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Dowling R, Narkowicz R, Lenz K, Oelschlägel A, Lindner J, Kostylev M. Resonance-Based Sensing of Magnetic Nanoparticles Using Microfluidic Devices with Ferromagnetic Antidot Nanostructures. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 14:19. [PMID: 38202474 PMCID: PMC10780436 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrated resonance-based detection of magnetic nanoparticles employing novel designs based upon planar (on-chip) microresonators that may serve as alternatives to conventional magnetoresistive magnetic nanoparticle detectors. We detected 130 nm sized magnetic nanoparticle clusters immobilized on sensor surfaces after flowing through PDMS microfluidic channels molded using a 3D printed mold. Two detection schemes were investigated: (i) indirect detection incorporating ferromagnetic antidot nanostructures within microresonators, and (ii) direct detection of nanoparticles without an antidot lattice. Using scheme (i), magnetic nanoparticles noticeably downshifted the resonance fields of an antidot nanostructure by up to 207 G. In a similar antidot device in which nanoparticles were introduced via droplets rather than a microfluidic channel, the largest shift was only 44 G with a sensitivity of 7.57 G/ng. This indicated that introduction of the nanoparticles via microfluidics results in stronger responses from the ferromagnetic resonances. The results for both devices demonstrated that ferromagnetic antidot nanostructures incorporated within planar microresonators can detect nanoparticles captured from dispersions. Using detection scheme (ii), without the antidot array, we observed a strong resonance within the nanoparticles. The resonance's strength suggests that direct detection is more sensitive to magnetic nanoparticles than indirect detection using a nanostructure, in addition to being much simpler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyne Dowling
- Department of Physics, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Ryszard Narkowicz
- Institute for Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (R.N.); (K.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Kilian Lenz
- Institute for Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (R.N.); (K.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Antje Oelschlägel
- Institute for Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (R.N.); (K.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jürgen Lindner
- Institute for Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (R.N.); (K.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Mikhail Kostylev
- Department of Physics, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;
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Sofia de Olazarra A, Chen FE, Wang TH, Wang SX. Rapid, Point-of-Care Host-Based Gene Expression Diagnostics Using Giant Magnetoresistive Biosensors. ACS Sens 2023; 8:2780-2790. [PMID: 37368357 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Host-based gene expression analysis is a promising tool for a broad range of clinical applications, including rapid infectious disease diagnostics and real-time disease monitoring. However, the complex instrumentation requirements and slow turnaround-times associated with traditional gene expression analysis methods have hampered their widespread adoption at the point-of-care (POC). To overcome these challenges, we have developed an automated and portable platform that utilizes polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and giant magnetoresistive (GMR) biosensors to perform rapid multiplexed, targeted gene expression analysis at the POC. As proof-of-concept, we utilized our platform to amplify and measure the expression of four genes (HERC5, HERC6, IFI27, and IFIH1) that were previously shown to be upregulated in hosts infected with influenza viruses. The compact instrument conducted highly automated PCR amplification and GMR detection to measure the expression of the four genes in multiplex, then utilized Bluetooth communication to relay results to users on a smartphone application. To validate the platform, we tested 20 cDNA samples from symptomatic patients that had been previously diagnosed as either influenza-positive or influenza-negative using a RT-PCR virology panel. A non-parametric Mann-Whitney test revealed that day 0 (day of symptom onset) gene expression was significantly different between the two groups (p < 0.0001, n = 20). Hence, we preliminarily demonstrated that our platform could accurately discriminate between symptomatic influenza and non-influenza populations based on host gene expression in ∼30 min. This study not only establishes the potential clinical utility of our proposed assay and device for influenza diagnostics but it also paves the way for broadscale and decentralized implementation of host-based gene expression diagnostics at the POC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia de Olazarra
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94035, United States
| | - Fan-En Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Shan X Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94035, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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3
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Ng E, Choi C, Wang SX. Longitudinal analysis of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers in vaccinees using a novel giant magnetoresistive (GMR) assay. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2023; 387:133773. [PMID: 37056483 PMCID: PMC10072976 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2023.133773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to monitor important correlates of immunity on a population-wide level. To this end, we have developed a competitive assay to assess neutralizing antibody (NAb) titer on the giant magnetoresistive (GMR) biosensor platform. We compared the clinical performance of our biosensor with established techniques such as Ortho's VITROS Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Quantitative Antibody test. Results obtained between the VITROS test and the GMR assay showed correlation (r = -0.93). We then validated the assay with patient plasma samples that had been tested using focus reduction neutralization testing (FRNT). The results obtained from our GMR assay exhibit a previously identified trend of increased NAb titers 2 weeks post-vaccination. We further evaluated NAb titers 6 months post-vaccination and observed waning neutralizing antibody titers over that time in vaccinated patients. In addition, we calibrated our assay to an arbitrary unit (IU/mL) using World Health Organization (WHO) reference plasma provided by the National Institute of Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC). Our biosensor provides highly specific and sensitive results in serum and plasma with analytical, clinical, and point-of-care (POC) applications due to quick turnaround times on samples and the cost-effectiveness of the platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Ng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shan X Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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de Olazarra AS, Wang SX. Advances in point-of-care genetic testing for personalized medicine applications. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:031501. [PMID: 37159750 PMCID: PMC10163839 DOI: 10.1063/5.0143311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Breakthroughs within the fields of genomics and bioinformatics have enabled the identification of numerous genetic biomarkers that reflect an individual's disease susceptibility, disease progression, and therapy responsiveness. The personalized medicine paradigm capitalizes on these breakthroughs by utilizing an individual's genetic profile to guide treatment selection, dosing, and preventative care. However, integration of personalized medicine into routine clinical practice has been limited-in part-by a dearth of widely deployable, timely, and cost-effective genetic analysis tools. Fortunately, the last several decades have been characterized by tremendous progress with respect to the development of molecular point-of-care tests (POCTs). Advances in microfluidic technologies, accompanied by improvements and innovations in amplification methods, have opened new doors to health monitoring at the point-of-care. While many of these technologies were developed with rapid infectious disease diagnostics in mind, they are well-suited for deployment as genetic testing platforms for personalized medicine applications. In the coming years, we expect that these innovations in molecular POCT technology will play a critical role in enabling widespread adoption of personalized medicine methods. In this work, we review the current and emerging generations of point-of-care molecular testing platforms and assess their applicability toward accelerating the personalized medicine paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S. de Olazarra
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - S. X. Wang
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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Yang Y, Li Y. Perspective Chapter: Novel Diagnostics Methods for SARS-CoV-2. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.105912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus of zoonotic origin (SARS-CoV-2) has recently been recognized in patients with acute respiratory disease. COVID-19 causative agent is structurally and genetically similar to SARS and bat SARS-like coronaviruses. The drastic increase in the number of coronavirus and its genome sequence has given us an unprecedented opportunity to perform bioinformatics and genomics analysis on this class of viruses. Clinical tests such as PCR and ELISA for rapid detection of this virus are urgently needed for early identification of infected patients. However, these techniques are expensive and not readily available for point-of-care (POC) applications. Currently, lack of any rapid, available, and reliable POC detection method gives rise to the progression of COVID-19 as a horrible global problem. To solve the negative features of clinical investigation, we provide a brief introduction of the various novel diagnostics methods including SERS, SPR, electrochemical, magnetic detection of SARS-CoV-2. All sensing and biosensing methods based on nanotechnology developed for the determination of various classes of coronaviruses are useful to recognize the newly immerged coronavirus, i.e., SARS-CoV-2. Also, the introduction of sensing and biosensing methods sheds light on the way of designing a proper screening system.
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de Olazarra AS, Cortade DL, Wang SX. From saliva to SNP: non-invasive, point-of-care genotyping for precision medicine applications using recombinase polymerase amplification and giant magnetoresistive nanosensors. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2131-2144. [PMID: 35537344 PMCID: PMC9156572 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00233g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Genetic testing is considered a cornerstone of the precision medicine paradigm. Genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has been shown to provide insights into several important issues, including therapy selection and drug responsiveness. However, a scarcity of widely deployable and cost-effective genotyping tools has limited the integration of precision medicine into routine clinical practice. The objective of our work was to develop a portable, cost-effective, and automated platform that performs SNP genotyping at the point-of-care (POC). Using recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and giant magnetoresistive (GMR) nanosensors, we present a highly automated and multiplexed point-of-care platform that utilizes direct saliva for the qualitative genotyping of four SNPs (rs4633, rs4680, rs4818, rs6269) along the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene (COMT), which is associated with the modulation of pain sensitivity and perioperative opioid use. Using this approach, we successfully amplify, detect, and genotype all four of the SNPs, demonstrating 100% accordance between the experimental results obtained using the automated RPA and GMR genotyping assay and the results obtained using a COMT PCR genotyping assay that was formerly validated using pyrosequencing. This automated, portable, and multiplexed RPA and GMR assay shows great promise as a solution for SNP genotyping at the POC and reinforces the broad applications of magnetic nanotechnology in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana Lee Cortade
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shan X Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Wu K, Tonini D, Liang S, Saha R, Chugh VK, Wang JP. Giant Magnetoresistance Biosensors in Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:9945-9969. [PMID: 35167743 PMCID: PMC9055838 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect has seen flourishing development from theory to application in the last three decades since its discovery in 1988. Nowadays, commercial devices based on the GMR effect, such as hard-disk drives, biosensors, magnetic field sensors, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), etc., are available in the market, by virtue of the advances in state-of-the-art thin-film deposition and micro- and nanofabrication techniques. Different types of GMR biosensor arrays with superior sensitivity and robustness are available at a lower cost for a wide variety of biomedical applications. In this paper, we review the recent advances in GMR-based biomedical applications including disease diagnosis, genotyping, food and drug regulation, brain and cardiac mapping, etc. The GMR magnetic multilayer structure, spin valve, and magnetic granular structure, as well as fundamental theories of the GMR effect, are introduced at first. The emerging topic of flexible GMR for wearable biosensing is also included. Different GMR pattern designs, sensor surface functionalization, bioassay strategies, and on-chip accessories for improved GMR performances are reviewed. It is foreseen that combined with the state-of-the-art complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) electronics, GMR biosensors hold great promise in biomedicine, particularly for point-of-care (POC) disease diagnosis and wearable devices for real-time health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Denis Tonini
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Renata Saha
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Vinit Kumar Chugh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jian-Ping Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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8
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Yao C, Ng E, Wang SX. An automated and mobile magnetoresistive biosensor system for early hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 202:113982. [PMID: 35033828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.113982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Most patients, however, are not diagnosed until advanced stage because early HCC lesions generally cause no overt symptoms, and the presence of cirrhosis adds another layer of complexity. While early diagnosis enables more therapeutic options and greatly improves survival rates, it is difficult to achieve. In order to detect early stage HCC, high-risk patients need to frequently measure serum biomarkers such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and gold standards for detection involve less accessible and costly tests. In this work, we present an automated and mobile magnetoresistive biosensor system that allows quick, easy, and accurate detection of a panel of HCC related biomarkers. We first discuss the underlying principles of the giant magnetoresistive (GMR) biosensor system and its unique advantages in early detection of HCC. We also describe the development of hardware, software, and the bioassay, and demonstrate that it can perform an automated assay in 28 min, providing both qualitative and quantitative results. The user only needs to manually add sample into a disposable cartridge and press a button on the smartphone app, without the need for direct interaction with reagent liquids, or lab skills such as pipetting. With its portability, high sensitivity, and ease-of-use, the presented biosensor system has the potential to empower both medical practitioners and patients to achieve early HCC diagnosis. Furthermore, the GMR biosensor platform can be adapted to detect other protein or DNA biomarkers beyond HCC, bringing the goals of accessible mobile health even closer to reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyang Yao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
| | - Elaine Ng
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Shan X Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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9
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Ghaemi F, Amiri A, Bajuri MY, Yuhana NY, Ferrara M. Role of different types of nanomaterials against diagnosis, prevention and therapy of COVID-19. SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2021; 72:103046. [PMID: 34055576 PMCID: PMC8146202 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2021.103046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, a novel type of coronavirus emerged in China called SARS-COV-2, known COVID-19, threatens global health and possesses negative impact on people's quality of life, leading to an urgent need for its diagnosis and remedy. On the other hand, the presence of hazardous infectious waste led to the increase of the risk of transmitting the virus by individuals and by hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, in this review, we survey previous researches on nanomaterials that can be effective for guiding strategies to deal with the current COVID-19 pandemic and also decrease the hazardous infectious waste in the environment. We highlight the contribution of nanomaterials that possess potential to therapy, prevention, detect targeted virus proteins and also can be useful for large population screening, for the development of environmental sensors and filters. Besides, we investigate the possibilities of employing the nanomaterials in antiviral research and treatment development, examining the role of nanomaterials in antiviral- drug design, including the importance of nanomaterials in drug delivery and vaccination, and for the production of medical equipment. Nanomaterials-based technologies not only contribute to the ongoing SARS- CoV-2 research efforts but can also provide platforms and tools for the understanding, protection, detection and treatment of future viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferial Ghaemi
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amirhassan Amiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
| | - Mohd Yazid Bajuri
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia(UKM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Yuliana Yuhana
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Massimiliano Ferrara
- ICRIOS - The Invernizzi Centre for Research in Innovation, Organization, Strategy and Entrepreneurship, Bocconi University, Department of Management and Technology Via Sarfatti, 25 20136, Milano (MI), Italy
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Abstract
Magnetoresistance (MR) is the variation of a material’s resistivity under the presence of external magnetic fields. Reading heads in hard disk drives (HDDs) are the most common applications of MR sensors. Since the discovery of giant magnetoresistance (GMR) in the 1980s and the application of GMR reading heads in the 1990s, the MR sensors lead to the rapid developments of the HDDs’ storage capacity. Nowadays, MR sensors are employed in magnetic storage, position sensing, current sensing, non-destructive monitoring, and biomedical sensing systems. MR sensors are used to transfer the variation of the target magnetic fields to other signals such as resistance change. This review illustrates the progress of developing nanoconstructed MR materials/structures. Meanwhile, it offers an overview of current trends regarding the applications of MR sensors. In addition, the challenges in designing/developing MR sensors with enhanced performance and cost-efficiency are discussed in this review.
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Zamani Kouhpanji MR, Stadler BJH. Magnetic Nanowires for Nanobarcoding and Beyond. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:4573. [PMID: 34283095 PMCID: PMC8271806 DOI: 10.3390/s21134573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional magnetic nanowires (MNWs) have been studied intensively over the last decades, in diverse applications. Numerous MNW-based systems have been introduced, initially for fundamental studies and later for sensing applications such as biolabeling and nanobarcoding. Remote sensing of MNWs for authentication and/or anti-counterfeiting is not only limited to engineering their properties, but also requires reliable sensing and decoding platforms. We review the latest progress in designing MNWs that have been, and are being, introduced as nanobarcodes, along with the pros and cons of the proposed sensing and decoding methods. Based on our review, we determine fundamental challenges and suggest future directions for research that will unleash the full potential of MNWs for nanobarcoding applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Zamani Kouhpanji
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bethanie J. H. Stadler
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
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Public-Health-Driven Microfluidic Technologies: From Separation to Detection. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12040391. [PMID: 33918189 PMCID: PMC8066776 DOI: 10.3390/mi12040391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Separation and detection are ubiquitous in our daily life and they are two of the most important steps toward practical biomedical diagnostics and industrial applications. A deep understanding of working principles and examples of separation and detection enables a plethora of applications from blood test and air/water quality monitoring to food safety and biosecurity; none of which are irrelevant to public health. Microfluidics can separate and detect various particles/aerosols as well as cells/viruses in a cost-effective and easy-to-operate manner. There are a number of papers reviewing microfluidic separation and detection, but to the best of our knowledge, the two topics are normally reviewed separately. In fact, these two themes are closely related with each other from the perspectives of public health: understanding separation or sorting technique will lead to the development of new detection methods, thereby providing new paths to guide the separation routes. Therefore, the purpose of this review paper is two-fold: reporting the latest developments in the application of microfluidics for separation and outlining the emerging research in microfluidic detection. The dominating microfluidics-based passive separation methods and detection methods are discussed, along with the future perspectives and challenges being discussed. Our work inspires novel development of separation and detection methods for the benefits of public health.
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Wang C, Liu M, Wang Z, Li S, Deng Y, He N. Point-of-care diagnostics for infectious diseases: From methods to devices. NANO TODAY 2021; 37:101092. [PMID: 33584847 PMCID: PMC7864790 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2021.101092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The current widespread of COVID-19 all over the world, which is caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, has again emphasized the importance of development of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics for timely prevention and control of the pandemic. Compared with labor- and time-consuming traditional diagnostic methods, POC diagnostics exhibit several advantages such as faster diagnostic speed, better sensitivity and specificity, lower cost, higher efficiency and ability of on-site detection. To achieve POC diagnostics, developing POC detection methods and correlated POC devices is the key and should be given top priority. The fast development of microfluidics, micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology, nanotechnology and materials science, have benefited the production of a series of portable, miniaturized, low cost and highly integrated POC devices for POC diagnostics of various infectious diseases. In this review, various POC detection methods for the diagnosis of infectious diseases, including electrochemical biosensors, fluorescence biosensors, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based biosensors, colorimetric biosensors, chemiluminiscence biosensors, surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensors, and magnetic biosensors, were first summarized. Then, recent progresses in the development of POC devices including lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices, lab-on-a-disc (LOAD) devices, microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs), lateral flow devices, miniaturized PCR devices, and isothermal nucleic acid amplification (INAA) devices, were systematically discussed. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives for the design and development of POC detection methods and correlated devices were presented. The ultimate goal of this review is to provide new insights and directions for the future development of POC diagnostics for the management of infectious diseases and contribute to the prevention and control of infectious pandemics like COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Zhifei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Song Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, PR China
| | - Yan Deng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, PR China
| | - Nongyue He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, PR China
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14
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Meng F, Huo W, Lian J, Zhang L, Shi X, Jesorka A, Gao Y. A tandem giant magnetoresistance assay for one-shot quantification of clinically relevant concentrations of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in human blood. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:2943-2949. [PMID: 33624128 PMCID: PMC8043887 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03227-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a microfluidic sandwich immunoassay constructed around a dual-giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensor array to quantify the heart failure biomarker NT-proBNP in human plasma at the clinically relevant concentration levels between 15 pg/mL and 40 ng/mL. The broad dynamic range was achieved by differential coating of two identical GMR sensors operated in tandem, and combining two standard curves. The detection limit was determined as 5 pg/mL. The assay, involving 53 plasma samples from patients with different cardiovascular diseases, was validated against the Roche Cobas e411 analyzer. The salient features of this system are its wide concentration range, low detection limit, small sample volume requirement (50 μL), and the need for a short measurement time of 15 min, making it a prospective candidate for practical use in point of care analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanda Meng
- Institute of Basic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250014, China. .,Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, China. .,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Weisong Huo
- Dongguan Bosh Biotechnologies, Ltd., Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Jie Lian
- College of Criminal Investigation, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Dongguan Bosh Biotechnologies, Ltd., Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Xizeng Shi
- Dongguan Bosh Biotechnologies, Ltd., Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Aldo Jesorka
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yunhua Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100149, China.
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15
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Wu K, Saha R, Su D, Krishna VD, Liu J, Cheeran MCJ, Wang JP. Magnetic-Nanosensor-Based Virus and Pathogen Detection Strategies before and during COVID-19. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2020; 3:9560-9580. [PMID: 37556271 PMCID: PMC7526334 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.0c02048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is a threat to the global healthcare system and economic security. As of July 2020, no specific drugs or vaccines are yet available for COVID-19; a fast and accurate diagnosis for SARS-CoV-2 is essential in slowing the spread of COVID-19 and for efficient implementation of control and containment strategies. Magnetic nanosensing is an emerging topic representing the frontiers of current biosensing and magnetic areas. The past decade has seen rapid growth in applying magnetic tools for biological and biomedical applications. Recent advances in magnetic nanomaterials and nanotechnologies have transformed current diagnostic methods to nanoscale and pushed the detection limit to early-stage disease diagnosis. Herein, this review covers the literature of magnetic nanosensors for virus and pathogen detection before COVID-19. We review popular magnetic nanosensing techniques including magnetoresistance, magnetic particle spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Magnetic point-of-care diagnostic kits are also reviewed aiming at developing plug-and-play diagnostics to manage the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak as well as preventing future epidemics. In addition, other platforms that use magnetic nanomaterials as auxiliary tools for enhanced pathogen and virus detection are also covered. The goal of this review is to inform the researchers of diagnostic and surveillance platforms for SARS-CoV-2 and their performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Renata Saha
- Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Diqing Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering and
Material Science, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Venkatramana D. Krishna
- Department of Veterinary Population
Medicine, University of Minnesota, St.
Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Jinming Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Maxim C.-J. Cheeran
- Department of Veterinary Population
Medicine, University of Minnesota, St.
Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Jian-Ping Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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16
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Ng E, Le AK, Nguyen MH, Wang SX. Early Multiplexed Detection of Cirrhosis using Giant Magnetoresistive Biosensors with Protein Biomarkers. ACS Sens 2020; 5:3049-3057. [PMID: 32896123 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is one of the leading causes of death in adults worldwide. It is highly prevalent in developing countries and is growing in prevalence in developed countries mostly because of chronic liver diseases, such as chronic hepatitis B and C and alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, the prevalence of cirrhosis may be highly underestimated because early stages are asymptomatic and current early detection methods are inadequate. Here, we evaluate the potential of a set of novel cirrhotic protein biomarkers, including soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and mac-2 binding protein glycosylation isomer, for early detection of cirrhosis in a multiplexed assay using our giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensor arrays. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of the biomarkers, individually and in combination, using multivariate logistic regression and random forest in a blinded proof-of-concept retrospective case-controlled study. The biomarkers in combination exhibited high diagnostic performance in both logistic regression and random forest models, with an area under the curve of 0.98 (0.94-1.00). In addition, the combination of biomarkers resulted in a high sensitivity of 0.97 (0.95-1.00) and a high specificity of 1.00. We showed that the diagnostic performance of our novel set of cirrhotic protein biomarkers on our multiplexed GMR sensor arrays is higher than the performance of currently used clinical biomarkers and factors (i.e., age, sex, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, etc.). With this combination of novel biomarkers and GMR technology, we could potentially boost the diagnostic power of early cirrhosis detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Ng
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - An K. Le
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Mindie H. Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Shan X. Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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17
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Reviewing Magnetic Particle Preparation: Exploring the Viability in Biosensing. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20164596. [PMID: 32824330 PMCID: PMC7471997 DOI: 10.3390/s20164596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review article, we conceptually investigated the requirements of magnetic nanoparticles for their application in biosensing and related them to example systems of our thin-film portfolio. Analyzing intrinsic magnetic properties of different magnetic phases, the size range of the magnetic particles was determined, which is of potential interest for biosensor technology. Different e-beam lithography strategies are utilized to identify possible ways to realize small magnetic particles targeting this size range. Three different particle systems from 500 μm to 50 nm are produced for this purpose, aiming at tunable, vertically magnetized synthetic antiferromagnets, martensitic transformation in a single elliptical, disc-shaped Heusler Ni50Mn32.5Ga17.5 particle and nanocylinders of Co2MnSi-Heusler compound. Perspectively, new applications for these particle systems in combination with microfluidics are addressed. Using the concept of a magnetic on–off ratchet, the most suitable particle system of these three materials is validated with respect to magnetically-driven transport in a microfluidic channel. In addition, options are also discussed for improving the magnetic ratchet for larger particles.
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18
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Can F, Ökten HE, Ergön-Can T, Ergenekon P, Özkan M, Erhan E. Thermodynamically designed target-specific DNA probe as an electrochemical hybridization biosensor. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 135:107553. [PMID: 32442773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Applications of molecular techniques to elucidate identity or function using biomarkers still remain highly empirical and biosensors are no exception. In the present study, target-specific oligonucleotide probes for E. coli K12 were designed thermodynamically and applied in an electrochemical DNA biosensor setup. Biosensor was prepared by immobilization of a stem-loop structured probe, modified with a thiol functional group at its 5' end and a biotin molecule at its 3' end, on a gold electrode through self-assembly. Mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) was used to optimize the surface probe density of the electrode. Hybridization between the immobilized probe and the target DNA was detected via the electrochemical response of streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase in the presence of the substrate. The amperometric response showed a linear relationship with the target DNA concentration, ranging from 10 and 400 nM, with a correlation coefficient of 0.989. High selectivity and good repeatability of the biosensor showed that the thermodynamic approach to oligonucleotide probe design can be used in development of electrochemical DNA biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruk Can
- Gebze Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Hatice Eser Ökten
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, 35430 Urla, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Tülay Ergön-Can
- Atatürk University, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Pınar Ergenekon
- Gebze Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Melek Özkan
- Gebze Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Elif Erhan
- Uskudar University, Department of Bioengineering, 34662 Uskudar, Istanbul, Turkey.
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19
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Zhu F, Li D, Ding Q, Lei C, Ren L, Ding X, Sun X. RETRACTED: 2D magnetic MoS2–Fe3O4 hybrid nanostructures for ultrasensitive exosome detection in GMR sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 147:111787. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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20
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Advances in Magnetoresistive Biosensors. MICROMACHINES 2019; 11:mi11010034. [PMID: 31888076 PMCID: PMC7019276 DOI: 10.3390/mi11010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnetoresistance (MR) based biosensors are considered promising candidates for the detection of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as biomarkers and the biomagnetic fields. MR biosensors have been widely used in the detection of proteins, DNAs, as well as the mapping of cardiovascular and brain signals. In this review, we firstly introduce three different MR devices from the fundamental perspectives, followed by the fabrication and surface modification of the MR sensors. The sensitivity of the MR sensors can be improved by optimizing the sensing geometry, engineering the magnetic bioassays on the sensor surface, and integrating the sensors with magnetic flux concentrators and microfluidic channels. Different kinds of MR-based bioassays are also introduced. Subsequently, the research on MR biosensors for the detection of protein biomarkers and genotyping is reviewed. As a more recent application, brain mapping based on MR sensors is summarized in a separate section with the discussion of both the potential benefits and challenges in this new field. Finally, the integration of MR biosensors with flexible substrates is reviewed, with the emphasis on the fabrication techniques to obtain highly shapeable devices while maintaining comparable performance to their rigid counterparts.
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21
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Wu K, Su D, Liu J, Saha R, Wang JP. Magnetic nanoparticles in nanomedicine: a review of recent advances. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:502003. [PMID: 31491782 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab4241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials, in addition to their small size, possess unique physicochemical properties that differ from bulk materials, making them ideal for a host of novel applications. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are one important class of nanomaterials that have been widely studied for their potential applications in nanomedicine. Due to the fact that MNPs can be detected and manipulated by remote magnetic fields, it opens a wide opportunity for them to be used in vivo. Nowadays, MNPs have been used for diverse applications including magnetic biosensing (diagnostics), magnetic imaging, magnetic separation, drug and gene delivery, and hyperthermia therapy, etc. Specifically, we reviewed some emerging techniques in magnetic diagnostics such as magnetoresistive (MR) and micro-Hall (μHall) biosensors, as well as the magnetic particle spectroscopy, magnetic relaxation switching and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based bioassays. Recent advances in applying MNPs as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging and as tracer materials in magnetic particle imaging are reviewed. In addition, the development of high magnetic moment MNPs with proper surface functionalization has progressed exponentially over the past decade. To this end, different MNP synthesis approaches and surface coating strategies are reviewed and the biocompatibility and toxicity of surface functionalized MNP nanocomposites are also discussed. Herein, we are aiming to provide a comprehensive assessment of the state-of-the-art biological and biomedical applications of MNPs. This review is not only to provide in-depth insights into the different synthesis, biofunctionalization, biosensing, imaging, and therapy methods but also to give an overview of limitations and possibilities of each technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
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22
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Su D, Wu K, Krishna VD, Klein T, Liu J, Feng Y, Perez AM, Cheeran MCJ, Wang JP. Detection of Influenza a Virus in Swine Nasal Swab Samples With a Wash-Free Magnetic Bioassay and a Handheld Giant Magnetoresistance Sensing System. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1077. [PMID: 31164877 PMCID: PMC6536586 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dissemination of Influenza A virus (IAV) throughout the world has become one of the main concerns for the health of both animals and human beings. An efficient and sensitive diagnostic tool is thus needed for the early detection of IAV. Here, we developed a wash-free magnetic bioassay and further integrated it with a handheld platform based on giant-magnetoresistance (GMR) sensors. The wash-free magnetic bioassay significantly accelerates and simplifies the detection process. This brand-new system was successful in detecting both IAV nucleoprotein and IAV-contained nasal swab samples from pigs on the farm. The limit of detection (LOD) is 0.3 nM for IAV nucleoprotein and 250 TCID50/mL for IAV-spiked nasal swab samples. The detection of nasal swab samples containing unpurified IAV was also performed, demonstrating the capability of the magnetic wash-free assay in the detection of biomarkers in complex sample matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diqing Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Venkatramana D Krishna
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Todd Klein
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jinming Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Yinglong Feng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Andres M Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Maxim C-J Cheeran
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Jian-Ping Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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23
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Chen Y, Ding X, Zhang Y, Natalia A, Sun X, Wang Z, Shao H. Design and synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical diagnostics. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2018; 8:957-970. [PMID: 30505724 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2018.10.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive and quantitative characterization of clinically relevant biomarkers can facilitate disease diagnosis and treatment evaluation. Magnetic nanomaterials and their biosensing strategies have recently received considerable attention. Magnetic signals experience little interference from native biological background as most biological molecules have negligible magnetic susceptibilities and thus appear transparent to external magnetic fields. Because of this unique property, magnetic sensing can be applied to both in vivo deep tissue imaging as well as ex vivo point-of-care diagnostics. To exploit this mode of magnetic detection, new advancements in both magnetic material syntheses and sensing technologies have been made. This review focuses on recent developments of magnetic nanomaterials as image contrast agents and diagnostic sensors. These developments have not only enabled precise control of magnetic nanomaterial properties but also expanded the reach of magnetic detection for biomedical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.,Biomedical Institute for Global Health Research and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Xianguang Ding
- Biomedical Institute for Global Health Research and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.,Biomedical Institute for Global Health Research and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Auginia Natalia
- Biomedical Institute for Global Health Research and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Xuecheng Sun
- Biomedical Institute for Global Health Research and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Biomedical Institute for Global Health Research and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Huilin Shao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.,Biomedical Institute for Global Health Research and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore.,Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
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24
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Antarnusa G, Elda Swastika P, Suharyadi E. Wheatstone bridge-giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensors based on Co/Cu multilayers for bio-detection applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1011/1/012061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Nabaei V, Chandrawati R, Heidari H. Magnetic biosensors: Modelling and simulation. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 103:69-86. [PMID: 29278815 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, magnetoelectronics has emerged as a promising new platform technology in various biosensors for detection, identification, localisation and manipulation of a wide spectrum of biological, physical and chemical agents. The methods are based on the exposure of the magnetic field of a magnetically labelled biomolecule interacting with a complementary biomolecule bound to a magnetic field sensor. This Review presents various schemes of magnetic biosensor techniques from both simulation and modelling as well as analytical and numerical analysis points of view, and the performance variations under magnetic fields at steady and nonstationary states. This is followed by magnetic sensors modelling and simulations using advanced Multiphysics modelling software (e.g. Finite Element Method (FEM) etc.) and home-made developed tools. Furthermore, outlook and future directions of modelling and simulations of magnetic biosensors in different technologies and materials are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Nabaei
- Microelectronics Lab, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Rona Chandrawati
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hadi Heidari
- Microelectronics Lab, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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26
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Kolhatkar A, Chen YT, Chinwangso P, Nekrashevich I, Dannangoda GC, Singh A, Jamison AC, Zenasni O, Rusakova IA, Martirosyan KS, Litvinov D, Xu S, Willson RC, Lee TR. Magnetic Sensing Potential of Fe 3O 4 Nanocubes Exceeds That of Fe 3O 4 Nanospheres. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:8010-8019. [PMID: 29214234 PMCID: PMC5709776 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper highlights the relation between the shape of iron oxide (Fe3O4) particles and their magnetic sensing ability. We synthesized Fe3O4 nanocubes and nanospheres having tunable sizes via solvothermal and thermal decomposition synthesis reactions, respectively, to obtain samples in which the volumes and body diagonals/diameters were equivalent. Vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) data showed that the saturation magnetization (Ms) and coercivity of 100-225 nm cubic magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were, respectively, 1.4-3.0 and 1.1-8.4 times those of spherical MNPs on a same-volume and same-body diagonal/diameter basis. The Curie temperature for the cubic Fe3O4 MNPs for each size was also higher than that of the corresponding spherical MNPs; furthermore, the cubic Fe3O4 MNPs were more crystalline than the corresponding spherical MNPs. For applications relying on both higher contact area and enhanced magnetic properties, higher-Ms Fe3O4 nanocubes offer distinct advantages over Fe3O4 nanospheres of the same-volume or same-body diagonal/diameter. We evaluated the sensing potential of our synthesized MNPs using giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensing and force-induced remnant magnetization spectroscopy (FIRMS). Preliminary data obtained by GMR sensing confirmed that the nanocubes exhibited a distinct sensitivity advantage over the nanospheres. Similarly, FIRMS data showed that when subjected to the same force at the same initial concentration, a greater number of nanocubes remained bound to the sensor surface because of higher surface contact area. Because greater binding and higher Ms translate to stronger signal and better analytical sensitivity, nanocubes are an attractive alternative to nanospheres in sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arati
G. Kolhatkar
- Department
of Chemistry and Texas Center for Superconductivity, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United
States
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Department
of Chemistry and Texas Center for Superconductivity, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United
States
| | - Pawilai Chinwangso
- Department
of Chemistry and Texas Center for Superconductivity, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United
States
| | - Ivan Nekrashevich
- Department
of Chemistry and Texas Center for Superconductivity, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United
States
| | - Gamage C. Dannangoda
- Department
of Physics, University of Texas Rio Grande
Valley, Brownsville, Texas 78520, United States
| | - Ankit Singh
- Department
of Chemistry and Texas Center for Superconductivity, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United
States
| | - Andrew C. Jamison
- Department
of Chemistry and Texas Center for Superconductivity, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United
States
| | - Oussama Zenasni
- Department
of Chemistry and Texas Center for Superconductivity, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United
States
| | - Irene A. Rusakova
- Department
of Chemistry and Texas Center for Superconductivity, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United
States
| | - Karen S. Martirosyan
- Department
of Physics, University of Texas Rio Grande
Valley, Brownsville, Texas 78520, United States
- E-mail: (K.S.M.)
| | - Dmitri Litvinov
- Department
of Chemistry and Texas Center for Superconductivity, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United
States
- E-mail: (D.L.)
| | - Shoujun Xu
- Department
of Chemistry and Texas Center for Superconductivity, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United
States
- E-mail: (S.X.)
| | - Richard C. Willson
- Department
of Chemistry and Texas Center for Superconductivity, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United
States
- E-mail: (R.C.W)
| | - T. Randall Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and Texas Center for Superconductivity, Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of
Physics and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77204, United
States
- E-mail: (T.R.L.)
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27
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Chen YT, Kolhatkar AG, Zenasni O, Xu S, Lee TR. Biosensing Using Magnetic Particle Detection Techniques. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E2300. [PMID: 28994727 PMCID: PMC5676660 DOI: 10.3390/s17102300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic particles are widely used as signal labels in a variety of biological sensing applications, such as molecular detection and related strategies that rely on ligand-receptor binding. In this review, we explore the fundamental concepts involved in designing magnetic particles for biosensing applications and the techniques used to detect them. First, we briefly describe the magnetic properties that are important for bio-sensing applications and highlight the associated key parameters (such as the starting materials, size, functionalization methods, and bio-conjugation strategies). Subsequently, we focus on magnetic sensing applications that utilize several types of magnetic detection techniques: spintronic sensors, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) sensors, superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), sensors based on the atomic magnetometer (AM), and others. From the studies reported, we note that the size of the MPs is one of the most important factors in choosing a sensing technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Chen
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Arati G Kolhatkar
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Oussama Zenasni
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Shoujun Xu
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - T Randall Lee
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
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28
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Investigation of contactless detection using a giant magnetoresistance sensor for detecting prostate specific antigen. Biomed Microdevices 2017; 18:60. [PMID: 27379844 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-016-0084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a contactless detection method for detecting prostate specific antigen with a giant magnetoresistance sensor. In contactless detection case, the prostate specific antigen sample preparation was separated from the sensor that prevented the sensor from being immersed in chemical solvents, and made the sensor implementing in immediately reuse without wash. Experimental results showed that applied an external magnetic field in a range of 50 Oe to 90 Oe, Dynabeads with a concentration as low as 0.1 μg/mL can be detected by this system and could give an approximate quantitation to the logarithmic of Dynabeads concentration. Sandwich immunoassay was employed for preparing PSA samples. The PSA capture was implemented on a gold film modified with a self-assembled monolayer and using biotinylated secondary antibody against PSA and streptavidinylated Dynabeads. With DC magnetic field in the range of 50 to 90 Oe, PSA can be detected with a detection limit as low as 0.1 ng/mL. Samples spiked with different concentrations of PSA can be distinguished clearly. Due to the contactless detection method, the detection system exhibited advantages such as convenient manipulation, reusable, inexpensive, small weight. So, this detection method was a promising candidate in biomarker detection, especially in point of care detection.
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Liang YC, Chang L, Qiu W, Kolhatkar AG, Vu B, Kourentzi K, Lee TR, Zu Y, Willson R, Litvinov D. Ultrasensitive Magnetic Nanoparticle Detector for Biosensor Applications. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17061296. [PMID: 28587265 PMCID: PMC5492373 DOI: 10.3390/s17061296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ta/Ru/Co/Ru/Co/Cu/Co/Ni80Fe20/Ta spin-valve giant magnetoresistive (GMR) multilayers were deposited using UHV magnetron sputtering and optimized to achieve a 13% GMR ratio before patterning. The GMR multilayer was patterned into 12 sensor arrays using a combination of e-beam and optical lithographies. Arrays were constructed with 400 nm × 400 nm and 400 nm × 200 nm sensors for the detection of reporter nanoparticles. Nanoparticle detection was based on measuring the shift in high-to-low resistance switching field of the GMR sensors in the presence of magnetic particle(s). Due to shape anisotropy and the corresponding demag field, the resistance state switching fields were significantly larger and the switching field distribution significantly broader in the 400 nm × 200 nm sensors as compared to the 400 nm × 400 nm sensors. Thus, sensor arrays with 400 nm × 400 nm dimensions were used for the demonstration of particle detection. Detection of a single 225 nm Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticle and a small number (~10) of 100 nm nanoparticles was demonstrated. With appropriate functionalization for biomolecular recognition, submicron GMR sensor arrays can serve as the basis of ultrasensitive chemical and biological sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Liang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
- Center for Integrated Bio & Nano Systems, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Long Chang
- Center for Integrated Bio & Nano Systems, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Wenlan Qiu
- Center for Integrated Bio & Nano Systems, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
- Materials Science & Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Arati G Kolhatkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Binh Vu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Katerina Kourentzi
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - T Randall Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Youli Zu
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Richard Willson
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
- Centro de Biotecnología FEMSA, Departamento de Biotecnología e Ingeniería de Alimentos, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico.
| | - Dmitri Litvinov
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
- Center for Integrated Bio & Nano Systems, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
- Materials Science & Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
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Lin G, Makarov D, Schmidt OG. Magnetic sensing platform technologies for biomedical applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1884-1912. [PMID: 28485417 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00026j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Detection and quantification of a variety of micro- and nanoscale entities, e.g. molecules, cells, and particles, are crucial components of modern biomedical research, in which biosensing platform technologies play a vital role. Confronted with the drastic global demographic changes, future biomedical research entails continuous development of new-generation biosensing platforms targeting even lower costs, more compactness, and higher throughput, sensitivity and selectivity. Among a wide choice of fundamental biosensing principles, magnetic sensing technologies enabled by magnetic field sensors and magnetic particles offer attractive advantages. The key features of a magnetic sensing format include the use of commercially available magnetic field sensing elements, e.g. magnetoresistive sensors which bear huge potential for compact integration, a magnetic field sensing mechanism which is free from interference by complex biomedical samples, and an additional degree of freedom for the on-chip handling of biochemical species rendered by magnetic labels. In this review, we highlight the historical basis, routes, recent advances and applications of magnetic biosensing platform technologies based on magnetoresistive sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gungun Lin
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, Helmholzstr. 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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31
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Cheng C, Oueslati R, Wu J, Chen J, Eda S. Capacitive DNA sensor for rapid and sensitive detection of whole genome human herpesvirus-1 dsDNA in serum. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1617-1623. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; The University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN USA
| | - Rania Oueslati
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; The University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN USA
| | - Jayne Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; The University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN USA
| | - Jiangang Chen
- Department of Public Health; The University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN USA
| | - Shigetoshi Eda
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries; The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture; Knoxville TN USA
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Giant Magnetoresistive Biosensors for Time-Domain Magnetorelaxometry: A Theoretical Investigation and Progress Toward an Immunoassay. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45493. [PMID: 28374833 PMCID: PMC5379630 DOI: 10.1038/srep45493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetorelaxometry (MRX) is a promising new biosensing technique for point-of-care diagnostics. Historically, magnetic sensors have been primarily used to monitor the stray field of magnetic nanoparticles bound to analytes of interest for immunoassays and flow cytometers. In MRX, the magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are first magnetized and then the temporal response is monitored after removing the magnetic field. This new sensing modality is insensitive to the magnetic field homogeneity making it more amenable to low-power portable applications. In this work, we systematically investigated time-domain MRX by measuring the signal dependence on the applied field, magnetization time, and magnetic core size. The extracted characteristic times varied for different magnetic MNPs, exhibiting unique magnetic signatures. We also measured the signal contribution based on the MNP location and correlated the coverage with measured signal amplitude. Lastly, we demonstrated, for the first time, a GMR-based time-domain MRX bioassay. This approach validates the feasibility of immunoassays using GMR-based MRX and provides an alternative platform for point-of-care diagnostics.
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Giant Magnetoresistance: Basic Concepts, Microstructure, Magnetic Interactions and Applications. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16060904. [PMID: 27322277 PMCID: PMC4934330 DOI: 10.3390/s16060904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect is a very basic phenomenon that occurs in magnetic materials ranging from nanoparticles over multilayered thin films to permanent magnets. In this contribution, we first focus on the links between effect characteristic and underlying microstructure. Thereafter, we discuss design criteria for GMR-sensor applications covering automotive, biosensors as well as nanoparticular sensors.
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34
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Ng E, Nadeau KC, Wang SX. Giant magnetoresistive sensor array for sensitive and specific multiplexed food allergen detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 80:359-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Ferromagnetic Multilayers: Magnetoresistance, Magnetic Anisotropy, and Beyond. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry2020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Krishna VD, Wu K, Perez AM, Wang JP. Giant Magnetoresistance-based Biosensor for Detection of Influenza A Virus. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:400. [PMID: 27065967 PMCID: PMC4809872 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a simple and sensitive method for the detection of influenza A virus based on giant magnetoresistance (GMR) biosensor. This assay employs monoclonal antibodies to viral nucleoprotein (NP) in combination with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Presence of influenza virus allows the binding of MNPs to the GMR sensor and the binding is proportional to the concentration of virus. Binding of MNPs onto the GMR sensor causes change in the resistance of sensor, which is measured in a real time electrical readout. GMR biosensor detected as low as 1.5 × 10(2) TCID50/mL virus and the signal intensity increased with increasing concentration of virus up to 1.0 × 10(5) TCID50/mL. This study showed that the GMR biosensor assay is relevant for diagnostic application since the virus concentration in nasal samples of influenza virus infected swine was reported to be in the range of 10(3) to 10(5) TCID50/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatramana D. Krishna
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. PaulMN, USA
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, MinneapolisMN, USA
| | - Andres M. Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. PaulMN, USA
| | - Jian-Ping Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, MinneapolisMN, USA
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37
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Sun XC, Lei C, Guo L, Zhou Y. Giant magneto-resistance based immunoassay for the tumor marker carcinoembryonic antigen. Mikrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-015-1686-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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38
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Manipulation of Superparamagnetic Beads on Patterned Exchange-Bias Layer Systems for Biosensing Applications. SENSORS 2015; 15:28854-88. [PMID: 26580625 PMCID: PMC4701312 DOI: 10.3390/s151128854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A technology platform based on a remotely controlled and stepwise transport of an array arrangement of superparamagnetic beads (SPB) for efficient molecular uptake, delivery and accumulation in the context of highly specific and sensitive analyte molecule detection for the application in lab-on-a-chip devices is presented. The near-surface transport of SPBs is realized via the dynamic transformation of the SPBs’ magnetic potential energy landscape above a magnetically stripe patterned Exchange-Bias (EB) thin film layer systems due to the application of sub-mT external magnetic field pulses. In this concept, the SPB velocity is dramatically influenced by the magnitude and gradient of the magnetic field landscape (MFL) above the magnetically stripe patterned EB substrate, the SPB to substrate distance, the magnetic properties of both the SPBs and the EB layer system, respectively, as well as by the properties of the external magnetic field pulses and the surrounding fluid. The focus of this review is laid on the specific MFL design in EB layer systems via light-ion bombardment induced magnetic patterning (IBMP). A numerical approach is introduced for the theoretical description of the MFL in comparison to experimental characterization via scanning Hall probe microscopy. The SPB transport mechanism will be outlined in terms of the dynamic interplay between the EB substrate’s MFL and the pulse scheme of the external magnetic field.
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40
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Huo W, Gao Y, Zhang L, Shi S, Gao Y. A Novel High-Sensitivity Cardiac Multibiomarker Detection System Based on Microfluidic Chip and GMR Sensors. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS 2015; 51:1-4. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1109/tmag.2015.2457513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
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41
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Giant magnetoresistive-based biosensing probe station system for multiplex protein assays. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 70:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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42
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Bechstein DJB, Lee JR, Ooi CC, Gani AW, Kim K, Wilson RJ, Wang SX. High performance wash-free magnetic bioassays through microfluidically enhanced particle specificity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11693. [PMID: 26123868 PMCID: PMC4485157 DOI: 10.1038/srep11693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic biosensors have emerged as a sensitive and versatile platform for high performance medical diagnostics. These magnetic biosensors require well-tailored magnetic particles as detection probes, which need to give rise to a large and specific biological signal while showing very low nonspecific binding. This is especially important in wash-free bioassay protocols, which do not require removal of particles before measurement, often a necessity in point of care diagnostics. Here we show that magnetic interactions between magnetic particles and magnetized sensors dramatically impact particle transport and magnetic adhesion to the sensor surfaces. We investigate the dynamics of magnetic particles’ biomolecular binding and magnetic adhesion to the sensor surface using microfluidic experiments. We elucidate how flow forces can inhibit magnetic adhesion, greatly diminishing or even eliminating nonspecific signals in wash-free magnetic bioassays, and enhancing signal to noise ratios by several orders of magnitude. Our method is useful for selecting and optimizing magnetic particles for a wide range of magnetic sensor platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert J Wilson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering. Address for all: Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Shan X Wang
- 1] Department of Electrical Engineering [2] Department of Materials Science and Engineering. Address for all: Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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43
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Kim J, Lee JS, Lee JB. Investigation of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and competition of fluorescent dyes on DNA microparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:7738-47. [PMID: 25856674 PMCID: PMC4425046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16047738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent labeling is widely used to investigate the structural stability and changes to DNA nano- and microstructures. Despite this, the conventional method for observing DNA structures has several limitations in terms of cost-efficiency. This paper introduces a DNA spherical particle stained with DNA intercalating dyes (SYBR Green and SYTOX Orange) as tracers and reports the interaction between multiple dyes. The interference between the dyes was analyzed in terms of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and competition. The changes in the fluorescence intensity by FRET were uniform, regardless of the sequence. The competition effect could occur when several dyes were added simultaneously. These properties are expected to help in the design of multicolor tracers in bioimaging and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Korea.
| | - Jae Sung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Korea.
| | - Jong Bum Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Korea.
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44
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Simple and portable magnetic immunoassay for rapid detection and sensitive quantification of plant viruses. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:3039-48. [PMID: 25710366 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03667-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens cause major economic losses in the agricultural industry because late detection delays the implementation of measures that can prevent their dissemination. Sensitive and robust procedures for the rapid detection of plant pathogens are therefore required to reduce yield losses and the use of expensive, environmentally damaging chemicals. Here we describe a simple and portable system for the rapid detection of viral pathogens in infected plants based on immunofiltration, subsequent magnetic detection, and the quantification of magnetically labeled virus particles. Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) was chosen as a model pathogen. Monoclonal antibodies recognizing the GFLV capsid protein were immobilized onto immunofiltration columns, and the same antibodies were linked to magnetic nanoparticles. GFLV was quantified by immunofiltration with magnetic labeling in a double-antibody sandwich configuration. A magnetic frequency mixing technique, in which a two-frequency magnetic excitation field was used to induce a sum frequency signal in the resonant detection coil, corresponding to the virus concentration within the immunofiltration column, was used for high-sensitivity quantification. We were able to measure GFLV concentrations in the range of 6 ng/ml to 20 μg/ml in less than 30 min. The magnetic immunoassay could also be adapted to detect other plant viruses, including Potato virus X and Tobacco mosaic virus, with detection limits of 2 to 60 ng/ml.
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45
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Magnetoresistive performance and comparison of supermagnetic nanoparticles on giant magnetoresistive sensor-based detection system. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5716. [PMID: 25043673 PMCID: PMC4104391 DOI: 10.1038/srep05716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant magnetoresistive (GMR) biosensors have emerged as powerful tools for ultrasensitive, multiplexed, real-time electrical readout, and rapid biological/chemical detection while combining with magnetic particles. Finding appropriate magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and its influences on the detection signal is a vital aspect to the GMR bio-sensing technology. Here, we report a GMR sensor based detection system capable of stable and convenient connection, and real-time measurement. Five different types of MNPs with sizes ranging from 10 to 100 nm were investigated for GMR biosensing. The experiments were accomplished with the aid of DNA hybridization and detection architecture on GMR sensor surface. We found that different MNPs markedly affected the final detection signal, depending on their characteristics of magnetic moment, size, and surface-based binding ability, etc. This work may provide a useful guidance in selecting or preparing MNPs to enhance the sensitivity of GMR biosensors, and eventually lead to a versatile and portable device for molecular diagnostics.
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46
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Wang W, Wang Y, Tu L, Klein T, Feng Y, Li Q, Wang JP. Magnetic detection of mercuric ion using giant magnetoresistance-based biosensing system. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3712-6. [PMID: 24654958 DOI: 10.1021/ac404015j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated a novel sensing strategy employing a giant magnetoresistance (GMR) biosensor and DNA chemistry for the detection of mercuric ion (Hg(2+)). This assay takes advantages of high sensitivity and real-time signal readout of GMR biosensor and high selectivity of thymine-thymine (T-T) pair for Hg(2+). The assay has a detection limit of 10 nM in both buffer and natural water, which is the maximum mercury level in drinking water regulated by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The magnitude of the dynamic range for Hg(2+) detection is up to three orders (10 nM to 10 μM). Herein, GMR sensing technology is first introduced into a pollutant monitoring area. It can be foreseen that the GMR biosensor could become a robust contender in the areas of environmental monitoring and food safety testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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47
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48
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Strömberg M, Zardán Gómez de la Torre T, Nilsson M, Svedlindh P, Strømme M. A magnetic nanobead-based bioassay provides sensitive detection of single- and biplex bacterial DNA using a portable AC susceptometer. Biotechnol J 2013; 9:137-45. [PMID: 24174315 PMCID: PMC3910167 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bioassays relying on magnetic read-out using probe-tagged magnetic nanobeads are potential platforms for low-cost biodiagnostic devices for pathogen detection. For optimal assay performance it is crucial to apply an easy, efficient and robust bead-probe conjugation protocol. In this paper, sensitive (1.5 pM) singleplex detection of bacterial DNA sequences is demonstrated in a portable AC susceptometer by a magnetic nanobead-based bioassay principle; the volume-amplified magnetic nanobead detection assay (VAM-NDA). Two bead sizes, 100 and 250 nm, are investigated along with a highly efficient, rapid, robust, and stable conjugation chemistry relying on the avidin–biotin interaction for bead-probe attachment. Avidin-biotin conjugation gives easy control of the number of detection probes per bead; thus allowing for systematic investigation of the impact of varying the detection probe surface coverage upon bead immobilization in rolling circle amplified DNA-coils. The existence of an optimal surface coverage is discussed. Biplex VAM-NDA detection is for the first time demonstrated in the susceptometer: Semi-quantitative results are obtained and it is concluded that the concentration of DNA-coils in the incubation volume is of crucial importance for target quantification. The present findings bring the development of commercial biodiagnostic devices relying on the VAM–NDA further towards implementation in point-of-care and outpatient settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Strömberg
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Division of Solid State Physics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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49
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Eickenberg B, Meyer J, Helmich L, Kappe D, Auge A, Weddemann A, Wittbracht F, Hütten A. Lab-on-a-Chip Magneto-Immunoassays: How to Ensure Contact between Superparamagnetic Beads and the Sensor Surface. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2013; 3:327-40. [PMID: 25586262 PMCID: PMC4263578 DOI: 10.3390/bios3030327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lab-on-a-chip immuno assays utilizing superparamagnetic beads as labels suffer from the fact that the majority of beads pass the sensing area without contacting the sensor surface. Different solutions, employing magnetic forces, ultrasonic standing waves, or hydrodynamic effects have been found over the past decades. The first category uses magnetic forces, created by on-chip conducting lines to attract beads towards the sensor surface. Modifications of the magnetic landscape allow for additional transport and separation of different bead species. The hydrodynamic approach uses changes in the channel geometry to enhance the capture volume. In acoustofluidics, ultrasonic standing waves force µm-sized particles onto a surface through radiation forces. As these approaches have their disadvantages, a new sensor concept that circumvents these problems is suggested. This concept is based on the granular giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect that can be found in gels containing magnetic nanoparticles. The proposed design could be realized in the shape of paper-based test strips printed with gel-based GMR sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Eickenberg
- Department of Physics, Thin Films & Physics of Nanostructures, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Judith Meyer
- Department of Physics, Thin Films & Physics of Nanostructures, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Lars Helmich
- Department of Physics, Thin Films & Physics of Nanostructures, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Daniel Kappe
- Department of Physics, Thin Films & Physics of Nanostructures, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Alexander Auge
- Department of Physics, Thin Films & Physics of Nanostructures, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Alexander Weddemann
- Department of Physics, Thin Films & Physics of Nanostructures, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Frank Wittbracht
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Andreas Hütten
- Department of Physics, Thin Films & Physics of Nanostructures, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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50
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Ladj R, Bitar A, Eissa MM, Fessi H, Mugnier Y, Le Dantec R, Elaissari A. Polymer encapsulation of inorganic nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Int J Pharm 2013; 458:230-41. [PMID: 24036010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid inorganic colloidal particles have attracted a great attention in the last years, and they have been largely used in various applications and more particularly in biomedical nanotechnology. Recently, they are used as carriers for biomolecules, and exploited for use in microsystems, microfluidics and in lab-on-a chip based bionanotechnology. Various kinds of hybrid particles can be listed starting from classical inorganic nanoparticles such as silica, gold, silver, iron oxide and those exhibiting intrinsic properties such as semiconducting nanoparticles (e.g. quantum dots). As a general tendency, to be conveniently used in biomedical applications, the encapsulation of the inorganic nanoparticles in a polymer matrix is incontestably needed. Consequently, various chemistry-based encapsulation processes have been developed and showed promising results as compared to the encapsulation using preformed polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Ladj
- University of Lyon, F-69622, Lyon; University of Lyon-1, Villeurbanne, CNRS, UMR 5007, LAGEP, CPE-308G, 43 bd. du 11 Nov.1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; SYMME, Université de Savoie, BP 80439, 74944 Annecy Le Vieux Cedex, France
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