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Wu S, Qi Y, Guo Y, Zhu Q, Pan W, Wang C, Sun H. The role of iron materials in the abiotic transformation and biotransformation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134594. [PMID: 38754233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), widely used as flame retardants, easily enter the environment, thus posing environmental and health risks. Iron materials play a key role during the migration and transformation of PBDEs. This article reviews the processes and mechanisms of adsorption, degradation, and biological uptake and transformation of PBDEs affected by iron materials in the environment. Iron materials can effectively adsorb PBDEs through hydrophobic interactions, π-π interactions, hydrogen/halogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, coordination interactions, and pore filling interactions. In addition, they are beneficial for the photodegradation, reduction debromination, and advanced oxidation degradation and debromination of PBDEs. The iron material-microorganism coupling technology affects the uptake and transformation of PBDEs. In addition, iron materials can reduce the uptake of PBDEs in plants, affecting their bioavailability. The species, concentration, and size of iron materials affect plant physiology. Overall, iron materials play a bidirectional role in the biological uptake and transformation of PBDEs. It is necessary to strengthen the positive role of iron materials in reducing the environmental and health risks caused by PBDEs. This article provides innovative ideas for the rational use of iron materials in controlling the migration and transformation of PBDEs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuwen Qi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yaxin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Weijie Pan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Cuiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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2
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Ma J, Li Y, Zhang X, Li J, Lin Q, Zhu Y, Ruan Z, Ni Z, Qiu R. Modified nano zero-valent iron coupling microorganisms to degrade BDE-209: Degradation pathways and microbial responses. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133378. [PMID: 38160554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in soil and groundwater have garnered considerable attention owing to the significant bioaccumulation potential and toxicity. Currently, the coupling treatment method of nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) with dehalogenation microorganisms is a research hotspot in the field of PBDE degradation. In this study, various systems were established within anaerobic environments, including the nZVI-only system, microorganism-only system, and the nZVI + microorganisms system. The aim was to investigate the degradation pathway of BDE-209 and elucidate the degradation mechanism within the coupled system. The results indicated that the degradation efficiency of the coupled system was better than that of the nZVI-only or microorganism-only system. Two modified nZVI (carboxymethyl cellulose and polyacrylamide) were prepared to improve the coupling degradation efficiency. CMC-nZVI showed the highest stability, and the coupled system consisting of microorganisms and CMC-nZVI showed the best degradation effect among all of the systems in this study, reaching 89.53% within 30 days. Furthermore, 22 intermediate products were detected in the coupling systems. Notably, changing the inoculation time did not significantly improve the degradation effect. The expression changes of the two reductive dehalogenase genes, e.g. TceA and Vcr, reflected the stress response and self-recovery ability of the dehalogenating bacteria, indicating such genes can be used as biomarker for evaluating the degradation performance of the coupling system. These findings provide a better understanding about the mechanism of coupling debromination process and the direction for the optimization and on-site repair of coupled systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yingping Li
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qingqi Lin
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yanping Zhu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhepu Ruan
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhuobiao Ni
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Sun Y, Xu Y, Wu H, Hou J. A critical review on BDE-209: Source, distribution, influencing factors, toxicity, and degradation. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 183:108410. [PMID: 38160509 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
As the most widely used polybrominated diphenyl ether, BDE-209 is commonly used in polymer-based commercial and household products. Due to its unique physicochemical properties, BDE-209 is ubiquitous in a variety of environmental compartments and can be exposed to organisms in various ways and cause toxic effects. The present review outlines the current state of knowledge on the occurrence of BDE-209 in the environment, influencing factors, toxicity, and degradation. BDE-209 has been detected in various environmental matrices including air, soil, water, and sediment. Additionally, environmental factors such as organic matter, total suspended particulate, hydrodynamic, wind, and temperature affecting BDE-209 are specifically discussed. Toxicity studies suggest BDE-209 may cause systemic toxic effects on living organisms, reproductive toxicity, embryo-fetal toxicity, genetic toxicity, endocrine toxicity, neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and developmental toxicity, or even be carcinogenic. BDE-209 has toxic effects on organisms mainly through epigenetic regulation and induction of oxidative stress. Evidence regarding the degradation of BDE-209, including biodegradation, photodegradation, Fenton degradation, zero-valent iron degradation, chemical oxidative degradation, and microwave radiation degradation is summarized. This review may contribute to assessing the environmental risks of BDE-209 to help develop rational management plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiong Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yanli Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Haodi Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jing Hou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
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Tonegawa S, Ishii K, Kaneko H, Habe H, Furuya T. Discovery of diphenyl ether-degrading Streptomyces strains by direct screening based on ether bond-cleaving activity. J Biosci Bioeng 2023; 135:474-479. [PMID: 36973095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Diphenyl ethers (DEs), which are widely used in the agricultural and chemical industries, have become hazardous contaminants in the environment. Although several DE-degrading bacteria have been reported, discovering new types of such microorganisms could enhance understanding of the degradation mechanism in the environment. In this study, we used a direct screening method based on detection of ether bond-cleaving activity to screen for microorganisms that degrade 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl ether (DHDE) as a model DE. Microorganisms isolated from soil samples were incubated with DHDE, and strains producing hydroquinone via ether bond cleavage were selected using hydroquinone-sensitive Rhodanine reagent. This screening procedure resulted in the isolation of 3 bacteria and 2 fungi that transform DHDE. Interestingly, all of the isolated bacteria belonged to one genus, Streptomyces. To our knowledge, these are the first microorganisms of the genus Streptomyces shown to degrade a DE. Streptomyces sp. TUS-ST3 exhibited high and stable DHDE-degrading activity. HPLC, LC-MS, and GC-MS analyses revealed that strain TUS-ST3 converts DHDE to its hydroxylated analogue and generates hydroquinone as an ether bond-cleavage product. Strain TUS-ST3 also transformed DEs other than DHDE. In addition, glucose-grown TUS-ST3 cells began to transform DHDE after incubation with this compound for 12 h, and produced 75 μM hydroquinone in 72 h. These activities of streptomycetes may play an important role in DE degradation in the environment. We also report the whole genome sequence of strain TUS-ST3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Tonegawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kanako Ishii
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kaneko
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Habe
- Environmental Management Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Toshiki Furuya
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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5
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Khan AUH, Naidu R, Dharmarajan R, Fang C, Shon H, Dong Z, Liu Y. The interaction mechanisms of co-existing polybrominated diphenyl ethers and engineered nanoparticles in environmental waters: A critical review. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:227-252. [PMID: 36182134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the occurrence and interactions of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in water systems and the generation of highly complex compounds in the environment. The release of ENPs and BFRs (e.g. PBDEs) to aquatic environments during their usage and disposal are summarised together with their key interaction mechanisms. The major interaction mechanisms including electrostatic, van der Waals, hydrophobic, molecular bridging and steric, hydrogen and π-bonding, cation bridging and ligand exchange were identified. The presence of ENPs could influence the fate and behaviour of PBDEs through the interactions as well as induced reactions under certain conditions which increases the formation of complex compounds. The interaction leads to alteration of behaviour for PBDEs and their toxic effects to ecological receptors. The intermingled compound (ENPs-BFRs) would show different behaviour from the parental ENPs or BFRs, which are currently lack of investigation. This review provided insights on the interactions of ENPs and BFRs in artificial, environmental water systems and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), which are important for a comprehensive risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Ul Haq Khan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Raja Dharmarajan
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Cheng Fang
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Hokyong Shon
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), City Campus, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Zhaomin Dong
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijging 100191, China
| | - Yanju Liu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), College of Engineering Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Tan Z, Yang X, Liu Y, Chen L, Xu H, Li Y, Gong B. The capability of chloramphenicol biotransformation of Klebsiella sp. YB1 under cadmium stress and its genome analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137375. [PMID: 36435315 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Co-contamination by antibiotics and heavy metal is common in the environment, however, there is scarce information about antibiotics biodegradation under heavy metals stress. In this study, Klebsiella sp. Strain YB1 was isolated which is capable of biodegrading chloramphenicol (CAP) with a biodegradation efficiency of 22.41% at an initial CAP of 10 mg L-1 within 2 days. CAP biodegradation which fitted well with the first-order kinetics. YB1 still degrades CAP under Cd stress, however 10 mg L-1 Cd inhibited CAP biodegradation by 15.1%. Biotransformation pathways remained the same under Cd stress, but two new products (Cmpd 19 and Cmpd 20) were identified. Five parallel metabolism pathways of CAP were proposed with/without Cd stress, including one novel pathway (pathway 5) that has not been reported before. In pathway 5, the initial reaction was oxidation of CAP by disruption of C-C bond at the side chain of C1 and C2 with the formation of 4-nitrobenzyl alcohol and CY7, then these intermediates were oxidized into p-nitrobenzoic acid and CY1, respectively. CAP acetyltransferase and nitroreductase and 2,3/4,5-dioxygenase may play an important role in CAP biodegradation through genome analysis and prediction. This study deepens our understanding of mechanism of antibiotic degradation under heavy metal stress in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewen Tan
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Xiuyue Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Yiling Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Lian Chen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Huijuan Xu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Beini Gong
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Joint Institute for Environment & Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China.
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Hu D, Wu J, Fan L, Li S, Jia R. Aerobic Degradation Characteristics and Mechanism of Decabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-209) Using Complex Bacteria Communities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:17012. [PMID: 36554891 PMCID: PMC9778866 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192417012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Complex bacteria communities that comprised Brevibacillus sp. (M1) and Achromobacter sp. (M2) with effective abilities of degrading decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) were investigated for their degradation characteristics and mechanisms under aerobic conditions. The experimental results indicated that 88.4% of 10 mg L-1 BDE-209 could be degraded after incubation for 120 h under the optimum conditions of pH 7.0, 30 °C and 15% of the inoculation volume, and the addition ratio of two bacterial suspensions was 1:1. Based on the identification of BDE-209 degradation products via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, the biodegradation pathway of BDE-209 was proposed. The debromination, hydroxylation, deprotonation, breakage of ether bonds and ring-opening processes were included in the degradation process. Furthermore, intracellular enzymes had the greatest contribution to BDE-209 biodegradation, and the inhibition of piperyl butoxide (PB) for BDE-209 degradation revealed that the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme was likely the key enzyme during BDE-209 degradation by bacteria M (1+2). Our study provided alternative ideas for the microbial degradation of BDE-209 by aerobic complex bacteria communities in a water system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingfan Hu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Juan Wu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Luosheng Fan
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Shunyao Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Rong Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
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8
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Biodegradation of Crystalline and Nonaqueous Phase Liquid-Dissolved ATRAZINE by Arthrobacter sp. ST11 with Cd2+ Resistance. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12121653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly isolated cadmium (Cd)-resistant bacterial strain from herbicides-polluted soil in China could use atrazine as the sole carbon, nitrogen, and energy source for growth in a mineral salt medium (MSM). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and physiochemical tests, the bacterium was identified as Arthrobacter sp. and named ST11. The biodegradation of atrazine by ST11 was investigated in experiments, with the compound present either as crystals or dissolved in di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) as a non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL). After 48 h, ST11 consumed 68% of the crystalline atrazine in MSM. After being dissolved in DEHP, the degradation ratio of atrazine was reduced to 55% under the same conditions. Obviously, the NAPL-dissolved atrazine has lower bioavailability than the crystalline atrazine. Cd2+ at concentrations of 0.05–1.5 mmol/L either had no effect (<0.3 mmol/L), slight effects (0.5–1.0 mmol/L), or significantly (1.5 mmol/L) inhibited the growth of ST11 in Luria-Bertani medium. Correspondingly, in the whole concentration range (0.05–1.5 mmol/L), Cd2+ promoted ST11 to degrade atrazine, whether crystalline or dissolved in DEHP. Refusal to adsorb Cd2+ may be the main mechanism of high Cd resistance in ST11 cells. These results may provide valuable insights for the microbial treatment of arable soil co-polluted by atrazine and Cd.
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Huo L, Zhao C, Gu T, Yan M, Zhong H. Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of BDE-47 by bacteria isolated from an e-waste-contaminated site and the effect of various additives. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133739. [PMID: 35085610 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Degradation experiments are conducted to specifically compare the degradation of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) by aerobic and anaerobic strains isolated from real e-waste sites contaminated by BDE-47. The effect of carbon sources, inducers and surfactants on the degradation was examined to strengthen such a comparison. An aerobic strain, B. cereus S1, and an anaerobic strain, A. faecalis S4, were obtained. The results indicated that BDE-47 could be used as the sole carbon source by B. cereus S1 and A. faecalis S4 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. The degradation of BDE-47 by B. cereus S1 and A. faecalis S4 was illustrated a first-order kinetics process obtaining a removal efficiency of 61.6% and 51.6% with a first-order rate constant of 0.0728 d-1 and 0.0514 d-1, and corresponding half-life of 8.7 d and 13.5 d, respectively. The addition of carbon sources (yeast extract, glucose, acetic acid and ethanol) and inducers (2,4-dichlorophenol, bisphenol A and toluene) promoted BDE-47 degradation by both B. cereus S1 and A. faecalis S4 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, while hydroquinone as the inducer inhibited the degradation. All of the surfactants tested (CTAB, Tween 80, Triton X-100, rhamnolipid and SDS) showed inhibitory effect. BDE-47 degradation by B. cereus S1 under aerobic condition was more efficient than A. faecalis S4 under anaerobic condition whether with or without the additives. The results of the study indicated that in the field sites contaminated by BDE-47, the aerobic condition can be more favorable for BDE-47 removal and the degradation can be further enhanced by applying suitable carbon sources and inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China
| | - Chenghao Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China
| | - Tianyuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China
| | - Ming Yan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China.
| | - Hua Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China.
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Chen X, Lin H, Dong Y, Li B, Yin T, Liu C. Simultaneous high-efficiency removal of sulfamethoxazole and zinc (II) from livestock and poultry breeding wastewater by a novel dual-functional bacterium, Bacillus sp. SDB4. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:6237-6250. [PMID: 34448142 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15804-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The complex mixtures of antibiotics and heavy metals are commonly existed in livestock and poultry breeding wastewater. Effective and simultaneous removal of these toxic compounds by microorganisms, especially single strains, remains a considerable challenge. In this study, a novel functional strain SDB4, isolated from duck manure and identified as Bacillus sp., has been shown to possess high removal capabilities for both sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and Zn2+. The maximum removal efficiency achieved 73.97% for SMX and 84.06% for Zn2+ within 48 h in the single pollution system. It has great potential for eliminating SMX along with Zn2+, 78.45% of SMX and 52.91% of Zn2+ were removed in the 20 mg·L-1 SMX and 100 mg·L-1 Zn2+ binary system. Furthermore, the SMX-biotransformation capability of SDB4 was enhanced at low concentrations of Zn2+ (below 100 mg·L-1). The SMX biotransformation and Zn2+ adsorption data fitted well with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model, indicating that the two pollutants were in accordance with the same removal rule. N4-acetyl-SMX was identified as the main stable transformation product during SMX removal. FTIR analyses revealed that OH, NH2, C=O, C-N/N-H, and C-O-C played major roles in the adsorption of Zn2+. Our study of the dually functioning strain SDB4 provides a potential application for the simultaneous biological removal of antibiotics and heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hai Lin
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Yingbo Dong
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Bing Li
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tingting Yin
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chenjing Liu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Resource-Oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Beijing, 100083, China
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Chen Q, Zhang X, Xie Q, Lee YH, Lee JS, Shi H. Microplastics habituated with biofilm change decabrominated diphenyl ether degradation products and thyroid endocrine toxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 228:112991. [PMID: 34798360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are rapidly colonized by microbial biofilms in a natural aquatic environment, and the nature of the microbial community and type of MP can result in different degradation products of organic pollutants. Here, we quantified the degradation products of a ubiquitously detected pollutant, decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209), under both light-only and biota conditions and in the absence or presence of three kinds of MPs, styrofoam polystyrene, hard polyamide, and polypropylene film. The results showed that the BDE-209 concentration increased by 0.7-2.8 fold in the presence of MPs, probably due to the "sustained release" desorption effect. Under light-only conditions, the penta- and hexa-BDE concentrations in the presence of styrofoam or hard MPs were significantly reduced, which can be deemed a beneficial effect. However, when biota were present, the debromination products increased with the addition of MPs, particularly in the presence of styrofoam MPs. These products caused a 1.7-fold upregulation in triiodothyronine content and a 5.9-fold upregulation of thyroid stimulating hormone β expression in zebrafish larvae. The increase in debromination products could be attributed to the distinct high abundance of the bacteria Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria, and Basidiomycotina on styrofoam MPs that can participate in pollutant degradation. Collectively, our results indicate that MPs can alter the degradation pathways of BDE-209 and increase the toxicity to the endocrine system and the thyroid in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiyang Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Qiang Xie
- School of Marine Sciences, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Young Hwan Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Huahong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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12
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Paliya S, Mandpe A, Kumar MS, Kumar S. Aerobic degradation of decabrominated diphenyl ether through a novel bacterium isolated from municipal waste dumping site: Identification, degradation and metabolic pathway. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 333:125208. [PMID: 33901911 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a novel bacterium capable of degrading BDE-209 aerobically was isolated from a municipal waste dumping site and identified as Bacillus tequilensis strain BDE-S1 through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A correlation between BDE-209 and bromide concentration, COD, TOC, and cell biomass was established. 65% of 50 mg/L initial concentration of BDE-209 was degraded within eight days of incubation by BDE-S1 strain. Two hexa, two penta, one tetra-BDE congener, and benzamide were detected as metabolites. The bromide release, COD, TOC and cell biomass were found to be significantly correlated parameters with BDE-209 degradation. Based on the metabolite analysis, ortho and meta debromination, cleavage of diphenyl ether bond and ring-opening were suggested as possible degradation pathways. This is the first study demonstrating the use of indigenously isolated Bacillus tequilensis strain BDE-S1 for aerobic degradation of BDE-209, which could provide new comprehension for bioremediation of PBDEs from contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Paliya
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Ashootosh Mandpe
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - M Suresh Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India.
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13
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Modeling cometabolism of hexavalent chromium by iron reducing bacteria in tertiary substrate system. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10864. [PMID: 34035332 PMCID: PMC8149721 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a bacterial strain Serratia sp. was employed for the reduction of synthetically prepared different concentration of Cr(VI) solution (10, 25, 40, 50 and 100 mg/L). Cometabolism study have been carried out in the binary substrate system as well as in the tertiary substrate system. The results revealed that when glucose was added as a co-substrate, at low Cr(VI) concentration, complete reduction was achieved followed by increased biomass growth, but when Cr(VI) concentration was increased to 100 mg/L, the reduction decline to 93%. But in presence of high carbon iron filings (HCIF) as co-substrate even at higher Cr(VI) concentration i.e. 100 mg/L, 100% reduction was achieved and the cell growth continued till 124 h. The study was illustrated via Monod growth kinetic model for tertiary substrate system and the kinetic parameters revealed that the HCIF and glucose combination showed least inhibition to hexavalent chromium reduction by Serratia sp.
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14
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Tang S, Yin H, Yu X, Chen S, Lu G, Dang Z. Transcriptome profiling of Pseudomonas aeruginosa YH reveals mechanisms of 2, 2', 4, 4'-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether tolerance and biotransformation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:124038. [PMID: 33265052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic degradation of 2, 2', 4, 4'-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-47) by Pseudomonas aeruginosa YH (P. aeruginosa YH) were investigated in this study. BDE-47 degradation was mainly through the biological action of intracellular enzymes, and the metabolites included debrominated metabolites (BDE-28 and BDE-7), hydroxylated metabolites (6-OH-BDE-47, 5-OH-BDE-47, 2'-OH-BDE-28 and 4'-OH-BDE-17), and brominated phenols (2,4-DBP and 4-BP). P. aeruginosa YH also exhibited exceptional ability to degrade intermediates, and the degradation rates of 50 μg/L BDE-28, BDE-7, and 2,4-DBP were 68.4%, 82.3% and 92.7% on the 5th day, separately. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that 991 genes were up-regulated, and 923 genes were down-regulated in P. aeruginosa YH after exposure to 0.5 mg/L BDE-47 (FDR ≤ 0.001, |log2Ratio| ≥ 1). The differentially expressed genes were related to transport, metabolism and stress response. Harf inhibitory concentration (IC50) of BDE-47 decreased from 167.5 mg/L to 68.4 mg/L when multidrug efflux pump was inactivated by 20 mg/L andrographolide, indicating that it helped the bacterial tolerance against BDE-47. Moreover, efflux pump inhibition would accelerate the adsorption of BDE-47. The adsorption rate obtained equilibrium at approximately 70% in 2 days, while 5 days in the control group. Degradation efficiency of 2 mg/L BDE-47 decreased from 26.8% to 13.9% when multidrug efflux was suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaolong Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
| | - Shuona Chen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guining Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
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15
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Li YJ, Li MH, Shih YH. Aerobic degradation and the effect of hexabromocyclododecane by soil microbial communities in Taiwan. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 145:106128. [PMID: 33011547 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is one of the most frequently used brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in the industries nowadays. Despite being listed as persistent organic pollutant (POP), it is still in use until 2025. Because of its bio-accumulative and toxic characteristics, the applicable remediation approach is required. The aim of this study is to identify the microbial community from soil with HBCD degradation ability. The soil suspension and soil samples from Chiang Chun Soil and River Bank Soil showed to degrade HBCD by 60% 4 days after treatment, the debromination ratio was around 60%, and the total HBCD removal ratio reached 70% and 77.9%, respectively. The HBCD debromination metabolites, and oxidation metabolites were identified by GC-MS. The microbial taxonomic diversity was observed with DGGE approach to evaluate the effect of HBCD of microbial community. Bacillus spp. and Clostridium spp. were identified as the dominant microbes in the Chiang Chun Soil, but the amount of Bacillus spp. were showed to be affected by HBCD. In conclusion, HBCD could be removed by the microbial consortium in soil under aerobic culturing condition by various metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jie Li
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hui Li
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Hsin Shih
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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16
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Zenteno-Rojas A, Martínez-Romero E, Castañeda-Valbuena D, Rincón-Molina CI, Ruíz-Valdiviezo VM, Meza-Gordillo R, Villalobos-Maldonado JJ, Vences-Guzmán MÁ, Rincón-Rosales R. Structure and diversity of native bacterial communities in soils contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls. AMB Express 2020; 10:124. [PMID: 32651884 PMCID: PMC7351888 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of high-risk synthetic substances for human and environmental health. Currently, the study of sites contaminated by the spillage of equipment PCBs containing have been considered targeted areas for the study of bacterial communities with potential for PCBs degradation. There in isolation of bacterial strains is vital for use in biodegradable processes, such as bacterial bioaugmentation, which accelerates the development of phenomena such as natural attenuation of contaminated sites. The objective of this study was to assess biodiversity of bacteria contained in anthropogenic contaminated soils (HS and HP) with PCBs compared to a control sample without contaminant and the modified forest (F) and agricultural (A) soil in the laboratory with 100 mg L−1 PCB. For the analysis of 16S rRNA genes amplified from DNA extracted from the soils evaluated, the latest generation of Illumina Miseq and Sanger sequencing for the cultivable strains were detected. The bacteria identified as the most abundant bacterial phyla for HS and HP soil was Proteobacteria (56.7%) and Firmicutes (22.9%), which decreased in F and A soils. The most abundant bacterial genera were Burkholderia, Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Comamonas and Cupriavidus. Several species identified in this study, such as Bacillus cereus, Burkholderia cepacia, Comamonas testosteroni and Acinetobacter pittii have been reported as PCBs degraders. Finally, by means of a principal component analysis (PCA), a correlation between the physical and chemical characteristics of the soils in relation to the relative abundances of the bacteria identified was obtained. The C/N ratio was directly related to the control soil (without contaminant), while SOM maintained a relationship with F and A soils and the bacterial abundances were directly related to Hs and Hp soils due to the presence of aroclor 1260. Bacteria with the ability to tolerate high concentrations of this pollutant are considered for future use in biostimulation and bioaugmentation processes in contaminated soils.
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Zhang K, Yang S, Luo H, Wang W, Wu X, Chen J, Chen W, Chen J. Aerobic biodegradation pathways of pentabromobiphenyl ethers (BDE-99) and enhanced degradation in membrane bioreactor system. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2020; 82:39-55. [PMID: 32910791 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A bacterial strain capable of efficiently degrading pentabromobiphenyl ether (BDE-99) was isolated from activated sludge and named as NLPSJ-22. This strain was highly close to Pseudomonas asplenii with 100% similarity. The degradation products of BDE-99 were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The biochemical degradation pathways analysis indicated that BDE-99 gradually transformed to diphenyl ether by meta-, para- and ortho-debromination. It became phenol under the action of ring-opening cracking and finally entered the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The degradation of BDE-99 by strain NLPSJ-22 conformed to the first-order reaction kinetics. Rhamnolipid significantly improved the cell-surface hydrophobicity and the degradation of BDE-99. The highest degradation efficiency (96%) was achieved when diphenyl ether as co-metabolic substrate was added. In the bioaugmentation membrane bioreactor (MBR) system, BDE-99 was intensively degraded, and the reactor reached a steady state in about 35 days. The degradation rate of BDE-99 was over 80%, which was significantly higher than that of the control system. MiSeq sequencing results indicated that the genera of Rhodococcus, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Sphingobium were the predominant bacterial communities responsible for BDE-99 biodegradation in the MBR. Pseudomonas increased significantly in the bioaugmented reactor with the relative abundance increasing from 5% to 24%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan 611830, China E-mail: ; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Siqiao Yang
- College of Civil Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan 611830, China E-mail:
| | - Hongbing Luo
- College of Civil Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan 611830, China E-mail:
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiangling Wu
- College of Civil Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan 611830, China E-mail:
| | - Jian Chen
- College of Civil Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan 611830, China E-mail:
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Civil Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan 611830, China E-mail:
| | - Jia Chen
- College of Civil Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Dujiangyan 611830, China E-mail:
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18
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Chang YT, Chao WL, Chen HY, Li H, Boyd SA. Characterization of a Sequential UV Photolysis-Biodegradation Process for Treatment of Decabrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Sorbent/Water Systems. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E633. [PMID: 32349399 PMCID: PMC7284435 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) is a primary component of the brominated flame retardants used in a variety of industrial and domestic applications. BDE-209 bioaccumulates in aquatic organisms and has been identified as an emerging contaminant that threatens human and ecosystem health. Sequential photolysis-microbial biodegradation processes were utilized here to treat BDE-209 in clay- or soil-water slurries. The removal efficiency of BDE-209 in the clay-water slurries was high; i.e., 96.5%, while that in the soil-water slurries was minimal. In the clay-water slurries the first order rate constants for the UV photolysis and biodegradation of BDE-209 were 0.017 1/day and 0.026 1/day, respectively. UV wavelength and intensity strongly influenced the BDE-209 photolysis and the subsequent biodegradation of photolytic products. Facultative chemotrophic bacteria, including Acidovorax spp., Pseudomonas spp., Novosphingobium spp. and Sphingomonas spp., were the dominant members of the bacterial community (about 71%) at the beginning of the biodegradation; many of these organisms have previously been shown to biodegrade BDE-209 and other polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners. The Achromobacter sp. that were isolated (NH-2; NH-4; NH-6) were especially effective during the BDE-209 degradation. These results indicated the effectiveness of the sequential UV photolysis and biodegradation for treating certain BDE-209-contaminated solids; e.g., clays; in bioreactors containing such solids as aqueous slurries. Achieving a similar treatment effectiveness for more heterogeneous solids containing natural organic matter, e.g., surface solids, appears to be significantly more difficult. Further investigations are needed in order to understand the great difference between the clay-water or soil-water slurries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tang Chang
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Shilin District, Taipei 11102, Taiwan; (W.-L.C.); (H.-Y.C.)
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Wei-Liang Chao
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Shilin District, Taipei 11102, Taiwan; (W.-L.C.); (H.-Y.C.)
| | - Hsin-Yu Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Shilin District, Taipei 11102, Taiwan; (W.-L.C.); (H.-Y.C.)
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Stephen A. Boyd
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
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19
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Yu Y, Yin H, Peng H, Lu G, Dang Z. Proteomic mechanism of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) biodegradation by Microbacterium Y2 and its potential in remediation of BDE-209 contaminated water-sediment system. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 387:121708. [PMID: 31806441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of BDE-209 degradation by Microbacterium Y2 under different condition was conducted. Cell membrane permeability, cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), membrane potential (MP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were altered under BDE-209 stress. Eleven debrominated congeners were identified, suggesting that BDE-209 biodegradation by Microbacterium Y2 was dominantly a successive debromination process. Proteome analysis showed that the overexpression of haloacid dehalogenases, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters might occupy important roles in BDE-209 biotransformation. Meanwhile, heat shock proteins (HSPs), ribonuclease E, oligoribonuclease (Orn) and ribosomal protein were activated to counter the BDE-209 toxicity. The up-regulated pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component beta subunit and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase suggested that the pyruvate metabolism pathway was activated. Bioaugmentation of BDE-209 polluted water-sediments system with Microbacterium Y2 could efficiently improve BDE-209 removal. The detection of total 16S rRNA genes in treatment system suggested that Microbacterium (25.6 %), Luteimonas (14.3 %), Methylovorus (12.6 %), Hyphomicrobium (9.2 %) were the dominant genera and PICRUSt results further revealed that the diminution of BDE-209 was owed to cooperation between the introduced bacteria and aboriginal ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Guining Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
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20
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Li R, Ding H, Guo M, Shen X, Zan Q. Do pyrene and Kandelia obovata improve removal of BDE-209 in mangrove soils? CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124873. [PMID: 31574439 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Combined pollution caused by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mangrove wetlands is serious, with their remediation to be been paid more and more attention. However, little is known about the combined impact of PAHs and mangrove species on removal of PBDEs in contaminated soils. In this study, BDE-209 and pyrene were selected and a 9 months experiment was conducted to explore how BDE-209 removal in contaminated soil varied with pyrene addition and Kandelia obovata planting, and to clarify corresponding microbial responses. Results showed that BDE-209 removals in soil induced by pyrene addition or K. obovata planting were significant and stable after 6 months, with the lowest levels of BDE-209 in combined pyrene addition with K. obovata planting. Unexpected, root uptake of BDE-209 in K. obovata was limited for BDE-209 removal in soil, which was verified by lower total amount of BDE-209 bioaccumulated in K. obovata's root. In soil without K. obovata planting, BDE-209 removal caused by pyrene addition coexisted with changed bacterial abundance at phylum Planctomycetes and Chloroflexi, class Planctomycetacia, and genus Blastopirellula. K. obovata-induced removal of BDE-209 in soil may be related to bacterial enrichment in phylum Proteobacteria, class Gammaproteobacteria and genus Ilumatobacter, Gaiella. Thus, in BDE-209 contaminated soil, microbial community responses induced by pyrene addition and K. obovata planting were different at phylum, class and genus levels. This is the first study demonstrating that pyrene addition and K. obovata planting could improve BDE-209 removal, and differently affected the corresponding responses of microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruili Li
- School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Huan Ding
- School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Meixian Guo
- Nanshan Second Experimental School, Shenzhen, 518053, China
| | - Xiaoxue Shen
- School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Qijie Zan
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China; Guangdong Neilingding Futian National Nature Reserve, Shenzhen, 518000, China
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21
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Wang M, Yin H, Peng H, Feng M, Lu G, Dang Z. Degradation of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether by Pycnoporus sanguineus in the presence of copper ions. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 83:133-143. [PMID: 31221376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) by Pycnoporus sanguineus was investigated in order to explore the impact of the heavy metal Cu2+ on BDE-47 decomposition and the subsequent formation of metabolites, as well as to further elucidate the degradation mechanism of BDE-47. An increase in degradation rate from 18.63% to 49.76% in the first four days and its stabilization at (51.26 ± 0.08)% in the following days of BDE-47 incubation were observed. The presence of Cu2+ at 1 and 2 mg/L was found to promote the degradation rate to 56.41% and 60.79%, respectively, whereas higher level of Cu2+ (≥5 mg/L) inhibited the removal of BDE-47. The similar concentration effects of Cu2+ was also found on contents of fungal protein and amounts of metabolites. Both intracellular and extracellular enzymes played certain roles in BDE-47 transportation with the best degradation rate at 27.90% and 27.67% on the fourth and third day, individually. During the degradation of BDE-47, four types of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs), i.e., 6'-OH-BDE-47, 5'-OH-BDE-47, 4'-OH-BDE-17, 2'-OH-BDE-28, and two bromophenols, i.e., 2,4-DBP and 4-BP were detected and considered as degradation products. These metabolites were further removed by P. sanguineus at rates of 22.42%, 23.01%, 27.04%, 27.96%, 64.21%, and 40.62%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China. E-mail:
| | - Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China. E-mail: .
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China. E-mail:
| | - Guining Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China. E-mail:
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China. E-mail:
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22
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Yu Y, Yin H, Peng H, Lu G, Dang Z. Biodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) using a novel microbial consortium GY1: Cells viability, pathway, toxicity assessment, and microbial function prediction. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:958-965. [PMID: 31018474 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
GY1, a novel microbial consortium with efficient ability to degrade decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) has been isolated and the sequencing analysis has been conducted. The results revealed that Hyphomicrobium, Pseudomonas, Aminobacter, Sphingopyxis, Chryseobacterium, Bacillus, Pseudaminobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Sphingobacterium and Microbacterium were the dominant genera, and the function genes involved in BDE-209 conversion were predicted by PICRUSt. When BDE-209 concentration increased from 0.5 to 10mg/L, its degradation efficiency declined from 57.2% to 22.3%. Various kinds of debrominated metabolites were detected during the biodegradation process, including BDE-208, BDE-207, BDE-206, BDE-205, BDE-190, BDE-181, BDE-155, BDE-154, BDE-99, BDE-47, BDE-17 and BDE-7. Also, the proportion of necrotic cells was observed during GY1 mediated degradation of BDE-209 to reveal the changes of cells viability under BDE-209 stress. Subsequent analysis showed that the reaction of BDE-209 with GY1 was a detoxification process and bioaugmentation with GY1 effectively enhanced BDE-209 degradation in actual water and water-sediment system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Guining Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
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23
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Jia Y, Hu F, Lv Y, Chen Y, Hu Y. Biomineralization of 2'2'4'4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether in a Pseudomonas putida and Fe/Pd nanoparticles integrated system. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 221:301-313. [PMID: 30641371 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants and challenges for water treatment due to their persistence and toxicity. In this study, the reduction of 2'2'4'4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) was investigated in a nano-bio-integrated system. Results showed that the introducing of P. putida could markedly accelerate the demineralization of BDE-47 in nZVI/Pd-P.p system; the continuous generation of acidic metaboliates by P. putida could decrease pH, which could alleviate the surface passivation to some extent, resulting in the releasing of Fe2+ and high generation of H2O2, the shift in reactive oxygen species from Fe(IV) to •OH. The BDE-47 was firstly debrominated to the DE by the highly reductive [Pd·2H] generated by nZVI/Pd, then oxidized to bromophenol and phenol, catechol as well as hydroquinone via the P. putida strain and the Fenton-like system. The toxicity assays confirmed the combined system could avert generation of nocuous intermediates, and could be an alternative strategy for complete remediation of recalcitrant POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Jia
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation for Industrial Agglomeration Area, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fan Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation for Industrial Agglomeration Area, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuancai Lv
- College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Yuancai Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation for Industrial Agglomeration Area, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yongyou Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation for Industrial Agglomeration Area, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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24
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Liu Y, Liu Z, Gong A, Qiu L, Zhang W, Li J, Li F, Bai Y, Li J, Gao G. Cell changes and differential proteomic analysis during biodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) byPseudomonas aeruginosa. RSC Adv 2019; 9:25048-25055. [PMID: 35528638 PMCID: PMC9069866 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00664h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BDE-209 is a persistent organic pollutant. To promote microbial biodegradation of BDE-209 and gain further insight into its mechanism, cell changes and differential proteomic analysis ofP. aeruginosaduring biodegradation were studied.
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25
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Liu Z, Shao B, Zeng G, Chen M, Li Z, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Zhong H, Liu Y, Yan M. Effects of rhamnolipids on the removal of 2,4,2,4-tetrabrominated biphenyl ether (BDE-47) by Phanerochaete chrysosporium analyzed with a combined approach of experiments and molecular docking. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 210:922-930. [PMID: 30208552 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Effects of rhamnolipids on the removal of 2,4,2,4-tetrabrominated biphenyl ether (BDE-47) by Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium) had been investigated, as well as the influence of carbon source (i.e. glucose). The results showed that the removal efficiency was over 90% in all treatments in 7 d. Rhamnolipids at low concentrations (0.05 and 0.1 CMC (critical micelle concentration)) could promote the removal of BDE-47, however, the inhibition effects occurred at high concentrations (0.5 and 1.0 CMC). The further study indicated that rhamnolipids at low concentrations not only promote the growth of mycelium, but also had obvious promotion on ligninolytic enzymes activity (i.e. manganese peroxidase (MnP), lignin peroxidase (LiP) and laccase (Lac)), especially for MnP and Lac. However, the opposite effect was generated at high rhamnolipids concentrations. Meanwhile, glucose played an active role for BDE-47 removal. For better understanding the degradation mechanism, the degradation product analysis and molecular docking had been introduced to this study. The degradation product analysis indicated that OH-PBDEs were the major degradation products and hydroxylation should be the important degradation pathway. The docking results showed that the ideal binding conformation occurred between ligninolytic enzymes and BDE-47, and hydrophobic interactions were the main interaction. Moreover, hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions both existed in ligninolytic enzymes and rhamnolipids interaction. That might be the reason that rhamnolipids affected enzymes activity. These results indicated that P. chrysosporium might be a type of ideal microorganisms in the removal of BDE-47 pollution, and rhamnolipids could be a type of additives for better removal efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Binbin Shao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Ming Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Zhigang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yujie Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yilin Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Hua Zhong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Ming Yan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
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26
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Ceci A, Pinzari F, Russo F, Persiani AM, Gadd GM. Roles of saprotrophic fungi in biodegradation or transformation of organic and inorganic pollutants in co-contaminated sites. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:53-68. [PMID: 30362074 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
For decades, human activities, industrialization, and agriculture have contaminated soils and water with several compounds, including potentially toxic metals and organic persistent xenobiotics. The co-occurrence of those toxicants poses challenging environmental problems, as complicated chemical interactions and synergies can arise and lead to severe and toxic effects on organisms. The use of fungi, alone or with bacteria, for bioremediation purposes is a growing biotechnology with high potential in terms of cost-effectiveness, an environmental-friendly perspective and feasibility, and often representing a sustainable nature-based solution. This paper reviews different ecological, metabolic, and physiological aspects involved in fungal bioremediation of co-contaminated soils and water systems, not only addressing best methods and approaches to assess the simultaneous presence of metals and organic toxic compounds and their consequences on provided ecosystem services but also the interactions between fungi and bacteria, in order to suggest further study directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ceci
- Laboratorio di Biodiversità dei Funghi, Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Pinzari
- Centro di Ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente, Consiglio per la Ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA-AA), 00184, Rome, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Fabiana Russo
- Laboratorio di Biodiversità dei Funghi, Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Persiani
- Laboratorio di Biodiversità dei Funghi, Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Geoffrey Michael Gadd
- Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
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27
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Wu Z, Xie M, Li Y, Gao G, Bartlam M, Wang Y. Biodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) by a newly isolated bacterium from an e-waste recycling area. AMB Express 2018; 8:27. [PMID: 29478232 PMCID: PMC6890894 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0560-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have become widespread environmental pollutants all over the world. A newly isolated bacterium from an e-waste recycling area, Stenotrophomonas sp. strain WZN-1, can degrade decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) effectively under aerobic conditions. Orthogonal test results showed that the optimum conditions for BDE 209 biodegradation were pH 5, 25 °C, 0.5% salinity, 150 mL minimal salt medium volume. Under the optimized condition, strain WZN-1 could degrade 55.15% of 65 μg/L BDE 209 under aerobic condition within 30 day incubation. Moreover, BDE 209 degradation kinetics was fitted to a first-order kinetics model. The biodegradation mechanism of BDE 209 by strain WZN-1 were supposed to be three possible metabolic pathways: debromination, hydroxylation, and ring opening processes. Four BDE 209 degradation genes, including one hydrolase, one dioxygenase and two dehalogenases, were identified based on the complete genome sequencing of strain WZN-1. The real-time qPCR demonstrated that the expression level of four identified genes were significantly induced by BDE 209, and they played an important role in the degradation process. This study is the first to demonstrate that the newly isolated Stenotrophomonas strain has an efficient BDE 209 degradation ability and would provide new insights for the microbial degradation of PBDEs.
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28
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Yan Y, Li Y, Ma M, Ma W, Cheng X, Xu K. Effects of coexisting BDE-47 on the migration and biodegradation of BDE-99 in river-based aquifer media recharged with reclaimed water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:5140-5153. [PMID: 28512710 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two prominent polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners have been included in the persistent organic pollutant list, 2,2',4,4',5-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-99) and 2,2,4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), which have been detected in treated municipal wastewater, river water, and sediments in China. A lab-scale column experiment was established to investigate the effects of the competitive sorption of BDE-47 on BDE-99 biodegradation and migration in two types of river-based aquifer soils during groundwater recharge with reclaimed water. Two types of recharge columns were used, filled with either silty clay (SC) or black carbon-amended silty clay (BCA). The decay rate constants of BDE-99 in the BCA and SC systems were 0.186 and 0.13 m-1 in the single-solute system and 0.128 and 0.071 m-1 in the binary-solute system, respectively, showing that the decay of BDE-99 was inhibited by the coexistence of BDE-47. This was particularly evident in the SC system because the higher hydrophobicity of BDE-99 determined the higher affinity and competition for sorption sites onto black carbon. The biodegradation of BDE-99 was suppressed by the coexistence of BDE-47, especially in the SC system. Lesser-brominated congeners (BDE-47 and BDE-28) and higher-brominated congeners (BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, and BDE-183) were generated in the four recharge systems, albeit at different ratios. Bacterial biodiversity was influenced by the presence of BDE-47 in the SC system, while it had no significant effect on the BCA system, because the high sorption capacity of black carbon on the hydrophobic PBDEs effectively reduced their toxicity. The ranking order of the most abundant classes changed markedly due to the coexistence of BDE-47 in both the SC and BCA systems. The ranking order of the most abundant genera changed from Azospira, Methylotenera, Desulfovibrio, Methylibium, and Bradyrhizobium to Halomonas, Hyphomicrobium, Pseudomonas, Methylophaga, and Shewanella, which could be involved in PBDE degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Y Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - M Ma
- Graduate School of International Relationship, International University of Japan, Minami Uonuma, 9497248, Japan
| | - W Ma
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - X Cheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - K Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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29
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Egea TC, da Silva R, Boscolo M, Rigonato J, Monteiro DA, Grünig D, da Silva H, van der Wielen F, Helmus R, Parsons JR, Gomes E. Diuron degradation by bacteria from soil of sugarcane crops. Heliyon 2017; 3:e00471. [PMID: 29322098 PMCID: PMC5753625 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The isolation of microorganisms from soil impacted by xenobiotic chemicals and exposing them in the laboratory to the contaminant can provide important information about their response to the contaminants. The purpose of this study was to isolate bacteria from soil with historical application of herbicides and to evaluate their potential to degrade diuron. The isolation media contained either glucose or diuron as carbon source. A total of 400 bacteria were isolated, with 68% being Gram-positive and 32% Gram-negative. Most isolates showed potential to degrade between 10 and 30% diuron after five days of cultivation; however Stenotrophomonas acidophila TD4.7 and Bacillus cereus TD4.31 were able to degrade 87% and 68%, respectively. The degradation of diuron resulted in the formation of the metabolites DCPMU, DCPU, DCA, 3,4-CAC, 4-CA, 4-CAC and aniline. Based on these results it was proposed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa TD2.3, Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila TD4.7, B. cereus TD4.31 and Alcaligenes faecalis TG 4.48, act on 3,4-DCA and 4-CA by alkylation and dealkylation while Micrococcus luteus and Achromobacter sp follow dehalogenation directly to aniline. Growth on aniline as sole carbon source demonstrates the capacity of strains to open the aromatic ring. In conclusion, the results show that the role of microorganisms in the degradation of xenobiotics in the environment depends on their own metabolism and also on their synergistic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tassia C. Egea
- Ibilce-Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto da Silva
- Ibilce-Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurício Boscolo
- Ibilce-Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Diego A. Monteiro
- Ibilce-Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danilo Grünig
- Faculty of Science Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Humberto da Silva
- Ibilce-Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frans van der Wielen
- Faculty of Science Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rick Helmus
- Faculty of Science Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - John R. Parsons
- Faculty of Science Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eleni Gomes
- Ibilce-Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Corresponding author.
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30
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McGrath TJ, Ball AS, Clarke BO. Critical review of soil contamination by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs); concentrations, sources and congener profiles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:741-757. [PMID: 28732337 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used in a broad array of polymeric materials such as plastics, foams, resins and adhesives to inhibit the spread of fires since the 1970s. The widespread environmental contamination and well documented toxic effects of PBDEs have led to bans and voluntary withdrawals in many jurisdictions. Replacement novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) have, however, exhibited many of the same toxic characteristics as PBDEs and appear to share similar environmental fate. This paper presents a critical review of the scientific literature regarding PBDE and NBFR contamination of surface soils internationally, with the secondary objective of identifying probable pollution sources. An evaluation of NBFR distribution in soil was also conducted to assess the suitability of the newer compounds as replacements for PBDEs, with respect to their land contamination potential. Principle production of PBDEs and NBFRs and their consequent use in secondary polymer manufacture appear to be processes with strong potential to contaminate surrounding soils. Evidence suggests that PBDEs and NBFRs are also released from flame retarded products during disposal via landfill, dumping, incineration and recycling. While the land application of sewage sludge represents another major pathway of soil contamination it is not considered in this review as it is extensively covered elsewhere. Both PBDEs and NBFRs were commonly detected at background locations including Antarctica and northern polar regions. PBDE congener profiles in soil were broadly representative of the major constituents in Penta-, Octa- and Deca-BDE commercial mixtures and related to predicted market place demand. BDE-209 dominated soil profiles, followed by BDE-99 and BDE-47. Although further research is required to gain baseline data on NBFRs in soil, the current state of scientific literature suggests that NBFRs pose a similar risk to land contamination as PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McGrath
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia
| | - Andrew S Ball
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia.
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31
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Cao Y, Yin H, Peng H, Tang S, Lu G, Dang Z. Biodegradation of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) by Phanerochaete chrysosporium in the presence of Cd 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:11415-11424. [PMID: 28316043 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8763-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic biodegradation of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-47) by Phanerochaete chrysosporium in the presence of Cd2+ was investigated in this study. The results showed that P. chrysosporium could effectively degrade BDE-47, and its extracellular enzyme played an important role in the process of decomposition. BDE-47 biodegradation by fungi was more tolerant than extracellular enzyme in the presence of Cd2+. Also, both of the activity of two typical enzymes, MnP and LiP, descended with ascended Cd2+ concentration. Based on the four mono-hydroxylated PBDEs (5-OH-BDE-47, 4'-OH-BDE-17, 6-OH-BDE-47, and 2'-OH-BDE-28) and two bromophenols (2,4-DBP, 4-BP) detected, three possible degradation pathways were proposed, inferring that BDE-47 was more easily to transform via hydroxylation. With addition of Cd2+, the types of degradation products did not change, merely a variation of the content of these products observed. Meanwhile, the major metabolites of BDE-47, bromophenol compounds, have been found to be transformed or even mineralized by P. chrysosporium quickly, which also helped better explain why the amounts of BDE-47 decomposed did not match with that of the metabolites detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Shaoyu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Guining Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
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32
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Yang CW, Lee CC, Ku H, Chang BV. Bacterial communities associated with anaerobic debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether from mangrove sediment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:5391-5403. [PMID: 28013469 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8259-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) anaerobic debromination and bacterial community changes in mangrove sediment. BDE-209 debromination rates were enhanced with zerovalent iron compared to without zerovalent iron in the sediment. BDE-209 debromination rates in microcosms constructed with sediments collected in autumn were higher than in microcosms constructed with sediments collected in spring and were higher at the Bali sampling site than the Guandu sampling site. The intermediate products resulting from the reductive debromination of BDE-209 in sediment were nona-BDE (BDE-206, BDE-207), octa-BDEs (BDE-196, BDE-197), hepta-BDEs (BDE-183, BDE-184, BDE-191), hexa-BDEs (BDE-137, BDE-138, BDE-154, BDE-157), penta-BDEs (BDE-85, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-126), tetra-BDEs (BDE-47, BDE-49, BDE-66, BDE-77), tri-BDEs (BDE-17, BDE-28), and di-BDEs (BDE-15). Fifty bacterial genera associated with BDE-209 debromination were identified. Overall, 12 of the 50 bacterial genera were reported to be involved in dehalogenation of aromatic compounds. These bacteria have high potential to be BDE-209 debromination bacteria. Different combinations of bacterial community composition exhibit different abilities for BDE-209 anaerobic debromination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Wen Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chang Lee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - His Ku
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bea-Ven Chang
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Liu Y, Gong A, Qiu L, Li J, Li F. Effect of copper ion and soil humic acid on biodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiologyopen 2017; 6. [PMID: 28105780 PMCID: PMC5458450 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a good environmental microorganism capable of degrading decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE‐209). This paper studied the effect of Cu2+ and humic acid (HA) extracted from e‐waste contaminated soils on biodegradation of BDE‐209 by P. aeruginosa. The adsorption isotherms of Cu2+ on HA, the crude enzyme activity, cell surface morphology, and biodegradation pathway were also investigated. The results showed that BDE‐209 biodegradation by P. aeruginosa was inhibited at Cu2+ concentrations above 5 mg L−1, but exhibited the best effect at the condition of 40 mg L−1 Cu2+ + 3 g L−1 HA. At the condition of 40 mg L−1 Cu2+ + 3 g L−1 HA, 97.35 ± 2.33% of the initial BDE‐209 was degraded after 5 days, debromination efficiency was 72.14 ± 1.89%, crude enzyme activity reached the maximum of 0.519 ± 0.022U g−1 protein, cell surface of P. aeruginosa was smooth with normal short‐rod shapes, and biodegradation pathway mainly include debromination, hydroxylation, and cleavage of the diphenyl ether bond. It was suggested that soil HA could eliminate the toxic effect of high Cu2+ concentrations and biodegradation of BDE‐209 was improved by synergistic effect of HA and Cu2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China.,Institute of Biotechnology, Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Science, Daqing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Aijun Gong
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Jingrui Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Fukai Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
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McGrath TJ, Morrison PD, Sandiford CJ, Ball AS, Clarke BO. Widespread polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) contamination of urban soils in Melbourne, Australia. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 164:225-232. [PMID: 27588576 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used as flame retardants in a variety of materials and products. PBDEs have been shown to accumulate in the environment and human populations while exhibiting a range of toxic effects. In this study, surface soil samples from 30 sites in the city of Melbourne, Australia, were analysed for PBDEs. Eight congeners of environmental concern (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154 -183 and -209) were assessed using selective pressurized liquid extraction (S-PLE) and gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). PBDEs were detected in 29/30 samples with Σ8PBDE soil concentrations ranging nd-13,200 ng/g dw and Σ7PBDEs (excluding BDE-209) levels of nd-70.5 ng/g dw. Soils from waste disposal sites (n = 6) contained the highest median Σ7PBDE and Σ8PBDE concentrations, followed by manufacturing sites (n = 18) and then non-source sites (n = 6). Electronics recycling facilities contained the greatest levels of Σ8PBDEs by a significant margin (p < 0.05) to indicate that these industries are a potential source of contamination. BDE-209 was the dominant congener, contributing an average of 75.5% to Σ8PBDEs soil concentrations, followed by BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-183 at 7.90, 5.64 and 4.31%, respectively. Congener profiles reflected global estimates of Deca-BDE, Octa-BDE and Penta- BDE commercial production, with the most significant congener correlation existing between BDE-47 and BDE-99 (p < 0.001, r = 0.943). This first assessment of PBDEs in Melbourne soils indicates widespread contamination of the urban environment, including locations where direct sources to soil are not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McGrath
- School of Science, Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (ENSURE), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Paul D Morrison
- School of Science, Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (ENSURE), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Christopher J Sandiford
- Australian Contaminated Land Consultants Association (ACLCA), PO Box 362, Malvern, Victoria 3144, Australia
| | - Andrew S Ball
- School of Science, Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (ENSURE), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- School of Science, Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (ENSURE), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
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Kim UJ, Lee IS, Oh JE. Occurrence, removal and release characteristics of dissolved brominated flame retardants and their potential metabolites in various kinds of wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:551-557. [PMID: 27524250 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The dissolved phase compound and congener specific distribution characteristics of three widely used brominated flame retardants (BFRs) comprising 27 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 12 hydroxylated and methoxylated metabolites (OH- and MeO-BDEs), 3 hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were investigated in influents and effluents of various kinds of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), with varying source of wastewater and type of treatment, and nearby rivers in Korea. The concentration of total BFRs were the highest in industrial WWTPs nearby large industrial complexes specialized in heavy chemicals. The distribution of BFRs was differed according to composition of wastewater, with predominance of TBBPA in WWTPs with higher portion of inflowing industrial wastewater. Among HBCD diastereomers, γ-HBCD was dominant in industrial wastewater as consistent to the previous reports, however, similar contribution of α- and γ-HBCD was found in sewage and human wastewater. Through treatment process, PBDEs were the most effectively removed with a mean removal efficiency of 68.3%. HBCDs and TBBPA had removal efficiencies of 41.3% and 48.7%, respectively. The lowest removal efficiency (10.3%) was observed for PBDE metabolites and their concentration in effluent of human wastewater was even increased at maximum 1.9 fold compared with influent, implying the possibility of transformation during treatment. The estimated dissolved phase daily load of PBDEs was highest in sewage while that of TBBPA was highest in industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un-Jung Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seok Lee
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, San 30, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
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Wang L, Li Y, Zhang W, Niu L, Du J, Cai W, Wang J. Isolation and characterization of two novel psychrotrophic decabromodiphenyl ether-degrading bacteria from river sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:10371-10381. [PMID: 26517991 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5660-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is a brominated flame retardant and a priority contaminant. Currently, little information is available about its significance in the environment, specifically about its susceptibility to aerobic biotransformation at low temperature. In this work, five phylogenetically diverse BDE-209-degrading bacterial strains were isolated from river sediments of northern China. These strains were distributed among four different genera-Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Staphylococcus. All five isolates were capable of growing on BDE-209, among which two isolates show better growth. By detailed morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis, the two strains were identified and named as Staphylococcus haemolyticus LY1 and Bacillus pumilus LY2. The two bacteria can grow in mineral salt medium containing BDE-209 substrate across the temperatures ranging from 2.5 to 35 °C, with an optimum temperature of 25 °C which could be considered as psychrotrophs accordingly. The degradation experiment showed that more than 70.6 and 85.5 % of 0.5 mg/L BDE-209 were degraded and the highest mineralization efficiencies of 29.8 and 39.2 % were achieved for 0.5 mg/L BDE-209 by S. haemolyticus LY1 and B. pumilus LY2, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration for the biodegradation of BDE-209 by two psychrotrophic bacteria isolated from environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Xikang Road #1, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Xikang Road #1, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Xikang Road #1, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lihua Niu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Xikang Road #1, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Du
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Xikang Road #1, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Xikang Road #1, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Xikang Road #1, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
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Tang S, Yin H, Chen S, Peng H, Chang J, Liu Z, Dang Z. Aerobic degradation of BDE-209 by Enterococcus casseliflavus: Isolation, identification and cell changes during degradation process. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 308:335-342. [PMID: 26852209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is one of the most commonly used brominated flame retardants that have contaminated the environment worldwide. Microbial bioremediation has been considered as an effective technique to remove these sorts of persistent organic pollutants. Enterococcus casseliflavus, a gram-positive bacterium capable of aerobically transforming BDE-209, was isolated by our team from sediments in Guiyu, an e-waste dismantling area in Guangdong Province, China. To promote microbial bioremediation of BDE-209 and elucidate the mechanism behind its aerobic degradation, the effects of BDE-209 on the cell changes of E. casseliflavus were examined in this study. The experimental results demonstrated that the high cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) of E. casseliflavus made the bacteria absorb hydrophobic BDE-209 more easily. E. casseliflavus responded to BDE-209 stress, resulting in an increase in cell membrane permeability and accumulation of BDE-209 inside the cell. The differential expression of intracellular protein was analyzed through two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). More than 50 differentially expressed protein spots were reproducibly detected, including 25 up, and 25 down regulated after a 4 days exposure. Moreover, the apoptotic-like cell changes were observed during E. casseliflavus mediated degradation of BDE-209 by means of flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shuona Chen
- College of Natural Resource and Environment, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingjing Chang
- College of Natural Resource and Environment, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Zehua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
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Tang S, Yin H, Zhou S, Chen S, Peng H, Liu Z, Dang Z. Simultaneous Cr(VI) removal and 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) biodegradation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in liquid medium. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 150:24-32. [PMID: 26891353 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous Cr(VI) removal and 2,2',4,4'-tetra brominated diphenyl ether (BDE-47) biodegradation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in liquid medium were investigated in this study, with the goal of elucidating the interaction between concomitant pollutants Cr(VI) and BDE-47 during microbial remediation. The experimental results revealed that the degradation efficiency of 1 mg L(-1) BDE-47 by 60 mg L(-1) biomass achieved 51.3% within 7 d when 2 mg L(-1) Cr(VI) coexisted. The degradation efficiency was accelerated at low concentrations of Cr(VI) (≤5 mg L(-1)), but inhibited at higher levels (≥10 mg L(-1)). Cr(VI) of 2 mg L(-1) facilitated the secretion of rhamnolipid from the strain, altered cell surface hydrophobicity and cell membrane permeability, and promoted intracellular BDE-47 accumulation, thus improving BDE-47 biotransformation. In addition, the stimulation of intracellular enzyme synthesis by 2 mg L(-1) Cr(VI) contributed to more BDE-47 elimination in the cells. The achievement of BDE-47 biodegradation was coupled with cell growth, enzyme extraction, cell membrane permeability change, and ATPase activity increase. The study also indicated that the improvement of Cr(VI) removal in BDE-47/Cr(VI) co-contaminated condition was mostly due to the increasing synthesis of extracellular enzyme in the presence of low concentrations of BDE-47. The whole study demonstrated that P. aeruginosa was available for the removal of toxic Cr(VI) and degradation of BDE-47 simultaneously in the liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Su Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuona Chen
- College of Natural Resource and Environment, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Zehua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
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Liu L, Zhang Y, Liu R, Wang Z, Xu F, Chen Y, Lin K. Aerobic debromination of BDE-209 by Rhodococcus sp. coupled with zerovalent iron/activated carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:3925-3933. [PMID: 26503005 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an aerobic strain identified as Rhodococcus sp. was isolated from the sediment of a typical electronic waste disassemble site, Taizhou, China. This strain could use BDE-209 as the sole carbon and energy source and degrade 65.1% of BDE-209 (initial concentration being 50 mg/L) within 144 h. To explore the BDE-209 degradation properties of this strain with the co-existed electronic donor, zerovalent iron/activated carbon (ZVI/AC) was introduced to build a microbial-chemical coupling system, which was found to promote the degradation of BDE-209 slightly (74.7% in 144 h). Moreover, the debromination products in both of the batch experiments were determined with GC/MS, which showed that lower brominated PBDE congeners were produced almost in order of the number of bromine ions, ranged from nona- to di-BDEs. In addition, the possible debromination pathways of BDE-209 for each system were proposed respectively, which confirmed the microbial activity of BDE-209 debromination. Since some of the lower-brominated BDE congeners are much toxic than BDE-209, these microbial activities might bring potential hazards to the environment with BDE-209 contamination. It is the first time to investigate the transformation of BDE-209 with microbial-chemical coupling system, which is universal in the nature, thus suggesting that the ecological safety of environment exposed to PBDEs should be focused in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Yacong Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ruihong Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Feng Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yilun Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Kuangfei Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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Lv Y, Niu Z, Chen Y, Hu Y. Synthesis of SiO2coated zero-valent iron/palladium bimetallic nanoparticles and their application in a nano-biological combined system for 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether degradation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22388a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are emerging persistent organic pollutants and the degradation of PBDEs is still a significant challenge owing to their extreme persistence and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuancai Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering
- College of Light Industry and Food Science
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Zhuyu Niu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation for Industrial Agglomeration Area
- College of Environment and Energy
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Yuancai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering
- College of Light Industry and Food Science
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Yongyou Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering
- College of Light Industry and Food Science
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
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Gao Y, Jin L, Shi H, Chu Z. Characterization of a Novel Butachlor Biodegradation Pathway and Cloning of the Debutoxylase (Dbo) Gene Responsible for Debutoxylation of Butachlor in Bacillus sp. hys-1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8381-8390. [PMID: 26368393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus sp. strain hys-1, which was isolated from active sludge, could degrade >90% butachlor at a concentration of 100 mg/L within 7 days. The present work revealed that strain hys-1 could mineralize butachlor via the following pathway: butachlor was initially metabolized to 2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-methylacetamide by debutoxylation and then transformed to form 2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide by N-demethylation. Subsequently, it was converted to 2,6-diethylaniline and further mineralized into CO2 and H2O. In addition, the catalytic efficiency of crude cell extracts descended as follows: alachlor > acetochlor > butachlor. Furthermore, a novel 744 bp gene responsible for transforming butachlor into 2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-methylacetamide was cloned from strain hys-1 and the encoding debutoxylase was designated Dbo. Then Dbo was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and purified using Ni-nitrilotriacetic acid affinity chromatography. Dbo displayed the highest activity against butachlor at pH 6.5 and 30 °C. Metal ions played an important role in Dbo activity. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report that strain hys-1 can mineralize butachlor by a novel metabolic mechanism and the first identification of a gene encoding butachlor debutoxylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Zhejiang Ocean University , Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Lei Jin
- Zhejiang Ocean University , Zhoushan 316000, China
- Marine Fishery Research Institute of Zhejiang Province , Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Marine Fishery Research Institute of Zhejiang Province , Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Zhangjie Chu
- Zhejiang Ocean University , Zhoushan 316000, China
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Identification and characterization of the part of the bacterial community associated with field-grown tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) cv. SFRO Don Tomás in Uruguay. ANN MICROBIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-015-1113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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43
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Stiborova H, Vrkoslavova J, Lovecka P, Pulkrabova J, Hradkova P, Hajslova J, Demnerova K. Aerobic biodegradation of selected polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in wastewater sewage sludge. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 118:315-321. [PMID: 25463256 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to widespread accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in our surroundings, it is important to clarify their fate in the environment and the options of their elimination. The aim of this study was to monitor the biodegradation of the most frequent congeners (BDE 28, 47, 49, 66, 85, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) under aerobic condition by indigenous microflora in 2 industrially contaminated sewage sludge samples. BDE 209 was detected as the predominating congener in concentrations 685 ng/g and 1403 ng/g dry weight in sewage sludge from WWTPs (waste water treatment plants) Hradec Kralove and Brno, respectively. The total amount of 10 lower PBDEs was 605 and 205 ng/g dry weight, respectively. The aerobic degradation was significantly enhanced by the addition of yeast extract and 4-bromobiphenyl. The total concentrations of all 11 PBDE congeners were lowered and their elimination was detected reaching 62–78% of their initial amounts after 11 months of cultivation. The degradation of most abundant congener BDE 209 followed the first-order kinetics with constant detected between 2.77 × 10(−3) d(−1) and 3.79 × 10−(3)d(−1) and the half-lives of BDE 209 degradation ranged between 6.0 and 8.2 months. This work clearly demonstrates that both lower brominated PBDEs as well as the major representative BDE 209 could be successfully removed from municipally contaminated sludge under aerobic conditions.
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Enhanced biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls by defined bacteria-yeast consortium. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-1023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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