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Sharafi R, Salehi Jouzani G, Karimi E, Ghanavati H, Kowsari M. Integrating bioprocess and metagenomics studies to enhance humic acid production from rice straw. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:173. [PMID: 38630379 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03959-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Rice straw burning annually (millions of tons) leads to greenhouse gas emissions, and an alternative solution is producing humic acid with high added-value. This study aimed to examine the influence of a microbial consortium and other additives (chicken manure, urea, olive mill waste, zeolite, and biochar) on the composting process of rice straw and the subsequent production of humic acid. Results showed that among the fungal species, Thermoascus aurantiacus exhibited the most prominent impact in expediting maturation and improving compost quality, and Bacillus subtilis was the most abundant bacterial species based on metagenomics analysis. The highest temperature, C/N ratio reduction, and amount of humic acid production (Respectively in lab 61 °C, 54.67%, 298 g kg-1 and in pilot level 65 °C, 72.11%, 310 g kg-1) were related to treatments containing these microorganisms and other additives except urea. Consequently, T. aurantiacus and B. subtilis can be employed on an industrial scale as compost additives to further elevate quality. Functional analysis showed that the bacterial enzymes in the treatments had the highest metabolic activities, including carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism compared to the control. The maximum enzymatic activities were in the thermophilic phase in treatments which were significantly higher than that in the control. The research emphasizes the importance of identifying and incorporating enzymatically active strains that are suitable for temperature conditions, alongside the native strains in decomposing materials. This strategy significantly improves the composting process and yields high-quality humic acid during the thermophilic phase.
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Grants
- 2-05-05-017-960740 Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)
- 2-05-05-017-960740 Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)
- 2-05-05-017-960740 Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)
- 2-05-05-017-960740 Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)
- 2-05-05-017-960740 Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Sharafi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Fahmideh Blvd, P.O. Box, Karaj, 31535-1897, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Salehi Jouzani
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Fahmideh Blvd, P.O. Box, Karaj, 31535-1897, Iran.
| | - Ebrahim Karimi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Fahmideh Blvd, P.O. Box, Karaj, 31535-1897, Iran
| | - Hosein Ghanavati
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Fahmideh Blvd, P.O. Box, Karaj, 31535-1897, Iran
| | - Mojegan Kowsari
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Fahmideh Blvd, P.O. Box, Karaj, 31535-1897, Iran
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Zheng J, Huang X, Gao L, Xu X, Hou L, Cai T, Jia S. Deciphering the core bacterial community structure and function and their response to environmental factors in activated sludge from pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123635. [PMID: 38428794 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical wastewater is recognized for its heightened concentrations of organic pollutants, and biological treatment stands out as an effective technology to remove these organic pollution. Therefore, a comprehensive exploration of core bacterial community compositions, functions, and their responses to environmental factors in pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants (PWWTPs) is important for understanding the removal mechanism of these organic pollutants. This study comprehensively investigated 36 activated sludge (AS) samples from 15 PWWTPs in China. The results revealed that Proteobacteria (45.41%) was the dominant phylum in AS samples, followed by Bacteroidetes (19.54%) and Chloroflexi (4.13%). While the dominant genera were similar in both aerobic and anaerobic treatment processes, their relative abundances exhibited significant variations. Genera like HA73, Kosmotoga, and Desulfovibrio were more abundant during anaerobic treatment, while Rhodoplanes, Bdellovibrio, and Hyphomicrobium dominated during aerobic treatment. 13 and 10 core operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified in aerobic and anaerobic sludge, respectively. Further analysis revealed that core OTUs belonging to genera Kosmotoga, Desulfovibrio, Thauera, Hyphomicrobium, and Chelativorans, were associated with key functions, including sulfur metabolism, methane metabolism, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, toluene degradation, and nitrogen metabolism. Furthermore, this study highlighted the crucial roles of environmental factors, such as COD, NH4+-N, SO42-, and TP, in shaping both the structure and core functions of bacterial communities within AS of PWWTPs. Notably, these factors indirectly affect functional attributes by modulating the bacterial community composition and structure in pharmaceutical wastewater. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing the efficiency of biochemical treatment processes in PWWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Zheng
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xin Huang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Linjun Gao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xu Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lijun Hou
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tianming Cai
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shuyu Jia
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Wang S, Long H, Hu X, Wang H, Wang Y, Guo J, Zheng X, Ye Y, Shao R, Yang Q. The co-inoculation of Trichoderma viridis and Bacillus subtilis improved the aerobic composting efficiency and degradation of lignocellulose. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 394:130285. [PMID: 38184087 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to reveal the mechanism by which co-inoculation with both Trichoderma viridis and Bacillus subtilis improved the efficiency of composting and degradation of lignocellulose in agricultural waste. The results showed that co-inoculation with Trichoderma and Bacillus increased abundance of Bacteroidota to promote the maturation 7 days in advance. Galbibacter may be a potential marker of co-inoculation composting efficiency compost. The compost became dark brown, odorless, and had a carbon to nitrogen ratio of 16.40 and a pH of 8.2. Moreover, Actinobacteriota and Firmicutes still dominated the degradation of lignocellulose following inoculation with Trichoderma or Bacillus 35 days after composting. Bacterial function prediction analysis showed that carbohydrate metabolism was the primary metabolic pathway. In conclusion, co-inoculation with Trichoderma and Bacillus shortened the composting cycle and accelerated the degradation of lignocellulose. These findings provide new strategies for the efficient use of agricultural waste to produce organic fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shancong Wang
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Chemical Control, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; College of Agronomy, State Key laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Haochi Long
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Chemical Control, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; College of Agronomy, State Key laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xinru Hu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Chemical Control, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; College of Agronomy, State Key laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Chemical Control, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; College of Agronomy, State Key laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yongchao Wang
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Chemical Control, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; College of Agronomy, State Key laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Jiameng Guo
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Chemical Control, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; College of Agronomy, State Key laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xianfu Zheng
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Youliang Ye
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ruixin Shao
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Chemical Control, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; College of Agronomy, State Key laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Qinghua Yang
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Chemical Control, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; College of Agronomy, State Key laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
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Wei L, Wang J, Liu X, Lai Q, Li G, Fu X, Li G, Shao Z, Dong C. Galbibacter pacificus sp. nov., isolated from surface seawater of the western Pacific Ocean and transfer of Joostella marina to the genus Galbibacter as Galbibacter orientalis nom. nov. and emended description of the genus Galbibacter. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73. [PMID: 37801073 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.006078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Two Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, strictly aerobic and rod-shaped bacterial strains, CMA-7T and CAA-3, were isolated from surface seawater samples collected from the western Pacific Ocean. Phylogeny of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated they were related to the genera Galbibacter and Joostella and shared 95.1, 90.9 and 90.8% sequence similarity with G. mesophilus Mok-17T, J. marina DSM 19592T and G. marinus ck-I2-15T, respectively. Phylogenomic analysis showed that the two strains, together with the members of the genera Galbibacter and Joostella, formed a monophyletic clade that could also be considered a monophyletic taxon. This distinctiveness was supported by amino acid identity and percentage of conserved proteins indices, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics and comparative genomics analysis. Digital DNA‒DNA hybridization values and average nucleotide identities between the two strains and their closest relatives were 18.0-20.8 % and 77.7-79.3 %, respectively. The principal fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 1 G, Summed Feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c/C16 : 1 ω6c or C16 : 1 ω6c/C16 : 1 ω7c), Summed Feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1 ω9c or C16 : 0 10-methyl), and C15 : 0 3-OH. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-6. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, aminolipid, aminophospholipid, phospholipid, phosphoglycolipid, glycolipid and unknown polar lipid. The genomic DNA G+C content of strains CMA-7T and CAA-3 was both 38.4 mol%. Genomic analysis indicated they have the potential to degrade cellulose and chitin. Based on the polyphasic evidence presented in this study, the two strains represent a novel species within the genus Galbibacter, for which the name Galbibacter pacificus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CMA-7T (=MCCC M28999T = KCTC 92588T). Moreover, the transfer of Joostella marina to the genus Galbibacter as Galbibacter orientalis nom. nov. (type strain En5T = KCTC 12518T = DSM 19592T=CGMCC 1.6973T) is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources; Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Fujian Province, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Jianning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources; Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Fujian Province, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Xiupian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources; Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Fujian Province, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Qiliang Lai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources; Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Fujian Province, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Guizhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources; Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Fujian Province, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Xiaoteng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources; Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Fujian Province, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Guangyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources; Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Fujian Province, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Zongze Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources; Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Fujian Province, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Chunming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources of China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources; Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Fujian Province, Xiamen 361005, PR China
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Andraskar J, Yadav S, Khan D, Kapley A. Treatment Options for Municipal Solid Waste by Composting and Its Challenges. Indian J Microbiol 2023; 63:235-243. [PMID: 37781005 PMCID: PMC10533440 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-023-01087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recovery and recycling of municipal solid waste biodegradable fraction (50-55%) are essential for attaining sustainability and a circular economy. Among organic waste treatment methods, composting is used to recycle organic fractions of waste. However, only 10-12% of municipal solid waste is utilized for composting treatment due to a lack of segregation practices and process challenges, including long process periods, odorous and greenhouse gas emissions, nitrogen loss, and low compost quality, which hinders large-scale practice. The current review paper discusses the challenges of composting treatment and its possible solutions. Various strategies were explored to address these challenges, such as utilizing microbial inoculum, additives, and optimization of physicochemical parameters. It also emphasizes the application of metagenomics for exploring key species. The knowledge about the microbial community and biochemical pathways (genome mining) can be exploited for the improvement of treatment efficiency. Graphical Abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-023-01087-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta Andraskar
- Environmental Biotechnology & Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Shailendra Yadav
- Environmental Biotechnology & Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020 India
| | - Debishree Khan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
- Chemical and Hazardous Waste Management Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020 India
| | - Atya Kapley
- Environmental Biotechnology & Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
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Duan Y, Awasthi MK, Yang J, Tian Y, Li H, Cao S, Syed A, Verma M, Ravindran B. Bacterial community dynamics and co-occurrence network patterns during different stages of biochar-driven composting. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023:129358. [PMID: 37336449 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial communities were dynamically tracked at four stages of biochar-driven sheep manure pile composting, and the co-occurrence networks with keystone taxa were established. The succession of bacterial community obvious varied during the composting process, Proteobacteria predominant in initial stage (39%) then shifted into Firmicutes in thermophilic (41%) and mesophilic (27%) stages, finally the maturation stage dominant by Bacteroidota (26%). Visualizations of bacterial co-occurrence networks demonstrate more cooperative mutualism and complex interactions in the thermophilic and mesophilic phases. Noticeably, the 7.5 and 10% biochar amended composts shown highest connections (736 and 663 total links) and positive cooperation (97.37 and 97.13% positive link) as well as higher closeness centrality and betweenness centrality of keystone taxa. Overall, appropriate biochar addition alters bacterial community succession and strengthens connection between keystone taxa and other bacteria, with 7.5 and 10% biochar amended composts has intense mutualistic symbiosis among bacterial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Duan
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Jianfeng Yang
- College of Resources Environment Science and Technology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Huike Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China.
| | - Shan Cao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meenakshi Verma
- University Centre for Research & Development Department of Chemistry Chandigarh University Gharuan, Mohali, India
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, South Korea
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Matheri F, Kambura AK, Mwangi M, Karanja E, Adamtey N, Wanjau K, Mwangi E, Tanga CM, Bautze D, Runo S. Evolution of fungal and non-fungal eukaryotic communities in response to thermophilic co-composting of various nitrogen-rich green feedstocks. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286320. [PMID: 37256894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermophilic composting is a promising soil and waste management approach involving diverse micro and macro-organisms, including eukaryotes. Due to sub-optimal amounts of nutrients in manure, supplemental feedstock materials such as Lantana camara, and Tithonia diversifolia twigs are used in composting. These materials have, however, been reported to have antimicrobial activity in in-vitro experiments. Furthermore, the phytochemical analysis has shown differences in their complexities, thus possibly requiring various periods to break down. Therefore, it is necessary to understand these materials' influence on the biological and physical-chemical stability of compost. Most compost microbiome studies have been bacterial-centric, leaving out eukaryotes despite their critical role in the environment. Here, the influence of different green feedstock on the fungal and non-fungal eukaryotic community structure in a thermophilic compost environment was examined. Total community fungal and non-fungal eukaryotic DNA was recovered from triplicate compost samples of four experimental regimes. Sequencing for fungal ITS and non-fungal eukaryotes; 18S rDNA was done under the Illumina Miseq platform, and bioinformatics analysis was done using Divisive Amplicon Denoising Algorithm version 2 workflow in R version 4.1. Samples of mixed compost and composting day 84 recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher overall fungal populations, while Lantana-based compost and composting day 84 revealed the highest fungal community diversity. Non-fungal eukaryotic richness was significantly (P< 0.05) more abundant in Tithonia-based compost and composting day 21. The most diverse non-fungal eukaryotic biome was in the Tithonia-based compost and composting day 84. Sordariomycetes and Holozoa were the most contributors to the fungal and non-fungal community interactions in the compost environment, respectively. The findings of this study unravel the inherent influence of diverse composting materials and days on the eukaryotic community structure and compost's biological and chemical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Matheri
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University (KU), Nairobi, Kenya
- International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anne Kelly Kambura
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Taita Taveta University (TTU), Voi, Kenya
| | - Maina Mwangi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University (KU), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edward Karanja
- International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Noah Adamtey
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland
| | - Kennedy Wanjau
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Department Animal and Human Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edwin Mwangi
- International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - David Bautze
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland
| | - Steven Runo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University (KU), Nairobi, Kenya
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Liao H, Liu C, Ai C, Gao T, Yang QE, Yu Z, Gao S, Zhou S, Friman VP. Mesophilic and thermophilic viruses are associated with nutrient cycling during hyperthermophilic composting. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:916-930. [PMID: 37031344 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01404-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
While decomposition of organic matter by bacteria plays a major role in nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems, the significance of viruses remains poorly understood. Here we combined metagenomics and metatranscriptomics with temporal sampling to study the significance of mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria and their viruses on nutrient cycling during industrial-scale hyperthermophilic composting (HTC). Our results show that virus-bacteria density dynamics and activity are tightly coupled, where viruses specific to mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria track their host densities, triggering microbial community succession via top-down control during HTC. Moreover, viruses specific to mesophilic bacteria encoded and expressed several auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) linked to carbon cycling, impacting nutrient turnover alongside bacteria. Nutrient turnover correlated positively with virus-host ratio, indicative of a positive relationship between ecosystem functioning, viral abundances, and viral activity. These effects were predominantly driven by DNA viruses as most detected RNA viruses were associated with eukaryotes and not associated with nutrient cycling during the thermophilic phase of composting. Our findings suggest that DNA viruses could drive nutrient cycling during HTC by recycling bacterial biomass through cell lysis and by expressing key AMGs. Viruses could hence potentially be used as indicators of microbial ecosystem functioning to optimize productivity of biotechnological and agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanpeng Liao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chaofan Ai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Tian Gao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qiu-E Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhen Yu
- Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Shaoming Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shungui Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Ville-Petri Friman
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, YO10 5DD, York, UK.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.
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Lai JL, Li ZG, Wang Y, Xi HL, Luo XG. Tritium and Carbon-14 Contamination Reshaping the Microbial Community Structure, Metabolic Network, and Element Cycle in the Seawater Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5305-5316. [PMID: 36952228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The potential ecological risks caused by entering radioactive wastewater containing tritium and carbon-14 into the sea require careful evaluation. This study simulated seawater's tritium and carbon-14 pollution and analyzed the effects on the seawater and sediment microenvironments. Tritium and carbon-14 pollution primarily altered nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism in the seawater environment. Analysis by 16S rRNA sequencing showed changes in the relative abundance of microorganisms involved in carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus metabolism and organic matter degradation in response to tritium and carbon-14 exposure. Metabonomics and metagenomic analysis showed that tritium and carbon-14 exposure interfered with gene expression involving nucleotide and amino acid metabolites, in agreement with the results seen for microbial community structure. Tritium and carbon-14 exposure also modulated the abundance of functional genes involved in carbohydrate, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolic pathways in sediments. Tritium and carbon-14 pollution in seawater adversely affected microbial diversity, metabolic processes, and the abundance of nutrient-cycling genes. These results provide valuable information for further evaluating the risks of tritium and carbon-14 in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Long Lai
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Zhan-Guo Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Hai-Ling Xi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Xue-Gang Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
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10
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Bahule CE, Martins LHDS, Chaúque BJM, Lopes AS. Metaproteomics as a tool to optimize the maize fermentation process. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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11
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Wang Z, Zhao M, Xie J, Wang Z, Tsui TH, Ren X, Zhang Z, Wang Q. Insight into the fraction variations of selenium and their effects on humification during composting. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 364:128050. [PMID: 36184014 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the variation of selenium fractions and their effects on humification during composting. Selenite and selenate were added to a mixture of goat manure and wheat straw for composting. The results demonstrated that the bioavailable Se in the selenite added treatment (9.3-13.8%) was lower than in the selenate added treatment (18.1-47.3%). Meanwhile, the HA/FA of selenite and selenate added treatments were higher than in control, indicating that the selenium addition (especially selenite) promoted the humification of composting. Importantly, selenite enriched the abundance of Tepidimicrobium and Virgibacillus which were responsible to improve humification performance. Selenate increased the abundance of Thermobifida and Cellvibrio which facilitated the composting humification. The genes encoding CAZymes involved in the degradation of organic materials were also analyzed, and selenium could contribute to the synthesis of humus. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that the selenite addition promoted amino acids and carbohydrate metabolism compared to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyu Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Mengxiang Zhao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jianwen Xie
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - To-Hung Tsui
- NUS Environment Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Xiuna Ren
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Quan Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Breeding Base for State Key Lab of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration in Northwestern China / Key Lab of Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystems in Northwestern China of Ministry of Education, China.
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12
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Shi F, Xu C, Liu J, Sun F, Yu H, Wang S, Li P, Yu Q, Li D, Zuo X, Liu L, Pei Z. Static composting of cow manure and corn stalk covered with a membrane in cold regions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:969137. [PMID: 36172023 PMCID: PMC9510635 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.969137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The disposal of livestock wastes is an urgent task in China. Compost is highly regarded for its ability to treat livestock wastes and protect arable land. In particular, some problems of livestock manure in cold regions, such as low efficiency because of low environmental temperature in winter, urgently need to be solved. In order to provide valuable composting information in the cold area at low environmental temperatures, the composting experiments were carried out with cow manure and corn stalk as substrates. The properties and bacterial community of compost samples in different stages were investigated. The electrical conductivity (EC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and organic matter (OM) of the final compost were 551 μS/cm, 1.12, 0.77, and 63.5%, respectively. No E. coli or Ascaris eggs were detected. The temperature was the key factor to affect the physical-co-chemical and biological properties. The absolutely dominant genera were Sporosarcina, Virgibacillus, Flavobacterium, and Steroidobacter in heating, high temperature, cooling, and maturing stages, respectively. Also, these bacteria could act as biological indicators during the composting process. Cryobacterium, Caldicoprobacter, Virgibacillus, and Sporosarcina were relatively novel genera in the compost piles in a cold environment. The biodegradation of exogenous substances mainly occurs in the initial and maturing stages. It is proven that composting can be carried out successfully in early spring or later autumn after a harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengmei Shi
- Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization of Main Crop Stalk Resources, Harbin, China
| | - Chengjiao Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization of Main Crop Stalk Resources, Harbin, China
| | - Fang Sun
- Animal Husbandry Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongjiu Yu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization of Main Crop Stalk Resources, Harbin, China
| | - Su Wang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization of Main Crop Stalk Resources, Harbin, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization of Main Crop Stalk Resources, Harbin, China
| | - Qiuyue Yu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization of Main Crop Stalk Resources, Harbin, China
| | - Dan Li
- Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization of Main Crop Stalk Resources, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Zuo
- Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization of Main Crop Stalk Resources, Harbin, China
| | - Li Liu
- Animal Husbandry Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhanjiang Pei
- Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization of Main Crop Stalk Resources, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Zhanjiang Pei,
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13
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Zhu N, Wang J, Wang Y, Li S, Chen J. Differences in geological conditions have reshaped the structure and diversity of microbial communities in oily soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 306:119404. [PMID: 35523380 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing was used to study the microbial community structure diversity changes in oil-contaminated soils under different spatial distances and environmental conditions. 239 Phyla, 508 Classes, 810 Orders, 1417 Families, 2048 Genera, 511 Species of microbial communities were obtained from 16 samples in three regions. The physicochemical properties of the soil, microorganisms' community structure has been changed by Petroleum hydrocarbon (PHA). Alpha diversity results showed that the soil contained high bacterial diversity, especially in Qingyang's loess soil. The bacterial abundance was in the order of loess soil > black soil > sandy soil. Beta diversity revealed that spatial distance limitation and random variation of repeated samples may be the main factors leading to soil heterogeneity and microbial community structure differences. The dominant bacteria phyla with broad petroleum hydrocarbon degradation ability such as Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were identified. Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Nocardioides, Oceanobacillus, Sphingomonas, Alkanindiges and Streptomyces were identified as functional microbial for the PHA degradation. The microbial communities manifested the co-exclusion under different geological conditions, and played the key role in the soil PHA degradation through amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism. The correlation results of amos structural equation showed that the diversity and abundance of soil microorganisms in different regions were controlled by soil PHA content and environmental factors. Altitude, annual average temperature and annual rainfall were positively correlated with microbial diversity. Annual rainfall and soil physical and chemical factors exhibited the most significant influence on it. Microbial diversity indirectly affected the PHA content in different type soil. We believe that reshape the structure and diversity of microbial communities in soil could be changed and reshaped by different geological conditions, pollutants and soil type. This study can provide helps for understanding the ecological effect of geomicrobiology formation under the driving force of geographic environment and other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Jiangqin Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
| | - Shaowei Li
- Lhasa National Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jixiang Chen
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
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14
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Wang S, Shi F, Li P, Yang F, Pei Z, Yu Q, Zuo X, Liu J. Effects of rice straw biochar on methanogenic bacteria and metabolic function in anaerobic digestion. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6971. [PMID: 35484383 PMCID: PMC9050691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10682-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion technology mitigates agricultural organic waste pollution, thereby alleviating the energy crisis. Biochar materials increase the utilisation rate of biomass resources and promote the enrichment and growth of microorganisms. Biochar is an effective exogenous additive that stabilises the anaerobic digestion, improves anaerobic digestion efficiency and gas production. Herein, biochar materials were prepared from rice straw utilising the sequencing batch anaerobic digestion process. The biochar microstructure was characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, and microbial succession and metabolic pathways were analysed using 16S rRNA sequencing to reveal the molecular mechanisms. Rice straw biochar addition increased gas production during anaerobic fermentation. SEM revealed that numerous cocci and microbacteria became agglomerated and attached to the surface and pores of biochar, which was revealed by BET analysis to be a good habitat for microorganisms. After anaerobic digestion, the specific surface area and total pore volume of biochar decreased. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that biochar affected the abundance of certain bacteria and archaea. Biochar had no obvious effect on the function of bacterial flora but inhibited carbohydrate metabolism by bacteria and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism by archaea in the anaerobic fermentation system while promoting lipid metabolism by archaea. Biochar addition inhibited acetic acid production in the anaerobic fermentation system and promoted methane production based on hydrogen and carbon dioxide levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Wang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Harbin, 150086, China.,Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization of Main Crop Stalk Resources, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Fengmei Shi
- Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Harbin, 150086, China.,Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization of Main Crop Stalk Resources, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Fengshan Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Zhanjiang Pei
- Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Harbin, 150086, China.,Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization of Main Crop Stalk Resources, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Qiuyue Yu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization of Main Crop Stalk Resources, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Xin Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization of Main Crop Stalk Resources, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Harbin, 150086, China. .,Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization of Main Crop Stalk Resources, Harbin, 150086, China.
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15
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Zhang L, Hu Y, Huang H, Ren L, Zhang J, Yan B, Luo L, Liu J, Gu S. Response of bacterial community to iron oxide nanoparticles during agricultural waste composting and driving factors analysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 345:126530. [PMID: 34896534 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The succession of bacterial communities and their function, and the core microorganisms for water soluble organic carbon (WSC) and organic matter (OM) changes during agricultural waste composting with addition of iron oxide nanomaterials (FeONPs, Fe2O3 NPs and Fe3O4 NPs) were investigated. Moreover, driving factors for bacterial composition and metabolism were analyzed. Results showed that FeONPs treatments increased the relative abundance of thermophilic microorganisms for OM degradation. Most of the core genera were responsible for decomposition of OM and synthesis of WSC. Additionally, FeONPs promoted the metabolism of amino acids. The most significant factors for dominant genera in control, Fe2O3 NPs and Fe3O4 NPs group were moisture (62.1%), moisture (62.0%) and OM (58.2%), respectively. For metabolism, the most significant factors in control, Fe2O3 NPs and Fe3O4 NPs group were temperature (57.2%), NO3--N (60.5%), NO3--N (62.6%), respectively. The relationships between compost properties, bacterial community and metabolism were changed by FeONPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Yunlong Hu
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Hongli Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Liheng Ren
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Jiachao Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China.
| | - Binghua Yan
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Lin Luo
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Sijia Gu
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
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16
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Hernández-Lara A, Ros M, Cuartero J, Bustamante MÁ, Moral R, Andreu-Rodríguez FJ, Fernández JA, Egea-Gilabert C, Pascual JA. Bacterial and fungal community dynamics during different stages of agro-industrial waste composting and its relationship with compost suppressiveness. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150330. [PMID: 34818753 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Composting is an advantageous and efficient process for recycling organic waste and producing organic fertilizers, and many kinds of microorganisms are involved in obtaining quality compost with suppressive activity against soil-borne pathogens. The aim of this work was to evaluate the main differences in the effects of three composting piles on the whole bacterial and fungal communities of baby-leaf lettuce crops and to determine the specific communities by high-throughput sequencing related to suppressiveness against the soil-borne plant pathogen Pythium irregulare- (P. irregulare). Compost pile A was composed of 47% vineyard pruning waste, 34% tomato waste and 19% leek waste; pile B was composed of 54% vineyard pruning waste and 46% tomato waste; and pile C was composed of 42% vineyard pruning waste, 25% tomato waste and 33% olive mill cake. The temperature and the chemical properties of the piles were monitored throughout the composting process. In addition, the potential suppressive capacity of the three composts (C_A, C_B and C_C) against P. irregulare in baby-leaf lettuce was assessed. We found that the bacterial community changed according to the composting phases and composting pile and was sensitive to chemical changes throughout the composting process. The fungal community, on the other hand, did not change between the composting piles and proved to be less influenced by chemical properties, but it did change, principally, according to the composting phases. All composts obtained were considered stable and mature, while compost C_C showed higher maturity than composts C_A and C_B. During composting, the three piles contained a greater relative abundance of Bacterioidetes, Proteobacterias and Actinobacterias related to the suppression of soil-borne pathogens such as Pythium irregulare. Composts C_A and C_B, however, showed higher suppressiveness against P. irregulare than compost C_C. Deeper study showed that this observed suppressiveness was favored by a higher abundance of genera that have been described as potential suppressive against P. irregulare, such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Truepera and Luteimonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Hernández-Lara
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Margarita Ros
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jessica Cuartero
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Bustamante
- Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, Miguel Hernández University, EPS-Orihuela, ctra. Beniel Km 3.2, 03312, Orihuela, Alicante, Spain
| | - Raul Moral
- Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, Miguel Hernández University, EPS-Orihuela, ctra. Beniel Km 3.2, 03312, Orihuela, Alicante, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Andreu-Rodríguez
- Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, Miguel Hernández University, EPS-Orihuela, ctra. Beniel Km 3.2, 03312, Orihuela, Alicante, Spain
| | - Juan A Fernández
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain; Plant Biotechnology Institute, Edificio I + D + i, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Catalina Egea-Gilabert
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain; Plant Biotechnology Institute, Edificio I + D + i, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - José Antonio Pascual
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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17
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Shi F, Yu H, Zhang N, Wang S, Li P, Yu Q, Liu J, Pei Z. Microbial succession of lignocellulose degrading bacteria during composting of corn stalk. Bioengineered 2021; 12:12372-12382. [PMID: 34747301 PMCID: PMC8809999 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2002622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The discarding and burning of corn stalks in the fields after harvesting lead to environmental pollution and waste of resources. Composting is an effective way to disposal of the crop straws. Composting is a complex biochemical process and need a detail studied in cold region. Hence, the succession process of bacteria and Actinomycetes in the process of corn stalk composting in cold region was studied by 16SrRNA. Alpha diversity analysis showed that the detection results could represent the real situation. The bacterial community diversity from high to low was F50 > F90 > F0 > F10 > F20. The results of beta analysis showed that F20 and F50 had the most similar microbial structure at the phylum level, and the difference between F0 and F20 was the largest. The dominant microbes changed from Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes in F0 in heating stage to Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes in F10 during early high temperature stage, and Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes in cooling and post composting phases. Actinobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant bacteria in the whole composting process. In the composting process, the microbial community was mainly involved in amino acid metabolism related to nitrogen transformation and carbohydrate metabolism related to lignocellulose degradation. Lignin and hemicellulose were mainly degraded in thermophilic stage. The conversion of nitrogen and degradation of cellulose occurred mainly in the early stages of composting. The research will be helpful to understand the biochemical process of composting in cold region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengmei Shi
- Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Harbin, 150086, China.,Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Harbin, 150086, China.,Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization of Main Crop stalk Resources, Harbin, 150086, China)
| | - Hongjiu Yu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Harbin, 150086, China.,Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Harbin, 150086, China.,Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization of Main Crop stalk Resources, Harbin, 150086, China)
| | - Nan Zhang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Harbin, 150086, China.,Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Harbin, 150086, China.,Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization of Main Crop stalk Resources, Harbin, 150086, China)
| | - Su Wang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Harbin, 150086, China.,Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Harbin, 150086, China.,Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization of Main Crop stalk Resources, Harbin, 150086, China)
| | - Pengfei Li
- Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Harbin, 150086, China.,Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Harbin, 150086, China.,Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization of Main Crop stalk Resources, Harbin, 150086, China)
| | - Qiuyue Yu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Harbin, 150086, China.,Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Harbin, 150086, China.,Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization of Main Crop stalk Resources, Harbin, 150086, China)
| | - Jie Liu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Harbin, 150086, China.,Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Harbin, 150086, China.,Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization of Main Crop stalk Resources, Harbin, 150086, China)
| | - Zhanjiang Pei
- Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation and Utilization, Harbin, 150086, China.,Key Laboratory of Combining Farming and Animal Husbandry Ministry of Agriculture, P. R. China, Harbin, 150086, China.,Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization of Main Crop stalk Resources, Harbin, 150086, China)
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18
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Tortosa G, Fernández-González AJ, Lasa AV, Aranda E, Torralbo F, González-Murua C, Fernández-López M, Benítez E, Bedmar EJ. Involvement of the metabolically active bacteria in the organic matter degradation during olive mill waste composting. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147975. [PMID: 34082203 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RNA-based high-throughput sequencing is a valuable tool in the discernment of the implication of metabolically active bacteria during composting. In this study, "alperujo" composting was used as microbial model for the elucidation of structure-function relationships with physicochemical transformation of the organic matter. DNA and RNA, subsequently retrotranscribed into cDNA, were isolated at the mesophilic, thermophilic and maturation phases. 16S rRNA gene was amplified by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and Illumina MiSeq platform to assess bacterial abundance and diversity, respectively. The results showed that the abundance of active bacteria assessed by qPCR was maximum at thermophilic phase, which confirm it as the most active stage of the process. Concerning diversity, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were the main phyla presented in composts. Concomitantly, three different behaviours were observed for bacterial dynamics: some genera decreased during the whole process meanwhile others proliferated only at thermophilic or maturation phase. Statistical correlation between physicochemical transformations of the organic matter and bacterial diversity revealed bacterial specialisation. This result indicated that specific groups of bacteria were only involved in the organic matter degradation during bio-oxidative phase or humification at maturation. Metabolic functions predictions confirmed that active bacteria were mainly involved in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles transformations, and pathogen reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Tortosa
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), Agencia Estatal CSIC, c/ Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain.
| | - Antonio J Fernández-González
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), Agencia Estatal CSIC, c/ Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana V Lasa
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), Agencia Estatal CSIC, c/ Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Elisabet Aranda
- Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Edificio Fray Luis, c/ Ramón y Cajal, 4, 18071 Granada, Spain; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Torralbo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena, s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Carmen González-Murua
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena, s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Manuel Fernández-López
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), Agencia Estatal CSIC, c/ Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Emilio Benítez
- Department of Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), Agencia Estatal CSIC, c/ Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Eulogio J Bedmar
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), Agencia Estatal CSIC, c/ Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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Planifilum fulgidum Is the Dominant Functional Microorganism in Compost Containing Spent Mushroom Substrate. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su131810002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The extensive accumulation of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) owing to the large-scale production of edible fungi is causing environmental problems that cannot be ignored. Co-composting is a promising method for agricultural and animal husbandry waste disposal. In this study, the composition and function of microbial communities in the process of cattle manure–maize straw composting with SMS addition were compared through an integrated meta-omics approach. The results showed that irrespective of SMS addition, the predominant fungi were Ascomycota, while the dominant bacteria were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. High temperature promoted the evolution from Gram-negative bacteria (Bacteroides, Proteobacteria) to Gram-positive bacteria (Firmicutes, Actinomycetes). The composting process was accelerated by SMS addition, and the substrate was effectively degraded in 14 days. Metaproteomics results showed that the dominant microorganism, Planifilum fulgidum, secreted large amounts of S8, M17, and M32 proteases that could degrade macromolecular protein substrates in the presence of SMS. Planifilum fulgidum, along with Thermobifida fusca and Melanocarpus albomyces, synergistically degraded hemicellulose, cellulose, and protein. In addition, the dominant microorganisms related to the initial raw materials such as Pichia, Lactobacillus in the microbial agent and Hypsizygus in SMS could not adapt to the high-temperature environment (>60 °C) and were replaced by thermophilic bacteria after 5 days of composting.
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Li C, Li H, Yao T, Su M, Ran F, Li J, He L, Chen X, Zhang C, Qiu H. Effects of swine manure composting by microbial inoculation: Heavy metal fractions, humic substances, and bacterial community metabolism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 415:125559. [PMID: 33743378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of swine manure composting with microbial inoculation (MI) and without MI (CK) on heavy metal (Cr, Cd, and Pb) fractions, humic substance (HS), and metabolism pathway. The results showed that MI could passivate the heavy metal Cr and reduce the proportion of exchangeable (EXC) fraction of Cd, but it does not affect the EXC fraction of Pb. Compared to CK, HS, humic acid (HA), and fulvic acid (FA) were significantly increased with MI at the maturity stage. The propagation of Proteobacteria (day 4) and Firmicutes (days 12 and 24) was strengthened with MI. Canonical correlation analysis found that HA and Firmicutes were positively correlated with heavy metal (Cr, Cd, and Pb) residual (RES) fraction, and FA was positively correlated with Proteobacteria. Moreover, MI can significantly increase amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism by day 4, enhance the metabolism of enzyme families and glycan biosynthesis by day 12, and improve membrane transport. Overall, MI could facilitates the increase in HA and FA content and transfer of heavy metal (Cr, Cd, and Pb) fractions, it particularly helps increase the RES fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changning Li
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Haiyun Li
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Tuo Yao
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China; Engineering Research Center for the Resource Utilization of Livestock and Poultry Wastes in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China.
| | - Ming Su
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Fu Ran
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Jianhong Li
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Li He
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Huizhen Qiu
- Engineering Research Center for the Resource Utilization of Livestock and Poultry Wastes in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
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21
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Ren X, Wang Q, Chen X, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Li R, Li J, Zhang Z. Elucidating the optimum added dosage of Diatomite during co-composting of pig manure and sawdust: Carbon dynamics and microbial community. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 777:146058. [PMID: 33677282 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Six dosages of DM (0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 10%, 15% and 20%) were added into initial mixtures for 42 days of aerobic composting to investigate the optimum added dosage of Diatomite (DM) during co-composting of pig manure and sawdust. The results showed that adding DM was beneficial for reducing CH4 emissions and greenhouse gas emission equivalent (GHGE) values by 15.63-24.25% and 14.33-69.08%, respectively. Meanwhile, the main contributor to the GHGE value was N2O (58.76-75.98%), followed by CH4 (17.22-29.16%) and NH3 (6.38-13.36%). Moreover, the maximum values in the degradation of total organic matter and the formation rate of humic acid were 20.46% and 82.19% in 10% DM added treatment (T3), respectively. Furthermore, the increase in spectral parameters, including the specific UV absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA254), the specific UV absorbance at 280 nm (SUVA280) and Fourier transform - infrared parameters were facilitated by DM amendment. Additionally, the higher values of the relative abundances of Proteobacteria (50.98%) and Bacteroidetes (12.73%), and related metabolisms such as carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism, as well as the lower value of methane metabolism reported in T3, supported the difference in CH4 and humification of the two treatments. In conclusion, DM was determined to be an eco-practical additive to improve the quality of end products and reduce potential risks, and the best treatment in this study was 10% added treatment based on dry weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuna Ren
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Quan Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Xing Chen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Yue Sun
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Ronghua Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Ji Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Haidian District, 100193 Beijing, China; Organic Recycling Institute (Suzhou) of China Agricultural University and Suzhou ViHong Biotechnology, Wuzhong District, 215128 Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, PR China.
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22
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Bassey AP, Ye K, Li C, Zhou G. Transcriptomic-proteomic integration: A powerful synergy to elucidate the mechanisms of meat spoilage in the cold chain. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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23
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Zhang S, Wang J, Chen X, Gui J, Sun Y, Wu D. Industrial-scale food waste composting: Effects of aeration frequencies on oxygen consumption, enzymatic activities and bacterial community succession. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 320:124357. [PMID: 33166884 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Industrial-scale composting of food waste (FW) was performed at different aeration frequencies (C_5_25: 5 min aeration + 25 min interval, C_10_20: 10 min aeration + 20 min interval, C_15_15: 15 min aeration + 15 min interval and CK: stuffiness) to ascertain the optimal aeration frequency to accomplish polymerization and humification of compost. The tested aeration frequencies affected the oxygen uptake rate, oxygen spatial distribution, and ultimately influenced the humification of compost. Extensive aeration was not beneficial to accumulate nitrogen and phosphorus during composting. Aeration frequency influenced the succession of bacterial community primarily through affecting O2 concentration and the release of various enzymes by these bacteria. Regulating O2 concentration by adjusting aeration strategies may provide guidance for accelerating maturity of composting. Considering various factors, this paper recommends the scheme of heating period (C_5_25), thermophilic period (C_15_15) and psychrophilic period (no aeration).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchi Zhang
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jingli Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xu Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jiaxi Gui
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yue Sun
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Donglei Wu
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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