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Palla S, Surya DV, Pritam K, Puppala H, Basak T, Palla VCS. A critical review on the influence of operating parameters and feedstock characteristics on microwave pyrolysis of biomass. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33607-0. [PMID: 38888826 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Biomass pyrolysis is the most effective process to convert abundant organic matter into value-added products that could be an alternative to depleting fossil fuels. A comprehensive understanding of the biomass pyrolysis is essential in designing the experiments. However, pyrolysis is a complex process dependent on multiple feedstock characteristics, such as biomass consisting of volatile matter, moisture content, fixed carbon, and ash content, all of which can influence yield formation. On top of that, product composition can also be affected by the particle size, shape, susceptors used, and pre-treatment conditions of the feedstock. Compared to conventional pyrolysis, microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) is a novel thermochemical process that improves internal heat transfer. MAP experiments complicate the operation due to additional governing factors (i.e. operating parameters) such as heating rate, temperature, and microwave power. In most instances, a single parameter or the interaction of parameters, i.e. the influence of other parameter integration, plays a crucial role in pyrolysis. Although various studies on a few operating parameters or feedstock characteristics have been discussed in the literature, a comprehensive review still needs to be provided. Consequently, this review paper deconstructed biomass and its sources, including microwave-assisted pyrolysis, and discussed the impact of operating parameters and biomass properties on pyrolysis products. This paper addresses the challenge of handling multivariate problems in MAP and delivers solutions by application of the machine learning technique to minimise experimental effort. Techno-economic analysis of the biomass pyrolysis process and suggestions for future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Palla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy Visakhapatnam, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530003, India
| | - Dadi Venkata Surya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, 382426, India.
| | - Kocherlakota Pritam
- Department of Mathematics, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, 382426, India
| | - Harish Puppala
- 1Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University AP, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, 522502, India
| | - Tanmay Basak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Venkata Chandra Sekhar Palla
- Materials Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun, 248005, India
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Yang Y, Foong SY, He Y, Liew RK, Ma NL, Yek PNY, Ge S, Naushad M, Lam SS. Upcycling crab shell waste into biochar for treatment of palm oil mill effluent via microwave pyrolysis and activation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 248:118282. [PMID: 38295974 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The escalating consumer demand for crabs results in a growing amount of waste, including shells, claws, and other non-edible parts. The resulting crab shell waste (CSW) is disposed of via incineration or landfills which causes environmental pollution. CSW represents a potential biological resource that can be transformed into valuable resources via pyrolysis technique. In this study, microwave pyrolysis of CSW using self-purging, vacuum, and steam activation techniques was examined to determine the biochar production yield and its performance in treating palm oil mill effluent (POME). The biochar produced through microwave pyrolysis exhibits yields ranging from 50 to 61 wt%, showing a hard texture, low volatile matter content (≤34.1 wt%), and high fixed carbon content (≥58.3 wt%). The KOH-activated biochar demonstrated a surface area of up to 177 m2/g that is predominantly composed of mesopores, providing a good amount of adsorption sites for use as adsorbent. The biochar activated with steam removed 8.3 mg/g of BOD and 42 mg/g of COD from POME. The results demonstrate that microwave pyrolysis of CSW is a promising technology to produce high-quality biochar as an adsorbent for POME treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Shin Ying Foong
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Yifeng He
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Rock Keey Liew
- NV WESTERN PLT, No. 208B, Second Floor, Macalister Road, Georgetown, 10400, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nyuk Ling Ma
- BIOSES Research Interest Group, Faculty of Science & Marine Environment, 21030, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia; Center for Global Health Research (CGHR), Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Peter Nai Yuh Yek
- Centre for Research of Innovation and Sustainable Development, University of Technology Sarawak, No.1, Jalan Universiti, 96000, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Shengbo Ge
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Mu Naushad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Anbu M, Balakichenin R, Muthaiyan P, Sundaramoorthy S, Amesho KTT, Subramani V. Experimental investigation on the performance characteristics and emissions of a CI engine fueled with enhanced microwave-assisted Karanja seed bio-oil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:125006-125018. [PMID: 36418832 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of the present research work is to utilise the produced bio-oil from microwave pyrolysis of Karanja, a non-edible seed, as fuel for diesel engines by increasing some up-gradation in the quality of the fuel. The emulsification process is carried out to improve the stability of the diesel-bio-oil blend using SPAN 80 and TWEEN 80, which lasted for 28 days without any layer separation termed as EKB20. The addition of 5% DEE and 10% DEE into EKB20 is done to enhance the combustion characteristics of the diesel engine. The produced bio-oil fuels were tested in a Kirloskar make, four-stroke, single-cylinder, direct injection diesel engine of 5.2 kW rated power output. The addition of DEE reduces the peak pressure by 4 bar and increases the heat release rate due to the higher volatility of DEE. At full load conditions, the thermal brake efficiency improved by 9.31% and 14.11%, respectively, compared to EKB20. Adding 5% DEE and 10% DEE at the rated power output reduced the smoke density by 18.42% and 60.25%, respectively, compared to EKB20 and 5% and 4% compared to diesel. The addition of 5% DEE and 10% DEE shows a 39% and 51% increase in NOX concentration and a 90% reduction in CO emission at the maximum brake power output. Hence, it is concluded that the fuels EKB20 + 5% DEE and EKB20 + 10% DEE can be used as alternative fuels for diesel engines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathiarasu Anbu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manakula Vinayagar Institute of Technology, 605 107, Puducherry, India
| | - Radjaram Balakichenin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manakula Vinayagar Institute of Technology, 605 107, Puducherry, India
| | - Pugazhvadivu Muthaiyan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Puducherry Technological University, Puducherry, 605 014, India
| | - Surendarnath Sundaramoorthy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering & Technology (A), Chittoor - 517 127, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Kassian T T Amesho
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
- Centre for Environmental Studies, The International University of Management, Main Campus, Dorado Park Ext 1, Windhoek, Namibia
- Destinies Biomass Energy and Farming Pty Ltd, P.O. Box 7387, Swakomund, Namibia
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Khamhuatoey S, Kaewluan S, Thawornprasert J, Oo YM, Pongraktham K, Somnuk K. Upgrading Pyrolysis Bio-Oil through Esterification Process and Assessing the Performance and Emissions of Diesel-Biodiesel-Esterified Pyrolysis Bio-Oil Blends in Direct Injection Diesel Engines. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:44586-44600. [PMID: 38046294 PMCID: PMC10688202 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
This research aimed to evaluate the performance and emissions of direct injection diesel engines using blends of diesel-biodiesel-esterified pyrolysis bio-oil (D-B-EPB). The pyrolysis process was employed to produce pyrolysis bio-oil (PBO) from solid biomass obtained from fresh palm fruits. Furthermore, a simple and effective esterification process was used to upgrade the PBO. The methyl ester (ME) purity of EPB production was studied to optimize three independent variables: methanol (14.8-65.2 wt %), sulfuric acid (1.6-18.4 wt %), and reaction time (16-84 min) using the response surface methodology. The actual experiment yielded a ME purity of 72.73 wt % under the recommended conditions of 40.3 wt % methanol, 13.0 wt % sulfuric acid, 50 min reaction time, 60 °C reaction temperature, and 300 rpm stirrer speed. Additionally, the stability and phase behaviors of D-B-EPB blends were analyzed by using a ternary phase diagram to determine the potential blending proportion. The results revealed that a fuel blend consisting of 30 wt % diesel, 60 wt % biodiesel, and 10 wt % EPB (D30B60EPB10) met the density and viscosity requirements of diesel standards. This D30B60EPB10 blend was subjected to performance and emission tests in diesel engines at various speeds ranging from 1100 to 2300 rpm and different engine loads of 25, 50, and 75%. In terms of performance analysis, the brake thermal efficiencies of biodiesel and D30B60EPB10 were 7.19 and 3.88% higher than that of diesel, respectively. However, the brake-specific fuel consumption of the D30B60EPB10 blend was 6.60% higher than that of diesel due to its higher density and viscosity and lower heating value compared with that of diesel. In the emission analysis, the D30B60EPB10 blend exhibited performance comparable to diesel while being more environmentally friendly, reducing carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and smoke opacity by 8.73, 30.13, 37.55, and 59.75%, respectively. The results of this study suggest that the D-B-EPB blend has the potential to serve as a viable biofuel option, reducing the proportion of diesel in blended fuel and benefiting farmers and rural communities..
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutthichai Khamhuatoey
- Department
of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Sommas Kaewluan
- Mechanical
Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Srinakarinwirot University, Nakhonnayok 26120, Thailand
| | - Jarernporn Thawornprasert
- Department
of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Ye Min Oo
- Department
of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Kritsakon Pongraktham
- Department
of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Krit Somnuk
- Department
of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Energy
Technology Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
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Zaki M, Rowles LS, Adjeroh DA, Orner KD. A Critical Review of Data Science Applications in Resource Recovery and Carbon Capture from Organic Waste. ACS ES&T ENGINEERING 2023; 3:1424-1467. [PMID: 37854077 PMCID: PMC10580293 DOI: 10.1021/acsestengg.3c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Municipal and agricultural organic waste can be treated to recover energy, nutrients, and carbon through resource recovery and carbon capture (RRCC) technologies such as anaerobic digestion, struvite precipitation, and pyrolysis. Data science could benefit such technologies by improving their efficiency through data-driven process modeling along with reducing environmental and economic burdens via life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno-economic analysis (TEA), respectively. We critically reviewed 616 peer-reviewed articles on the use of data science in RRCC published during 2002-2022. Although applications of machine learning (ML) methods have drastically increased over time for modeling RRCC technologies, the reviewed studies exhibited significant knowledge gaps at various model development stages. In terms of sustainability, an increasing number of studies included LCA with TEA to quantify both environmental and economic impacts of RRCC. Integration of ML methods with LCA and TEA has the potential to cost-effectively investigate the trade-off between efficiency and sustainability of RRCC, although the literature lacked such integration of techniques. Therefore, we propose an integrated data science framework to inform efficient and sustainable RRCC from organic waste based on the review. Overall, the findings from this review can inform practitioners about the effective utilization of various data science methods for real-world implementation of RRCC technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed
T. Zaki
- Wadsworth
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Lewis S. Rowles
- Department
of Civil Engineering and Construction, Georgia
Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia 30458, United States
| | - Donald A. Adjeroh
- Lane
Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Kevin D. Orner
- Wadsworth
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
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6
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Foong SY, Chan YH, Lock SSM, Chin BLF, Yiin CL, Cheah KW, Loy ACM, Yek PNY, Chong WWF, Lam SS. Microwave processing of oil palm wastes for bioenergy production and circular economy: Recent advancements, challenges, and future prospects. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 369:128478. [PMID: 36513306 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The valorization and conversion of biomass into various value-added products and bioenergy play an important role in the realization of sustainable circular bioeconomy and net zero carbon emission goals. To that end, microwave technology has been perceived as a promising solution to process and manage oil palm waste due to its unique and efficient heating mechanism. This review presents an in-depth analysis focusing on microwave-assisted torrefaction, gasification, pyrolysis and advanced pyrolysis of various oil palm wastes. In particular, the products from these thermochemical conversion processes are energy-dense biochar (that could be used as solid fuel, adsorbents for contaminants removal and bio-fertilizer), phenolic-rich bio-oil, and H2-rich syngas. However, several challenges, including (1) the lack of detailed study on life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis, (2) limited insights on the specific foreknowledge of microwave interaction with the oil palm wastes for continuous operation, and (3) effects of tunable parameters and catalyst's behavior/influence on the products' selectivity and overall process's efficiency, remain to be addressed in the context of large-scale biomass valorization via microwave technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Ying Foong
- Henan Province Forest Resources Sustainable Development and High-value Utilization Engineering Research Center, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Yi Herng Chan
- PETRONAS Research Sdn. Bhd. (PRSB), Lot 3288 & 3289, off Jalan Ayer Itam, Kawasan Institusi Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Serene Sow Mun Lock
- CO(2) Research Center (CO2RES), Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Bridgid Lai Fui Chin
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009 Miri Sarawak, Malaysia; Energy and Environment Research Cluster, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009 Miri Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Chung Loong Yiin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia; Institute of Sustainable and Renewable Energy (ISuRE), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Kin Wai Cheah
- Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK
| | | | - Peter Nai Yuh Yek
- Centre for Research of Innovation and Sustainable Development, University of Technology Sarawak, No.1, Jalan Universiti, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - William Woei Fong Chong
- Automotive Development Centre (ADC), Institute for Vehicle Systems and Engineering (IVeSE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, 81310 Johor, Malaysia
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Henan Province Forest Resources Sustainable Development and High-value Utilization Engineering Research Center, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Automotive Development Centre (ADC), Institute for Vehicle Systems and Engineering (IVeSE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, 81310 Johor, Malaysia; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India.
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Pandit C, Pandit S, Pant M, Ghosh D, Agarwal D, Lahiri D, Nag M, Ray RR. A Concise Review on the Synthesis, and Characterization of the Pyrolytic Lignocellulosic Biomass for Oil, Char and Gas Production: Recent Advances and its Environmental Application. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-022-00512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yek PNY, Kong SH, Law MC, Xia C, Liew RK, Sie TS, Lim JW, Lam SS. Microwave Torrefaction of Empty Fruit Bunch Pellet: Simulation and Validation of Electric Field and Temperature Distribution. JOURNAL OF BIORESOURCES AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobab.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2022] Open
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Gaur VK, Gautam K, Sharma P, Gupta S, Pandey A, You S, Varjani S. Carbon-based catalyst for environmental bioremediation and sustainability: Updates and perspectives on techno-economics and life cycle assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112793. [PMID: 35090873 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Global rise in the generation of waste has caused an enormous environmental concern and waste management problem. The untreated carbon rich waste serves as a breeding ground for pathogens and thus strategies for production of carbon rich biochar from waste by employing different thermochemical routes namely hydrothermal carbonization, hydrothermal liquefaction and pyrolysis has been of interest by researchers globally. Biochar has been globally produced due to its diverse applications from environmental bioremediation to energy storage. Also, several factors affect the production of biochar including feedstock/biomass type, moisture content, heating rate, and temperature. Recently the application of biochar has increased tremendously owing to the cost effectiveness and eco-friendly nature. Thus this communication summarized and highlights the preferred feedstock for optimized biochar yield along with the factor influencing the production. This review provides a close view on biochar activation approaches and synthesis techniques. The application of biochar in environmental remediation, composting, as a catalyst, and in energy storage has been reviewed. These informative findings were supported with an overview of lifecycle and techno-economical assessments in the production of these carbon based catalysts. Integrated closed loop approaches towards biochar generation with lesser/zero landfill waste for safeguarding the environment has also been discussed. Lastly the research gaps were identified and the future perspectives have been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar Gaur
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Krishna Gautam
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226 001, India; India Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248 007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Siming You
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382 010, India.
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A comparative assessment of biofuel products from rice husk and oil palm empty fruit bunch obtained from conventional and microwave pyrolysis. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2022.104305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Iberahim N, Sethupathi S, Bashir MJK, Kanthasamy R, Ahmad T. Evaluation of oil palm fiber biochar and activated biochar for sulphur dioxide adsorption. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150421. [PMID: 34818803 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The emission of sulphur dioxide (SO2) gas from power plants and factories to the atmosphere has been an environmental challenge globally. Thus, there is a great interest to control the SO2 gas emission economically and effectively. This study aims to use and convert abundantly available oil palm fiber (OPF) biomass into an adsorbent to adsorb SO2 gas. The preparation of OPF biochar and activated biochar was optimised using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on selected parameters (i.e., pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, holding time, activation temperature, activation time and CO2 flowrate). The best adsorbent was found to be the OPF activated biochar (OPFAB) compared to OPF biochar. OPFAB prepared at 753 °C for 73 min of activation time with 497 ml/min of CO2 flow yields the best adsorption capacity (33.09 mg/g) of SO2. Meanwhile, OPF pyrolysed at 450 °C of heating temperature, 12 °C/min of heating rate and 98 min of holding time yield adsorption capacity at 18.62 mg/g. Various characterisations were performed to investigate the properties and mechanism of the SO2 adsorption process. Thermal regeneration shows the possibilities for the spent adsorbent to be recycled. The findings imply OPFAB as a promising adsorbent for SO2 adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nursashabila Iberahim
- Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Sumathi Sethupathi
- Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammed J K Bashir
- Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Ramesh Kanthasamy
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh Branch, P.O. Box 344, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanveer Ahmad
- Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
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Selvam S M, Paramasivan B. Microwave assisted carbonization and activation of biochar for energy-environment nexus: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131631. [PMID: 34315073 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conventional thermochemical conversion techniques for biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass is often non-selective and energy inefficient. Microwave assisted pyrolysis (MAP) is cost and energy-efficient technology aimed for value-added bioproducts recovery from biomass with less environmental impacts. The present review emphasizes the performance of MAP in terms of product yield, characteristics and energy consumption and further it compares it with conventional pyrolysis. The significant role of biochar as catalyst in microwave pyrolysis for enhancing the product selectivity and quality, and the influence of microwave activation on product composition identified through sophisticated techniques has been highlighted. Besides, the application of MAP based biochar as soil conditioner and heavy metal immobilization has been illustrated. MAP accomplished at low temperature creates uniform thermal gradient than conventional mode, thereby producing engineered char with hotspots that could be used as catalysts for gasification, energy storage, etc. The stability, nutrient content, surface properties and adsorption capacity of biochar was enhanced by microwave activation, thus facilitating its use as soil conditioner. Many reviews until now on MAP mostly dealt with operational conditions and product yield with limited focus on comparative energy consumption with conventional mode, analytical techniques for product characterization and end application especially concerning agriculture. Thus, the present review adds on to the current state of art on microwave assisted pyrolysis covering all-round aspects of production followed by characterization and applications as soil amendment for increasing crop productivity in addition to the production of value-added chemicals, thus promoting process sustainability in energy and environment nexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Selvam S
- Agricultural & Environmental Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, 769008, India
| | - Balasubramanian Paramasivan
- Agricultural & Environmental Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, 769008, India.
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Song Z, Xu B, Xu C, Yu J, Su Y, Zhao X, Sun J, Mao Y, Wang W. Effect of additives on the distribution of three-phase products of oily sludge subjected to microwave pyrolysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2021; 56:1445-1455. [PMID: 34955077 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2021.2013074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the influence of activated carbon, oily sludge pyrolysis residue, and biochar and their contents on the distribution of three-phase products of oily sludge subjected to microwave pyrolysis. A microwave reaction system, refinery gas analyzer, and chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to carry out the experiment and analyze the results. The results showed that all three additives reduced the yield of solid products and increased the yield of gas products. With an increase in the additive content, the volatile matter and moisture content in the pyrolysis residue greatly reduced. The content of CH4 and H2 in the pyrolysis gas increased with an increase in the additive content. When the amount of activated carbon was 20%, the H2 content reached a maximum (39.7%), and when the amount of biochar was 20%, the CH4 content reached a maximum (44.5%). All three additives increased the content of small molecules in the pyrolysis oil; when 10% activated carbon was added, the oil recovery rate reached up to 78.5%. The results of this study can guide the industrial application of microwave pyrolysis oily sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanlong Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Baolin Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chang Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Shandong Academy of Environmental Science Company Limited, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Su
- Shandong Academy of Environmental Science Company Limited, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiqiang Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanpeng Mao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Tawalbeh M, Al-Othman A, Salamah T, Alkasrawi M, Martis R, El-Rub ZA. A critical review on metal-based catalysts used in the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass materials. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 299:113597. [PMID: 34492435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the technical aspects of improving the efficiency of the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic materials to increase the yield of the main products, which are bio-oil, biochar, and syngas. The latest aspects of catalyst development in the biomass pyrolysis process are presented focusing on the various catalyst structures, the physical and chemical performance of the catalysts, and the mode of the catalytic reaction. In bio-oil upgrading, atmospheric catalytic cracking is shown to be more economical than catalytic hydrotreating. Catalysts help in the upgrading process by facilitating several reaction pathways such as polymerization, aromatization, and alkyl condensation. However, the grade of bio-oil must be similar to that of diesel fuel. Hence, the properties of the pyrolysis liquid such as viscosity, kinematic viscosity, density, and boiling point are important and have been highlighted. Switching between types of catalysts has a significant influence on the final product yields and exhibits different levels of durability. Various catalysts have been shown to enhance gas yield at the expense of the yields of bio-oil and biochar that shift the overall purpose of pyrolysis. Therefore, the catalytic activity as a function of temperature, pressure, and catalyst biomass ratio is discussed in detail. These operational parameters are crucial because they determine the overall yield as well as the ratio of the oil, char, and gas products. Although significant progress has been made in catalytic pyrolysis, the economic feasibility of the process and the catalyst cost remain the major obstacles. This review concludes that the catalytic process would be feasible when the fuel selling price is reduced to less than US $ 4 per gallon of gasoline-equivalent, and when the selectivity of catalysts is further enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tawalbeh
- Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amani Al-Othman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tareq Salamah
- Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Malek Alkasrawi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Parkside, Kenosha, WI 53, USA.
| | - Remston Martis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ziad Abu El-Rub
- Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering Department, German Jordanian University, Amman, 11180, Jordan
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15
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Amran M, Lee YH, Fediuk R, Murali G, Mosaberpanah MA, Ozbakkaloglu T, Yong Lee Y, Vatin N, Klyuev S, Karelia M. Palm Oil Fuel Ash-Based Eco-Friendly Concrete Composite: A Critical Review of the Long-Term Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7074. [PMID: 34832474 PMCID: PMC8620846 DOI: 10.3390/ma14227074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rapid global infrastructural developments and advanced material science, amongst other factors, have escalated the demand for concrete. Cement, which is an integral part of concrete, binds the various individual solid materials to form a cohesive mass. Its production to a large extent emits many tons of greenhouse gases, with nearly 10% of global carbon (IV) oxide (CO2) emanating from cement production. This, coupled with an increase in the advocacy for environmental sustainability, has led to the development of various innovative solutions and supplementary cementitious materials. These aims to substantially reduce the overall volume of cement required in concrete and to meet the consistently increasing demand for concrete, which is projected to increase as a result of rapid construction and infrastructural development trends. Palm oil fuel ash (POFA), an industrial byproduct that is a result of the incineration of palm oil wastes due to electrical generation in power plants has unique properties, as it is a very reactive materials with robust pozzolanic tendencies, and which exhibits adequate micro-filling capabilities. In this study, a review on the material sources, affecting factors, and durability characteristics of POFA are carefully appraised. Moreover, in this study, a review of correlated literature with a broad spectrum of insights into the likely utilization of POFA-based eco-friendly concrete composites as a green material for the present construction of modern buildings is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugahed Amran
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 16273, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, Amran University, Quhal 9677, Yemen
| | - Yeong Huei Lee
- Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, CDT 250, Miri 98009, Malaysia;
| | - Roman Fediuk
- Polytechnic Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Gunasekaran Murali
- School of Civil Engineering, SASTRA Deemed to Be University, Thanjavur 613404, India;
| | | | - Togay Ozbakkaloglu
- Ingram School of Engineering, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA;
| | - Yee Yong Lee
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan 94300, Malaysia;
| | - Nikolai Vatin
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Sergey Klyuev
- Department of Theoretical Mechanics and Strength of Materials, Belgorod State Technological University Named after V.G. Shukhov, 308012 Belgorod, Russia;
| | - Maria Karelia
- Department of Machinery Parts and Theory of Mechanisms, Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University, 125319 Moscow, Russia;
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16
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Fly Ash-Based Eco-Efficient Concretes: A Comprehensive Review of the Short-Term Properties. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14154264. [PMID: 34361457 PMCID: PMC8347113 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Development of sustainable concrete as an alternative to conventional concrete helps in reducing carbon dioxide footprint associated with the use of cement and disposal of waste materials in landfill. One way to achieve that is the use of fly ash (FA) as an alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) because FA is a pozzolanic material and has a high amount of alumina and silica content. Because of its excellent mechanical properties, several studies have been conducted to investigate the use of alkali-activated FA-based concrete as an alternative to conventional concrete. FA, as an industrial by-product, occupies land, thereby causing environmental pollution and health problems. FA-based concrete has numerous advantages, such as it has early strength gaining, it uses low natural resources, and it can be configurated into different structural elements. This study initially presents a review of the classifications, sources, chemical composition, curing regimes and clean production of FA. Then, physical, fresh, and mechanical properties of FA-based concretes are studied. This review helps in better understanding of the behavior of FA-based concrete as a sustainable and eco-friendly material used in construction and building industries.
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Abstract
The issue of sustainability is a growing concern and has led to many environmentally friendly chemical productions through a great intensification of the use of biomass conversion processes. Thermal conversion of biomass is one of the most attractive tools currently used, and pyrolytic treatments represent the most flexible approach to biomass conversion. In this scenario, microwave-assisted pyrolysis could be a solid choice for the production of multi-chemical mixtures known as bio-oils. Bio-oils could represent a promising new source of high-value species ranging from bioactive chemicals to green solvents. In this review, we have summarized the most recent developments regarding bio-oil production through microwave-induced pyrolytic degradation of biomasses.
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18
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Comparative Investigation of Yield and Quality of Bio-Oil and Biochar from Pyrolysis of Woody and Non-Woody Biomasses. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14041092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the quantitative and qualitative attributes of liquid product and biochar obtained from pyrolysis of woody biomass (rubberwood sawdust (RWS)) and non-woody biomasses (oil palm trunk (OPT) and oil palm fronds (OPF)). The prepared biomass was pyrolyzed at temperatures of 500 °C, 550 °C, and 600 °C by using an agitated bed pyrolysis reactor, and then the yields and characteristics of liquid product and biochar were determined. The results showed that liquid product and biochar yields were in the respective ranges of 35.94–54.40% and 23.46–25.98% (wt.). Pyrolysis of RWS at 550 °C provided the highest liquid yield. The energy content of the water free liquid product was in the range 12.19–22.32 MJ/kg. The liquid product had a low pH and it mainly contained phenol groups as indicated by GC-MS. The biochars had high carbon contents (75.07–82.02%), while their oxygen contents were low (14.22–22%). The higher heating value (HHV) of biochar was in the range 26.42–29.33 MJ/kg. XRF analysis revealed that inorganic elements had higher contents in biochar than in the original biomass. The slagging and fouling indexes of biochar were also different from those of the biomass. High carbon content of the biochar confirms potential for its use in carbon sequestration. The specific surface of biochar was lower than that of biomass, while the average pore diameter of biochar was larger than for raw biomass as revealed by BET and SEM. These results on liquid product and biochar obtained from RWS, OPT, and OPF demonstrate that they are promising feedstocks for biofuels and other value-added products.
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Chuayjumnong S, Karrila S, Jumrat S, Pianroj Y. Activated carbon and palm oil fuel ash as microwave absorbers for microwave-assisted pyrolysis of oil palm shell waste. RSC Adv 2020; 10:32058-32068. [PMID: 35518133 PMCID: PMC9056578 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04966b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effects of two microwave absorbers (MWAb) or catalysts, namely activated carbon (AC) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA), were investigated in microwave pyrolysis of oil palm shell (OPS). The results show similar trends and ranges of the dielectric properties for both MWAbs when measured using a network analyzer with an open-end probe at 2.45 GHz from room temperature to 100 °C. However, according to the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, AC has a larger specific surface area (SSA) and pore volume than POFA. The higher SSA of the AC allows more molecules of gas or liquid substances to be attached on its surfaces than on POFA. This adsorption does not change the structure of AC or POFA. Therefore, on using AC the phenol content was higher than with POFA, as observed from GC-MS peak areas. Both MWAbs had absorbed liquid or gas molecules that may adhere to the surfaces either physically or chemically (or by both types of mechanisms) facilitating bonding to form different molecules. However, phenol derivatives, overall chemical compositions, and product yields were similar for these two MWAbs, according to ANOVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunisa Chuayjumnong
- Major in Energy Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University Hatyai Campus 15 Karnjanavanich Road Hat-Yai Songkhla 90110 Thailand
| | - Seppo Karrila
- Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology, Prince of Songkla University Suratthani Campus 31 Moo 6, Makhamtia Muang Suratthani 84000 Thailand
| | - Saysunee Jumrat
- Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology, Prince of Songkla University Suratthani Campus 31 Moo 6, Makhamtia Muang Suratthani 84000 Thailand
| | - Yutthapong Pianroj
- Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology, Prince of Songkla University Suratthani Campus 31 Moo 6, Makhamtia Muang Suratthani 84000 Thailand
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20
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Yek PNY, Peng W, Wong CC, Liew RK, Ho YL, Wan Mahari WA, Azwar E, Yuan TQ, Tabatabaei M, Aghbashlo M, Sonne C, Lam SS. Engineered biochar via microwave CO 2 and steam pyrolysis to treat carcinogenic Congo red dye. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 395:122636. [PMID: 32298946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We developed an innovative single-step pyrolysis approach that combines microwave heating and activation by CO2 or steam to transform orange peel waste (OPW) into microwave activated biochar (MAB). This involves carbonization and activation simultaneously under an inert environment. Using CO2 demonstrates dual functions in this approach, acting as purging gas to provide an inert environment for pyrolysis while activating highly porous MAB. This approach demonstrates rapid heating rate (15-120 °C/min), higher temperature (> 800 °C) and shorter process time (15 min) compared to conventional method using furnace (> 1 h). The MAB shows higher mass yield (31-44 wt %), high content of fixed carbon (58.6-61.2 wt %), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) surface area (158.5-305.1 m2/g), low ratio of H/C (0.3) and O/C (0.2). Activation with CO2 produces more micropores than using steam that generates more mesopores. Steam-activated MAB records a higher adsorption efficiency (136 mg/g) compared to CO2 activation (91 mg/g), achieving 89-93 % removal of Congo Red dye. The microwave pyrolysis coupled with steam or CO2 activation thereby represents a promising approach to transform fruit-peel waste to microwave-activated biochar that remove hazardous dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nai Yuh Yek
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center For Biomass Value-Added Products, School Of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; University College of Technology Sarawak, Department of Engineering, 96000, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Wanxi Peng
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center For Biomass Value-Added Products, School Of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Chee Chung Wong
- University College of Technology Sarawak, Department of Engineering, 96000, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Rock Keey Liew
- NV WESTERN PLT, No. 208B, Jalan Macalister, Georgetown, 10400, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Yee Ling Ho
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Wan Adibah Wan Mahari
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Elfina Azwar
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Tong Qi Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, No.35 Tsinghua East Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Meisam Tabatabaei
- Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), AREEO, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mortaza Aghbashlo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark; Henan Province Engineering Research Center For Biomass Value-Added Products, School Of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Henan Province Engineering Research Center For Biomass Value-Added Products, School Of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Anhui Juke Graphene Technology Co., Ltd., Bozhou, 233600, China.
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21
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Microwave-Assisted Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass for Hydrocarbon Production with Physically Mixed MCM-41 and ZSM-5. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10060685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To delve into the law of hydrocarbon production in microwave-assisted catalytic fast pyrolysis (MACFP) of corn straw, physical mixed Mesoporous Crystalline Material-41 (MCM-41) and Zeolite Socony Mobile-5 (ZSM-5) catalyst prototypes were exploited in this study. Besides, the effects exerted by temperature of reaction and MCM-41/ZSM-5 mass ratio were explored. As revealed from the results, carbon outputs of hydrocarbons rose initially as the temperature of MACFP rose and reached the maximal data at 550 °C; subsequently, it declined as reaction temperature rose. Moreover, the MCM-41/ZSM-5 mass ratio of 1:2 was second-to-none for hydrocarbon formation in the course of biomass MACFP. It was reported that adding MCM-41 can hinder coke formation on ZSM-5. Furthermore, MCM-41/ZSM-5 mixture exhibited more significant catalytic activity than ZSM-5/MCM-41 composite, demonstrating that hydrocarbon producing process can be stimulated by a simple physical MCM-41 and ZSM-5 catalysts mixture instead of synthesizing complex hierarchically-structured ZSM-5/MCM-41 composite.
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22
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Lam SS, Yek PNY, Ok YS, Chong CC, Liew RK, Tsang DCW, Park YK, Liu Z, Wong CS, Peng W. Engineering pyrolysis biochar via single-step microwave steam activation for hazardous landfill leachate treatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 390:121649. [PMID: 31753673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Improving the sustainability and cost-effectiveness of biochar production is crucial to meet increased global market demand. Here, we developed a single-step microwave steam activation (STMSA) as a simplified yet efficient method to produce microwave activated biochar (MAB) from waste palm shell (WPS). The STMSA recorded a higher heating rate (70 °C/min) and higher conversion (45 wt%) of WPS into highly microporous MAB (micropore surface area of 679.22 m2/g) in contrast with the conventional heating approach (≤ 12-17 wt%). The MAB was then applied as biosorbent for hazardous landfill leachate (LL) treatment and the adsorption performance was compared with commercial activated carbon under different pH, adsorbent quantity, adsorbate concentrations, and contact times. The MAB demonstrated high adsorption capacity, achieving maximum adsorption efficiency at 595 mg/g and 65 % removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) with 0.4 g/L of adsorbent amount under optimal acidic conditions (pH ≈ 2-3) after 24 h of contact time. The Freundlich isotherm and pseudo second-order kinetic models were well-fitted to explain the equilibrium adsorption and kinetics. The results indicate the viability of STMSA as a fast and efficient approach to produce activated biochar as a biosorbent for the treatment of hazardous landfill leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Shiung Lam
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (Akuatrop) & Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development (Bio-D Tropika), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Peter Nai Yuh Yek
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (Akuatrop) & Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development (Bio-D Tropika), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia; Department of Engineering, University College of Technology Sarawak, 96000, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Cheng Chong
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (Akuatrop) & Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development (Bio-D Tropika), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Rock Keey Liew
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (Akuatrop) & Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development (Bio-D Tropika), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhenling Liu
- School of Management, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Chee Swee Wong
- Department of Engineering, University College of Technology Sarawak, 96000, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Wanxi Peng
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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23
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Composition, Ageing and Herbicidal Properties of Wood Vinegar Obtained through Fast Biomass Pyrolysis. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13102418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis could be an economically feasible option for forest management as it reduces the need to burn litter and helps in fire prevention thus avoiding the release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This study characterises wood vinegar (WV) obtained via a continuous fast pyrolysis process in terms of its composition, ageing and herbicidal properties. The aqueous WV fraction had a moisture content of 84% in weight and contained more than 200 compounds. Acetic acid, hydroxyacetaldehyde and hydroxyacetone were the major components. No significant differences were found in WV composition according to the starting material (poplar, pine, pruning litter, forest waste). No residual aromatic polycyclic compounds that could be harmful to the environment were detected. In a series of climate-controlled glass chamber experiments, the WV proved to be as effective an inhibitor of seed germination and seedling growth as a contact herbicide acting against weeds, especially through aerial contact. Sprayed WV concentrations of 50, 75 and 100 vol. % were effective against all plant species tested. This product could therefore be of commercial interest and help make biomass pyrolysis economically viable, once environmental exposure limits and the safe application for agricultural and urban use of this product have been established.
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24
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Zhang Y, Cui Y, Liu S, Fan L, Zhou N, Peng P, Wang Y, Guo F, Min M, Cheng Y, Liu Y, Lei H, Chen P, Li B, Ruan R. Fast microwave-assisted pyrolysis of wastes for biofuels production - A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 297:122480. [PMID: 31812912 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of waste suffers from the problem that the waste generally has low microwave absorptivity thereby resulting in low heating rate and low pyrolysis temperature. In this case, fast microwave-assisted pyrolysis is proposed and developed to help the pyrolysis of waste. This study describes two methods that can be used to realize fast microwave-assisted pyrolysis of waste: (1) premixed method (wastes are mixed with microwave absorbent) and (2) non-premixed method (wastes are poured onto the heated microwave absorbent bed). Then, biofuels (bio-oil, bio-gas, and bio-char) produced from fast microwave-assisted pyrolysis of wastes are reviewed. The review results show that the yields of bio-oil, bio-gas, and bio-char obtained from fast microwave-assisted pyrolysis of wastes varied significantly in the ranges of 2-96 wt%, 2.4-86.8 wt%, and 0.3-83.2 wt%, respectively. Although the present research focused mainly on the premixed method, non-premixed/continuous fast microwave-assisted pyrolysis is still promising and challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Zhang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Yunlei Cui
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- Center for Biorefining, and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, 1390 Eckles Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Liangliang Fan
- Center for Biorefining, and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, 1390 Eckles Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing Road, Nanchang City, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Center for Biorefining, and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, 1390 Eckles Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Peng Peng
- Center for Biorefining, and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, 1390 Eckles Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Yunpu Wang
- Center for Biorefining, and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, 1390 Eckles Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing Road, Nanchang City, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Feiqiang Guo
- Center for Biorefining, and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, 1390 Eckles Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Min Min
- Center for Biorefining, and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, 1390 Eckles Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Yanling Cheng
- Center for Biorefining, and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, 1390 Eckles Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing Road, Nanchang City, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Hanwu Lei
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, 2710 Crimson Way, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Paul Chen
- Center for Biorefining, and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, 1390 Eckles Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Bingxi Li
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Roger Ruan
- Center for Biorefining, and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, 1390 Eckles Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing Road, Nanchang City, Jiangxi 330047, China.
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25
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Abstract
Microwave-assisted pyrolysis is a promising thermochemical technique to convert waste polymers and biomass into raw chemicals and fuels. However, this process involves several issues related to the interactions between materials and microwaves. Consequently, the control of temperature during microwave-assisted pyrolysis is a hard task both for measurement and uniformity during the overall pyrolytic run. In this review, we introduce some of the main theoretical aspects of the microwaves–materials interactions alongside the issues related to microwave pyrolytic processability of materials.
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Dong Q, Li H, Niu M, Luo C, Zhang J, Qi B, Li X, Zhong W. Microwave pyrolysis of moso bamboo for syngas production and bio-oil upgrading over bamboo-based biochar catalyst. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 266:284-290. [PMID: 29982049 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.06.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microwave pyrolysis of moso bamboo over bamboo-based biochar catalyst was conducted to achieve the bio-oil upgrading and high quality syngas production. The influence of the biochar on bamboo pyrolysis involving the temperature rise, product yield, and bio-oil and gas compositions was studied. The gas production was facilitated by the biochar mainly at the cost of the bio-oil, indicating the biochar had an excellent activity for the bio-oil cracking. The main compositions in bio-oil were acetic acid and phenol with the total contents ranging from 73.145% to 82.84% over the biochar catalysts, suggesting the upgrading of the bio-oil were achieved. The biochar exerted a positive effect on the syngas (CO + H2) production with the maximum content reaching up to 65.13 vol% at the 20 wt% addition amount of biochar under microwave condition. The biochar became more effective on the bio-oil upgrading and syngas production under microwave heating than conventional heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Dong
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Conversion and Process Integration, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Huaju Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Materials of Salt Chemical Industry, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Deep Utilization Technology of Rock-salt Resource, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Miaomiao Niu
- College of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China
| | - Chuping Luo
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Conversion and Process Integration, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Conversion and Process Integration, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Bo Qi
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Conversion and Process Integration, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Xiangqian Li
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Conversion and Process Integration, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Wa Zhong
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Conversion and Process Integration, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
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28
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Liew RK, Azwar E, Yek PNY, Lim XY, Cheng CK, Ng JH, Jusoh A, Lam WH, Ibrahim MD, Ma NL, Lam SS. Microwave pyrolysis with KOH/NaOH mixture activation: A new approach to produce micro-mesoporous activated carbon for textile dye adsorption. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 266:1-10. [PMID: 29936405 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A micro-mesoporous activated carbon (AC) was produced via an innovative approach combining microwave pyrolysis and chemical activation using NaOH/KOH mixture. The pyrolysis was examined over different chemical impregnation ratio, microwave power, microwave irradiation time and types of activating agents for the yield, chemical composition, and porous characteristic of the AC obtained. The AC was then tested for its feasibility as textile dye adsorbent. About 29 wt% yield of AC was obtained from the banana peel with low ash and moisture (<5 wt%), and showed a micro-mesoporous structure with high BET surface area (≤1038 m2/g) and pore volume (≤0.80 cm3/g), indicating that it can be utilized as adsorbent to remove dye. Up to 90% adsorption of malachite green dye was achieved by the AC. Our results indicate that the microwave-activation approach represents a promising attempt to produce good quality AC for dye adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rock Keey Liew
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Eastern Corridor Renewable Energy Group, School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Elfina Azwar
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Eastern Corridor Renewable Energy Group, School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Peter Nai Yuh Yek
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Eastern Corridor Renewable Energy Group, School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; School of Engineering and Technology, University College of Technology Sarawak, Lot 88, Persiaran Brooke, 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Xin Yi Lim
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Eastern Corridor Renewable Energy Group, School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Chin Kui Cheng
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Jo-Han Ng
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton Malaysia Campus, Iskandar Puteri, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Jusoh
- School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Wei Haur Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Peiyang Park Campus, 135 Yaguan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohd Danial Ibrahim
- Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Jalan Dato Mohd Musa, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Nyuk Ling Ma
- School of Fundamental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Eastern Corridor Renewable Energy Group, School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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Morgan HM, Bu Q, Liang J, Liu Y, Mao H, Shi A, Lei H, Ruan R. A review of catalytic microwave pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for value-added fuel and chemicals. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 230:112-121. [PMID: 28167357 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant renewable resource and can be efficiently converted into bio-energy by a bio-refinery. From the various techniques available for biomass thermo-chemical conversion; microwave assisted pyrolysis (MAP) seems to be the very promising. The principles of microwave technology were reviewed and the parameters for the efficient production of bio-oil using microwave technology were summarized. Microwave technology by itself cannot efficiently produce high quality bio-oil products, catalysts are used to improve the reaction conditions and selectivity for valued products during MAP. The catalysts used to optimize MAP are revised in the development of this article. The origins for bio-oils that are phenol rich or hydrocarbon rich are reviewed and their experimental results were summarized. The kinetics of MAP is discussed briefly in the development of the article. Future prospects and scientific development of MAP are also considered in the development of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervan Marion Morgan
- School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212013, PR China
| | - Quan Bu
- School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212013, PR China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210037, PR China.
| | - Jianghui Liang
- School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212013, PR China
| | - Yujing Liu
- School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212013, PR China
| | - Hanping Mao
- School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212013, PR China
| | - Aiping Shi
- School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212013, PR China
| | - Hanwu Lei
- Bioproducts, Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354-1671, USA
| | - Roger Ruan
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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30
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Abstract
The aim of this study is to explore catalytic microwave pyrolysis of crude oil storage tank sludge for fuels using granular activated carbon (GAC) as a catalyst. The effect of GAC loading on the yield of pyrolysis products was also investigated. Heating rate of oily sludge and yield of microwave pyrolysis products such as oil and fuel gas was found to depend on the ratio of GAC to oily sludge. The optimal GAC loading was found to be 10%, while much smaller and larger feed sizes adversely influenced production. During oily sludge pyrolysis, a maximum oil yield of 77.5% was achieved. Pyrolytic oils with high concentrations of diesel oil and gasoline (about 70 wt% in the pyrolytic oil) were obtained. The leaching of heavy metals, such as Cr, As and Pb, was also suppressed in the solid residue after pyrolysis. This technique provides advantages such as harmless treatment of oily sludge and substantial reduction in the consumption of energy, time and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Rong Chen
- a Petroleum Engineering College , Yangtze University , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
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31
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Hecht ES, Oberg AL, Muddiman DC. Optimizing Mass Spectrometry Analyses: A Tailored Review on the Utility of Design of Experiments. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:767-85. [PMID: 26951559 PMCID: PMC4841694 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1344-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as a tool that can analyze nearly all classes of molecules, with its scope rapidly expanding in the areas of post-translational modifications, MS instrumentation, and many others. Yet integration of novel analyte preparatory and purification methods with existing or novel mass spectrometers can introduce new challenges for MS sensitivity. The mechanisms that govern detection by MS are particularly complex and interdependent, including ionization efficiency, ion suppression, and transmission. Performance of both off-line and MS methods can be optimized separately or, when appropriate, simultaneously through statistical designs, broadly referred to as "design of experiments" (DOE). The following review provides a tutorial-like guide into the selection of DOE for MS experiments, the practices for modeling and optimization of response variables, and the available software tools that support DOE implementation in any laboratory. This review comes 3 years after the latest DOE review (Hibbert DB, 2012), which provided a comprehensive overview on the types of designs available and their statistical construction. Since that time, new classes of DOE, such as the definitive screening design, have emerged and new calls have been made for mass spectrometrists to adopt the practice. Rather than exhaustively cover all possible designs, we have highlighted the three most practical DOE classes available to mass spectrometrists. This review further differentiates itself by providing expert recommendations for experimental setup and defining DOE entirely in the context of three case-studies that highlight the utility of different designs to achieve different goals. A step-by-step tutorial is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Hecht
- W. M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Ann L Oberg
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - David C Muddiman
- W. M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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32
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Lu Z, Wu Z, Fan L, Zhang H, Liao Y, Zheng D, Wang S. Rapid and solvent-saving liquefaction of woody biomass using microwave-ultrasonic assisted technology. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 199:423-426. [PMID: 26419964 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A novel process to rapidly liquefy sawdust using reduced quantities of solvent, was successfully carried out via microwave-ultrasonic assisted technology (MUAT) in a sulphuric acid/polyethylene glycol 400-glycerol catalytic system. The influences of some key parameters on the liquefaction yield were investigated. The results showed that compared with traditional liquefaction, the introduction of MUAT allowed the solvent dosage to be halved and shortened the liquefaction time from 60 to 20 min. The liquefaction yield reached 91% under the optimal conditions. However, the influence on the yield of some parameters such as catalyst concentration, was similar to that of traditional liquefaction, indicating that the application of MUAT possibly only intensified heat and mass transfer rather than altering either the degradation mechanism or pathway. The introduction of MUAT as a process intensification technology has good industrial application potential for woody biomass liquefaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexiang Lu
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Zhengguo Wu
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Liwei Fan
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yiqiang Liao
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Deyong Zheng
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Siqun Wang
- Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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33
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Zhao W, Fan M, Gao H, Wang H. Central composite design approach towards optimization of super activated carbons from bamboo for hydrogen storage. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06326h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Super activated carbons were developed from moso bamboo and central composite design was used to determine optimum responses by investigating the influence of activation parameters, weight ratio of KOH/precursor (W) and activation temperature (T).
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Zhao
- College of Material Engineering
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
- Fuzhou 350002
- PR China
| | - M. Fan
- College of Engineering Design and Physical Sciences
- Brunel University
- UK
| | - H. Gao
- College of Material Engineering
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
- Fuzhou 350002
- PR China
| | - H. Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bamboo Research
- Zhejiang Forestry Academy
- Hangzhou 210037
- PR China
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34
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Araújo SDS, Paparella S, Dondi D, Bentivoglio A, Carbonera D, Balestrazzi A. Physical Methods for Seed Invigoration: Advantages and Challenges in Seed Technology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:646. [PMID: 27242847 PMCID: PMC4863893 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In the context of seed technology, the use of physical methods for increasing plant production offers advantages over conventional treatments based on chemical substances. The effects of physical invigoration treatments in seeds can be now addressed at multiple levels, ranging from morpho-structural aspects to changes in gene expression and protein or metabolite accumulation. Among the physical methods available, "magneto-priming" and irradiation with microwaves (MWs) or ionizing radiations (IRs) are the most promising pre-sowing seed treatments. "Magneto-priming" is based on the application of magnetic fields and described as an eco-friendly, cheap, non-invasive technique with proved beneficial effects on seed germination, vigor and crop yield. IRs, as γ-rays and X-rays, have been widely regarded as a powerful tool in agricultural sciences and food technology. Gamma-rays delivered at low dose have showed to enhance germination percentage and seedling establishment, acting as an actual 'priming' treatment. Different biological effects have been observed in seeds subjected to MWs and X-rays but knowledge about their impact as seed invigoration agent or stimulatory effects on germination need to be further extended. Ultraviolet (UV) radiations, namely UV-A and UV-C have shown to stimulate positive impacts on seed health, germination, and seedling vigor. For all mentioned physical treatments, extensive fundamental and applied research is still needed to define the optimal dose, exposition time, genotype- and environment-dependent irradiation conditions. Electron paramagnetic resonance has an enormous potential in seed technology not fully explored to monitor seed invigoration treatments and/or identifying the best suitable irradiation dose or time-point to stop the treatment. The present manuscript describes the use of physical methods for seed invigoration, while providing a critical discussion on the constraints and advantages. The future perspectives related to the use of these approaches to address the need of seed technologists, producers and trade markers will be also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana de Sousa Araújo
- Plant Cell Technology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de LisboaOeiras, Portugal
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘L. Spallanzani’, Universita degli Studi di PaviaPavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Susana de sousa Araújo,
| | - Stefania Paparella
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘L. Spallanzani’, Universita degli Studi di PaviaPavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Dondi
- Department of Chemistry, Universita degli Studi di PaviaPavia, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Carbonera
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘L. Spallanzani’, Universita degli Studi di PaviaPavia, Italy
| | - Alma Balestrazzi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘L. Spallanzani’, Universita degli Studi di PaviaPavia, Italy
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