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Berovic M, Zhong JJ. Advances in Production of Medicinal Mushrooms Biomass in Solid State and Submerged Bioreactors. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 184:125-161. [PMID: 36592190 DOI: 10.1007/10_2022_208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Production of mushroom fruit bodies using farming technology could hardly meet the increasing demand of the world market. During the last several decades, there have been various basic and applied studies on fungal physiology, metabolism, process engineering, and (pre)clinical studies. The fundamental aspects of solid-state cultivation of various kinds of medicinal mushroom mycelia in various types of bioreactors were established. Solid-state cultivation of medicinal mushrooms for their biomass and bioactive metabolites production appear very suitable for veterinary use. Development of comprehensive submerged technologies using stirred tank and airlift bioreactors is the most promising technology for fast and large-scale production of medicinal fungi biomass and their pharmaceutically active products for human need. The potentials initiate the development of new drugs and some of the most attractive over-the-counter human and veterinary remedies. This article is to overview the engineering achievements in solid state and submerged cultivations of medicinal mushrooms in bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Berovic
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jian-Jiang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering and Advanced Fermentation Technology, Department of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Zhao F, Liu X, Chen C, Cheng Z, Wang W, Yun J. Successive mycelial subculturing decreased lignocellulase activity and increased ROS accumulation in Volvariella volvacea. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:997485. [PMID: 36187940 PMCID: PMC9520666 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.997485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain degradation is a common problem in many artificially-cultivated edible mushrooms. As a fungus with poor tolerance to low-temperature, Volvariella volvacea cannot delay its degradation by long-term low temperature storage like other fungi, so its degradation is particularly severe, which hinders industrial applications. Periodic mycelial subculture is a common storage method for V. volvacea, but excessive subculturing can also lead to strain degeneration. After 20 months of continuous subculturing every 3 days, V. volvacea strains S1–S20 were obtained, and their characteristics throughout the subculture process were analyzed. With increasing number of subculture, the growth rate, mycelial biomass, the number of fruiting bodies and biological efficiency gradually decreased while the production cycle and the time to primordium formation was lengthened. Strains S13–S20, obtained after 13–20 months of mycelial subculturing, also lacked the ability to produce fruiting bodies during cultivation experiments. Determination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) content as well as enzyme activity showed that decreased lignocellulase activity, along with excessive accumulation of ROS, was concomitant with the subculture-associated degeneration of V. volvacea. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was eventually used to analyze the gene expression for lignocellulase and antioxidant enzymes in subcultured V. volvacea strains, with the results found to be consistent with prior observations regarding enzyme activities. These findings could form the basis of further studies on the degeneration mechanism of V. volvacea and other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyun Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fengyun Zhao,
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Higher Vocational College, Shaanxi institute of international trade and Commerce, Xi’an, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Sinograin Chengdu Storage Research Institute Co. Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihong Cheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenpei Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Yun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Biovalorization of Grape Stalks as Animal Feed by Solid State Fermentation Using White-Rot Fungi. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12136800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate the potential of three fungi strains, Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus eryngii, and Pleurotus citrinopileatus, to degrade lignin and enhance the nutritive value of grape stalks (GS). The GS was inoculated with the fungi and incubated under solid-state fermentation at 28 °C and 85% relative humidity for 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days, in an incubation chamber. The influence of the treatments was evaluated by analyzing the potential modifications in the chemical composition, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and enzymatic kinetics. An increase (p < 0.001) in the crude protein content was observed in the GS treated with L. edodes and P. citrinopileatus at 42 days of incubation (50 and 75%, respectively). The treatment performed with L. edodes decreased (p < 0.001) lignin content by 52%, and led to higher (p < 0.001) IVOMD values at 42 days of incubation. By contrast, P. eryngii did not affect lignin content and IVOMD. A higher activity of all enzymes was also detected for the treatment with L. edodes. Results indicated that L. edodes has a great potential to enhance the nutritive value of GS as an animal feed, due to its lignin degradation selectivity.
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Enzymatic Pretreatment Improved the In Vitro Ruminal Degradability of Oil Palm Fronds. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12050461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to increase the in vitro ruminal degradability of oil palm fronds (OPFs) through enzymatic pretreatment. The isolated fungi were selected based on their lignocellulosic degrading enzyme activities. Eleven fungi were successfully isolated, and their enzyme activities were evaluated. Three fungi, F1, F2 and F4 were selected, and they were identified as Trichoderma harzianum MK027305, Trichoderma harzianum MK027306 and Fusarium solani MK027309, respectively. The highest total gas and methane production was produced when OPFs were pretreated with an enzyme extract from 15 and 30 days of solid-state fermentation of T. harzianum MK027305 and T. harzianum MK027306, respectively. Meanwhile, OPFs pretreated with an enzyme extract from F. solani MK027309 after 45 days of solid-state fermentation produced the highest amount of volatile fatty acids. The pretreatment using the enzymes extracted from 45 days of solid-state fermentation of F. solani MK027309 increases the apparent rumen degradable carbohydrate (ARDC) by 35.29% compared to unpretreated OPF. This study showed that pretreatment of the OPFs using selected fungi’s enzymes increases the volatile fatty acid production and in vitro ruminal degradability of OPF, hence improving livestock production via increased utilization of agricultural by-products with minimal impact on the production cost.
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Al-Askar AA, Rashad EM, Moussa Z, Ghoneem KM, Mostafa AA, Al-Otibi FO, Arishi AA, Saber WIA. A Novel Endophytic Trichoderma longibrachiatum WKA55 With Biologically Active Metabolites for Promoting Germination and Reducing Mycotoxinogenic Fungi of Peanut. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:772417. [PMID: 35401430 PMCID: PMC8993229 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.772417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant residuals comprise the natural habitat of the plant pathogen; therefore, attention is currently focusing on biological-based bioprocessing of biomass residuals into benefit substances. The current study focused on the biodegradation of peanut plant residual (PNR) into citric acid (CA) through a mathematical modeling strategy. Novel endophytic Trichoderma longibrachiatum WKA55 (GenBank accession number: MZ014020.1), having lytic (cellulase, protease, and polygalacturonase) activity, and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) solubilization ability were isolated from peanut seeds and used during the fermentation process. As reported by HPLC, the maximum CA (5505.1 μg/g PNR) was obtained after 9 days in the presence of 15.49 mg TCP, and 15.68 mg glucose. GC–MS analysis showed other bioactive metabolites in the filtrate of the fermented PNR. Practically, the crude product (40%) fully inhibited (100%) the growth and spore germination of three mycotoxinogenic fungi. On peanuts, it improved the seed germination (91%), seedling features, and vigor index (70.45%) with a reduction of abnormal seedlings (9.33%). The current study presents the fundamentals for large-scale production in the industry for the sustainable development of PNR biomass as a natural source of bioactive metabolites, and safe consumption of lignocellulosic-proteinaceous biomass, as well. T. longibrachiatum WKA55 was also introduced as a novel CA producer specified on PNR. Application of the resulting metabolite is encouraged on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz A. Al-Askar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Abdulaziz A. Al-Askar,
| | - Ehsan M. Rashad
- Department of Seed Pathology Research, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Zeiad Moussa
- Microbial Activity Unit, Department of Microbiology, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Khalid M. Ghoneem
- Department of Seed Pathology Research, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ashraf A. Mostafa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah O. Al-Otibi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amr Abker Arishi
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - WesamEldin I. A. Saber
- Microbial Activity Unit, Department of Microbiology, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
- WesamEldin I. A. Saber,
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Pinto PA, Bezerra RMF, Fraga I, Amaral C, Sampaio A, Dias AA. Solid-State Fermentation of Chestnut Shells and Effect of Explanatory Variables in Predictive Saccharification Models. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052572. [PMID: 35270265 PMCID: PMC8909322 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, chestnut shells (CNS), a recalcitrant and low-value agro-industrial waste obtained during the peeling of Castanea sativa fruits, were subjected to solid-state fermentation by six white-rot fungal strains (Irpex lacteus, Ganoderma resinaceum, Phlebia rufa, Bjerkandera adusta and two Trametes isolates). After being fermented, CNS was subjected to hydrolysis by a commercial enzymatic mix to evaluate the effect of fermentation in saccharification yield. After 48 h hydrolysis with 10 CMCase U mL−1 enzymatic mix, CNS fermented with both Trametes strains was recorded with higher saccharification yield (around 253 mg g−1 fermented CNS), representing 25% w/w increase in reducing sugars as compared to non-fermented controls. To clarify the relationships and general mechanisms of fungal fermentation and its impacts on substrate saccharification, the effects of some independent or explanatory variables in the production of reducing sugars were estimated by general predictive saccharification models. The variables considered were lignocellulolytic activities in fungal fermentation, CNS hydrolysis time, and concentration of enzymatic hydrolysis mix. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed a very high significant effect (p < 0.0001) of fungal laccase and xylanase activities in the saccharification models, thus proving the key potential of these enzymes in CNS solid-state fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A. Pinto
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.A.P.); (R.M.F.B.); (I.F.); (C.A.); (A.S.)
| | - Rui M. F. Bezerra
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.A.P.); (R.M.F.B.); (I.F.); (C.A.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biology and Environment, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Irene Fraga
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.A.P.); (R.M.F.B.); (I.F.); (C.A.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biology and Environment, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carla Amaral
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.A.P.); (R.M.F.B.); (I.F.); (C.A.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biology and Environment, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Sampaio
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.A.P.); (R.M.F.B.); (I.F.); (C.A.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biology and Environment, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Albino A. Dias
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.A.P.); (R.M.F.B.); (I.F.); (C.A.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biology and Environment, UTAD—Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Bio-Delignification of Green Waste (GW) in Co-Digestion with the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW) to Enhance Biogas Production. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11136061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) is recognized as a suitable substrate for the anaerobic digestion (AD) process and is currently considered a mature technology. A promising strategy to enhance biogas yield and productivity is the co-digestion of OFMSW with other organic biomass, such as green waste (GW), a mixture of leaves, grass, and woody materials originated from private yards and public greenspace management. The main limitation to the use of GW for biogas production is the high percentage of the lignocellulosic fraction, which makes necessary a pretreatment of delignification to dissolve the recalcitrant structure. In this study, a new strategy of sustainable bio-delignification using the white-rot fungi Bjerkandera adusta (BA) in comparison with other chemical pretreatments were investigated. Untreated and treated GW were, respectively, submitted to anaerobic co-digestion with OFMSW. AD processes were carried out in a lab-scale plant for 30 days in thermophilic conditions (55 °C). Biogas cumulative production was increased by about 100% in the case of treated GW compared with that of just OFMSW, from 145 to 289 Nm3 CH4/ton SV, and productivity almost doubled from 145 to 283 Nm3/ton FM * day. The measured average methane content values in the cumulative biogas were 55% from OFMSW and 54% from GW. Moreover, over 95% of the biogas was produced in 20 days, showing the potential opportunity to reduce the AD time.
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Feijóo-Vivas K, Bermúdez-Puga SA, Rebolledo H, Figueroa JM, Zamora P, Naranjo-Briceño L. Bioproductos desarrollados a partir de micelio de hongos: Una nueva cultura material y su impacto en la transición hacia una economía sostenible. BIONATURA 2021. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2021.06.01.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
El biodiseño y biofabricación de biomateriales a partir de residuos vegetales lignocelulósicos y auto-generados por el micelio de hongos es un campo de investigación emergente desde las últimas dos décadas. Surge una nueva cultura material que se basa en los nuevos paradigmas de la fabricación alternativa partiendo de la lógica “de hacer crecer los nuevos materiales en lugar de extraerlos” e integrando los principios básicos de la economía circular y de la Biotecnología Material, asegurando la susceptibilidad de los mismos a ser biodegradados y volver a su estado original en la naturaleza. Su implementación a nivel industrial en distintas áreas de la manufactura comienza a competir con el cuero de origen animal, materiales y productos de origen petroquímico, a la vez que promueve nuevas alternativas de alimentos proteicos sustentables que contribuyan al cambio de los patrones de consumo humano de alto impacto ambiental arraigados a nivel global. La presente revisión, aborda una mirada particular que va desde lo molecular a lo global sobre la nueva cultura micelial, considerando aspectos generales del reino Fungi, la morfogénesis, composición química e integridad celular del micelio, los sistemas multienzimáticos extracelulares de degradación de lignocelulosa que poseen los hongos, pasando por los principales sustratos empleados, los biomateriales desarrollados a partir de micelio a nivel industrial, destacando los biotextiles, materiales y productos para el empaquetamiento y aislamiento, nuevas fuentes alimentarias basadas en el micelio, el arte y el diseño arquitectónico. Finalmente, se presenta el estado del arte actual de las empresas o laboratorios vanguardistas que suscitan una economía circular basada en el micelio de hongos a nivel mundial, al reemplazar recursos y productos de origen fósil por materiales amigables con el entorno, generando alternativas sostenibles y ciclos de producción con una baja demanda de energía y sin repercusiones al medio ambiente, es decir, promoviendo una nueva conciencia material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Feijóo-Vivas
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Ingeniería en Biotecnología. Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, vía Muyuna, km. 7, CP 150150, Tena, Ecuador
| | - Stalin A. Bermúdez-Puga
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Ingeniería en Biotecnología. Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, vía Muyuna, km. 7, CP 150150, Tena, Ecuador
| | - Hernán Rebolledo
- Spora Biotech, Fundo Santa Paulina, Rosario, Rengo, VI Región del General Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, CP 2940000, Chile
| | - José Miguel Figueroa
- Spora Biotech, Fundo Santa Paulina, Rosario, Rengo, VI Región del General Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, CP 2940000, Chile
| | - Pablo Zamora
- 3Spora Biotech, Fundo Santa Paulina, Rosario, Rengo, VI Región del General Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, CP 2940000, Chile. 4Vincula S&C, Las Condes, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Leopoldo Naranjo-Briceño
- 1Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Ingeniería en Biotecnología. Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, vía Muyuna, km. 7, CP 150150, Tena, Ecuador. 2Grupo de Microbiología Aplicada, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, vía Muyuna, km. 7, CP 150150, Tena, Ecuador. 3Spora Biotech, Fundo Santa Paulina, Rosario, Rengo, VI Región del General Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, CP 2940000, Chile
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Xiao J, Zhang S, Chen G. Mechanisms of Lignin-Degrading Enzymes. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 27:574-581. [PMID: 31868142 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666191223141756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is abundant in nature. It is a potentially valuable bioresource, but, because of its complex structure, it is difficult to degrade. However, enzymatic degradation of lignin is effective. Major lignin-degrading enzymes include laccases, lignin peroxidases, and manganese peroxidases. In this paper, the mechanisms of degradation of lignin by these three enzymes is reviewed, and synergy between them is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, ChangChun, China
| | - Sitong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, ChangChun, China
| | - Guang Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, ChangChun, China
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Pretreatment of Grape Stalks by Fungi: Effect on Bioactive Compounds, Fiber Composition, Saccharification Kinetics and Monosaccharides Ratio. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17165900. [PMID: 32823843 PMCID: PMC7459597 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Grape stalks, an inedible lignocellulosic residue from winemaking and agro-industrial grape juice production, can be valorized as a source of bioactive compounds and as feedstock for the saccharification and bioconversion of soluble sugars. Solid-state fermentation (SSF) by six white-rot fungi was applied as pretreatment. Fiber composition, free radical scavenging activity, four ligninolytic, and three hydrolytic enzyme activities were determined. Saccharification kinetics, yield, and productivity were evaluated and complemented with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) quantification of monosaccharides, and principal component analysis (PCA). After SSF, the biomass exhibited a drastic free radical scavenging activity decrease and the main enzymes produced were manganese-dependent peroxidase and xylanase. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the erosion of cell walls, and PCA exhibited a negative correlation between saccharification, and neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin. Phlebia rufa pretreated biomass gave the highest sugars yield and productivity, representing a nearly three-fold increase compared to untreated samples. Also, monosaccharides quantification revealed that the 1:1 ratio of glucose to the sum of xylose plus galactose changes to the value of 2:1 after pretreatment. In this work, and for the first time, P. rufa proved to be an effective pretreatment of grape stalks for the saccharification and further bioconversion into value-added chemicals. In addition, lignocellulolytic enzymes were also produced through SSF.
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Farh MEA, Jeon J. Roles of Fungal Volatiles from Perspective of Distinct Lifestyles in Filamentous Fungi. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 36:193-203. [PMID: 32547336 PMCID: PMC7272855 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.rw.02.2020.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Volatile compounds (VOCs) are not only media for communication within a species but also effective tools for sender to manipulate behavior and physiology of receiver species. Although the influence of VOCs on the interactions among organisms is evident, types of VOCs and specific mechanisms through which VOCs work during such interactions are only beginning to become clear. Here, we review the fungal volatile compounds (FVOCs) and their impacts on different recipient organisms from perspective of distinct lifestyles of the filamentous fungi. Particularly, we discuss the possibility that different lifestyles are intimately associated with an ability to produce a repertoire of FVOCs in fungi. The FVOCs discussed here have been identified and analyzed as relevant signals under a range of experimental settings. However, mechanistic insight into how specific interactions are mediated by such FVOCs at the molecular levels, amidst complex community of microbes and plants, requires further testing. Experimental designs and advanced technologies that attempt to address this question will facilitate our understanding and applications of FVOCs to agriculture and ecosystem management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Agamy Farh
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Junhyun Jeon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
- Corresponding author. Phone) +82-53-810-3030, FAX) +82-53-810-4769, E-mail) , ORCID Junhyun Jeon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0617-4007
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12
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Hou L, Ji D, Dong W, Yuan L, Zhang F, Li Y, Zang L. The Synergistic Action of Electro-Fenton and White-Rot Fungi in the Degradation of Lignin. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:99. [PMID: 32226782 PMCID: PMC7080661 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
White-rot fungus is a common lignin-degrading fungus. However, compared with those of microorganisms that biodegrade lignin alone, synergistic systems of electro-Fenton processes and white-rot fungi are superior because of their high efficiency, mild conditions, and environmental friendliness. To investigate the details of lignin degradation by a synergistic system comprising electro-Fenton processes and white-rot fungi, lignin degradation was studied at different voltages with three lignin-degrading fungi (Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Lentinula edodes, and Trametes versicolor). The lignin degradation efficiency (82∼89%) of the synergistic systems at 4 V was higher than that of a control at 96 h post inoculation. Furthermore, the H2O2 produced and phenolic lignin converted in the system can significantly enhance the efficiency of ligninolytic enzymes, so a considerably increased enzyme activity was obtained by the synergistic action of electro-Fenton processes and white-rot fungi. 13C NMR spectroscopy revealed that aromatic structure units (103-162 ppm) were effectively degraded by the three fungi. This study shows that the combination of electro-Fenton processes and white-rot fungi treatment significantly improved the lignin degradation efficiency, which established a promising strategy for lignin degradation and valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Hou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
| | - Dandan Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China.,Huatai Group Corp. Ltd., Dongying, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Weifang Dong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
| | | | - Yan Li
- Langfang Meihua Biotechnology Development Co. Ltd., Langfang, China
| | - Lihua Zang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
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Zhao J, Jia D, Chi Y, Yao K. Co-metabolic enzymes and pathways of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid degradation by Aspergillus oryzae M-4. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 189:109953. [PMID: 31759741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As an intermediate metabolite of pyrethroids, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) is more toxic than its parent compounds and has been detected in milk, soil, and human urine. 3-PBA can be metabolized through microbial degradation, but the microbial co-metabolic enzymes and pathways involved in 3-PBA degradation are unclear. This study investigated the enzymes types and possible pathways in the co-metabolic degradation of 3-PBA by Aspergillus oryzae M-4. The enzymes involved in co-metabolic degradation of 3-PBA and its intermediate metabolites were induced, and existed extracellularly and intracellularly except the catechol-degrading enzyme. Inhibitors and inducers of these oxidases were used to examine the enzymes required for co-metabolic degradation of 3-PBA and its intermediate metabolites. 3-PBA is hydroxylated to produce 3-hydroxy-5-phenoxy benzoic acid through the catalytic actions of lignin peroxidase (LiP). Phenol and gallic acid, the metabolites of 3-PBA, are produced via cleavage of an ether bond under the catalytic actions of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and LiP. Phenol can be converted to catechol by LiP; catechol and gallic acid are cleaved to form long-chain olefin acid or olefin aldehyde by dioxygenase and LiP. In corn flour, some of these enzyme activators such as FeCl3, 4-cumaric acid, veratryl alcohol and sodium periodate appeared to improve 3-PBA degradation. The results provide a reliable pathway and characteristics for co-metabolic microbial degradation of 3-PBA in food and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Zhao
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Dongying Jia
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yuanlong Chi
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Kai Yao
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
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Fernandes JMC, Sousa RMOF, Fraga I, Sampaio A, Amaral C, Bezerra RMF, Dias AA. Fungal biodegradation and multi-level toxicity assessment of vinasse from distillation of winemaking by-products. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124572. [PMID: 31422312 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The wastewaters from distilleries of winemaking by-products, a scarcely studied type of vinasse, were treated by white-rot fungal strains from species Irpex lacteus, Ganoderma resinaceum, Trametes versicolor, Phlebia rufa and Bjerkandera adusta. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate fungal performance during vinasse biodegradation, their enzyme patterns and ecotoxicity evolution throughout treatment. Despite all strains were able to promote strong (>80%) dephenolization and reduction of total organic carbon (TOC), P. rufa was less affected by vinasse toxicity and exhibit better decolorization. In batch cultures at 28 °C and pH 4.0, the first phase of P. rufa biodegradation kinetics was characterized by strong metabolic activity with simultaneous depletion of TOC, phenolics and sugars. The main events of second phase are the increase of peroxidases production after the peak of laccase activity, and strong color removal. At the end of treatment, it was observed highly significant (p < 0.001) abatement of pollution parameters (83-100% removal). Since water reclamation and reuse for e.g. crop irrigation is a priority issue, vinasse ecotoxicity was assessed with bioindicators representing three different phylogenetic and trophic levels: a marine bacterium (Aliivibrio fischeri), a freshwater microcrustacean (Daphnia magna) and a dicotyledonous macrophyte (Lepidium sativum). It was observed significant (p < 0.05) reduction of initial vinasse toxicity, as evaluated by these bioindicators, deserving special mention an almost complete phytotoxicity elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M C Fernandes
- CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD - Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rose Marie O F Sousa
- CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD - Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Irene Fraga
- CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD - Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Sampaio
- CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD - Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carla Amaral
- CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD - Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rui M F Bezerra
- CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD - Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Albino A Dias
- CITAB - Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, UTAD - Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
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15
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Biodegradation of Residues from the Palo Santo (Bursera graveolens) Essential Oil Extraction and Their Potential for Enzyme Production Using Native Xylaria Fungi from Southern Ecuador. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation5030076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The degradation dynamics of lignin and cellulose were analyzed by means of a solid state biodegradation experiment, using residues from the essential oil extraction of the Palo Santo tree (Bursera graveolens). As such, two native Xylaria spp. and an exotic mushroom Trametes versicolor were incubated on the spent substrate (Residues of B. Graveolens, BGR’s). The relatively high lignin and cellulose contents of the BGRs (9.1% and 19%, respectively) indicated the potential of this resource for the production of methane (biogas) and ethanol. However, the degradation of the lignin and cellulose content could be traced back to the relatively high activity of the enzymes laccase, cellulase, and xylanase, produced by the fungi. The results showed that laccase (30.0 U/L and 26.6 U/L), cellulase (27.3 U/L and 35.8 U/L) and xylanase (189.7U/L and 128.3 U/L) activities of Xylaria feejeensis and Xylaria cf. microceras were generally higher than T. versicolor (9.0 U/L, 29.5 U/L, 99.5 U/L respectively). Furthermore, the total carbon (TC: 47.3%), total nitrogen (TN: 1.5%), total phosphorus (TP: 0.2%) and total potassium (TK: 1.2%) dynamics were analyzed during the experiment and their importance for the degradation process highlighted. The results of this work might serve as guidance for future studies in dry forest areas, while furthering the understanding of the potential use of native fungi as ecologic lignocellulosic decomposers and for industrial proposes.
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17
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Ding C, Wang X, Li M. Evaluation of six white-rot fungal pretreatments on corn stover for the production of cellulolytic and ligninolytic enzymes, reducing sugars, and ethanol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5641-5652. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09884-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cultivation of Medicinal Mushroom Biomass by Solid-State Bioprocessing in Bioreactors. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 169:3-25. [PMID: 30828755 DOI: 10.1007/10_2019_89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Basidiomycetes of various species and their wide range of pharmaceutically interesting products in the last decades represent one of the most attractive groups of natural products in Asia and North America. Production of fungal fruit bodies using farming technology is hardly covering the market. Comprehensive solid-state technologies and bioreactors are the most promising part for fast and large amount of cultivation of medicinal fungi biomass and its pharmaceutically active products. Wood, agriculture, and food industry wastes represent the main substrates that are in this process delignified and enriched in proteins and highly valuable pharmaceutically active compounds. Research in physiology, basic and applied studies in fungal metabolism, process engineering aspects, and clinical studies in the last two decades represent large contribution to the development of these potentials that initiate the development of new drugs and some of the most attractive over-the-counter human and veterinary remedies. Present article is an overview of the achievements in solid-state technology of the most relevant medicinal mushroom species production in bioreactors. Graphical Abstract.
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Ferreira DSS, Kato RB, Miranda FM, da Costa Pinheiro K, Fonseca PLC, Tomé LMR, Vaz ABM, Badotti F, Ramos RTJ, Brenig B, Azevedo VADC, Benevides RG, Góes-Neto A. Draft genome sequence of Trametes villosa (Sw.) Kreisel CCMB561, a tropical white-rot Basidiomycota from the semiarid region of Brazil. Data Brief 2018; 18:1581-1587. [PMID: 29904660 PMCID: PMC5998210 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we present the draft genome of Trametes villosa isolate CCMB561, a wood-decaying Basidiomycota commonly found in tropical semiarid climate. The genome assembly was 57.98 Mb in size with an L50 of 691. A total of 16,711 putative protein-encoding genes was predicted, including 590 genes coding for carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy), directly involved in the decomposition of lignocellulosic materials. This is the first genome of this species of high interest in bioenergy research. The draft genome of Trametes villosa isolate CCMB561 will provide an important resource for future investigations in biofuel production, bioremediation and other green technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo Bentes Kato
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Biological Sciences, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Fábio Malcher Miranda
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Biological Sciences, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
- Federal University of Pará, Computer Science Graduate Program, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiz Marcelo Ribeiro Tomé
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Biological Sciences, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Aline Bruna Martins Vaz
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Biological Sciences, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Badotti
- Federal Center of Technological Education of Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG 30421-169, Brazil
| | | | - Bertram Brenig
- University of Göttingen, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Burckhardtweg 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Raquel Guimarães Benevides
- State University of Feira de Santana, Departament of Biological Science, Feira de Santana, BA 44036-900, Brazil
| | - Aristóteles Góes-Neto
- State University of Feira de Santana, Departament of Biological Science, Feira de Santana, BA 44036-900, Brazil
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Biological Sciences, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
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20
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Nayan N, Sonnenberg A, Hendriks W, Cone J. Screening of white‐rot fungi for bioprocessing of wheat straw into ruminant feed. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:468-479. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Nayan
- Animal Nutrition Group Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands
- Plant Breeding Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - A.S.M. Sonnenberg
- Plant Breeding Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - W.H. Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - J.W. Cone
- Animal Nutrition Group Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands
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21
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Wyman V, Henríquez J, Palma C, Carvajal A. Lignocellulosic waste valorisation strategy through enzyme and biogas production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 247:402-411. [PMID: 28961446 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic wastes are generally pre-treated to facilitate the hydrolysis stage during the anaerobic digestion process. A process consisting of solid state fermentation carried out by white rot fungi and anaerobic digestion was evaluated on corn stover to produce ligninolytic enzymes and biogas. The enzyme production was quantified every 3d for a month at 30°C, and three fungal strains and two particle sizes of waste were compared. Of the main outcomes, Pleurotus eryngii produced the highest laccase enzyme activity compared with Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes versicolor. Furthermore, this activity was improved by 16% when copper was used as an enzyme inducer. On the other hand, most of the conditions studied showed a decrease in maximum biogas production compared with untreated waste, the addition of copper decreased biogas production by 20%. Despite the above, Pleurotus eryngii showed promising results allowing a 19% increase of biogas production and high enzyme production values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Wyman
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 3939, Santiago, Chile
| | - Josefa Henríquez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 3939, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolyn Palma
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 3939, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Carvajal
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 3939, Santiago, Chile.
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22
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Webb C. Design Aspects of Solid State Fermentation as Applied to Microbial Bioprocessing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.15406/jabb.2017.04.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Andrade E, Pinheiro V, Gonçalves A, Cone JW, Marques G, Silva V, Ferreira L, Rodrigues M. Potential use of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) stover treated with white-rot fungi as rabbit feed. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:4386-4390. [PMID: 28432679 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignin inhibitory effects within the cell wall structure constitute a serious drawback in maximizing the utilization of fibrous feedstuffs in animal feeding. Therefore treatments that promote efficient delignification of these materials must be applied. This study evaluated the potential of white-rot fungi to upgrade the nutritive value of cowpea stover for rabbit feeding. RESULTS There was an increase in the crude protein content of all substrates as a result of fungi treatments, reaching a net gain of 13% for Pleurotus citrinopileatus incubation. Overall, net losses of dry and organic matter occurred during fungi treatments. Although the fiber content remained identical, higher consumption of cell wall contents was measured for P. citrinopileatus incubation (between 40 and 45%). The incubation period did not influence lignin degradation for any of the fungi treatments. Differences within the fungal degradation mechanisms indicate that P. citrinopileatus treatment was most effective, enhancing in vitro organic matter digestibility by around 30% compared with the control. CONCLUSION Treatment of cowpea stover with P. citrinopileatus led to an efficient delignification process which resulted in higher in vitro organic matter digestibility, showing its potential in the nutritional valorization of this feedstuff. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ederson Andrade
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, Brazil
- Department of Animal Science, The Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD-CECAV), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Victor Pinheiro
- Department of Animal Science, The Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD-CECAV), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Gonçalves
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD-CITAB), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - John W Cone
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guilhermina Marques
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD-CITAB), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Valéria Silva
- Department of Animal Science, The Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD-CECAV), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luis Ferreira
- Department of Animal Science, The Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD-CECAV), Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD-CITAB), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Miguel Rodrigues
- Department of Animal Science, The Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD-CECAV), Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD-CITAB), Vila Real, Portugal
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Promising cellulolytic fungi isolates for rice straw degradation. J Microbiol 2017; 55:711-719. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-017-6282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zhang W, Wu S, Cai L, Liu X, Wu H, Xin F, Zhang M, Jiang M. Improved Treatment and Utilization of Rice Straw by Coprinopsis cinerea. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 184:616-629. [PMID: 28831773 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2579-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most abundant renewable resources, rice straw is an attractive lignocellulosic material for animal feeding or for the production of biochemical. An appropriate pre-treatment technique is essential for converting rice straw to rich fodder or biofuel. Based on previous work, Coprinopsis cinerea can grow on rice straw medium and therefore it is useful for the treatment of rice straw. However, little is known regarding its degradation systems and nutrition values. In this study, we firstly found that C. cinerea could grow rapidly on rice straw without any additives by the production of a series of enzymes (laccase, cellulase, and xylanase) and that the microstructure and contents of rice straw changed significantly after being treated by C. cinerea. We propose that a possible underlying mechanism exists in the degradation. Moreover, C. cinerea has a high nutrition value (23.5% crude protein and 22.2% total amino acids). Hence, fermented rice straw with mycelium could be a good animal feedstuff resource instead of expensive forage. The direct usage of C. cinerea treatment is expected to be a practical, cost-effective, and environmental-friendly approach for enhancing the nutritive value and digestibility of rice straw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China
| | - Sihua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyin Cai
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Karlsruher, Germany
| | - Xiaole Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengxue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China.
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Pukou District, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Nayan N, Sonnenberg ASM, Hendriks WH, Cone JW. Differences between two strains of Ceriporiopsis subvermispora on improving the nutritive value of wheat straw for ruminants. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:352-361. [PMID: 28517113 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study evaluated differences between two strains of Ceriporiopsis subvermispora on improving the nutritive value and in vitro degradability of wheat straw. METHODS AND RESULTS Wheat straw was treated with the fungi for 7 weeks. Weekly samples were analysed for ergosterol content, in vitro gas production (IVGP), chemical composition and lignin-degrading enzyme activity. Ergosterol data showed CS1 to have a faster initial growth than CS2 and reaching a stationary phase after 3 weeks. The IVGP of CS1-treated wheat straw exceeded the control earlier than CS2 (4 vs 5 weeks). CS1 showed a significantly higher (P < 0·001) selectivity in lignin degradation compared to CS2. Both strains showed peak activity of laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP) at week 1. CS1 showed a significantly higher (P < 0·001) laccase activity, but lower (P = 0·008) MnP activity compared to CS2. CONCLUSION Both CS strains improved the nutritive value of wheat straw. Variation between strains was clearly demonstrated by their growth pattern and enzyme activities. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The differences among the two strains provide an opportunity for future selection and breeding programs in improving the extent and selectivity of lignin degradation in agricultural biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nayan
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A S M Sonnenberg
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - W H Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J W Cone
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Wang CC, Lin LJ, Chao YP, Chiang CJ, Lee MT, Chang SC, Yu B, Lee TT. Antioxidant molecular targets of wheat bran fermented by white rot fungi and its potential modulation of antioxidative status in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:262-271. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1280772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. C. Wang
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - L. J. Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Y. P. Chao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - C. J. Chiang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - M. T. Lee
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - S. C. Chang
- Kaohsiung Animal Propagation Station, Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - B. Yu
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - T. T. Lee
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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de Araújo Conceição T, Koblitz MGB, Kamida HM, Góes-Neto A. Study of the Production of <i>Lentinus crinitus</i> (L.) Fr. Lignolytic Enzymes Grown on Agro-Industrial Waste. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2017.88019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Palli L, Gullotto A, Tilli S, Caniani D, Gori R, Scozzafava A. Biodegradation of 2-naphthalensulfonic acid polymers by white-rot fungi: Scale-up into non-sterile packed bed bioreactors. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 164:120-127. [PMID: 27587355 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a first scale up under non-sterile conditions of the biodegradation process of 2-naphthalensulfonic acid polymers (NSAP) contained in a petrochemical wastewater by two white-rot fungi (Bjerkandera adusta and Pleurotus ostreatus). The biodegradation experiment was conducted first in flasks and then in packed-bed bioreactors filled with inert and biodegradable carriers (straw), the latter acting as both physical support and carbon source. Reactor inoculated with P. ostreatus attached on straw worked under non-sterile conditions for three months showing 30 ± 5% NSAP degradation. Respirometric tests showed that the fungal treatment was also able to significantly increase the biodegradable fraction of the wastewater COD, which rose from 9% to 40%. It was observed that the fungal degradation of the straw in the bed releases non-biodegradable by-products. Taking into account this contribution to nbCOD, the combined treatment of fungi and activated sludge could theoretically be able to reduce the original COD by up to 73%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Palli
- School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Florence, Via Santa Marta 3, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Antonella Gullotto
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Tilli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Donatella Caniani
- School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Riccardo Gori
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Florence, Via Santa Marta 3, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Scozzafava
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
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Su Y, Xian H, Shi S, Zhang C, Manik SMN, Mao J, Zhang G, Liao W, Wang Q, Liu H. Biodegradation of lignin and nicotine with white rot fungi for the delignification and detoxification of tobacco stalk. BMC Biotechnol 2016; 16:81. [PMID: 27871279 PMCID: PMC5117543 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-016-0311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco stalk is one kind of abundant crop residues in China. The high lignification of tobacco stalk increases its reusing cost and the existing of nicotine will cause serious pollution. The biodegradation of lignocellulosic biomass has been demonstrated to be an environmental and economical approach for the utilization of plant stalk. Meanwhile, many nicotine-degrading microorganisms were found in nature. However, microorganisms which could degraded both nicotine and lignin haven't been reported. Therefore, it's imperative to find some suitable microorganisms to break down lignin and simultaneously remove nicotine in tobacco stalk. RESULTS The nicotine in tobacco stalk could be degraded effectively by Trametes versicolor, Trametes hirsute and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The nicotine content in tobacco stalk was lowered to below 500 mg/kg (a safe concentration to environment) after 10 days of fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trametes versicolor, and 15 days with Trametes hirsute. The degradation rate of lignin in the fermented tobacco stalk was 37.70, 51.56 and 53.75% with Trametes versicolor, Trametes hirsute and Phanerochaete chrysosporium, respectively. Meanwhile, 24.28% hemicellulose was degraded by Phanerochaete chrysosporium and 28.19% cellulose was removed by Trametes hirsute. Through the enzyme activity analysis, the main and highest ligninolytic enzymes produced by Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trametes hirsute and Trametes versicolor were lignin peroxidase (88.62 U · L-1), manganese peroxidase (100.95 U · L-1) and laccase (745.65 U · L-1). Meanwhile, relatively high and stable cellulase activity was also detected during the fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and the highest endoglucanase, exoglucanase and filter paper enzyme activities were 0.38 U · mL-1, 0.45 U · mL-1 and 0.35U · mL-1, respectively. Moreover, the products in the fermentation of tobacco stalk with P. chrysosporium were identified with GC-MS, besides the chemicals produced in the degradation of lignin and nicotine, some small molecular valuable chemicals and fatty acid were also detected. CONCLUSIONS Our study developed a new method for the degradation and detoxification of tobacco stalk by fermentation with white rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trametes hirsute. The different oxidative enzymes and chemical products detected during the degradation indicated a possible pathway for the utilization of tobacco stalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Su
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
| | - He Xian
- Qingdao No.9 High School, Qingdao, 266012 Shandong Province China
| | - Sujuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Chengsheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
| | - S. M. Nuruzzaman Manik
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Weihong Liao
- Shandong Lukang Drugs Group, Jining, 272001 China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
| | - Haobao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 People’s Republic of China
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Ma JF, Yang HY, Kun W, Liu XE. Structural modification of hemicelluloses and lignin based on the biorefinery process with white-rot fungal. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 153:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Recovery of Phenolic Acid and Enzyme Production from Corn Silage Biologically Treated by Trametes versicolor. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 181:948-960. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2261-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Baltierra-Trejo E, Silva-Espino E, Márquez-Benavides L, Sánchez-Yáñez JM. Inducción de la degradación de lignina de paja de trigo en aromáticos por Aspergillus spp. y Penicillium chrysogenum. JOURNAL OF THE SELVA ANDINA RESEARCH SOCIETY 2016. [DOI: 10.36610/j.jsars.2016.070100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Xie C, Luo W, Li Z, Yan L, Zhu Z, Wang J, Hu Z, Peng Y. Secretome analysis of Pleurotus eryngii reveals enzymatic composition for ramie stalk degradation. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:310-20. [PMID: 26525014 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Pleurotus eryngii (P. eryngii) can secrete large amount of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes to degrade lignocellulosic biomass. In spite of several researches on the individual lignolytic enzymes, a direct deconstruction of lignocellulose by enzyme mixture is not yet possible. Identifying more high-performance enzymes or enzyme complexes will lead to efficient in vitro lignocelluloses degradation. In this report, secretomic analysis was used to search for the new or interesting enzymes for lignocellulose degradation. Besides, the utilization ability of P. eryngii to ramie stalk substrate was evaluated from the degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in medium and six extracellular enzymes activities during different growth stages were discussed. The results showed that a high biological efficiency of 71% was obtained; cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin decomposition rates of P. eryngii were 29.2, 26.0, and 51.2%, respectively. Enzyme activity showed that carboxymethyl cellulase, xylanase, laccase, and peroxidase activity peaks appeared at the primordial initiation stage. In addition, we profiled a global view of the secretome of P. eryngii cultivated in ramie stalk media to understand the mechanism behind lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis. Eighty-seven nonredundant proteins were identified and a diverse group of enzymes, including cellulases, hemicellulases, pectinase, ligninase, protease, peptidases, and phosphatase implicated in lignocellulose degradation were found. In conclusion, the information in this report will be helpful to better understand the lignocelluloses degradation mechanisms of P. eryngii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunliang Xie
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Wei Luo
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Zhimin Li
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Li Yan
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Zuohua Zhu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Zhenxiu Hu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yuande Peng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, P. R. China
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35
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Baltierra-Trejo E, Sánchez-Yáñez JM, Buenrostro-Delgado O, Márquez-Benavides L. Production of short-chain fatty acids from the biodegradation of wheat straw lignin by Aspergillus fumigatus. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 196:418-425. [PMID: 26263005 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The wheat straw lignin-rich fraction (WSLig-RF) can be used as a raw material for the production of metabolites for industrial use if ligninolytic mitosporic fungi are used for its biodegradation into aromatics and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs, i.e., SCFA2-6). Although methods for the production of SCFA2-6 have been described previously, quantitative data of SCFA2-6 production have not been reported. The objectives of this study were to investigate the biodegradation of different concentrations of WSLig-RF by Aspergillus fumigatus and to identify whether SCFA2-6 production was dependent on the concentration of aromatics. A. fumigatus generated 2805mgL(-1) acetic acid when mixed with WSLig-RF at a concentration of 20gL(-1). Thus, aromatics are a substrate for the biosynthesis of SCFA2-6, and their production depends on the concentration of WSLig-RF aromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Baltierra-Trejo
- Solid Waste and Energy Efficiency Research Group IIAF - Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58302 Morelia, Mexico; Environmental Microbiology Research Group IIQB - Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58040 Morelia, Mexico
| | - Juan Manuel Sánchez-Yáñez
- Environmental Microbiology Research Group IIQB - Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58040 Morelia, Mexico
| | - Otoniel Buenrostro-Delgado
- Solid Waste and Energy Efficiency Research Group IIAF - Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58302 Morelia, Mexico
| | - Liliana Márquez-Benavides
- Solid Waste and Energy Efficiency Research Group IIAF - Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58302 Morelia, Mexico; Mexican Society of Science and Technology Applied to Solid Waste, Av. Cuauhtémoc 403, Col. Roma Norte, Delegación Cuauhtémoc, D.F., C.P. 06700, Mexico.
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36
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Pedri ZC, Lozano LMS, Hermann KL, Helm CV, Peralta RM, Tavares LBB. Influence of nitrogen sources on the enzymatic activity and grown by Lentinula edodes in biomass Eucalyptus benthamii. BRAZ J BIOL 2015; 75:940-7. [PMID: 26675911 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.03214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulose is the most abundant environmental component and a renewable organic resource in soil. There are some filamentous fungi which developed the ability to break down and use cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin as an energy source. The objective of this research was to analyze the effect of three nitrogen resources (ammonium sulfate, saltpetre, soybean) in the holocellulolitic activity of Lentinula edodes EF 50 using as substrate sawdust E. benthamii. An experimental design mixture was applied with repetition in the central point consisting of seven treatments (T) of equal concentrations of nitrogen in ammonium sulfate, potassium nitrate and soybean. The enzymatic activity of avicelase, carboxymetilcellulase, β-glucosidase, xylanases and manganese peroxidase was determined. The humidity, pH, water activity (aw) and qualitative analysis of mycelial growth in 8 times of cultivation were evaluated. The results showed negative effect on enzyme production in treatments with maximum concentration of ammonium sulfate and potassium nitrate. The treatments with cooked soybean flour expressed higher enzymatic activities in times of 3, 6 and 9 days of culture, except in the activity of manganese peroxidase. The highest production was observed in the treatment with ammonium sulfate, and soybean (83.86 UI.L-1) at 20 days of cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z C Pedri
- Programa de Pós-graduação, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - L M S Lozano
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - K L Hermann
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - C V Helm
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Colombo, PR, Brazil
| | - R M Peralta
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - L B B Tavares
- Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
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37
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Baltierra-Trejo E, Márquez-Benavides L, Sánchez-Yáñez JM. Inconsistencies and ambiguities in calculating enzyme activity: The case of laccase. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 119:126-31. [PMID: 26459230 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Laccase is a key enzyme in the degradation of lignin by fungi. Reports indicate that the activity of this enzyme ranges from 3.5 to 484,000 U L(-1). Our aim was to analyze how laccase activity is calculated in the literature, and to determine statistically whether variations in activity are due to biological properties or to inconsistencies in calculation. We found a general lack of consensus on the definition of enzyme activity, and enzymes are sometimes characterized in terms of reaction rate and specific activity. Moreover, enzyme activity is calculated using at least seven different equations. Therefore, it is critical to standardize the calculation of laccase activity in order to compare results directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Baltierra-Trejo
- Solid Waste Research Group IIAF-Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58302 Morelia-México; Environmental Microbiology Research Group IIQB-Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58040 Morelia-México
| | - Liliana Márquez-Benavides
- Solid Waste Research Group IIAF-Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58302 Morelia-México; Mexican Society of Science and Technology Applied to Solid Waste, Av. Cuauhtémoc 403, Col. Roma Norte, Delegación Cuauhtémoc, D.F., 06700 México
| | - Juan Manuel Sánchez-Yáñez
- Environmental Microbiology Research Group IIQB-Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58040 Morelia-México.
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Manavalan T, Manavalan A, Thangavelu KP, Heese K. Characterization of a novel endoglucanase from Ganoderma lucidum. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 55:761-71. [PMID: 25895101 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the production and characterization of endoglucanase from Ganoderma lucidum using different lignocellulose biomasses. We purified a novel carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) hydrolyzing endoglucanase from the white-rot fungus G. lucidum when the medium was supplemented with 1% (w/v) wheat bran. Endoglucanase was purified 12.5-fold via ammonium sulfate fractionation, Sephadex G-100, and Q-Sepharose column chromatography with a final yield of 15%. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that the endoglucanase had a molecular mass of 64.0 kDa. The optimal activity of purified endoglucanase was at pH 5.0 and 35 °C, though it was stable between pH 4.0-7.0 and temperatures of 30-60 °C. The purified enzyme was specific to CMC as a suitable substrate. The metal ions Hg(2+), Fe(2+), and Cr(2+) inhibited enzyme activity, while Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and Mn(2+) enhanced enzyme activity. The endoglucanase showed high activity and stability in the presence of different surfactants and non-polar hydrophobic organic solvents. This endoglucanase is tolerant to high temperature, metal ions, surfactants, and solvents, suggesting that it is appropriate for use in biomass conversion for biofuel production under harsh environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamilvendan Manavalan
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arulmani Manavalan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Institute of Advanced Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | - Klaus Heese
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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39
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Characterization of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes from White-Rot Fungi. Curr Microbiol 2014; 70:485-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0743-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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40
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Oliver CM, Mawson R, Melton LD, Dumsday G, Welch J, Sanguansri P, Singh TK, Augustin MA. Sequential low and medium frequency ultrasound assists biodegradation of wheat chaff by white rot fungal enzymes. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 111:183-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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41
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Laccase applications in biofuels production: current status and future prospects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6525-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5810-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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42
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Gai YP, Zhang WT, Mu ZM, Ji XL. Involvement of ligninolytic enzymes in degradation of wheat straw by Trametes trogii. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:85-95. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y.-P. Gai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology; Shandong Agricultural University; Taian Shan-dong China
| | - W.-T. Zhang
- College of Forestry; Shandong Agricultural University; Taian Shandong China
| | - Z.-M. Mu
- College of Forestry; Shandong Agricultural University; Taian Shandong China
| | - X.-L. Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology; Shandong Agricultural University; Taian Shan-dong China
- College of Forestry; Shandong Agricultural University; Taian Shandong China
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Salmon DNX, Spier MR, Soccol CR, Vandenberghe LPDS, Weingartner Montibeller V, Bier MCJ, Faraco V. Analysis of inducers of xylanase and cellulase activities production by Ganoderma applanatum LPB MR-56. Fungal Biol 2014; 118:655-62. [PMID: 25110128 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript describes the analysis of the effect of cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), xylan, and xylose as inducers of cellulase and xylanase activity production by Ganoderma applanatum MR-56 and the optimization of their production in liquid cultures by statistical methods. The Plackett-Burman screening design was applied to identify the most significant inducers of xylanase and cellulase activities production by G. applanatum MR-56. The most significant effect on xylanase and cellulase activities production was exercised by cellulose, even if xylose and CMC were also effective at some times. The combined effect of cellulose, yeast extract, and pH was analyzed by a 2(3) factorial experimental design with four central points that showed that the maximum tested cellulose (1 % w/v) and yeast extract (5 g L(-1)) concentrations gave the maximum production of xylanase (8.24 U mL(-1)) and cellulase (3.29 U mL(-1)) activity at pH 6 and 4, respectively. These values achieved for cellulase and xylanase activity represent 12-25 fold and 36 fold higher values than the maximum so far reported for other strains of G. applanatum, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Naomi Xavier Salmon
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos Avenue, 210, 81531-990 Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Michele Rigon Spier
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos Avenue, 210, 81531-990 Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ricardo Soccol
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos Avenue, 210, 81531-990 Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Luciana Porto de Souza Vandenberghe
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos Avenue, 210, 81531-990 Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Valesca Weingartner Montibeller
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos Avenue, 210, 81531-990 Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Mário César Jucoski Bier
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos Avenue, 210, 81531-990 Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Vincenza Faraco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy.
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Ji L, Yang J, Fan H, Yang Y, Li B, Yu X, Zhu N, Yuan H. Synergy of crude enzyme cocktail from cold-adapted Cladosporium cladosporioides Ch2-2 with commercial xylanase achieving high sugars yield at low cost. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2014; 7:130. [PMID: 25254072 PMCID: PMC4172917 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-014-0130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficiency and cost of current lignocellulosic enzymes still limit the large-scale production of cellulosic ethanol in industry. Residual lignin after pretreatment severely depresses the activity of polysaccharide hydrolases and the h ydrolysis of holocellulose. If we include in hydrolase mixture construction the ligninase involved in lignin degradation, which mainly includes laccase, manganese peroxidases (MnP) and lignin peroxidase (LiP), it is feasible that this could greatly improve the fermentable sugars yield. RESULTS The psychrophilic lignocellulosic enzymes system of Cladosporium cladosporioides Ch2-2 including ligninase and polysaccharide hydrolases was suitable for selective delignification and efficient saccharification of biomass with wide thermal adaptability. The purified laccase was optimally active at 15°C and pH 3.5, exhibiting high thermostability over a broad range of temperatures (between 4 and 40°C). In addition, manganese-independent peroxidase (MIP), a special type of ligninase with the capacity to oxidize dimethyl phthalate (DMP) in the absence of H2O2 and Mn(2+), was optimally active at 20°C and pH 2.5, exhibiting high thermostability over a broad range of temperatures (4 and 28°C), while depressed completely by Fe(2+) and essentially unaffected by EDTA. Synergy between Ch2-2 crude enzymes and commercial xylanase obviously enhanced biomass hydrolysis, which could take the place of expensive commercial cellulase mixture. The maximum value of synergistic degree reached 4.7 at 28°C, resulting in 10.1 mg/mL reducing sugars. CONCLUSIONS The psychrophilic enzymes system of C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 with a different synergistic mechanism has huge potential for the enhancement of biomass hydrolysis at mesophilic and low temperatures. The application scope of the lignocellulosic enzyme cocktail could be greatly enlarged by optimizing the operation conditions specific to the characteristics of ligninase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology and National Energy R & D Center for Non-food Biomass, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jinshui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology and National Energy R & D Center for Non-food Biomass, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Hua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology and National Energy R & D Center for Non-food Biomass, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology and National Energy R & D Center for Non-food Biomass, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Baozhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology and National Energy R & D Center for Non-food Biomass, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xuejian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology and National Energy R & D Center for Non-food Biomass, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ning Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology and National Energy R & D Center for Non-food Biomass, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Hongli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology and National Energy R & D Center for Non-food Biomass, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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Deswal D, Gupta R, Nandal P, Kuhad RC. Fungal pretreatment improves amenability of lignocellulosic material for its saccharification to sugars. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 99:264-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Frei M. Lignin: characterization of a multifaceted crop component. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:436517. [PMID: 24348159 PMCID: PMC3848262 DOI: 10.1155/2013/436517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is a plant component with important implications for various agricultural disciplines. It confers rigidity to cell walls, and is therefore associated with tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses and the mechanical stability of plants. In animal nutrition, lignin is considered an antinutritive component of forages as it cannot be readily fermented by rumen microbes. In terms of energy yield from biomass, the role of lignin depends on the conversion process. It contains more gross energy than other cell wall components and therefore confers enhanced heat value in thermochemical processes such as direct combustion. Conversely, it negatively affects biological energy conversion processes such as bioethanol or biogas production, as it inhibits microbial fermentation of the cell wall. Lignin from crop residues plays an important role in the soil organic carbon cycling, as it constitutes a recalcitrant carbon pool affecting nutrient mineralization and carbon sequestration. Due to the significance of lignin in several agricultural disciplines, the modification of lignin content and composition by breeding is becoming increasingly important. Both mapping of quantitative trait loci and transgenic approaches have been adopted to modify lignin in crops. However, breeding goals must be defined considering the conflicting role of lignin in different agricultural disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Frei
- Division of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crops, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten Straße 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Guo H, Chang J, Yin Q, Wang P, Lu M, Wang X, Dang X. Effect of the combined physical and chemical treatments with microbial fermentation on corn straw degradation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 148:361-365. [PMID: 24063818 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve corn straw degradation, steam explosion, sodium hydroxide soaking and Aspergillus oryzae fermentation were used. The optimal sodium hydroxide pretreatment condition for lignin degradation was obtained. The degradation rates of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin were 54.68%, 17.76% and 33.14% for the exploded straw (P<0.05); 67.92%, 2.44% (P>0.05) and 76.54% for the alkali-treated straw (P<0.05); 75.98%, 39.93% and 77.88% for the exploded and alkali-treated straw (P<0.05), respectively. The following microbial fermentation could degrade hemicellulose and cellulose further (P<0.05). Cellulase, amylase and protease activities produced during microbial fermentation in the pretreated corn straw were lower than that in the untreated one (P<0.05); however, glucose content was increased by microbial fermentation (P<0.05). It can be concluded that the combined treatments of steam explosion, sodium hydroxide and microbial fermentation will be a good method for straw degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Knežević A, Milovanović I, Stajić M, Lončar N, Brčeski I, Vukojević J, Cilerdžić J. Lignin degradation by selected fungal species. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 138:117-23. [PMID: 23612169 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As biological decomposition of plant biomass represents a popular alternative environmental-friendly and economically justified process, screening of ligninolytic enzyme systems of various fungal species is a topical study area. The goal of the study was to obtain clear insight into the dynamics of laccase, Mn-dependent peroxidase, and Mn-independent peroxidase activity and levels of wheat straw lignin degradation in seven wood-rotting fungi. The best laccase producers were Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii. Lenzites betulinus and Fomitopsis pinicola were the best Mn-dependent peroxidase producers, and P. ostreatus the weakest one. The peak of Mn-independent peroxidase was noted in Dichomytus squalens, and the minimum value in P. ostreatus. The profiles of the three enzymes, obtained by isoelectric focusing, were variable depending on the species and cultivation period. D. squalens was the best lignin degrader (34.1% of total lignin amount), and P. ostreatus and P. eryngii the weakest ones (7.1% and 14.5%, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Knežević
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Takovska 43, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Protein enrichment and digestion improvement of napiergrass and pangolagrass with solid-state fermentation. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2013; 46:171-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wang K, Yang H, Wang W, Sun RC. Structural evaluation and bioethanol production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with biodegraded triploid poplar. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2013; 6:42. [PMID: 23517540 PMCID: PMC3639831 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-6-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pretreatment is a key step to decrease the recalcitrance of lignocelluloses and then increase the digestibility of cellulose in second-generation bioethanol production. In this study, wood chips from triploid poplar were biopretreated with white rot fungus Trametes velutina D10149. The effects of incubation duration on delignification efficiency and structural modification of cellulose were comparably studied, as well as the digestibility of cellulose by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). RESULTS Although microbial pretreatments did not significantly introduce lignin degradation, the data from SSF exhibited higher cellulose conversion (21-75% for biopretreated samples for 4-16 weeks) as compared to the untreated poplar (18%). In spite of the essential maintain of crystallinity, the modification of lignin structure during fungal treatment undoubtedly played a key role in improving cellulose bioconversion rates. Finally, the ethanol concentration of 5.16 g/L was detected in the fermentation broth from the cellulosic sample biodegraded for 16 weeks after 24 h SSF, achieving 34.8% cellulose utilization in poplar. CONCLUSION The potential fungal pretreatment with Trametes velutina D10149 was firstly explored in this study. It is found that the biopretreatment process had a significant effect on the digestibility of substrate probably due to the removal and unit variation of lignin, since the crystallinities of substrates were rarely changed. Additional investigation is still required especially to improve the selectivity for lignin degradation and optimize the digestibility of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Institute of Biomass Chemistry and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Institute of Biomass Chemistry and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Run-cang Sun
- Institute of Biomass Chemistry and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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