli G, Angelucci D, Bode S, De Giorgi C, De Sio L, Paparo A, Di Lorenzo G, Betti V. Early EEG responses to pre-electoral survey items reflect political attitudes and predict voting behavior. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18692. [PMID: 34548511 PMCID: PMC8455561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96193-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-reports are conventionally used to measure political preferences, yet individuals may be unable or unwilling to report their political attitudes. Here, in 69 participants we compared implicit and explicit methods of political attitude assessment and focused our investigation on populist attitudes. Ahead of the 2019 European Parliament election, we recorded electroencephalography (EEG) from future voters while they completed a survey that measured levels of agreement on different political issues. An Implicit Association Test (IAT) was administered at the end of the recording session. Neural signals differed as a function of future vote for a populist or mainstream party and of whether survey items expressed populist or non-populist views. The combination of EEG responses and self-reported preferences predicted electoral choice better than traditional socio-demographic and ideological variables, while IAT scores were not a significant predictor. These findings suggest that measurements of brain activity can refine the assessment of socio-political attitudes, even when those attitudes are not based on traditional ideological divides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Galli
- grid.15538.3a0000 0001 0536 3773Department of Psychology, Kingston University, Kingston, UK
| | - Davide Angelucci
- grid.18038.320000 0001 2180 8787Department of Political Science, LUISS Guido Carli, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefan Bode
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XMelbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chiara De Giorgi
- grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy ,grid.7841.aDepartment of Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo De Sio
- grid.18038.320000 0001 2180 8787Department of Political Science, LUISS Guido Carli, Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Paparo
- grid.18038.320000 0001 2180 8787Department of Political Science, LUISS Guido Carli, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Di Lorenzo
- grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy ,grid.6530.00000 0001 2300 0941Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Betti
- grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy ,grid.7841.aDepartment of Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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17
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Karimi-Rouzbahani H, Woolgar A, Rich AN. Neural signatures of vigilance decrements predict behavioural errors before they occur. eLife 2021; 10:e60563. [PMID: 33830017 PMCID: PMC8060034 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many monitoring environments, such as railway control, in which lapses of attention can have tragic consequences. Problematically, sustained monitoring for rare targets is difficult, with more misses and longer reaction times over time. What changes in the brain underpin these 'vigilance decrements'? We designed a multiple-object monitoring (MOM) paradigm to examine how the neural representation of information varied with target frequency and time performing the task. Behavioural performance decreased over time for the rare target (monitoring) condition, but not for a frequent target (active) condition. This was mirrored in neural decoding using magnetoencephalography: coding of critical information declined more during monitoring versus active conditions along the experiment. We developed new analyses that can predict behavioural errors from the neural data more than a second before they occurred. This facilitates pre-empting behavioural errors due to lapses in attention and provides new insight into the neural correlates of vigilance decrements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Karimi-Rouzbahani
- Perception in Action Research Centre, Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydneyAustralia
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydneyAustralia
| | - Alexandra Woolgar
- Perception in Action Research Centre, Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydneyAustralia
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydneyAustralia
| | - Anina N Rich
- Perception in Action Research Centre, Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydneyAustralia
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydneyAustralia
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18
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Ma Q, Wang M, Hu L, Zhang L, Hua Z. A Novel Recurrent Neural Network to Classify EEG Signals for Customers' Decision-Making Behavior Prediction in Brand Extension Scenario. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:610890. [PMID: 33762912 PMCID: PMC7982520 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.610890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It was meaningful to predict the customers' decision-making behavior in the field of market. However, due to individual differences and complex, non-linear natures of the electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, it was hard to classify the EEG signals and to predict customers' decisions by using traditional classification methods. To solve the aforementioned problems, a recurrent t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) neural network was proposed in current study to classify the EEG signals in the designed brand extension paradigm and to predict the participants' decisions (whether to accept the brand extension or not). The recurrent t-SNE neural network contained two steps. In the first step, t-SNE algorithm was performed to extract features from EEG signals. Second, a recurrent neural network with long short-term memory (LSTM) layer, fully connected layer, and SoftMax layer was established to train the features, classify the EEG signals, as well as predict the cognitive performance. The proposed network could give a good prediction with accuracy around 87%. Its superior in prediction accuracy as compared to a recurrent principal component analysis (PCA) network, a recurrent independent component correlation algorithm [independent component analysis (ICA)] network, a t-SNE support vector machine (SVM) network, a t-SNE back propagation (BP) neural network, a deep LSTM neural network, and a convolutional neural network were also demonstrated. Moreover, the performance of the proposed network with different activated channels were also investigated and compared. The results showed that the proposed network could make a relatively good prediction with only 16 channels. The proposed network would become a potentially useful tool to help a company in making marketing decisions and to help uncover the neural mechanisms behind individuals' decision-making behavior with low cost and high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguo Ma
- Institute of Neural Management Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Management, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Manlin Wang
- School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linfeng Hu
- Institute of Neural Management Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,School of Management, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linanzi Zhang
- School of Business Administration, Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhongling Hua
- Shandong Apipi Education and Technology Co., LTD, Jining, China
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19
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Predicting participants' attitudes from patterns of event-related potentials during the reading of morally relevant statements - An MVPA investigation. Neuropsychologia 2021; 153:107768. [PMID: 33516731 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Morality and language are hardly separable, given that morality-related aspects such as knowledge, emotions, or experiences are connected with language on different levels. One question that arises is: How rapidly do neural processes set in when processing statements that reflect moral value containing information? In the current study, participants read sentences about morally relevant statements (e.g., 'Wars are acceptable') and expressed their (dis)agreement with the statements while their electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. Multivariate pattern classification (MVPA) was used during language processing to predict the individual's response. Our results show that (1) the response ('yes' vs. 'no') could be predicted from 180 ms following the decision-relevant word (here acceptable), and (2) the attitude (pro vs. contra the topic) could be predicted from 170 ms following the topic word (here wars). We suggest that the successful MVPA classification is due to different brain activity patterns evoked by differences in activated mental representations (e.g. valence, arousal, etc.) depending on whether the attitude towards the topic is positive or negative and whether it is in accordance with the presented decisive word or not.
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20
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Stahl J, Mattes A, Hundrieser M, Kummer K, Mück M, Niessen E, Porth E, Siswandari Y, Wolters P, Dummel S. Neural correlates of error detection during complex response selection: Introduction of a novel eight-alternative response task. Biol Psychol 2020; 156:107969. [PMID: 33058968 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Error processing in complex decision tasks should be more difficult compared to a simple and commonly used two-choice task. We developed an eight-alternative response task (8ART), which allowed us to investigate different aspects of error detection. We analysed event-related potentials (ERP; N = 30). Interestingly, the response time moderated several findings. For example, only for fast responses, we observed the well-known effect of larger error negativity (Ne) in signalled and non-signalled errors compared to correct responses, but not for slow responses. We identified at least two different error sources due to post-experimental reports and certainty ratings: impulsive (fast) errors and (slow) memory errors. Interestingly, the participants were able to perform the task and to identify both, impulsive and memory errors successfully. Preliminary evidence indicated that early (Ne-related) error processing was not sensitive to memory errors but to impulsive errors, whereas the error positivity seemed to be sensitive to both error types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Stahl
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Germany.
| | - André Mattes
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Manuela Hundrieser
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Kilian Kummer
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Mück
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Niessen
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Germany; Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Porth
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Yohana Siswandari
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Wolters
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dummel
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Germany
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21
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Neural patterns during anticipation predict emotion regulation success for reappraisal. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 20:888-900. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00808-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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22
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Niessen E, Ant JM, Bode S, Saliger J, Karbe H, Fink GR, Stahl J, Weiss PH. Preserved performance monitoring and error detection in left hemisphere stroke. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 27:102307. [PMID: 32570207 PMCID: PMC7306623 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Depending on the lesion site, a stroke typically affects various aspects of cognitive control. While executing a task, the performance monitoring system constantly compares an intended action plan with the executed action and thereby registers inaccurate actions in case of any mismatch. When errors occur, the performance monitoring system signals the need for more cognitive control, which is most efficient when the subject notices errors rather than processing them subconsciously. The current study aimed to investigate performance monitoring and error detection in a large sample of patients with left hemisphere (LH) stroke. In addition to clinical and neuropsychological tests, 24 LH stroke patients and 32 healthy age-matched controls performed a Go/Nogo task with simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) measurements. This set-up enabled us to compare performance monitoring at the behavioral and the neural level. EEG data were analyzed using event-related potentials [ERPs; e.g., the error-related negativity (Ne/ERN) and error positivity (Pe)] and additionally more sensitive whole-brain multivariate pattern classification analyses (MVPA). We hypothesized that LH stroke patients would show behavioural deficits in error detection when compared to healthy controls, mirrored by differences in neural signals, in particular reflected in the Pe component. Interestingly, despite clinically relevant cognitive deficits (e.g., aphasia and apraxia) including executive dysfunction (trail making test), we did not observe any behavioral impairments related to performance monitoring and error processing in the current LH stroke patients. Patients also showed similar results for Ne/ERN and Pe components, compared to the control group, and a highly similar prediction of errors from multivariate signals. ERP abnormalities during stimulus processing (i.e., N2 and P3) demonstrated the specificity of these findings in the current LH stroke patients. In contrast to previous studies, by employing a relatively large patient sample, a well-controlled experimental paradigm with a standardized error signaling procedure, and advanced data analysis, we were able to show that performance monitoring (of simple actions) is a preserved cognitive control function in LH stroke patients that might constitute a useful resource in rehabilitative therapies for re-learning impeded functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Niessen
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Germany.
| | - Jana M Ant
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, Germany
| | - Stefan Bode
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Hans Karbe
- Neurological Rehabilitation Centre Godeshöhe, Germany
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, Germany
| | - Jutta Stahl
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter H Weiss
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, Germany
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23
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Kummer K, Dummel S, Bode S, Stahl J. The gamma model analysis (GMA): Introducing a novel scoring method for the shape of components of the event-related potential. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 335:108622. [PMID: 32023477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research using the event-related potential (ERP) method to investigate cognitive processes has usually focused on the analysis of either individual peaks or the area under the curve as components of interest. These approaches, however, do not analyse or describe the substantial variation in size and shape across the entire individual waveforms. NEW METHOD Here we show that the precision of ERP analyses can be improved by fitting gamma functions to components of interest. Gamma model analyses provide time-dependent and shape-related information about the component, such as the component's rise and decline. We demonstrated the advantages of the gamma model analysis in a simulation study and in a two-choice response task, as well as a force production task. RESULTS The gamma model parameters were sensitive to experimental variations, as well as variations in behavioural parameters. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Gamma model analyses provide researchers with additional reliable indicators about the shape of an ERP component's waveform, which previous analytical techniques could not. CONCLUSION This approach, therefore, provides a novel toolset to better understand the exact relationship between ERP components, behaviour and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Kummer
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Germany.
| | | | - Stefan Bode
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Germany; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jutta Stahl
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Germany
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24
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Xiao Y, Wu J, Li J, Tang W, Ma F, Sun C, Yang Y, Zhan W, Wang L, Yan H, Xu F, Chen S. The Neuro Patterns Prior to Error Responses in Long-Lasting Working Memory Task: An Event-Related Potential Study. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 13:277. [PMID: 31920583 PMCID: PMC6930164 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies exist regarding the mechanism prior to response by which cognitive impairment may induce error in a single long-lasting task. The present study intends to clarify the changes in cognition at the electrophysiological level. Changes in amplitude and latency of N1, P2, N2, and P3 components of event-related potentials (ERPs) were analyzed for error and correct trials during normal and fatigue. Twenty-nine participants had to perform a 2-back working memory (WM) task for 100 min. The first 10 min and the last 10 min of the task were used as the normal state and fatigue state of the participant, respectively. EEG data were obtained from the first 10-min period and the final 10-min period. The results revealed smaller P3 and P2 amplitudes and longer P2 and N2 latency in the final 10-min which was after a long-lasting time task. Moreover, smaller P3 and P2 amplitudes but larger N2 amplitudes were observed in error trials for both states. Our results indicated that: (1) long lasting involvement in a cognitive task had a detrimental effect on attention, memory updating and cognitive control; and (2) impaired attention, impairments in memory updating and cognitive control were related to task errors. Our results imply that several impaired cognitive processes were consistently associated with the error and the altered ERP represents the neural patterns prior to error response in mental fatigue state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jintao Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China.,School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China.,School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing, China
| | - Weicai Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China.,School of Aerospace, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenhui Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Cadre Ward Section, 306 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhao Zhan
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lizhi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Huijong Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Fenggang Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shanguang Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
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25
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Di Gregorio F, Maier ME, Steinhauser M. Are errors detected before they occur? Early error sensations revealed by metacognitive judgments on the timing of error awareness. Conscious Cogn 2019; 77:102857. [PMID: 31837572 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2019.102857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Errors in choice tasks are not only detected fast and reliably, participants often report that they knew that an error occurred already before a response was produced. These early error sensations stand in contrast with evidence suggesting that the earliest neural correlates of error awareness emerge around 300 ms after erroneous responses. The present study aimed to investigate whether anecdotal evidence for early error sensations can be corroborated in a controlled study in which participants provide metacognitive judgments on the subjective timing of error awareness. In Experiment 1, participants had to report whether they became aware of their errors before or after the response. In Experiment 2, wemeasured confidence in these metacognitive judgments. Our data show that participants report early error sensations with high confidence in the majority of error trials across paradigms and experiments. These results provide first evidence for early error sensations, informing theories of error awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Gregorio
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Germany; Casa Dei Risvegli Luca De Nigris - Centro Studi per la Ricerca sul Coma, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Martin E Maier
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Germany
| | - Marco Steinhauser
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Germany
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26
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Burwell SJ, Makeig S, Iacono WG, Malone SM. Reduced premovement positivity during the stimulus-response interval precedes errors: Using single-trial and regression ERPs to understand performance deficits in ADHD. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13392. [PMID: 31081153 PMCID: PMC6699894 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Brain mechanisms linked to incorrect response selections made under time pressure during cognitive task performance are poorly understood, particularly in adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Using subject-specific multimodal imaging (electroencephalogram, magnetic resonance imaging, behavior) during flanker task performance by a sample of 94 human adolescents (mean age = 15.5 years, 50% female) with varying degrees of ADHD symptomatology, we examined the degree to which amplitude features of source-resolved event-related potentials (ERPs) from brain-independent component processes within a critical (but often ignored) period in the action selection process, the stimulus-response interval, were associated with motor response errors (across trials) and error rates (across individuals). Response errors were typically preceded by two smaller peaks in both trial-level and trial-averaged ERP projections from posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC): a frontocentral P3 peaking about 390 ms after stimulus onset, and a premovement positivity (PMP) peaking about 110 ms before the motor response. Separating overlapping stimulus-locked and response-locked ERP contributions using a "regression ERP" approach showed that trial errors and participant error rates were primarily associated with smaller PMP, and not with frontocentral P3. Moreover, smaller PMP mediated the association between larger numbers of errors and ADHD symptoms, suggesting the possible value of using PMP as an intervention target to remediate performance deficits in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J. Burwell
- Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis MN 55455
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis MN 55454
| | - Scott Makeig
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093-0559
| | - William G. Iacono
- Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis MN 55455
| | - Stephen M. Malone
- Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis MN 55455
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27
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Bode S, Feuerriegel D, Bennett D, Alday PM. The Decision Decoding ToolBOX (DDTBOX) - A Multivariate Pattern Analysis Toolbox for Event-Related Potentials. Neuroinformatics 2019; 17:27-42. [PMID: 29721680 PMCID: PMC6394452 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-018-9375-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, neuroimaging research in cognitive neuroscience has increasingly used multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) to investigate higher cognitive functions. Here we present DDTBOX, an open-source MVPA toolbox for electroencephalography (EEG) data. DDTBOX runs under MATLAB and is well integrated with the EEGLAB/ERPLAB and Fieldtrip toolboxes (Delorme and Makeig 2004; Lopez-Calderon and Luck 2014; Oostenveld et al. 2011). It trains support vector machines (SVMs) on patterns of event-related potential (ERP) amplitude data, following or preceding an event of interest, for classification or regression of experimental variables. These amplitude patterns can be extracted across space/electrodes (spatial decoding), time (temporal decoding), or both (spatiotemporal decoding). DDTBOX can also extract SVM feature weights, generate empirical chance distributions based on shuffled-labels decoding for group-level statistical testing, provide estimates of the prevalence of decodable information in the population, and perform a variety of corrections for multiple comparisons. It also includes plotting functions for single subject and group results. DDTBOX complements conventional analyses of ERP components, as subtle multivariate patterns can be detected that would be overlooked in standard analyses. It further allows for a more explorative search for information when no ERP component is known to be specifically linked to a cognitive process of interest. In summary, DDTBOX is an easy-to-use and open-source toolbox that allows for characterising the time-course of information related to various perceptual and cognitive processes. It can be applied to data from a large number of experimental paradigms and could therefore be a valuable tool for the neuroimaging community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bode
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel Feuerriegel
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
- School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Daniel Bennett
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Phillip M Alday
- School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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28
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Siswandari Y, Bode S, Stahl J. Performance monitoring beyond choice tasks: The time course of force execution monitoring investigated by event-related potentials and multivariate pattern analysis. Neuroimage 2019; 197:544-556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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29
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Xiao Y, Wu J, Tang W, Sun C, Ma F, Guo L. Cognition Impairment Prior to Errors of Working Memory Based on Event-Related Potential. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:13. [PMID: 30809135 PMCID: PMC6379263 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment contributes to errors in different tasks. Poor attention and poor cognitive control are the two neural mechanisms for performance errors. A few studies have been conducted on the error mechanism of working memory. It is unclear whether the changes in memory updating, attention, and cognitive control can cause errors and, if so, whether they can be probed at the same time in one single task. Therefore, this study analyzed event-related potentials in a two-back working memory task. A total of 40 male participants finished the task. The differences between the error and the correct trials in amplitudes and latencies of N1, P2, N2, and P3 were analyzed. The P2 and P3 amplitudes decreased significantly in the error trials, while the N2 amplitude increased. The results showed that impaired attention, poor memory updating, and impaired cognitive control were consistently associated with the error in working memory. Furthermore, the results suggested that monitoring the neurophysiological characteristics associated with attention and cognitive control was important for studying the error mechanism and error prediction. The results also suggested that the P3 and N2 amplitudes could be used as indexes for error foreshadowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jintao Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China.,School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Weicai Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chenhui Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China.,School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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30
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Barke A, Bode S, Dechent P, Schmidt-Samoa C, Van Heer C, Stahl J. To err is (perfectly) human: behavioural and neural correlates of error processing and perfectionism. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 12:1647-1657. [PMID: 28655179 PMCID: PMC5647811 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsx082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The attitude towards one’s own imperfection strongly varies between individuals. Here, we investigated variations in error-related activity depending on two sub-traits of perfectionism, Personal Standard Perfectionism (PSP) and Evaluative Concern Perfectionism (ECP) in a large scale functional magnetic resonance imaging study (N = 75) using a digit-flanker task. Participants with higher PSP scores showed both more post-error slowing and more neural activity in the medial-frontal gyrus including anterior cingulate cortex after errors. Interestingly, high-EC perfectionists with low PSP showed no post-error slowing and the highest activity in the middle frontal gyrus, whereas high-EC perfectionists with high PSP showed the lowest activity in this brain area and more post-error slowing. Our findings are in line with the hypothesis that perfectionists with high concerns but low standards avoid performance monitoring to avoid the worry-inducing nature of detecting personal failure and the anticipation of poor evaluation by others. However, the stronger goal-oriented performance motivation of perfectionists with high concerns and high standards may have led to less avoidance of error processing and a more intense involvement with the imperfect behaviour, which is essential for improving future performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Barke
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany.,Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute for Psychology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bode
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Peter Dechent
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carsten Schmidt-Samoa
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christina Van Heer
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jutta Stahl
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, 50969 Cologne, Germany
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31
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Turner WF, Johnston P, de Boer K, Morawetz C, Bode S. Multivariate pattern analysis of event-related potentials predicts the subjective relevance of everyday objects. Conscious Cogn 2017; 55:46-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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32
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Quek GL, Rossion B. Category-selective human brain processes elicited in fast periodic visual stimulation streams are immune to temporal predictability. Neuropsychologia 2017; 104:182-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Spatio-temporal patterns of event-related potentials related to audiovisual synchrony judgments in older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 55:38-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Niessen E, Fink GR, Hoffmann HEM, Weiss PH, Stahl J. Error detection across the adult lifespan: Electrophysiological evidence for age-related deficits. Neuroimage 2017; 152:517-529. [PMID: 28284803 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
With increasing age, cognitive control processes steadily decline. Prior research suggests that healthy older adults have a generally intact performance monitoring system, but show specific deficits in error awareness, i.e., the ability to detect committed errors. We examined the neural processing of errors across the adult lifespan (69 participants; age range 20-72 years) by analysing the error (-related) negativity (Ne/ERN) and the error positivity (Pe) using an adapted version of the Go/Nogo task. At a stable overall error rate, higher age was associated with a greater proportion of undetected errors. While the Ne/ERN was associated with the processing of errors in general, the Pe amplitude was modulated by detected errors only. Furthermore, the Pe amplitude for detected errors was significantly smaller in older adults, in contrast to the Ne/ERN amplitude which did not show age-related changes. Structural path models suggested that through those age-related changes in Pe amplitude, an indirect effect on the performance was observed. Our results confirm and extend previous extreme-group based findings about specific deficits in error detection associated with higher age using age as a continuous predictor. Age-related reductions in Pe amplitude, associated with more undetected errors, are independent of early error processing, as evidenced by the preserved Ne/ERN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Niessen
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Germany.
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Germany.
| | - Heide E M Hoffmann
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Germany.
| | - Peter H Weiss
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Germany.
| | - Jutta Stahl
- Department of Individual Differences and Psychological Assessment, University of Cologne, Germany.
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35
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How personal standards perfectionism and evaluative concerns perfectionism affect the error positivity and post-error behavior with varying stimulus visibility. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 16:876-87. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-016-0438-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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