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Tian L, Li Y, Wang H, Li X, Gao Q, Liu Y, Liu Y, Wang Q, Ma C, Shi C. A pH ultra-sensitive hydrated iridium oxyhydroxide films electrochemical sensor for label-free detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Anal Biochem 2024; 693:115597. [PMID: 38969155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) is a major foodborne pathogen, which can cause serious foodborne illnesses like diarrhoea. Rapid on-site detection of foodborne pathogens is an ideal way to respond to foodborne illnesses. Herein, we provide an electrochemical sensor for rapid on-site detection. This sensor utilized a pH-sensitive metal-oxide material for the concurrent isothermal amplification and label-free detection of nucleic acids. Based on a pH-sensitive hydrated iridium oxide oxyhydroxide film (HIROF), the electrode transforms the hydrogen ion compound generated during nucleic acid amplification into potential, so as to achieve a real-time detection. The results can be transmitted to a smartphone via Bluetooth. Moreover, HIROF was applied in nucleic acid device detection, with a super-Nernst sensitivity of 77.6 mV/pH in the pH range of 6.0-8.5, and the sensitivity showed the best results so far. Detection of V. parahaemolyticus by this novel method showed a detection limit of 1.0 × 103 CFU/mL, while the time consumption was only 30 min, outperforming real-time fluorescence loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Therefore, the characteristics of compact, portable, and fast make the sensor more widely used in on-site detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tian
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Huiqing Wang
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Xinyi Li
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Qian Gao
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Yaru Liu
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Yao Liu
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China.
| | - Cuiping Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Detection Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Chao Shi
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China.
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Marsh P, Huang MH, Xia X, Tran I, Atanassov P, Cao H. Polarization Conforms Performance Variability in Amorphous Electrodeposited Iridium Oxide pH Sensors: A Thorough Surface Chemistry Investigation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:962. [PMID: 38339679 PMCID: PMC10856937 DOI: 10.3390/s24030962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Electrodeposited amorphous hydrated iridium oxide (IrOx) is a promising material for pH sensing due to its high sensitivity and the ease of fabrication. However, durability and variability continue to restrict the sensor's effectiveness. Variation in probe films can be seen in both performance and fabrication, but it has been found that performance variation can be controlled with potentiostatic conditioning (PC). To make proper use of this technique, the morphological and chemical changes affecting the conditioning process must be understood. Here, a thorough study of this material, after undergoing PC in a pH-sensing-relevant potential regime, was conducted by voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Fitting of XPS data was performed, guided by raw trends in survey scans, core orbitals, and valence spectra, both XPS and UPS. The findings indicate that the PC process can repeatably control and conform performance and surface bonding to desired calibrations and distributions, respectively; PC was able to reduce sensitivity and offset ranges to as low as ±0.7 mV/pH and ±0.008 V, respectively, and repeat bonding distributions over ~2 months of sample preparation. Both Ir/O atomic ratios (shifting from 4:1 to over 4.5:1) and fitted components assigned hydroxide or oxide states based on the literature (low-voltage spectra being almost entirely with suggested hydroxide components, and high-voltage spectra almost entirely with suggested oxide components) trend across the polarization range. Self-consistent valence, core orbital, and survey quantitative trends point to a likely mechanism of ligand conversion from hydroxide to oxide, suggesting that the conditioning process enforces specific state mixtures that include both theoretical Ir(III) and Ir(IV) species, and raising the conditioning potential alters the surface species from an assumed mixture of Ir species to more oxidized Ir species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Marsh
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (P.M.); (M.-H.H.)
| | - Mao-Hsiang Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (P.M.); (M.-H.H.)
| | - Xing Xia
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (P.M.); (M.-H.H.)
| | - Ich Tran
- Irvine Materials Research Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Plamen Atanassov
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hung Cao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (P.M.); (M.-H.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Chen J, Ding X, Zhang D. Challenges and strategies faced in the electrochemical biosensing analysis of neurochemicals in vivo: A review. Talanta 2024; 266:124933. [PMID: 37506520 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Our brain is an intricate neuromodulatory network, and various neurochemicals, including neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, gases, ions, and energy metabolites, play important roles in regulating normal brain function. Abnormal release or imbalance of these substances will lead to various diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, therefore, in situ and real-time analysis of neurochemical interactions in pathophysiological conditions is beneficial to facilitate our understanding of brain function. Implantable electrochemical biosensors are capable of monitoring neurochemical signals in real time in extracellular fluid of specific brain regions because they can provide excellent temporal and spatial resolution. However, in vivo electrochemical biosensing analysis mainly faces the following challenges: First, foreign body reactions induced by microelectrode implantation, non-specific adsorption of proteins and redox products, and aggregation of glial cells, which will cause irreversible degradation of performance such as stability and sensitivity of the microsensor and eventually lead to signal loss; Second, various neurochemicals coexist in the complex brain environment, and electroactive substances with similar formal potentials interfere with each other. Therefore, it is a great challenge to design recognition molecules and tailor functional surfaces to develop in vivo electrochemical biosensors with high selectivity. Here, we take the above challenges as a starting point and detail the basic design principles for improving in vivo stability, selectivity and sensitivity of microsensors through some specific functionalized surface strategies as case studies. At the same time, we summarize surface modification strategies for in vivo electrochemical biosensing analysis of some important neurochemicals for researchers' reference. In addition, we also focus on the electrochemical detection of low basal concentrations of neurochemicals in vivo via amperometric waveform techniques, as well as the stability and biocompatibility of reference electrodes during long-term sensing, and provide an outlook on the future direction of in vivo electrochemical neurosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiuting Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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Wu D, Wang X, Wu X. Galvanostatic Electrodeposition of Durable IrO x Films on Low-Iridium-Supported Titanium for an Acidic Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Xi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Xu Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, China
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Quinson J. Iridium and IrO x nanoparticles: an overview and review of syntheses and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 303:102643. [PMID: 35334351 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Precious metals are key in various fields of research and precious metal nanomaterials are directly relevant for optics, catalysis, pollution management, sensing, medicine, and many other applications. Iridium based nanomaterials are less studied than metals like gold, silver or platinum. A specific feature of iridium nanomaterials is the relatively small size nanoparticles and clusters easily obtained, e.g. by colloidal syntheses. Progress over the years overcomes the related challenging characterization and it is expected that the knowledge on iridium chemistry and nanomaterials will be growing. Although Ir nanoparticles have been preferred systems for the development of kinetic-based models of nanomaterial formation, there is surprisingly little knowledge on the actual formation mechanism(s) of iridium nanoparticles. Following the impulse from the high expectations on Ir nanoparticles as catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction in electrolyzers, new areas of applications of iridium materials have been reported while more established applications are being revisited. This review covers different synthetic strategies of iridium nanoparticles and provides an in breadth overview of applications reported. Comprehensive Tables and more detailed topic-oriented overviews are proposed in Supplementary Material, covering synthesis protocols, the historical role or iridium nanoparticles in the development of nanoscience and applications in catalysis.
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Tringides CM, Mooney DJ. Materials for Implantable Surface Electrode Arrays: Current Status and Future Directions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107207. [PMID: 34716730 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface electrode arrays are mainly fabricated from rigid or elastic materials, and precisely manipulated ductile metal films, which offer limited stretchability. However, the living tissues to which they are applied are nonlinear viscoelastic materials, which can undergo significant mechanical deformation in dynamic biological environments. Further, the same arrays and compositions are often repurposed for vastly different tissues rather than optimizing the materials and mechanical properties of the implant for the target application. By first characterizing the desired biological environment, and then designing a technology for a particular organ, surface electrode arrays may be more conformable, and offer better interfaces to tissues while causing less damage. Here, the various materials used in each component of a surface electrode array are first reviewed, and then electrically active implants in three specific biological systems, the nervous system, the muscular system, and skin, are described. Finally, the fabrication of next-generation surface arrays that overcome current limitations is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Tringides
- Harvard Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division in Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - David J Mooney
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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Kongkaew S, Tubtimtong S, Thavarungkul P, Kanatharana P, Chang KH, Abdullah AFL, Limbut W. A Fabrication of Multichannel Graphite Electrode Using Low-Cost Stencil-Printing Technique. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22083034. [PMID: 35459019 PMCID: PMC9032575 DOI: 10.3390/s22083034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Multichannel graphite electrodes (MGrEs) have been designed and fabricated in this study. A template was cut from an adhesive plastic sheet using a desktop cutting device. The template was placed on a polypropylene substrate, and carbon graphite ink was applied with a squeegee to the template. The size of the auxiliary electrode (AE) as well as the location of the reference electrode (RE) of MGrEs design were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the thickness of the ink on the four working electrodes (WEs), which was 21.9 ± 1.8 µm. Cyclic voltammetry with a redox probe solution was used to assess the precision of the four WEs. The intra-electrode repeatability and inter-electrode reproducibility of the MGrEs production were satisfied by low RSD (<6%). Therefore, the MGrEs is reliable and capable of detecting four replicates of the target analyte in a single analysis. The electrochemical performance of four WEs was investigated and compared to one WE. The sensitivity of the MGrEs was comparable to the sensitivity of a single WE. The MGrEs’ potential applications were investigated by analyzing the nitrite in milk and tap water samples (recoveries values of 97.6 ± 0.4 to 110 ± 2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Supatinee Kongkaew
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensors (TAB-CoE), Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; (S.K.); (P.T.); (P.K.)
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
| | - Suowarot Tubtimtong
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
| | - Panote Thavarungkul
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensors (TAB-CoE), Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; (S.K.); (P.T.); (P.K.)
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Proespichaya Kanatharana
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensors (TAB-CoE), Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; (S.K.); (P.T.); (P.K.)
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Kah Haw Chang
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (K.H.C.); (A.F.L.A.)
| | - Ahmad Fahmi Lim Abdullah
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; (K.H.C.); (A.F.L.A.)
| | - Warakorn Limbut
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensors (TAB-CoE), Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; (S.K.); (P.T.); (P.K.)
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
- Forensic Science Innovation and Service Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-74-288563
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Seaton BT, Heien ML. Biocompatible reference electrodes to enhance chronic electrochemical signal fidelity in vivo. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6689-6701. [PMID: 34595560 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03640-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In vivo electrochemistry is a vital tool of neuroscience that allows for the detection, identification, and quantification of neurotransmitters, their metabolites, and other important analytes. One important goal of in vivo electrochemistry is a better understanding of progressive neurological disorders (e.g., Parkinson's disease). A complete understanding of such disorders can only be achieved through a combination of acute (i.e., minutes to hours) and chronic (i.e., days or longer) experimentation. Chronic studies are more challenging because they require prolonged implantation of electrodes, which elicits an immune response, leading to glial encapsulation of the electrodes and altered electrode performance (i.e., biofouling). Biofouling leads to increased electrode impedance and reference electrode polarization, both of which diminish the selectivity and sensitivity of in vivo electrochemical measurements. The increased impedance factor has been successfully mitigated previously with the use of a counter electrode, but the challenge of reference electrode polarization remains. The commonly used Ag/AgCl reference electrode lacks the long-term potential stability in vivo required for chronic measurements. In addition, the cytotoxicity of Ag/AgCl adversely affects animal experimentation and prohibits implantation in humans, hindering translational research progress. Thus, a move toward biocompatible reference electrodes with superior chronic potential stability is necessary. Two qualifying materials, iridium oxide and boron-doped diamond, are introduced and discussed in terms of their electrochemical properties, biocompatibilities, fabrication methods, and applications. In vivo electrochemistry continues to advance toward more chronic experimentation in both animal models and humans, necessitating the utilization of biocompatible reference electrodes that should provide superior potential stability and allow for unprecedented chronic signal fidelity when used with a counter electrode for impedance mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake T Seaton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Michael L Heien
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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Abstract
There have been numerous studies applying iridium oxides in different applications to explore their proton-change-based reactions since the 1980s. Iridium oxide can be fabricated directly by applying electrodeposition, sputter-coating method, or oxidation of iridium wire. Generally, there have been currently two approaches in applying iridium oxide to enable its sensing applications. One was to improve or create different electrolytes with (non-)electrodeposition method for better performance of Nernst Constant with the temperature-related system. The mechanism behind the scenes were summarized herein. The other was to change the structure of iridium oxide through different kinds of templates such as photolithography patterns, or template-assisted direct growth methods, etc. to improve the sensing performance. The detection targets varied widely from intracellular cell pH, glucose in an artificial sample or actual urine sample, and the hydrogen peroxide, glutamate or organophosphate pesticides, metal-ions, etc. This review paper has focused on the mechanism of electrodeposition of iridium oxide in aqueous conditions and the sensing applications towards different biomolecules compounds. Finally, we summarize future trends on Iridium oxide based sensing and predict future work that could be further explored.
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Siwczak F, Loffet E, Kaminska M, Koceva H, Mahe MM, Mosig AS. Intestinal Stem Cell-on-Chip to Study Human Host-Microbiota Interaction. Front Immunol 2021; 12:798552. [PMID: 34938299 PMCID: PMC8685395 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.798552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut is a tubular organ responsible for nutrient absorption and harbors our intestinal microbiome. This organ is composed of a multitude of specialized cell types arranged in complex barrier-forming crypts and villi covered by a mucosal layer controlling nutrient passage and protecting from invading pathogens. The development and self-renewal of the intestinal epithelium are guided by niche signals controlling the differentiation of specific cell types along the crypt-villus axis in the epithelium. The emergence of microphysiological systems, or organ-on-chips, has paved the way to study the intestinal epithelium within a dynamic and controlled environment. In this review, we describe the use of organ-on-chip technology to control and guide these differentiation processes in vitro. We further discuss current applications and forthcoming strategies to investigate the mechanical processes of intestinal stem cell differentiation, tissue formation, and the interaction of the intestine with the microbiota in the context of gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatina Siwczak
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care & Institute of Biochemistry II, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Elise Loffet
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Mathilda Kaminska
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care & Institute of Biochemistry II, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Hristina Koceva
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care & Institute of Biochemistry II, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Maxime M. Mahe
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Maxime M. Mahe, ; Alexander S. Mosig,
| | - Alexander S. Mosig
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care & Institute of Biochemistry II, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Maxime M. Mahe, ; Alexander S. Mosig,
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Poolakkandy RR, Menamparambath MM. Transition metal oxide based non‐enzymatic electrochemical sensors: An arising approach for the meticulous detection of neurotransmitter biomarkers. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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12
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Rajan TS, Read TL, Abdalla A, Patel BA, Macpherson JV. Ex Vivo Electrochemical pH Mapping of the Gastrointestinal Tract in the Absence and Presence of Pharmacological Agents. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2858-2865. [PMID: 32633120 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo pH profiling of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract (of a mouse), using an electrochemical pH probe, in both the absence and presence of pharmacological agents aimed at altering acid/bicarbonate production, is reported. Three pH electrodes were first assessed for suitability using a GI tract biological mimic buffer solution containing 0.5% mucin. These include a traditional glass pH probe, an iridium oxide (IrOx)-coated electrode (both operated potentiometrically), and a quinone (Q) surface-integrated boron-doped diamond (BDD-Q) electrode (voltammetric). In mucin, the time scale for both IrOx and glass to provide a representative pH reading was in the ∼100's of s, most likely due to mucin adsorption, in contrast to 6 s with the BDD-Q electrode. Both the glass and IrOx pH electrodes were also compromised on robustness due to fragility and delamination (IrOx) issues; contact with the GI tissue was an experimental requirement. BDD-Q was deemed the most appropriate. Ten measurements were made along the GI tract, esophagus (1), stomach (5), and duodenum (4). Under buffer only conditions, the BDD-Q probe tracked the pH from neutral in the esophagus to acidic in the stomach and rising to more alkaline in the duodenum. In the presence of omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, the body regions of the stomach exhibited elevated pH levels. Under melatonin treatment (a bicarbonate agonist and acid inhibitor), both the body of the stomach and the duodenum showed elevated pH levels. This study demonstrates the versatility of the BDD-Q pH electrode for real-time ex vivo biological tissue measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teena S. Rajan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Diamond Science and Technology CDT, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Tania L. Read
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Aya Abdalla
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4AT, U.K
| | - Bhavik A. Patel
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4AT, U.K
| | - Julie V. Macpherson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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Hsieh TL, Hung PS, Wang CJ, Tso KC, Wang HY, Cheng CT, Lin YC, Chung RJ, Wei KH, Wu PW, Chen PC. Synthesis of IrO 2 decorated core-shell PS@PPyNH 2 microspheres for bio-interface application. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:375605. [PMID: 32454465 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab9678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, an effective approach is demonstrated for the fabrication of IrO2-decorated polystyrene@functionalized polypyrrole (core@shell; PS@PPyNH2) microspheres. The synthesis begins with the preparation of monodispersive PS microspheres with a diameter of 490 nm, by a process of emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization, followed by a copolymerization process involving pyrrole and PyNH2 monomers in a PS microsphere aqueous suspension, to produce uniform PS@PPyNH2 microspheres with a diameter of 536 nm. The loading of 2 nm IrO2 nanoparticles onto the PS@PPyNH2 microspheres can be easily adjusted by tuning the pH value of the IrO2 colloidal solution and the PS@PPyNH2 suspension. At pH 4, we successfully obtain IrO2-decorated PS@PPyNH2 microspheres via electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding simultaneously between the negatively-charged IrO2 nanoparticles and the positively-charged PS@PPyNH2 microspheres. These IrO2-decorated PS@PPyNH2 microspheres exhibit a characteristic cyclic voltammetric profile, similar to that of an IrO2 thin film. The charge storage capacity is 5.19 mA cm-2, a value almost five times greater than that of PS@PPyNH2 microspheres. In addition, these IrO2-decorated PS@PPyNH2 microspheres exhibit excellent cell viability and biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China
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14
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Fiber-shaped organic electrochemical transistors for biochemical detections with high sensitivity and stability. Sci China Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-020-9779-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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15
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Wang B, Wen X, Cao Y, Huang S, Lam HA, Liu TL, Chung PS, Monbouquette HG, Chiou PY, Maidment NT. An implantable multifunctional neural microprobe for simultaneous multi-analyte sensing and chemical delivery. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1390-1397. [PMID: 32211718 PMCID: PMC7192313 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00021c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A multifunctional chemical neural probe fabrication process exploiting PDMS thin-film transfer to incorporate a microfluidic channel onto a silicon-based microelectrode array (MEA) platform, and enzyme microstamping to provide multi-analyte detection is described. The Si/PDMS hybrid chemtrode, modified with a nano-based on-probe IrOx reference electrode, was validated in brain phantoms and in rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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16
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Zhou L, Cheng C, Li X, Ding J, Liu Q, Su B. Nanochannel Templated Iridium Oxide Nanostructures for Wide-Range pH Sensing from Solutions to Human Skin Surface. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3844-3851. [PMID: 32043863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the fabrication of highly sensitive solid-state pH sensors based on iridium oxide nanowires (IONWs) for a wide-range of pH measurements. IONWs were confined electrodeposits on the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode using a highly ordered silica nanochannel membrane as the template. Subsequently removing the template produced amorphous IONWs consisting of hydrated iridium oxyhydroxides. The IONW/ITO sensor can rapidly respond to the pH of the aqueous solutions in a wide range (from 0 to 13), avoiding the acid and alkaline errors encountered by conventional pH electrodes and exhibiting a super-Nernst analytical sensitivity as high as 235.5 mV/pH in the very acidic range of ∼0-2.5 and 90.1 mV/pH beyond (pH = ∼2.5-13). The sensitivity was associated with the interconversion of oxidation states of iridium oxyhydroxides. While in the very acidic range, intercalation of Cl- was proved to be responsible for the exceptionally high pH sensitivity. Moreover, the sensor was also demonstrated to work in organic solutions too. Finally, the flexible IONW/ITO electrode was prepared and interfaced to a wireless electrochemical device for real-time epidermal pH analysis with smartphones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xinru Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jialian Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qingjun Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bin Su
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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17
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Zhao Y, Wang B, Hojaiji H, Wang Z, Lin S, Yeung C, Lin H, Nguyen P, Chiu K, Salahi K, Cheng X, Tan J, Cerrillos BA, Emaminejad S. A wearable freestanding electrochemical sensing system. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz0007. [PMID: 32219164 PMCID: PMC7083607 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To render high-fidelity wearable biomarker data, understanding and engineering the information delivery pathway from epidermally retrieved biofluid to a readout unit are critical. By examining the biomarker information delivery pathway and recognizing near-zero strained regions within a microfluidic device, a strain-isolated pathway to preserve biomarker data fidelity is engineered. Accordingly, a generalizable and disposable freestanding electrochemical sensing system (FESS) is devised, which simultaneously facilitates sensing and out-of-plane signal interconnection with the aid of double-sided adhesion. The FESS serves as a foundation to realize a system-level design strategy, addressing the challenges of wearable biosensing, in the presence of motion, and integration with consumer electronics. To this end, a FESS-enabled smartwatch was developed, featuring sweat sampling, electrochemical sensing, and data display/transmission, all within a self-contained wearable platform. The FESS-enabled smartwatch was used to monitor the sweat metabolite profiles of individuals in sedentary and high-intensity exercise settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Zhao
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hannaneh Hojaiji
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhaoqing Wang
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shuyu Lin
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Yeung
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Haisong Lin
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peterson Nguyen
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kaili Chiu
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kamyar Salahi
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xuanbing Cheng
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiawei Tan
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Betto Alcitlali Cerrillos
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sam Emaminejad
- Interconnected & Integrated Bioelectronics Lab (IBL), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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18
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Ou Y, Buchanan AM, Witt CE, Hashemi P. Frontiers in Electrochemical Sensors for Neurotransmitter Detection: Towards Measuring Neurotransmitters as Chemical Diagnostics for Brain Disorders. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2019; 11:2738-2755. [PMID: 32724337 PMCID: PMC7386554 DOI: 10.1039/c9ay00055k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
It is extremely challenging to chemically diagnose disorders of the brain. There is hence great interest in designing and optimizing tools for direct detection of chemical biomarkers implicated in neurological disorders to improve diagnosis and treatment. Tools that are capable of monitoring brain chemicals, neurotransmitters in particular, need to be biocompatible, perform with high spatiotemporal resolution, and ensure high selectivity and sensitivity. Recent advances in electrochemical methods are addressing these criteria; the resulting devices demonstrate great promise for in vivo neurotransmitter detection. None of these devices are currently used for diagnostic purposes, however these cutting-edge technologies are promising more sensitive, selective, faster, and less invasive measurements. Via this review we highlight significant technical advances and in vivo studies, performed in the last 5 years, that we believe will facilitate the development of diagnostic tools for brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangguang Ou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC
| | - Anna Marie Buchanan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC
| | - Colby E. Witt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC
| | - Parastoo Hashemi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC
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19
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Tavakolian-Ardakani Z, Hosu O, Cristea C, Mazloum-Ardakani M, Marrazza G. Latest Trends in Electrochemical Sensors for Neurotransmitters: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E2037. [PMID: 31052309 PMCID: PMC6539656 DOI: 10.3390/s19092037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemical messengers which play an important role in many of the brain functions, abnormal levels being correlated with physical, psychotic and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease. Therefore, their sensitive and robust detection is of great clinical significance. Electrochemical methods have been intensively used in the last decades for neurotransmitter detection, outclassing more complicated analytical techniques such as conventional spectrophotometry, chromatography, fluorescence, flow injection, and capillary electrophoresis. In this manuscript, the most successful and promising electrochemical enzyme-free and enzymatic sensors for neurotransmitter detection are reviewed. Focusing on the activity of worldwide researchers mainly during the last ten years (2010-2019), without pretending to be exhaustive, we present an overview of the progress made in sensing strategies during this time. Particular emphasis is placed on nanostructured-based sensors, which show a substantial improvement of the analytical performances. This review also examines the progress made in biosensors for neurotransmitter measurements in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Tavakolian-Ardakani
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd 89195-741, Iran.
| | - Oana Hosu
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy.
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Pasteur 4 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Cecilia Cristea
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Pasteur 4 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | | | - Giovanna Marrazza
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy.
- Instituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Unit of Florence, Viale delle Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Roma, Italy.
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20
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Wen X, Wang B, Huang S, Liu TL, Lee MS, Chung PS, Chow YT, Huang IW, Monbouquette HG, Maidment NT, Chiou PY. Flexible, multifunctional neural probe with liquid metal enabled, ultra-large tunable stiffness for deep-brain chemical sensing and agent delivery. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 131:37-45. [PMID: 30818131 PMCID: PMC6602555 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Flexible neural probes have been pursued previously to minimize the mechanical mismatch between soft neural tissues and implants and thereby improve long-term performance. However, difficulties with insertion of such probes deep into the brain severely restricts their utility. We describe a solution to this problem using gallium (Ga) in probe construction, taking advantage of the solid-to-liquid phase change of the metal at body temperature and probe shape deformation to provide temperature-dependent control of stiffness over 5 orders of magnitude. Probes in the stiff state were successfully inserted 2 cm-deep into agarose gel "brain phantoms" and into rat brains under cooled conditions where, upon Ga melting, they became ultra soft, flexible, and stretchable in all directions. The current 30 μm-thick probes incorporated multilayer, deformable microfluidic channels for chemical agent delivery, electrical interconnects through Ga wires, and high-performance electrochemical glutamate sensing. These PDMS-based microprobes of ultra-large tunable stiffness (ULTS) should serve as an attractive platform for multifunctional chronic neural implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximiao Wen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shan Huang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tingyi Leo Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Meng-Shiue Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shan Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yu Ting Chow
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - I-Wen Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harold G Monbouquette
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nigel T Maidment
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Pei-Yu Chiou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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21
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Wang B, Feng L, Koo B, Monbouquette HG. A Complete Electroenzymatic Choline Microprobe Based on Nanostructured Platinum Microelectrodes and an IrOx On‐probe Reference Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering DepartmentUniversity of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Lili Feng
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering DepartmentUniversity of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Bonhye Koo
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering DepartmentUniversity of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Harold G. Monbouquette
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering DepartmentUniversity of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
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22
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Nguyen TNH, Nolan JK, Park H, Lam S, Fattah M, Page JC, Joe HE, Jun MBG, Lee H, Kim SJ, Shi R, Lee H. Facile fabrication of flexible glutamate biosensor using direct writing of platinum nanoparticle-based nanocomposite ink. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 131:257-266. [PMID: 30849725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate excitotoxicity is a pathology in which excessive glutamate can cause neuronal damage and degeneration. It has also been linked to secondary injury mechanisms in traumatic spinal cord injury. Conventional bioanalytical techniques used to characterize glutamate levels in vivo, such as microdialysis, have low spatiotemporal resolution, which has impeded our understanding of this dynamic event. In this study, we present an amperometric biosensor fabricated using a simple direct ink writing technique for the purpose of in vivo glutamate monitoring. The biosensor is fabricated by immobilizing glutamate oxidase on nanocomposite electrodes made of platinum nanoparticles, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and a conductive polymer on a flexible substrate. The sensor is designed to measure extracellular dynamics of glutamate and other potential biomarkers during a traumatic spinal cord injury event. Here we demonstrate good sensitivity and selectivity of these rapidly prototyped implantable biosensors that can be inserted into a spinal cord and measure extracellular glutamate concentration. We show that our biosensors exhibit good flexibility, linear range, repeatability, and stability that are suitable for future in vivo evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran N H Nguyen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - James K Nolan
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hyunsu Park
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Stephanie Lam
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Mara Fattah
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jessica C Page
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hang-Eun Joe
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Martin B G Jun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hyungwoo Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sang Joon Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Riyi Shi
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hyowon Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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23
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Ganesana M, Trikantzopoulos E, Maniar Y, Lee ST, Venton BJ. Development of a novel micro biosensor for in vivo monitoring of glutamate release in the brain. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 130:103-109. [PMID: 30731343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
L- Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and hyperglutamatergic signaling is implicated in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Monitoring glutamate with a glutamate oxidase-based amperometric biosensor offers advantages such as high spatial and high temporal resolution. However, commercially-available glutamate biosensors are expensive and larger in size. Here, we report the development of 50 µm diameter biosensor for real-time monitoring of L-glutamate in vivo. A polymer, poly-o-phenylenediamine (PPD) layer was electropolymerized onto a 50 µm Pt wire to act as a permselective membrane. Then, glutamate oxidase entrapped in a biocompatible chitosan matrix was cast onto the microelectrode surface. Finally, ascorbate oxidase was coated to eliminate interferences from high levels of extracellular ascorbic acid present in brain tissue. L-glutamate measurements were performed amperometrically at an applied potential of 0.6 V vs Ag/AgCl. The biosensor exhibited a linear range from 5 to 150 μM, with a high sensitivity of 0.097 ± 0.001 nA/μM and one-week storage stability. The biosensor also showed a rapid steady state response to L-glutamate within 2 s, with a limit of detection of 0.044 μM. The biosensor was used successfully to detect stimulated glutamate in the subthalamic nucleus in brain slices and in vivo. Thus, this biosensor is appropriate for future neuroscience applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjunarao Ganesana
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Elefterios Trikantzopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yash Maniar
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Scott T Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - B Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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24
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Nanomaterials-Based Electrochemical Sensors for In Vitro and In Vivo Analyses of Neurotransmitters. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8091504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are molecules that transfer chemical signals between neurons to convey messages for any action conducted by the nervous system. All neurotransmitters are medically important; the detection and analysis of these molecules play vital roles in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Among analytical strategies, electrochemical techniques have been identified as simple, inexpensive, and less time-consuming processes. Electrochemical analysis is based on the redox behaviors of neurotransmitters, as well as their metabolites. A variety of electrochemical techniques are available for the detection of biomolecules. However, the development of a sensing platform with high sensitivity and selectivity is challenging, and it has been found to be a bottleneck step in the analysis of neurotransmitters. Nanomaterials-based sensor platforms are fascinating for researchers because of their ability to perform the electrochemical analysis of neurotransmitters due to their improved detection efficacy, and they have been widely reported on for their sensitive detection of epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, acetylcholine, nitric oxide, and purines. The advancement of electroanalytical technologies and the innovation of functional nanomaterials have been assisting greatly in in vivo and in vitro analyses of neurotransmitters, especially for point-of-care clinical applications. In this review, firstly, we focus on the most commonly employed electrochemical analysis techniques, in conjunction with their working principles and abilities for the detection of neurotransmitters. Subsequently, we concentrate on the fabrication and development of nanomaterials-based electrochemical sensors and their advantages over other detection techniques. Finally, we address the challenges and the future outlook in the development of electrochemical sensors for the efficient detection of neurotransmitters.
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25
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Ngernsutivorakul T, White TS, Kennedy RT. Microfabricated Probes for Studying Brain Chemistry: A Review. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1128-1142. [PMID: 29405568 PMCID: PMC6996029 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Probe techniques for monitoring in vivo chemistry (e.g., electrochemical sensors and microdialysis sampling probes) have significantly contributed to a better understanding of neurotransmission in correlation to behaviors and neurological disorders. Microfabrication allows construction of neural probes with high reproducibility, scalability, design flexibility, and multiplexed features. This technology has translated well into fabricating miniaturized neurochemical probes for electrochemical detection and sampling. Microfabricated electrochemical probes provide a better control of spatial resolution with multisite detection on a single compact platform. This development allows the observation of heterogeneity of neurochemical activity precisely within the brain region. Microfabricated sampling probes are starting to emerge that enable chemical measurements at high spatial resolution and potential for reducing tissue damage. Recent advancement in analytical methods also facilitates neurochemical monitoring at high temporal resolution. Furthermore, a positive feature of microfabricated probes is that they can be feasibly built with other sensing and stimulating platforms including optogenetics. Such integrated probes will empower researchers to precisely elucidate brain function and develop novel treatments for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas S. White
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, 3003E, NCRC Building 28, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Robert T. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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26
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Clay M, Monbouquette HG. A Detailed Model of Electroenzymatic Glutamate Biosensors To Aid in Sensor Optimization and in Applications in Vivo. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:241-251. [PMID: 29076724 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simulations conducted with a detailed model of glutamate biosensor performance describe the observed sensor performance well, illustrate the limits of sensor performance, and suggest a path toward sensor optimization. Glutamate is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, and electroenzymatic sensors have emerged as a useful tool for the monitoring of glutamate signaling in vivo. However, the utility of these sensors currently is limited by their sensitivity and response time. A mathematical model of a typical glutamate biosensor consisting of a Pt electrode coated with a permselective polymer film and a top layer of cross-linked glutamate oxidase has been constructed in terms of differential material balances on glutamate, H2O2, and O2 in one spatial dimension. Simulations suggest that reducing thicknesses of the permselective polymer and enzyme layers can increase sensitivity ∼6-fold and reduce response time ∼7-fold, and thereby improve resolution of transient glutamate signals. At currently employed enzyme layer thicknesses, both intrinsic enzyme kinetics and enzyme deactivation likely are masked by mass transfer. However, O2-dependence studies show essentially no reduction in signal at the lowest anticipated O2 concentrations for expected glutamate concentrations in the brain and that O2 transport limitations in vitro are anticipated only at glutamate concentrations in the mM range. Finally, the limitations of current biosensors in monitoring glutamate transients is simulated and used to illustrate the need for optimized biosensors to report glutamate signaling accurately on a subsecond time scale. This work demonstrates how a detailed model can be used to guide optimization of electroenzymatic sensors similar to that for glutamate and to ensure appropriate interpretation of data gathered using such biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie Clay
- Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1592, United States
| | - Harold G. Monbouquette
- Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1592, United States
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27
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Hoa LNQ, Chen HR, Tseng TTC. An Arrayed Micro-glutamate Sensor Probe Integrated with On-probe Ag/AgCl Reference and Counter Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Le Ngoc Quynh Hoa
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Taiwan University of Science and Technology; Taipei 10607 Taiwan
| | - Hong-Ru Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Taiwan University of Science and Technology; Taipei 10607 Taiwan
| | - Tina T.-C. Tseng
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Taiwan University of Science and Technology; Taipei 10607 Taiwan
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28
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Abstract
Neurotransmitters are chemicals that act as messengers in the synaptic transmission process. They are essential for human health and any imbalance in their activities can cause serious mental disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer’s disease. Hence, monitoring the concentrations of various neurotransmitters is of great importance in studying and diagnosing such mental illnesses. Recently, many researchers have explored the use of unique materials for developing biosensors for both in vivo and ex vivo neurotransmitter detection. A combination of nanomaterials, polymers, and biomolecules were incorporated to implement such sensor devices. For in vivo detection, electrochemical sensing has been commonly applied, with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry being the most promising technique to date, due to the advantages such as easy miniaturization, simple device architecture, and high sensitivity. However, the main challenges for in vivo electrochemical neurotransmitter sensors are limited target selectivity, large background signal and noise, and device fouling and degradation over time. Therefore, achieving simultaneous detection of multiple neurotransmitters in real time with long-term stability remains the focus of research. The purpose of this review paper is to summarize the recently developed sensing techniques with the focus on neurotransmitters as the target analyte, and to discuss the outlook of simultaneous detection of multiple neurotransmitter species. This paper is organized as follows: firstly, the common materials used for developing neurotransmitter sensors are discussed. Secondly, several sensor surface modification approaches to enhance sensing performance are reviewed. Finally, we discuss recent developments in the simultaneous detection capability of multiple neurotransmitters.
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Wilson LR, Panda S, Schmidt AC, Sombers LA. Selective and Mechanically Robust Sensors for Electrochemical Measurements of Real-Time Hydrogen Peroxide Dynamics in Vivo. Anal Chem 2018; 90:888-895. [PMID: 29191006 PMCID: PMC5750107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an endogenous molecule that plays several important roles in brain function: it is generated in cellular respiration, serves as a modulator of dopaminergic signaling, and its presence can indicate the upstream production of more aggressive reactive oxygen species (ROS). H2O2 has been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), creating a critical need to identify mechanisms by which H2O2 modulates cellular processes in general and how it affects the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway, in particular. Furthermore, there is broad interest in selective electrochemical quantification of H2O2, because it is often enzymatically generated at biosensors as a reporter for the presence of nonelectroactive target molecules. H2O2 fluctuations can be monitored in real time using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) coupled with carbon-fiber microelectrodes. However, selective identification is a critical issue when working in the presence of other molecules that generate similar voltammograms, such as adenosine and histamine. We have addressed this problem by fabricating a robust, H2O2-selective electrode. 1,3-Phenylenediamine (mPD) was electrodeposited on a carbon-fiber microelectrode to create a size-exclusion membrane, rendering the electrode sensitive to H2O2 fluctuations and pH shifts but not to other commonly studied neurochemicals. The electrodes are described and characterized herein. The data demonstrate that this technology can be used to ensure the selective detection of H2O2, enabling confident characterization of the role this molecule plays in normal physiological function as well as in the progression of PD and other neuropathies involving oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie R. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Sambit Panda
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Andreas C. Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Leslie A. Sombers
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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Davis AN, Travis AR, Miller DR, Cliffel DE. Multianalyte Physiological Microanalytical Devices. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2017; 10:93-111. [PMID: 28605606 PMCID: PMC9235322 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061516-045334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in scientific instrumentation have allowed experimentalists to evaluate well-known systems in new ways and to gain insight into previously unexplored or poorly understood phenomena. Within the growing field of multianalyte physiometry (MAP), microphysiometers are being developed that are capable of electrochemically measuring changes in the concentration of various metabolites in real time. By simultaneously quantifying multiple analytes, these devices have begun to unravel the complex pathways that govern biological responses to ischemia and oxidative stress while contributing to basic scientific discoveries in bioenergetics and neurology. Patients and clinicians have also benefited from the highly translational nature of MAP, and the continued expansion of the repertoire of analytes that can be measured with multianalyte microphysiometers will undoubtedly play a role in the automation and personalization of medicine. This is perhaps most evident with the recent advent of fully integrated noninvasive sensor arrays that can continuously monitor changes in analytes linked to specific disease states and deliver a therapeutic agent as required without the need for patient action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nix Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235;
| | - Adam R Travis
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235;
| | - Dusty R Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235;
| | - David E Cliffel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235;
- Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
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31
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Ultra-miniaturization of a planar amperometric sensor targeting continuous intradermal glucose monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 90:577-583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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32
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Kurbanoglu S, Rivas L, Ozkan SA, Merkoçi A. Electrochemically reduced graphene and iridium oxide nanoparticles for inhibition-based angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 88:122-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.07.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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33
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Hashimoto T, Miwa M, Nasu H, Ishihara A, Nishio Y. pH Sensors Using 3d-Block Metal Oxide-Coated Stainless Steel Electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.10.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Morales-Villagrán A, Pardo-Peña K, Medina-Ceja L, López-Pérez S. A microdialysis and enzymatic reactor sensing procedure for the simultaneous registration of online glutamate measurements at high temporal resolution during epileptiform activity. J Neurochem 2016; 139:886-896. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Morales-Villagrán
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry; Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology; CUCBA; University of Guadalajara; Jalisco México
| | - Kenia Pardo-Peña
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry; Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology; CUCBA; University of Guadalajara; Jalisco México
| | - Laura Medina-Ceja
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry; Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology; CUCBA; University of Guadalajara; Jalisco México
| | - Silvia López-Pérez
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry; Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology; CUCBA; University of Guadalajara; Jalisco México
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35
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Weltin A, Kieninger J, Urban GA. Microfabricated, amperometric, enzyme-based biosensors for in vivo applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4503-21. [PMID: 26935934 PMCID: PMC4909808 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9420-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized electrochemical in vivo biosensors allow the measurement of fast extracellular dynamics of neurotransmitter and energy metabolism directly in the tissue. Enzyme-based amperometric biosensing is characterized by high specificity and precision as well as high spatial and temporal resolution. Aside from glucose monitoring, many systems have been introduced mainly for application in the central nervous system in animal models. We compare the microsensor principle with other methods applied in biomedical research to show advantages and drawbacks. Electrochemical sensor systems are easily miniaturized and fabricated by microtechnology processes. We review different microfabrication approaches for in vivo sensor platforms, ranging from simple modified wires and fibres to fully microfabricated systems on silicon, ceramic or polymer substrates. The various immobilization methods for the enzyme such as chemical cross-linking and entrapment in polymer membranes are discussed. The resulting sensor performance is compared in detail. We also examine different concepts to reject interfering substances by additional membranes, aspects of instrumentation and biocompatibility. Practical considerations are elaborated, and conclusions for future developments are presented. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Weltin
- Laboratory for Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering – IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Kieninger
- Laboratory for Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering – IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerald A. Urban
- Laboratory for Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering – IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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36
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Li C, Limnuson K, Wu Z, Amin A, Narayan A, Golanov EV, Ahn CH, Hartings JA, Narayan RK. Single probe for real-time simultaneous monitoring of neurochemistry and direct-current electrocorticography. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 77:62-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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37
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Cossette MP, Conover K, Shizgal P. The neural substrates for the rewarding and dopamine-releasing effects of medial forebrain bundle stimulation have partially discrepant frequency responses. Behav Brain Res 2015; 297:345-58. [PMID: 26477378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Midbrain dopamine neurons have long been implicated in the rewarding effect produced by electrical brain stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). These neurons are excited trans-synaptically, but their precise role in intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) has yet to be determined. This study assessed the hypothesis that midbrain dopamine neurons are in series with the directly stimulated substrate for self-stimulation of the MFB and either perform spatio-temporal integration of synaptic input from directly activated MFB fibers or relay the results of such integration to efferent stages of the reward circuitry. Psychometric current-frequency trade-off functions were derived from ICSS performance, and chemometric trade-off functions were derived from stimulation-induced dopamine transients in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell, measured by means of fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. Whereas the psychometric functions decline monotonically over a broad range of pulse frequencies and level off only at high frequencies, the chemometric functions obtained with the same rats and electrodes are either U-shaped or level off at lower pulse frequencies. This discrepancy was observed when the dopamine transients were recorded in either anesthetized or awake subjects. The lack of correspondence between the psychometric and chemometric functions is inconsistent with the hypothesis that dopamine neurons projecting to the NAc shell constitute an entire series stage of the neural circuit subserving self-stimulation of the MFB.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-P Cossette
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/Groupe de Recherche en Neurobiologie Comportementale, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, SP-244, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - K Conover
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/Groupe de Recherche en Neurobiologie Comportementale, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, SP-244, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - P Shizgal
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/Groupe de Recherche en Neurobiologie Comportementale, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, SP-244, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada.
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38
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Abstract
The mass transport or flux of neurochemicals in the brain and how this flux affects chemical measurements and their interpretation is reviewed. For all endogenous neurochemicals found in the brain, the flux of each of these neurochemicals exists between sources that produce them and the sites that consume them all within μm distances. Principles of convective-diffusion are reviewed with a significant emphasis on the tortuous paths and discrete point sources and sinks. The fundamentals of the primary methods of detection, microelectrodes and microdialysis sampling of brain neurochemicals are included in the review. Special attention is paid to the change in the natural flux of the neurochemicals caused by implantation and consumption at microelectrodes and uptake by microdialysis. The detection of oxygen, nitric oxide, glucose, lactate, and glutamate, and catecholamines by both methods are examined and where possible the two techniques (electrochemical vs. microdialysis) are compared. Non-invasive imaging methods: magnetic resonance, isotopic fluorine MRI, electron paramagnetic resonance, and positron emission tomography are also used for different measurements of the above-mentioned solutes and these are briefly reviewed. Although more sophisticated, the imaging techniques are unable to track neurochemical flux on short time scales, and lack spatial resolution. Where possible, determinations of flux using imaging are compared to the more classical techniques of microdialysis and microelectrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Paul
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
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39
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Hu J, Wisetsuwannaphum S, Foord JS. Glutamate biosensors based on diamond and graphene platforms. Faraday Discuss 2015; 172:457-72. [PMID: 25427169 DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00032c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
l-Glutamate is one of the most important neurotransmitters in the mammalian central nervous system, playing a vital role in many physiological processes and implicated in several neurological disorders, for which monitoring of dynamic levels of extracellular glutamate in the living brain tissues may contribute to medical understanding and treatments. Electrochemical sensing of glutamate has been developed recently mainly using platinum, carbon fibre and carbon nanotube electrodes. In the present work, we explore the fabrication and properties of electrochemical glutamate sensors fabricated on doped chemical vapour deposition diamond electrodes and graphene nanoplatelet structures. The sensors incorporate platinum nanoparticles to catalyse the electrooxidation of hydrogen peroxide, glutamate oxidase to oxidise glutamate, and a layer of poly-phenylenediamine to impart selectivity. The performance of the devices was compared to a similar sensor fabricated on glassy carbon. Both the diamond and the graphene sensor showed very competitive performance compared to the majority of existing electrochemical sensors. The graphene based sensor showed the best performance of the three investigated in terms of sensitivity, linear dynamic range and long term stability, whereas it was found that the diamond device showed the best limit of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingping Hu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Wuhan, P.R. China 430074.
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40
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Kurbanoglu S, Mayorga-Martinez CC, Medina-Sánchez M, Rivas L, Ozkan SA, Merkoçi A. Antithyroid drug detection using an enzyme cascade blocking in a nanoparticle‐based lab‐on‐a‐chip system. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 67:670-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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41
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Nguyen CM, Rao S, Yang X, Dubey S, Mays J, Cao H, Chiao JC. Sol-gel deposition of iridium oxide for biomedical micro-devices. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 15:4212-28. [PMID: 25686309 PMCID: PMC4367406 DOI: 10.3390/s150204212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Flexible iridium oxide (IrOx)-based micro-electrodes were fabricated on flexible polyimide substrates using a sol-gel deposition process for utilization as integrated pseudo-reference electrodes for bio-electrochemical sensing applications. The fabrication method yields reliable miniature on-probe IrOx electrodes with long lifetime, high stability and repeatability. Such sensors can be used for long-term measurements. Various dimensions of sol-gel iridium oxide electrodes including 1 mm × 1 mm, 500 µm × 500 µm, and 100 µm × 100 µm were fabricated. Sensor longevity and pH dependence were investigated by immersing the electrodes in hydrochloric acid, fetal bovine serum (FBS), and sodium hydroxide solutions for 30 days. Less pH dependent responses, compared to IrOx electrodes fabricated by electrochemical deposition processes, were measured at 58.8 ± 0.4 mV/pH, 53.8 ± 1.3 mV/pH and 48 ± 0.6 mV/pH, respectively. The on-probe IrOx pseudo-reference electrodes were utilized for dopamine sensing. The baseline responses of the sensors were higher than the one using an external Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Using IrOx reference electrodes integrated on the same probe with working electrodes eliminated the use of cytotoxic Ag/AgCl reference electrode without loss in sensitivity. This enables employing such sensors in long-term recording of concentrations of neurotransmitters in central nervous systems of animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong M Nguyen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
| | - Smitha Rao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
| | - Souvik Dubey
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Mays
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
| | - Hung Cao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ETS, Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada.
| | - Jung-Chih Chiao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
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42
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Hosseini M, Khabbaz H, Dezfoli AS, Ganjali MR, Dadmehr M. Selective recognition of Glutamate based on fluorescence enhancement of graphene quantum dot. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 136 Pt C:1962-1966. [PMID: 25468438 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.10.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have successfully been utilized as an efficient nano-sized fluorescence chemosensor to detect selectively Glutamate (Glu) in Tris-HCl buffer solution (pH=9). The fluorescence emission spectrum of graphene quantum dots was at about 430nm. The study showed that fluorescence intensity of the quantum dot gradually enhanced with increase in concentration of Glutamate and any change in fluorescence intensity was directly proportional to the concentration of Glutamate. Under optimum conditions, the linear range for the detection of Glutamate was 1.6×10(-7)M to 1.0×10(-5)M with a detection limit of 5.2×10(-8)M. The sensor showed high selectivity toward Glutamate in comparison with other amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Hosseini
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences & Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Khabbaz
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences & Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Ganjali
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Dadmehr
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences & Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
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43
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Ng SR, O'Hare D. An iridium oxide microelectrode for monitoring acute local pH changes of endothelial cells. Analyst 2015; 140:4224-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00377f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A microelectrode on a chip was modified to detect the local pH changes of the attached endothelial cells under the stimulation of thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Rui Ng
- Department of Bioengineering
- Imperial College London
- UK SW7 2AZ
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Division of Bioengineering
| | - Danny O'Hare
- Department of Bioengineering
- Imperial College London
- UK SW7 2AZ
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Meriney SD, Umbach JA, Gundersen CB. Fast, Ca2+-dependent exocytosis at nerve terminals: shortcomings of SNARE-based models. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 121:55-90. [PMID: 25042638 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Investigations over the last two decades have made major inroads in clarifying the cellular and molecular events that underlie the fast, synchronous release of neurotransmitter at nerve endings. Thus, appreciable progress has been made in establishing the structural features and biophysical properties of the calcium (Ca2+) channels that mediate the entry into nerve endings of the Ca2+ ions that trigger neurotransmitter release. It is now clear that presynaptic Ca2+ channels are regulated at many levels and the interplay of these regulatory mechanisms is just beginning to be understood. At the same time, many lines of research have converged on the conclusion that members of the synaptotagmin family serve as the primary Ca2+ sensors for the action potential-dependent release of neurotransmitter. This identification of synaptotagmins as the proteins which bind Ca2+ and initiate the exocytotic fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane has spurred widespread efforts to reveal molecular details of synaptotagmin's action. Currently, most models propose that synaptotagmin interfaces directly or indirectly with SNARE (soluble, N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment receptors) proteins to trigger membrane fusion. However, in spite of intensive efforts, the field has not achieved consensus on the mechanism by which synaptotagmins act. Concurrently, the precise sequence of steps underlying SNARE-dependent membrane fusion remains controversial. This review considers the pros and cons of the different models of SNARE-mediated membrane fusion and concludes by discussing a novel proposal in which synaptotagmins might directly elicit membrane fusion without the intervention of SNARE proteins in this final fusion step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Meriney
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Joy A Umbach
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Cameron B Gundersen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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45
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Weltin A, Kieninger J, Enderle B, Gellner AK, Fritsch B, Urban GA. Polymer-based, flexible glutamate and lactate microsensors for in vivo applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 61:192-9. [PMID: 24880657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a flexible microsensor, based on a polymer substrate, for multiparametric, electrochemical in vivo monitoring. The sensor strip with a microelectrode array at the tip was designed for insertion into tissue, for fast and localized online monitoring of physiological parameters. The microsystem fabrication on a wafer-level is based on a polyimide substrate and includes the patterning of platinum microelectrodes as well as epoxy and dry-film-resist insulation in a cost-effective thin-film and laminate process. A stable, electrodeposited silver/silver chloride reference electrode on-chip and a perm-selective membrane as an efficient interference rejection scheme are integrated on a wafer-level. Amperometric, electrochemical, enzyme-based biosensors for the neurotransmitter L-glutamate and the energy metabolite L-lactate have been developed. Hydrogel membranes or direct cross-linking as stable concepts for the enzyme immobilization are shown. Sensor performance including high selectivity, tailoring of sensitivity and long-term stability is discussed. For glutamate, a high sensitivity of 2.16 nAmm(-2) µM(-1) was found. For lactate, a variation in sensitivity between 2.6 and 32 nAmm(-2)mM(-1) was achieved by different membrane compositions. The in vivo application in an animal model is demonstrated by glutamate measurements in the brain of rats. Local glutamate alterations in the micromolar range and in nanoliter-range volumes can be detected and quantified with high reproducibility and temporal resolution. A novel, versatile platform for the integration of various electrochemical sensors on a small, flexible sensor strip for a variety of in vivo applications is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Weltin
- Laboratory for Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Jochen Kieninger
- Laboratory for Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Enderle
- Laboratory for Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Brita Fritsch
- Department of Neurology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerald A Urban
- Laboratory for Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Germany
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46
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Asplund M, Boehler C, Stieglitz T. Anti-inflammatory polymer electrodes for glial scar treatment: bringing the conceptual idea to future results. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENGINEERING 2014; 7:9. [PMID: 24860493 PMCID: PMC4026681 DOI: 10.3389/fneng.2014.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Conducting polymer films offer a convenient route for the functionalization of implantable microelectrodes without compromising their performance as excellent recording units. A micron thick coating, deposited on the surface of a regular metallic electrode, can elute anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of glial scarring as well as growth factors for the support of surrounding neurons. Electro-activation of the polymer drives the release of the substance and should ideally provide a reliable method for controlling quantity and timing of release. Driving signals in the form of a constant potential (CP), a slow redox sweep or a fast pulse are all represented in literature. Few studies present such release in vivo from actual recording and stimulating microelectronic devices. It is essential to bridge the gap between studies based on release in vitro, and the intended application, which would mean release into living and highly delicate tissue. In the biological setting, signals are limited both by available electronics and by the biological safety. Driving signals must not be harmful to tissue and also not activate the tissue in an uncontrolled manner. This review aims at shedding more light on how to select appropriate driving parameters for the polymer electrodes for the in vivo setting. It brings together information regarding activation thresholds for neurons, as well as injury thresholds, and puts this into context with what is known about efficient driving of release from conducting polymer films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Asplund
- Biomedical Microtechnology, IMTEK, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Germany ; Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies FRIAS, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Germany ; BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Boehler
- Biomedical Microtechnology, IMTEK, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Germany ; Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies FRIAS, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Germany ; BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Stieglitz
- Biomedical Microtechnology, IMTEK, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Germany ; BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Germany
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Farina D, Alvau MD, Puggioni G, Calia G, Bazzu G, Migheli R, Sechi O, Rocchitta G, Desole MS, Serra PA. Implantable (Bio)sensors as new tools for wireless monitoring of brain neurochemistry in real time. World J Pharmacol 2014; 3:1-17. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v3.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Implantable electrochemical microsensors are characterized by high sensitivity, while amperometric biosensors are very selective in virtue of the biological detecting element. Each sensor, specific for every neurochemical species, is a miniaturized high-technology device resulting from the combination of several factors: electrode material, shielding polymers, applied electrochemical technique, and in the case of biosensors, biological sensing material, stabilizers, and entrapping chemical nets. In this paper, we summarize the available technology for the in vivo electrochemical monitoring of neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and glutamate), bioenergetic substrates (glucose, lactate, and oxygen), neuromodulators (ascorbic acid and nitric oxide), and exogenous molecules such as ethanol. We also describe the most represented biotelemetric technologies in order to wirelessly transmit the signals of the above-listed neurochemicals. Implantable (Bio)sensors, integrated into miniaturized telemetry systems, represent a new generation of analytical tools that could be used for studying the brain’s physiology and pathophysiology and the effects of different drugs (or toxic chemicals such as ethanol) on neurochemical systems.
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