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Wu S, Huo H, Shi Y, Zhang F, Gu T, Li Z. Extraction and application of extracellular polymeric substances from fungi. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2023; 125:79-106. [PMID: 38783725 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are extracellular metabolites of microorganisms, highly associated with microbial function, adaptation, and growth. The main compounds in EPS have been revealed to be proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, humic substances, lipids, etc. EPS are not only biomass, but also a biogenic material. EPS have high specific surface, abundant functional groups, and excellent degradability. In addition, they are more extensible to the environment than the microbial cells themselves, which exhibits their huge advantages. Therefore, they have been applied in many fields, such as the environment, ecosystem, basic commodities, and medicine. However, the functions of EPS highly depend on the suitable extraction process, as different extraction methods have different effects on their composition, structure, and function. There are many types of EPS extraction methods, in which physical and chemical methods have been widely utilized. This review summarizes the extraction methods and applications of EPS. In addition, it considers some important gaps in current knowledge, and indicates perspectives of EPS for their future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Wu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Hongxun Huo
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yixiao Shi
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Feiran Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China; Ministry of Natural Resources National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Key Laboratory of Eco-geochemistry, Beijing, P.R. China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China.
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2
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Gou Z, Peng Z, Wang S, Chen L, Ma Z, Kang Y, Sun L, Wang R, Xu H, Gu Y, Sun D, Lei P. Efficient production and skincare activity evaluation of schizophyllan, a β-glucan derived from Schizophyllum commune NTU-1. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124504. [PMID: 37080406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Schizophyllan (SPG), a β-glucan produced by the fungus Schizophyllum commune, possesses a β-(1 → 3)-linked backbone with single β-(1 → 6)-linked glucose side chains at approximately every third residue. In this study, we screened SPG-producing strains of S. commune from different provinces in China. A candidate strain (NTU-1) with a high SPG yield was chosen, and the fermentation conditions were optimized. The optimal carbon and nitrogen sources were sucrose (40 g/L) and yeast extract (20 g/L), respectively. The optimal conditions for pH and temperature were 5.0 and 28 °C, respectively. Inclusion of 0.2 mg/L of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the medium further increased the SPG concentration. In a 5-L bioreactor, the fermentation cycle was reduced from the initial seven days to five days, and the concentration of SPG obtained was 21.3 g/L, which is the highest reported to date. In addition, we evaluated the bioactivity of the SPG prepared using strain NTU-1. The results showed that SPG had certain characteristics of anti-oxidation, anti-photoaging, and inhibition of melanin production, making it a promising reagent for skin care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekai Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhibo Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Liuyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhicong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yifan Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Liang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Dafeng Sun
- Kunming Edible Fungi Institute of All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Peng Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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Exopolysaccharides of Fungal Origin: Properties and Pharmaceutical Applications. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal exopolysaccharides (EPSs) represent an important group of bioactive compounds secreted by fungi. These biopolymers can be utilized individually or in combination with different bioactive substances for a broad range of pharmaceutical field applications, due to their various biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-diabetic, and anticoagulant effects. The paper presents an up-to-date review of the main fungal polysaccharides (pullulan, schizophyllan, scleroglucan, botryosphaeran, lentinan, grifolan, and lasiodiplodan), highlighting their structures, producing strains, and useful properties in a double position, as controlled release (rate and selectively targeting) drug carriers, but mostly as active immunomodulating and antitumor compounds in cancer therapy.
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4
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Bioactive compounds from mushrooms: Emerging bioresources of food and nutraceuticals. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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5
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Liu JK. Natural products in cosmetics. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2022; 12:40. [PMID: 36437391 PMCID: PMC9702281 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00363-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The global cosmetics market reached US$500 billion in 2017 and is expected to exceed US$800 billion by 2023, at around a 7% annual growth rate. The cosmetics industry is emerging as one of the fastest-growing industries of the past decade. Data shows that the Chinese cosmetics market was US$60 billion in 2021. It is expected to be the world's number one consumer cosmetics market by 2050, with a size of approximately US$450 billion. The influence of social media and the internet has raised awareness of the risks associated with the usage of many chemicals in cosmetics and the health benefits of natural products derived from plants and other natural resources. As a result, the cosmetic industry is now paying more attention to natural products. The present review focus on the possible applications of natural products from various biological sources in skin care cosmetics, including topical care products, fragrances, moisturizers, UV protective, and anti-wrinkle products. In addition, the mechanisms of targets for evaluation of active ingredients in cosmetics and the possible benefits of these bioactive compounds in rejuvenation and health, and their potential role in cosmetics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kai Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Health, Shenzhen Moore Vaporization Health & Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
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Boiko SM. Identification of novel SSR markers for predicting the geographic origin of fungus Schizophyllum commune Fr. Fungal Biol 2022; 126:764-774. [PMID: 36517144 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Schizophyllum commune is a cosmopolitan basidiomycete, which is popular as an edible, medical mushroom. It causes wood rot and often used as a model object in research. In this study, we analyzed thirty-two genomes of S. commune strains from the NCBI database and designed forty-seven unique SSR DNA markers. The detailed analysis revealed the enrichment of the S. commune genome for CG, GC, CTC, GAG, and TCG motifs. Principal components analysis confirmed the effectiveness of novel SSR DNA markers that preserve the initial heterogeneity of populations. The construction of a network between strains showed single one at a maximum similarity of 38%, and increasing the similarity to 55% breaks the linkage between large groups while separating two new groups containing strains of the population Ru and test cultures S. commune. The amplicons' presence was identified as a sufficient sign of relation of the culture to a specific population. Testing the novel SSR markers allowed to establish a clear delimitation of all groups by geographic location and to differentiate the H4-8 (GCA_000143185.1) strain from the USA population. This research is the basis for the further analysis of S. commune populations and improvement of approaches to determine its genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy M Boiko
- Department of Phytoecology, Institute for Evolutionary Ecology National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 37 Lebedeva Str., 03143, Kyiv, Ukraine.
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7
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Garcia J, Rodrigues F, Saavedra MJ, Nunes FM, Marques G. Bioactive polysaccharides from medicinal mushrooms: A review on their isolation, structural characteristics and antitumor activity. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Arunrattanamook N, Sornlake W, Champreda V. Co-production of schizophyllan and cellulolytic enzymes from bagasse by Schizophyllum commune. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:1144-1150. [PMID: 35686996 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Schizophyllum commune is a mushroom-forming fungus well-known for its ability to degrade lignocellulosic materials and production of schizophyllan, a high added-value product for cosmeceutical, pharmaceutical and biomaterial industries. Conventionally, schizophyllan is produced by submerged fermentation using glucose as carbon source. In this work, we demonstrate that alkaline pretreated bagasse can be used by Schizophyllum commune as an alternative carbon source for the production of schizophyllan. The influence of different factors was investigated including cultivation time, biomass loading, and culturing media component and a co-product correlation model was proposed. In this lab-scale study, a yield of 4.4 g/L of schizophyllan containing 89% glucose was achieved. In addition to schizophyllan, the cellulolytic enzymes co-produced during this process were isolated and characterized and could find applications in a range of industrial processes. This demonstrates the potential of using agricultural waste as a cheaper alternative feedstock for this biorefinery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattapol Arunrattanamook
- Enzyme Technology Research Team, Biorefinery Technology and Bioproduct Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Warasirin Sornlake
- Enzyme Technology Research Team, Biorefinery Technology and Bioproduct Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Verawat Champreda
- Enzyme Technology Research Team, Biorefinery Technology and Bioproduct Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
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9
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Pathak MP, Pathak K, Saikia R, Gogoi U, Ahmad MZ, Patowary P, Das A. Immunomodulatory effect of mushrooms and their bioactive compounds in cancer: A comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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10
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Meng Q, Chuai S, Chen L, Wang L, Cai G, Mao J, Gu Z, Shi G, Ding Z. Effect of surfactants on the production of polysaccharides from Schizophyllum commune through submerged fermentation. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:210-218. [PMID: 34619278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Schizophyllum commune (S. commune) polysaccharides are biomacromolecules with multiple biological activities and wide applications. In this study, polysaccharide production through submerged fermentation of S. commune using different surfactants was investigated. The addition of 1 g/L of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) at the beginning of the fermentation showed the best promotional effects on collective exopolysaccharide (EPS) production (which increased by 37.17%) while shortening the production cycle by 2 days. The monosaccharide composition of the EPS produced when the added Tween 80 was similar to that of the control; however, the molecular weight (Mw) was lower. Notably, the addition of Tween 80 significantly increased the ATP levels and the transcription levels of phosphoglucomutase and β-glucan synthase genes in the polysaccharide synthesis pathway. The addition of Tween 80 reduced the pellet size of the mycelium compared to that of the control, but did not significantly change the microstructure of the mycelial cells. This study proposes an efficient strategy for the production of polysaccharides through submerged fermentation of S. commune, and elucidates the detailed mechanism of using Tween 80 as a fermentation stimulatory reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Meng
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - ShiChen Chuai
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guolin Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute, Jiangnan University (Rugao) Food Biotechnology Research Institute, Nantong 226500, China
| | - Jinsheng Mao
- Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute, Jiangnan University (Rugao) Food Biotechnology Research Institute, Nantong 226500, China
| | - Zhenghua Gu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guiyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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11
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Ceriporia lacerata Mycelium Culture Medium as a Novel Anti-Aging Microbial Material for Cosmeceutical Application. COSMETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics8040101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Skincare is very critical in preventing aging and skin trouble, which is difficult to recover if progressed. However, the development of effective anti-aging solutions is still on the horizon. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional efficacy of Ceriporia lacerata exo-pharmaceutical substance (CLEPS) in view of its use in innovative skin care cosmetics. CLEPS was found to have no cytotoxicity against normal human dermal fibroblasts and B16 melanoma cells in a wide concentration range of 0.05–7 mg/mL. It exhibited a whitening effect by inhibiting melanin synthesis comparable to that of the respective reference compound (arbutin). Notably, CLEPS not only substantially increased collagen (65.4%) and filaggrin synthesis (36%), but also significantly inhibited the activity of collagenase (93.4%), suggesting that CLEPS could prevent skin barrier damage or skin wrinkles. In addition, it showed an excellent anti-inflammatory effect and wound-healing effect. Overall, CLEPS exhibited exceptional anti-aging effects in human skin cells, designating as a potential natural cosmeceutical ingredient.
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12
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Expression of a thermostable β-1,3-glucanase from Trichoderma harzianum in Pichia pastoris and use in oligoglucosides hydrolysis. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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13
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Carvalho LT, Vieira TA, Zhao Y, Celli A, Medeiros SF, Lacerda TM. Recent advances in the production of biomedical systems based on polyhydroxyalkanoates and exopolysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:1514-1539. [PMID: 33989687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, growing attention has been devoted to naturally occurring biological macromolecules and their ensuing application in agriculture, cosmetics, food and pharmaceutical industries. They inherently have antigenicity, low immunogenicity, excellent biocompatibility and cytocompatibility, which are ideal properties for the design of biomedical devices, especially for the controlled delivery of active ingredients in the most diverse contexts. Furthermore, these properties can be modulated by chemical modification via the incorporation of other (macro)molecules in a random or controlled way, aiming at improving their functionality for each specific application. Among the wide variety of natural polymers, microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and exopolysaccharides (EPS) are often considered for the development of original biomaterials due to their unique physicochemical and biological features. Here, we aim to fullfil a gap on the present associated literature, bringing an up-to-date overview of ongoing research strategies that make use of PHAs (poly (3-hydroxybutyrate), poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate), poly (3-hydroxyoctanoate), poly(3-hydroxypropionate), poly (3-hydroxyhexanoate-co-3-hydroxyoctanoate), and poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate)) and EPS (bacterial cellulose, alginates, curdlan, pullulan, xanthan gum, dextran, hyaluronan, and schizophyllan) as sources of interesting and versatile biomaterials. For the first time, a monograph addressing the properties, pros and cons, status, challenges, and recent progresses regarding the application of these two important classes of biopolymers in biomedicine is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layde T Carvalho
- Biotechnology Department, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, 12602-810 Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago A Vieira
- Biotechnology Department, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, 12602-810 Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Yanjun Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery 449 and High Efficiency, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Annamaria Celli
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Simone F Medeiros
- Biotechnology Department, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, 12602-810 Lorena, SP, Brazil; Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, 12602-810 Lorena, SP, Brazil.
| | - Talita M Lacerda
- Biotechnology Department, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, 12602-810 Lorena, SP, Brazil.
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Selenium-Containing Polysaccharides—Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Chemical Modifications and Biological Activity. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11083717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Selenosugars are a group of sugar derivatives of great structural diversity (e.g., molar masses, selenium oxidation state, and selenium binding), obtained as a result of biosynthesis, chemical modification of natural compounds, or chemical synthesis. Seleno-monosaccharides and disaccharides are known to be non-toxic products of the natural metabolism of selenium compounds in mammals. In the case of the selenium-containing polysaccharides of natural origin, their formation is also postulated as a form of detoxification of excess selenium in microorganisms, mushroom, and plants. The valency of selenium in selenium-containing polysaccharides can be: 0 (encapsulated nano-selenium), IV (selenites of polysaccharides), or II (selenoglycosides or selenium built into the sugar ring to replace oxygen). The great interest in Se-polysaccharides results from the expected synergy between selenium and polysaccharides. Several plant- and mushroom-derived polysaccharides are potent macromolecules with antitumor, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and other biological properties. Selenium, a trace element of fundamental importance to human health, has been shown to possess several analogous functions. The mechanism by which selenium exerts anticancer and immunomodulatory activity differs from that of polysaccharide fractions, but a similar pharmacological effect suggests a possible synergy of these two agents. Various functions of Se-polysaccharides have been explored, including antitumor, immune-enhancement, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective activities. Due to being non-toxic or much less toxic than inorganic selenium compounds, Se-polysaccharides are potential dietary supplements that could be used, e.g., in chemoprevention.
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Selvasekaran P, Mahalakshmi, Roshini F, Angalene LA, Chandini, Sunil T, Chidambaram R. Fungal Exopolysaccharides: Production and Biotechnological Industrial Applications in Food and Allied Sectors. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68260-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Enhancement of schizophyllan production in Schizophyllum commune using microparticles in medium. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2020; 44:317-328. [PMID: 32955618 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-020-02444-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Schizophyllum commune is a wood-rotting filamentous fungus that secrets a homopolysaccharide called as schizophyllan. Schizophyllan has several applications such as enhanced oil recovery, pharmaceutical materials and an anti-cancer drug carrier. Biomass growth and schizophyllan production increase the viscosity of the cultivation medium, thus resulting in mass transfer limitation for the substrate. In this study, adding talc and aluminium oxide microparticles into the cultivation medium was studied to improve the fungal growth and morphology. The response surface methodology and one factor at a time were applied to find the effects of microparticles with different sizes and concentrations on the schizophyllan production. The optimum concentration and size of aluminium oxide microparticles were obtained as 20 g L-1 and < 30 µm, respectively. Aluminium oxide microparticles in shake flask culture caused to increase the schizophyllan production from 10 to 15 g L-1 and decrease the cultivation time from 10 to 7 days. The production yield also increased from 0.11 to 0.30 g of schizophyllan/g glucose. Bioreactor cultivation showed a twofold increase in schizophyllan production from 1.5 to 3 g L-1. The results of this study suggested a significant increase in the production of schizophyllan using a low-cost "microparticle-enhanced cultivation" without any further optimization of the culture medium.
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17
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Venkatachalam G, Arumugam S, Doble M. Industrial production and applications of α/β linear and branched glucans. Chem Ind 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2020.1798820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Venkatachalam
- Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Senthilkumar Arumugam
- Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Mukesh Doble
- Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab, Department of Biotechnology, IIT Madras, Chennai, India
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Preliminary Evidence of a Molecular Detection Method to Analyze Bacterial DNA as a Quality Indicator in Cosmetics. COSMETICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics7030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cosmetics are a category of widely consumed and distributed products, and their manufacture is always subject to specific guidelines. Quality Control (QC) tests provide information supporting the absence of injurious organisms and regarding the microbiological stability of cosmetics. The microbiological risk analysis is typically performed using the plate count method, which is a time-consuming and operator-dependent approach. Molecular technologies allow a deeper and more sensitive testing than traditional cultures. The demand for rapid and sensitive methods is recently increasing. The aim of our study was to compare different DNA extraction methods in order to detect and quantify bacterial load in cosmetics using a qPCR system. Known numbers of microorganisms were spiked into six different cosmetics to simulate contaminated samples. DNA was extracted with seven extraction kits and then quantified by real-time qPCR. Results revealed differences in terms of cell recovery, DNA yield, and quality. The bead-beating approaches were the most suitable in our molecular workflow and lead to good quality DNA for analysis by qPCR within four hours. Combined with mechanical extraction, qPCR may represent an efficient and easy method for microorganism identification in cosmetics, and can be automated. This approach also is also applicable for the detection of probiotics used as beneficial biological components in cosmetic products. The results of our molecular method provided preliminary evidences for the rapid identification of cells (10–100) and nucleic acids in complex preparations employed for human health, in compliance with regulatory limits. The suggested methodology is easy, fast, and sensitive. Its scalability allows serial microbiological evaluation at every manufacturing step.
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Liu Z, Li JX, Wang CZ, Zhang DL, Wen X, Ruan CC, Li Y, Yuan CS. Microbial Conversion of Protopanaxadiol-Type Ginsenosides by the Edible and Medicinal Mushroom Schizophyllum commune: A Green Biotransformation Strategy. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:13114-13123. [PMID: 31460439 PMCID: PMC6705088 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that many kinds of microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi, can convert parent ginsenosides into minor ginsenosides. However, most microorganisms used for ginsenoside transformations may not be safe for food consumption and drug development. In this study, 24 edible and medicinal mushrooms were screened by high-performance liquid chromatography analyses for their ability to microbiologically transform protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides. We observed that the degradation of ginsenosides by Schizophyllum commune was inhibited by high concentrations of sugar in the culture medium. However, the inhibition was avoided by maintaining sugar concentration below 15 g L-1. S. commune showed a strong ability to convert PPD-type ginsenosides (Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rd) into minor ginsenosides (F2, C-O, C-Y, C-Mc1, C-Mc, and C-K). The production and bioconversion rates of minor ginsenosides were significantly higher than those previously reported by food microorganisms. The fermentation process is efficient, nontoxic, eco-friendly, and economical, and the required biotransformation systems are readily available. This is the first report about the biotransformation of major ginsenosides into minor ginsenosides through fermentation by edible and medicinal mushrooms. Our results provide a green biodegradation strategy in transformation of ginsenosides using edible and medicinal mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Engineering Research Center of
Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, and Institute of Agricultural
Modernization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Tang
Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IIllinois 60637, United States
- E-mail: (Z.L.)
| | - Jia-Xin Li
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Engineering Research Center of
Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, and Institute of Agricultural
Modernization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang
Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IIllinois 60637, United States
| | - Dan-Li Zhang
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Engineering Research Center of
Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, and Institute of Agricultural
Modernization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xin Wen
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Engineering Research Center of
Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, and Institute of Agricultural
Modernization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Chang-Chun Ruan
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Engineering Research Center of
Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, and Institute of Agricultural
Modernization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yu Li
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Engineering Research Center of
Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, and Institute of Agricultural
Modernization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- E-mail: . Tel: +86
431 8451 0949. Fax: +86 431 8451 0409 (Y.L.)
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang
Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IIllinois 60637, United States
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Gupta PL, Rajput M, Oza T, Trivedi U, Sanghvi G. Eminence of Microbial Products in Cosmetic Industry. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2019; 9:267-278. [PMID: 31214881 PMCID: PMC6646485 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-019-0215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cosmetology is the developing branch of science, having direct impact on the society. The cosmetic sector is interested in finding novel biological alternatives which can enhance the product attributes as well as it can substitute chemical compounds. Many of the compounds are having biological origin and are acquire from bacteria, fungi, and algae. A range of biological compounds, like bio-surfactant, vitamins, antioxidants, pigments, enzymes, peptides have promising features and beneficial properties. Moreover, these products can be produced commercially with ease. The review will encompass the importance and use of microbial compounds for new cosmetic formulations as well as products associated with it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tejas Oza
- Department of Microbiology, Marwadi University, Rajkot, 360001, India
| | | | - Gaurav Sanghvi
- Department of Microbiology, Marwadi University, Rajkot, 360001, India.
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Electrospun Schizophyllan/polyvinyl alcohol blend nanofibrous scaffold as potential wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 127:27-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Dutta S, Woo EE, Yu SM, Nagendran R, Yun BS, Lee YH. Control of Anthracnose and Gray Mold in Pepper Plants Using Culture Extract of White-Rot Fungus and Active Compound Schizostatin. MYCOBIOLOGY 2019; 47:87-96. [PMID: 30988992 PMCID: PMC6450573 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2018.1551833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fungi produce various secondary metabolites that have beneficial and harmful effects on other organisms. Those bioactive metabolites have been explored as potential medicinal and antimicrobial resources. However, the activities of the culture filtrate (CF) and metabolites of white-rot fungus (Schizophyllum commune) have been underexplored. In this study, we assayed the antimicrobial activities of CF obtained from white-rot fungus against various plant pathogens and evaluated its efficacy for controlling anthracnose and gray mold in pepper plants. The CF inhibited the mycelial growth of various fungal plant pathogens, but not of bacterial pathogens. Diluted concentrations of CF significantly suppressed the severity of anthracnose and gray mold in pepper fruits. Furthermore, the incidence of anthracnose in field conditions was reduced by treatment with a 12.5% dilution of CF. The active compound responsible for the antifungal and disease control activity was identified and verified as schizostatin. Our results indicate that the CF of white-rot fungus can be used as an eco-friendly natural product against fungal plant pathogens. Moreover, the compound, schizostatin could be used as a biochemical resource or precursor for development as a pesticide. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the control of plant diseases using CF and active compound from white-rot fungus. We discussed the controversial antagonistic activity of schizostatin and believe that the CF of white-rot fungus or its active compound, schizostatin, could be used as a biochemical pesticide against fungal diseases such as anthracnose and gray mold in many vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnalee Dutta
- Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - E-Eum Woo
- Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Mi Yu
- Freshwater Bioresources Utilization Division, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Rajalingam Nagendran
- Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Sik Yun
- Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hoon Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, Plant Medical Research Center, and Institute of Bio-industry, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Khan AA, Gani A, Khanday FA, Masoodi F. Biological and pharmaceutical activities of mushroom β-glucan discussed as a potential functional food ingredient. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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24
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Tovar-Herrera OE, Martha-Paz AM, Pérez-LLano Y, Aranda E, Tacoronte-Morales JE, Pedroso-Cabrera MT, Arévalo-Niño K, Folch-Mallol JL, Batista-García RA. Schizophyllum commune: An unexploited source for lignocellulose degrading enzymes. Microbiologyopen 2018; 7:e00637. [PMID: 29785766 PMCID: PMC6011954 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulose represents the most abundant source of carbon in the Earth. Thus, fraction technology of the biomass turns up as an emerging technology for the development of biorefineries. Saccharification and fermentation processes require the formulation of enzymatic cocktails or the development of microorganisms (naturally or genetically modified) with the appropriate toolbox to produce a cost‐effective fermentation technology. Therefore, the search for microorganisms capable of developing effective cellulose hydrolysis represents one of the main challenges in this era. Schizophyllum commune is an edible agarical with a great capability to secrete a myriad of hydrolytic enzymes such as xylanases and endoglucanases that are expressed in a high range of substrates. In addition, a large number of protein‐coding genes for glycoside hydrolases, oxidoreductases like laccases (Lacs; EC 1.10.3.2), as well as some sequences encoding for lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) and expansins‐like proteins demonstrate the potential of this fungus to be applied in different biotechnological process. In this review, we focus on the enzymatic toolbox of S. commune at the genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic level, as well as the requirements to be employed for fermentable sugars production in biorefineries. At the end the trend of its use in patent registration is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Eduardo Tovar-Herrera
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Adriana Mayrel Martha-Paz
- Laboratorio de Micología y Fitopatología, Unidad de manipulación genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Yordanis Pérez-LLano
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Elisabet Aranda
- Instituto del Agua, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Katiushka Arévalo-Niño
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Jorge Luis Folch-Mallol
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Ramón Alberto Batista-García
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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Wang X, Wang X, Jiang H, Cai C, Li G, Hao J, Yu G. Marine polysaccharides attenuate metabolic syndrome by fermentation products and altering gut microbiota: An overview. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 195:601-612. [PMID: 29805017 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Marine polysaccharides (MPs), including plant, animal, and microbial-derived polysaccharides, can alleviate metabolic syndrome (MetS) by different regulation mechanisms. MPs and their derivatives can attenuate MetS by vary cellular signal pathways, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α. Also, most of MPs cannot be degraded by human innate enzymes, but they can be degraded and fermented by human gut microbiota. The final metabolic products of these polysaccharides are usually short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which can change the gut microbiota ecology by altering the existing percentage of special microorganisms. In addition, the SCFAs and changed gut microbiota can regulate enteroendocrine hormone secretion, blood glucose, lipid metabolism levels, and other MetS symptoms. Here, we summarize the up-to-date findings on the effects of MPs, particularly marine microbial-derived polysaccharides, and their metabolites on attenuating MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Obstetrics Department (Work Number 002312), Qingdao Municipal Hospital (Group), Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Chao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Guoyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jiejie Hao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Guangli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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Mohammadi A, Shojaosadati SA, Tehrani HJ, Mousavi SM, Saleh T, Khorasani AC. Schizophyllan production by newly isolated fungus Schizophyllum commune IBRC-M 30213: optimization of culture medium using response surface methodology. ANN MICROBIOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-017-1316-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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27
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Ashraf Khan A, Gani A, Masoodi F, Mushtaq U, Silotry Naik A. Structural, rheological, antioxidant, and functional properties of β–glucan extracted from edible mushrooms Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Coprinus attrimentarius. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Du B, Yang Y, Bian Z, Xu B. Characterization and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of an Exopolysaccharide from Submerged Mycelial Culture of Schizophyllum commune. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:252. [PMID: 28555107 PMCID: PMC5430044 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Mushroom polysaccharides have attracted attention in food and pharmacology fields because of their many biological activities. The structure characterization and anti-inflammatory activity of exopolysaccharide from Schizophyllum commune were evaluated in present study. Methods: An exopolysaccharide from a submerged mycelial fermentation of S. commune was obtained using DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-150 chromatography. The molecular weight (MW), monosaccharide compositions, chemical compositions, methylation analysis, circular dichroism studies, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy were investigated. Results: It was a homogeneous protein-bound heteropolysaccharide with MW of 2,900 kDa. The exopolysaccharide contained a β-(1→3) glycosidic backbone, (1→4)- and (1→6)- glycosidic side chain, and high amount of glucose. The anti-inflammatory activity of exopolysaccharide was assessed by inhibiting the production of nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and 5- lipoxygenase (5-LOX) from macrophages. This exopolysaccharide significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited lipopolysaccharides-induced iNOS expression levels in the cells in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: It indicated significant anti-inflammatory effects, which showed that exopolysaccharide might be exploited as an effective anti-inflammatory agent for application in NO-related disorders such as inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Du
- Analysis and Testing Center, Hebei Normal University of Science and TechnologyQinhuangdao, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist UniversityHong Kong, China
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University–Hong Kong Baptist University United International CollegeZhuhai, China
| | - Yuedong Yang
- Analysis and Testing Center, Hebei Normal University of Science and TechnologyQinhuangdao, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Bian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist UniversityHong Kong, China
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University–Hong Kong Baptist University United International CollegeZhuhai, China
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29
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Jamshidian H, Shojaosadati SA, Vilaplana F, Mousavi SM, Soudi MR. Characterization and optimization of schizophyllan production from date syrup. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 92:484-493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Anti-inflammatory activity of polysaccharide from Schizophyllum commune as affected by ultrasonication. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 91:100-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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YAO HM, WANG G, LIU YP, RONG MQ, SHEN CB, YAN XW, LUO XD, LAI R. Phenolic acids isolated from the fungus Schizophyllum commune exert analgesic activity by inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels. Chin J Nat Med 2016; 14:661-670. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(16)30078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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32
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Orlandelli RC, Vasconcelos AFD, Azevedo JL, Corradi da Silva MDL, Pamphile JA. Screening of endophytic sources of exopolysaccharides: Preliminary characterization of crude exopolysaccharide produced by submerged culture of Diaporthe sp. JF766998 under different cultivation time. BIOCHIMIE OPEN 2016; 2:33-40. [PMID: 29632836 PMCID: PMC5889487 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopen.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi have been described as producers of important bioactive compounds; however, they remain under-exploited as exopolysaccharides (EPS) sources. Therefore, this work reports on EPS production by submerged cultures of eight endophytes isolated from Piper hispidum Sw., belonging to genera Diaporthe, Marasmius, Phlebia, Phoma, Phyllosticta and Schizophyllum. After fermentation for 96 h, four endophytes secreted EPS: Diaporthe sp. JF767000, Diaporthe sp. JF766998, Diaporthe sp. JF767007 and Phoma herbarumJF766995. The EPS from Diaporthe sp. JF766998 differed statistically from the others, with a higher percentage of carbohydrate (91%) and lower amount of protein (8%). Subsequently, this fungus was grown under submerged culture for 72, 96 and 168 h (these EPS were designated EPSD1-72, EPSD1-96 and EPSD1-168) and the differences in production, monosaccharide composition and apparent molecular were compared. The EPS yields in mg/100 mL of culture medium were: 3.0 ± 0.4 (EPSD1-72), 15.4 ± 2.2 (EPSD1-96) and 14.8 ± 1.8 (EPSD1-168). The EPSD1-72 had high protein content (28.5%) and only 71% of carbohydrate; while EPSD1-96 and EPSD1-168 were composed mainly of carbohydrate (≈95 and 100%, respectively), with low protein content (≈5%) detected at 96 h. Galactose was the main monosaccharide component (30%) of EPSD1-168. Differently, EPSD1-96 was rich in glucose (51%), with molecular weight of 46.6 kDa. It is an important feature for future investigations, because glucan-rich EPS are reported as effective antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravely Casarotti Orlandelli
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Flora Dalberto Vasconcelos
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, CEP 19060-900, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Lúcio Azevedo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria de Lourdes Corradi da Silva
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, CEP 19060-900, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Alencar Pamphile
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Beta-glucans from edible and medicinal mushrooms: Characteristics, physicochemical and biological activities. J Food Compost Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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35
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Zhong K, Zhang Q, Tong L, Liu L, Zhou X, Zhou S. Molecular weight degradation and rheological properties of schizophyllan under ultrasonic treatment. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2015; 23:75-80. [PMID: 25263766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Molecular weight degradation effects of schizophyllan (SPG) under ultrasonic treatments were investigated in this study. The degradation product was treated by alcohol fractional precipitation technology, and the molecular weight and rheological properties of ultrasonic-treated SPG (USPG) fractions were evaluated. Average molecular weight of SPG decreased significantly after ultrasonic treatments, and degradation product had more narrow distribution of molecular weight. The molecular weight degradation kinetics of SPG is adequately described by a second-order reaction. USPG fractions with different molecular weight were obtained by fractional precipitation for final alcohol concentration fractions 0-40%, 40-60% and 60-80%, respectively. USPG fractions had near-Newtonian flow behaviors, and USPG₈₀% exhibited viscous responses over the entire accessible frequency range. Therefore, ultrasonic treatment is a viable modification technology for SPG and other polymer materials with high molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zhong
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, P.O. Box 5109, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, P.O. Box 5109, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Litao Tong
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, P.O. Box 5109, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Liya Liu
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, P.O. Box 5109, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xianrong Zhou
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, P.O. Box 5109, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Sumei Zhou
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PR China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, P.O. Box 5109, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Chen H, Li S, Wang P, Yan S, Hu L, Pan X, Yang C, Leung GP. Endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation of rat aorta induced by extract of Schizophyllum commune. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:1230-1236. [PMID: 25172784 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Schizophyllum commune (SC) is widely consumed by Chinese, especially in southern part of China. The aim of the present study was to assess the extract of SC on vascular tone and the mechanisms involved. Experiments were performed on aorta of 18-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. Dried SC was extracted with 50% ethanol, 90% ethanol and deionized water, respectively. The effects of SC on the isometric tension of rat aortic rings were measured. Protein expression for the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was also determined in the primarily cultured rat aortic arterial endothelial cells (RAECs). The results showed that the water extract of SC induced a marked relaxation in aortic rings with or without endothelium. After the pretreatments of N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, indomethacin, RP-cAMP, and methylene blue, the SC-induced relaxation was significantly decreased. In addition, the contraction due to Ca(2+) influx and intracellular Ca(2+) release was also inhibited by SC. Furthermore, expression of the eNOS protein was significantly elevated in RAECs after treatment of SC. In conclusion, the water extract of SC induces an endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation in rat aorta. The relaxing effect of SC involves the modulation of NO-cGMP-dependent pathways, PGI2-cAMP-depedent pathways, Ca(2+) influx though calcium channels and intracellular Ca(2+) release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Chen
- Ethnic Drug Screening & Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Sujuan Li
- Ethnic Drug Screening & Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Saimei Yan
- Ethnic Drug Screening & Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Lin Hu
- Ethnic Drug Screening & Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Pan
- Ethnic Drug Screening & Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Cui Yang
- Ethnic Drug Screening & Pharmacology Center, Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, PR China; Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China.
| | - George Pakheng Leung
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China.
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Paniagua-Michel JDJ, Olmos-Soto J, Morales-Guerrero ER. Algal and microbial exopolysaccharides: new insights as biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2014; 73:221-257. [PMID: 25300549 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800268-1.00011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, efforts are being made to utilize more natural biological systems as alternatives as a way to replace fossil forms of carbon. There is a growing concern at global level to have nontoxic, nonhazardous surface-active agents; contrary to synthetic surfactants, their biological counterparts or biosurfactants play a primary function, facilitating microbial presence in environments dominated by hydrophilic-hydrophobic interfaces. Algal and microbial biosurfactants/bioemulsifiers from marine and deep-sea environments are attracting major interest due to their structural and functional diversity as molecules actives of surface and an alternative biomass to replace fossil forms of carbon. Algal and microbial surfactants are lipid in nature and classified as glycolipids, phospholipids, lipopeptides, natural lipids, fatty acids, and lipopolysaccharides. These metabolic bioactive products are applicable in a number of industries and processes, viz., food processing, pharmacology, and bioremediation of oil-polluted environments. This chapter presents an update of the progress and potentialities of the principal producers of exopolysaccharide (EPS)-type biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers, viz., macro- and microalgae (cyanobacteria and diatoms) and bacteria from marine and extreme environments. Particular interest is centered into new sources and applications, viz., marine and deep-sea environments and promissory uses of these EPSs as biosurfactants/emulsifiers and other polymeric roles. The enormous benefits of these molecules encourage their discovery, exploitation, and development of new microbial EPSs that could possess novel industrial importance and corresponding innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- José de Jesús Paniagua-Michel
- Laboratory for Bioactive Compounds and Bioremediation, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Olmos-Soto
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Roberto Morales-Guerrero
- Laboratory for Bioactive Compounds and Bioremediation, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
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Kim SE, Hwang BS, Song JG, Lee SW, Lee IK, Yun BS. New bioactive compounds from korean native mushrooms. MYCOBIOLOGY 2013; 41:171-6. [PMID: 24493936 PMCID: PMC3905119 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2013.41.4.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Mushrooms are ubiquitous in nature and have high nutritional attributes. They have demonstrated diverse biological effects and therefore have been used in treatments of various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, bacterial and viral infections, and ulcer. In particular, polysaccharides, including β-glucan, are considered as the major constituents responsible for the biological activity of mushrooms. Although an overwhelming number of reports have been published on the importance of polysaccharides as immunomodulating agents, not all of the healing properties found in these mushrooms could be fully accounted for. Recently, many research groups have begun investigations on biologically active small-molecular weight compounds in wild mushrooms. In this mini-review, both structural diversity and biological activities of novel bioactive substances from Korean native mushrooms are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Eun Kim
- Division of Biotechnology and Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 570-752, Korea
| | - Byung Soon Hwang
- Division of Biotechnology and Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 570-752, Korea
| | - Ja-Gyeong Song
- Division of Biotechnology and Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 570-752, Korea
| | - Seung Woong Lee
- Division of Biotechnology and Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 570-752, Korea
| | - In-Kyoung Lee
- Division of Biotechnology and Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 570-752, Korea
| | - Bong-Sik Yun
- Division of Biotechnology and Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 570-752, Korea
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Sutivisedsak N, Leathers TD, Price NP. Production of schizophyllan from distiller's dried grains with solubles by diverse strains of Schizophyllum commune. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:476. [PMID: 24102042 PMCID: PMC3790907 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Eleven diverse strains of Schizophyllan commune were examined for production of the biopolymer schizophyllan from agricultural biomass. Strains were grown in malt extract (ME) basal medium containing 1% (w/v) distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS), an abundant coproduct of fuel ethanol production by the dry grind process. Ten of 11 strains tested produced more than 2 g schizophyllan/L. Two strains, ATCC 20165 and CBS 266.60, produced more than 10 g schizophyllan/L. Schizophyllan from these strains was similar to commercial product in terms of solution viscosity, molecular weight, and surface tension properties, suggesting that they would be equivalent in biomaterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongnuch Sutivisedsak
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Renewable Product Technology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL 61604 USA
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Biochemical constituents of a wild strain of Schizophyllum commune isolated from Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve (ABR), India. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 29:1431-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1306-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ahmad R, Al-Shorgani NKN, Hamid AA, Wan Yusoff WM, Daud F. Optimization of medium components using response surface methodology (RSM) for mycelium biomass and exopolysaccharide production by <i>Lentinus squarrosulus</i>. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2013.412144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Utilization of agricultural biomass in the production of the biopolymer schizophyllan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 40:105-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-012-1208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Schizophyllan is a homoglucan produced by the fungus Schizophyllum commune, with a β-1,3-linked backbone and β-1,6-linked side chains of single glucose units at every other residue. Schizophyllan is commercially produced for pharmaceutical and cosmetics uses. However, the unique physical properties of schizophyllan suggest that it may have biomaterials applications. Schizophyllan is conventionally produced by submerged culture fermentation using glucose as a carbon source. This study demonstrates for the first time the efficient utilization of agricultural biomass substrates, particularly distiller’s dried grains with solubles, for schizophyllan production. Sugar composition analysis, NMR, and permethylation linkage analysis confirmed that the recovered product was schizophyllan. Schizophyllan produced from agricultural residues was of a high molecular weight and exhibited solution viscosity properties similar to those of commercially produced material. Utilization of biomass substrates could reduce the cost of schizophyllan production and provide a new value-added bioproduct for integrated biorefineries of the future.
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Patel S, Goyal A. Recent developments in mushrooms as anti-cancer therapeutics: a review. 3 Biotech 2012; 2:1-15. [PMID: 22582152 PMCID: PMC3339609 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-011-0036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
From time immemorial, mushrooms have been valued by humankind as a culinary wonder and folk medicine in Oriental practice. The last decade has witnessed the overwhelming interest of western research fraternity in pharmaceutical potential of mushrooms. The chief medicinal uses of mushrooms discovered so far are as anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, hypocholesterolemic, anti-tumor, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory, anti-allergic, nephroprotective, and anti-microbial agents. The mushrooms credited with success against cancer belong to the genus Phellinus, Pleurotus, Agaricus, Ganoderma, Clitocybe, Antrodia, Trametes, Cordyceps, Xerocomus, Calvatia, Schizophyllum, Flammulina, Suillus, Inonotus, Inocybe, Funlia, Lactarius, Albatrellus, Russula, and Fomes. The anti-cancer compounds play crucial role as reactive oxygen species inducer, mitotic kinase inhibitor, anti-mitotic, angiogenesis inhibitor, topoisomerase inhibitor, leading to apoptosis, and eventually checking cancer proliferation. The present review updates the recent findings on the pharmacologically active compounds, their anti-tumor potential, and underlying mechanism of biological action in order to raise awareness for further investigations to develop cancer therapeutics from mushrooms. The mounting evidences from various research groups across the globe, regarding anti-tumor application of mushroom extracts unarguably make it a fast-track research area worth mass attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Patel
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, 144402 Punjab India
| | - Arun Goyal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039 Assam India
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A bioprocess for the production of phytase from Schizophyllum commune: studies of its optimization, profile of fermentation parameters, characterization and stability. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2012; 35:1067-79. [PMID: 22349925 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-012-0692-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Schizophyllum commune produces phytase through solid-state fermentation using different agroindustrial residues. After optimization of phytase production, a maximal level of phytase (113.7 Units/gram of dry substrate) was obtained in wheat bran based medium containing 5% sucrose, 50% humidity, 7.5% of biomass at 33 °C pH 7.0 during 72 h and a 285% improvement in enzyme titre was achieved. Analysis of fermentation parameters profile for phytase production showed the highest productivity (1.466 Units/gram of dry substrate/hour) in 66 h of fermentation. Phytase has an optimal pH of 5.0, an optimal temperature of 50 °C and K (m) and V (max) values of 0.16 mM and 1.85 μmol mL(-1) min(-1), respectively. Phytase activity was stimulated essentially in the presence of K(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Mn(2+), Zn(2+), Cu(2+), Fe(2+), Fe(3+), Co(2+), Ni(2+), acetate and citrate at concentrations of 1 mM. Phytase had the best shelf life when stored at a cooling temperature, maintaining 38% of its initial activity after 112 days of storage, and still presenting enzymatic activity after 125 days of storage. Stability studies of phytase performed in aqueous enzyme extracts showed satisfactory results using polyethyleneglycol 3350, carboxymethylcellulose, methylparaben, mannitol and benzoic acid in concentrations of 0.25, 0.025, 0.025, 0.25, and 0.0025%, respectively. PEG 3350 was shown to be the best stabilizing agent, resulting in 109% of phytase activity from the initial crude extract remaining activity in after 90 days.
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Health-promoting potential of edible macromycetes under special consideration of polysaccharides: a review. Eur Food Res Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-011-1656-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jayakumar GC, Kanth SV, Sai KP, Chandrasekaran B, Rao JR, Nair BU. Scleraldehyde as a stabilizing agent for collagen scaffold preparation. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Chen XH, Lou WY, Zong MH, Smith TJ. Optimization of culture conditions to produce high yields of active Acetobacter sp. CCTCC M209061 cells for anti-Prelog reduction of prochiral ketones. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:110. [PMID: 22099947 PMCID: PMC3341575 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chiral alcohols are widely used in the synthesis of chiral pharmaceuticals, flavors and functional materials and appropriate whole-cell biocatalysts offer a highly enantioselective, minimally polluting route to these valuable compounds. The recently isolated strain Acetobacter sp. CCTCC M209061 showed exclusive anti-Prelog stereoselectivity for the reduction of prochiral ketones, but the low biomass has limited its commercialization and industrial applications. To tackle this problem, the effects of medium components and culture conditions on the strain's growth and reduction activity were explored. Results By using a one-at-a-time method and a central composite rotatable design (CCRD), the optimal medium and culture conditions were found to be as follows: glucose 8.26 g/L, fructose 2.50 g/L, soy peptone 83.92 g/L, MnSO4·H2O 0.088 g/L, pH 5.70, 30°C and 10% (v/v) inoculum. Under the above-mentioned conditions, the biomass after 30 h cultivation reached 1.10 ± 0.03 g/L, which was 9.5-fold higher than that obtained with basic medium. Also, the reduction activity towards 4'-chloroacetophenone was markedly enhanced to 39.49 ± 0.96 μmol/min/g from 29.34 ± 0.65 μmol/min/g, with the product e.e. being above 99%. Comparable improvements were also seen with the enantioselective bioreduction of 4-(trimethylsilyl)-3-butyn-2-one to the key pharmaceutical precursor (R) - 4-(trimethylsilyl)-3-butyn-2-ol. Conclusions The biomass and reduction activity of Acetobacter sp. CCTCC M209061 can be greatly enhanced through the optimization strategy. This facilitates use of the strain in the anti-Prelog stereoselective reduction of prochiral ketones to enantiopure chiral alcohols as building blocks for many industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Chen
- Lab of Applied Biocatalysis, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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