1
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Fu C, Brand HS, Bikker FJ. The applications of carbon dots in oral health: A scoping review. Oral Dis 2024; 30:1861-1872. [PMID: 37530494 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This scoping review aims to provide an overview of the research and potential applications of carbon dots (CDs) for oral health purposes. DESIGN Systematic literature searches were performed on PubMed and Web of Science databases (up to February 2023). Two co-authors selected the published works independently and extracted the data in accordance with the PRISMA statement. Studies with the application of CDs for oral health purposes were included. RESULTS Among 152 articles, 19 articles were finally selected. Eight studies investigated the anti-microbial effects of CDs against, for example, oral pathogens, eight studies explored the applicability of CDs in relation to oral cancer, and three studies investigated CDs in relation to cell differentiation and tissue regeneration in oral health. The studies showed the promising potential of CDs in oral health, particularly for inducing bacterial killing by increasing reactive oxygen species, killing oral cancer cells via photodynamic therapeutic effects, and inducing dental pulp and periodontal bone regeneration. CONCLUSION The findings show that CDs have the potential to be utilized in the future for various oral health purposes. Besides, these results underline the broad-spectrum applicability of CDs, crossing the borders of oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Fu
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam (UvA) and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk S Brand
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam (UvA) and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floris J Bikker
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam (UvA) and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Bartkowski M, Zhou Y, Nabil Amin Mustafa M, Eustace AJ, Giordani S. CARBON DOTS: Bioimaging and Anticancer Drug Delivery. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303982. [PMID: 38205882 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Cancer, responsible for approximately 10 million lives annually, urgently requires innovative treatments, as well as solutions to mitigate the limitations of traditional chemotherapy, such as long-term adverse side effects and multidrug resistance. This review focuses on Carbon Dots (CDs), an emergent class of nanoparticles (NPs) with remarkable physicochemical and biological properties, and their burgeoning applications in bioimaging and as nanocarriers in drug delivery systems for cancer treatment. The review initiates with an overview of NPs as nanocarriers, followed by an in-depth look into the biological barriers that could affect their distribution, from barriers to administration, to intracellular trafficking. It further explores CDs' synthesis, including both bottom-up and top-down approaches, and their notable biocompatibility, supported by a selection of in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo studies. Special attention is given to CDs' role in bioimaging, highlighting their optical properties. The discussion extends to their emerging significance as drug carriers, particularly in the delivery of doxorubicin and other anticancer agents, underscoring recent advancements and challenges in this field. Finally, we showcase examples of other promising bioapplications of CDs, emergent owing to the NPs flexible design. As research on CDs evolves, we envisage key challenges, as well as the potential of CD-based systems in bioimaging and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Bartkowski
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yingru Zhou
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Silvia Giordani
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Wang H, Yang S, Chen L, Li Y, He P, Wang G, Dong H, Ma P, Ding G. Tumor diagnosis using carbon-based quantum dots: Detection based on the hallmarks of cancer. Bioact Mater 2024; 33:174-222. [PMID: 38034499 PMCID: PMC10684566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon-based quantum dots (CQDs) have been shown to have promising application value in tumor diagnosis. Their use, however, is severely hindered by the complicated nature of the nanostructures in the CQDs. Furthermore, it seems impossible to formulate the mechanisms involved using the inadequate theoretical frameworks that are currently available for CQDs. In this review, we re-consider the structure-property relationships of CQDs and summarize the current state of development of CQDs-based tumor diagnosis based on biological theories that are fully developed. The advantages and deficiencies of recent research on CQDs-based tumor diagnosis are thus explained in terms of the manifestation of nine essential changes in cell physiology. This review makes significant progress in addressing related problems encountered with other nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuit, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Siwei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuit, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Liangfeng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuit, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuit, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Peng He
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuit, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Hui Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuit, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Peixiang Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Guqiao Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuit, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
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4
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Bao H, Liu Y, Li H, Qi W, Sun K. Luminescence of carbon quantum dots and their application in biochemistry. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20317. [PMID: 37790961 PMCID: PMC10543222 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene, carbon dots (CDs) are causing a lot of research work in their own right. CDs are a type of surface-passivated quantum dot that contain carbon atoms. Their distinctive characteristics, such as luminescent emission that varies with size and wavelength, resistance to photobleaching, easy biological binding, lack of toxicity, and economical production without the need for intricate synthetic processes, have led to a noteworthy surge in attention within the research community. Different techniques can be utilized to create these CDs, spanning from basic candle burning to laser ablation. This review article delves into the principles of fluorescence technology, providing insights into how different synthesis methods of quantum dots impact their luminescent properties. Additionally, it highlights the latest applications of quantum dots in catalysis and biomedical fields, with special emphasis on the current status of luminescent properties in biology and chemistry. Towards the end, the article discusses the limitations of quantum dots in current practical applications, pointing out that CDs hold promising potential for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haili Bao
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yihao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - He Li
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxin Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Keyan Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
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5
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Pathak R, Punetha VD, Bhatt S, Punetha M. Multifunctional role of carbon dot-based polymer nanocomposites in biomedical applications: a review. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 2023; 58:6419-6443. [PMID: 37065681 PMCID: PMC10044123 DOI: 10.1007/s10853-023-08408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based 0D materials have shown tremendous potential in the development of biomedical applications of the next generation. The astounding results are primarily motivated by their distinctive nanoarchitecture and unique properties. Integrating these properties of 0D carbon nanomaterials into various polymer systems has orchestrated exceptional potential for their use in the development of sustainable and cutting-edge biomedical applications such as biosensors, bioimaging, biomimetic implants and many more. Specifically, carbon dots (CDs) have gained much attention in the development of biomedical devices due to their optoelectronic properties and scope of band manipulation upon surface revamping. The role of CDs in reinforcing various polymeric systems has been reviewed along with discussing unifying concepts of their mechanistic aspects. The study also discussed CDs optical properties via the quantum confinement effect and band gap transition which is further useful in various biomedical application studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakshit Pathak
- 2D Materials and LASER Actuation Laboratory, Centre of Excellence for Research, PP Savani University, NH-8, GETCO, Kosamba-Surat, Gujarat 394125 India
| | - Vinay Deep Punetha
- 2D Materials and LASER Actuation Laboratory, Centre of Excellence for Research, PP Savani University, NH-8, GETCO, Kosamba-Surat, Gujarat 394125 India
| | - Shalini Bhatt
- 2D Materials and LASER Actuation Laboratory, Centre of Excellence for Research, PP Savani University, NH-8, GETCO, Kosamba-Surat, Gujarat 394125 India
| | - Mayank Punetha
- 2D Materials and LASER Actuation Laboratory, Centre of Excellence for Research, PP Savani University, NH-8, GETCO, Kosamba-Surat, Gujarat 394125 India
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6
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Hosseini SM, Mohammadnejad J, Najafi-Taher R, Zadeh ZB, Tanhaei M, Ramakrishna S. Multifunctional Carbon-Based Nanoparticles: Theranostic Applications in Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:1323-1338. [PMID: 36921253 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer diagnosis and treatment are the most critical challenges in modern medicine. Conventional cancer treatments no longer meet the needs of the health field due to the high rate of mutations and epigenetic factors that have caused drug resistance in tumor cells. Hence, the search for unique methods and factors is quickly expanding. The development of nanotechnology in medicine and the search for a system to integrate treatment and diagnosis to achieve an effective approach to overcome the known limitations of conventional treatment methods have led to the emergence of theranostic nanoparticles and nanosystems based on these nanoparticles. An influential group of these nanoparticles is carbon-based theranostic nanoparticles. These nanoparticles have received significant attention due to their unique properties, such as electrical conductivity, high strength, excellent surface chemistry, and wide range of structural diversity (graphene, nanodiamond, carbon quantum dots, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanohorns). These nanoparticles were widely used in various fields, such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, imaging, and biosensors. In this review, we discuss in detail the recent features and advances in carbon-based theranostic nanoparticles and the advanced and diverse strategies used to treat diseases with these nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Hosseini
- Department of Life Science Engineering Faculty of Modern Science and Technology, Nano Biotechnology Group, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439957131, Iran
| | - Javad Mohammadnejad
- Department of Life Science Engineering Faculty of Modern Science and Technology, Nano Biotechnology Group, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439957131, Iran
| | - Roqya Najafi-Taher
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11114115, Iran
| | - Zahra Beiram Zadeh
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Mohammad Tanhaei
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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7
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Li X, Yan X, Wang C, Ma Y, Jiang Y, Wang R, Shi D, Li Z, Zhu G, Tan B. Green synthesis of surface-group-tunable red emissive carbon dots and their applications for Fe3+ and pyrophosphate detection. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Carbon dots as potential greener and sustainable fluorescent nanomaterials in service of pollutants sensing. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Song X, Zhao S, Xu Y, Chen X, Wang S, Zhao P, Pu Y, Ragauskas AJ. Preparation, Properties, and Application of Lignocellulosic-Based Fluorescent Carbon Dots. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102486. [PMID: 35199466 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are a relatively new type of fluorescent carbon material with excellent performance and widespread application. As the most readily available and widely distributed biomass resource, lignocellulosics are a renewable bioresource with great potential. Research into the preparation of CDs with lignocellulose (LC-CDs) has become the focus of numerous researchers. Compared with other carbon sources, lignocellulose is low cost, rich in structural variety, exhibits excellent biocompatibility,[1] and the structures of CDs prepared by lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose are similar. This Review summarized research progress in the preparation of CDs from lignocellulosics in recent years and reviewed traditional and new preparation methods, physical and chemical properties, optical properties, and applications of LC-CDs, providing guidance for the formation and improvement of LC-CDs. In addition, the challenges of synthesizing LC-CDs were also highlighted, including the interaction of different lignocellulose components on the formation of LC-CDs and the nucleation and growth mechanism of LC-CDs; from this, current trends and opportunities of LC-CDs were examined, and some research methods for future research were put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Song
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Siyu Zhao
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Ying Xu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Xinrui Chen
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Shuangfei Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Peitao Zhao
- School of Electrical and Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Center for Renewable Carbon, Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
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10
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Kumar VB, Porat Z, Gedanken A. Synthesis of Doped/Hybrid Carbon Dots and Their Biomedical Application. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12060898. [PMID: 35335711 PMCID: PMC8951121 DOI: 10.3390/nano12060898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are a novel type of carbon-based nanomaterial that has gained considerable attention for their unique optical properties, including tunable fluorescence, stability against photobleaching and photoblinking, and strong fluorescence, which is attributed to a large number of organic functional groups (amino groups, hydroxyl, ketonic, ester, and carboxyl groups, etc.). In addition, they also demonstrate high stability and electron mobility. This article reviews the topic of doped CDs with organic and inorganic atoms and molecules. Such doping leads to their functionalization to obtain desired physical and chemical properties for biomedical applications. We have mainly highlighted modification techniques, including doping, polymer capping, surface functionalization, nanocomposite and core-shell structures, which are aimed at their applications to the biomedical field, such as bioimaging, bio-sensor applications, neuron tissue engineering, drug delivery and cancer therapy. Finally, we discuss the key challenges to be addressed, the future directions of research, and the possibilities of a complete hybrid format of CD-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Bhooshan Kumar
- Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Correspondence: (V.B.K.); (Z.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Ze’ev Porat
- Division of Chemistry, Nuclear Research Center-Negev, Beer-Sheva 8419001, Israel
- Unit of Environmental Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Correspondence: (V.B.K.); (Z.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Aharon Gedanken
- Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
- Correspondence: (V.B.K.); (Z.P.); (A.G.)
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11
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Liu B, Wei S, Liu E, Zhang H, Lu P, Wang J, Sun G. Nitrogen-doped carbon dots as a fluorescent probe for folic acid detection and live cell imaging. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 268:120661. [PMID: 34896678 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The folic acid (FA) level in human body can be used as an indicator for body's normal physiological activities and offer insight into the growth and reproduction of the body's cells. But the abnormal level of FA can cause some diseases. Herein, we designed a simple and convenient approach to prepare fluorescent N-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) for the FA detection. These N-CDs have excellent hydrophilicity, high photostability, and outstanding biocompatibility, as well as excitation-independent emission behavior with typical excitation/emission peaks at 295 nm/412 nm. Upon the existence of FA, the fluorescence emission spectrum of N-CDs was significantly quenched through the synergy of static quenching mechanism and internal filtering effect (IFE). Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection was 28.0 nM (S/N = 3) within the FA concentration range of 0-200.0 μM. In addition, N-CDs were successfully employed to detect FA in real samples such as urine and fetal bovine serum (FBS), with a recovery rate of 99.6%-100.7% for quantitative addition. Furthermore, cell experiments confirmed the low toxicity and the cell imaging performance of these N-CDs, indicating that the obtained N-CDs could be served as a credible quantitative probe for FA analysis in the field of biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqiang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun 130012, PR China; Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Shanshan Wei
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Enqi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Hongyuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Pengju Lu
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Jiali Wang
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Guoying Sun
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun 130012, PR China; Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun 130012, PR China.
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12
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Chen BB, Huang CZ. Preparation of carbon dots and their sensing applications. SENSING AND BIOSENSING WITH OPTICALLY ACTIVE NANOMATERIALS 2022:9-40. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-90244-1.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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13
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Rashidi E, Esfandiari N, Ranjbar Z, Alvandi N, Fatahi Z. Designing of a pH-activatable carbon dots as a luminescent nanoprobe for recognizing folate receptor-positive cancer cells. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 33:075103. [PMID: 34757959 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac385b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
During recent years, cancer has been recognized as a well-known disorder all over the world. One of the important factors to tackle this problem better than past decades is early diagnosis that takes into practice by state-of-the-art visual equipment for detection cancer cells. Herein, in this research, we synthesized carbon dots with pH-dependent behavior from a green source by hydrothermal method with high quantum yield and blue fluorescence. Folic acid-conjugated carbon dots by an efficient and optimal conjugation method were set upped which determined cancer cells visually. These synthesized and conjugated nanoparticles entered into the cancer cells more comprehensive than normal cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis and could distinguish cancer cells from normal ones by fluorescence imaging. Ultimately, synthesized nanoparticles in this research can be considered as an efficient fluorescent nanoprobe for cancer pre-diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Rashidi
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Esfandiari
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ranjbar
- Institute for Color Science and Technology (ICST), Department of Surface Coatings and Novel Technologies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nikta Alvandi
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Fatahi
- Protein Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Laser photo-thermal therapy of epithelial carcinoma using pterin-6-carboxylic acid conjugated gold nanoparticles. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1599-1609. [PMID: 34750785 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles functionalized with folic acid toward the internalization into cancer cells have received considerable attention recently. Folic acid is recognized by folate receptors, which are overexpressed in several cancer cells; it is limited in normal cells. In this work, pterin-6-carboxylic acid is proposed as an agonist of folic acid since the pterin-6-carboxylic acid structure has a pterin moiety, the same as folic acid that is recognized by the folate receptor. Here a simple photochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles functionalized with pterin-6-carboxylic acid is studied. These conjugates were used to cause photothermal damage of HeLa cells irradiating with a diode laser of 808 nm. Pterin-6-carboxylic acid-conjugated gold nanoparticles caused the death of the cell after near-infrared irradiation, dose-dependently. These results indicate a possible internalization of AuNPs via folate receptor-mediated endocytosis due to the recognition or interaction between the folate receptors of HeLa cells and pterin, P6CA.
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15
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Cai R, Xiao L, Liu M, Du F, Wang Z. Recent Advances in Functional Carbon Quantum Dots for Antitumour. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:7195-7229. [PMID: 34720582 PMCID: PMC8550800 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s334012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are an emerging class of quasi-zero-dimensional photoluminescent nanomaterials with particle sizes less than 10 nm. Owing to their favourable water dispersion, strong chemical inertia, stable optical performance, and good biocompatibility, CQDs have become prominent in biomedical fields. CQDs can be fabricated by “top-down” and “bottom-up” methods, both of which involve oxidation, carbonization, pyrolysis and polymerization. The functions of CQDs include biological imaging, biosensing, drug delivery, gene carrying, antimicrobial performance, photothermal ablation and so on, which enable them to be utilized in antitumour applications. The purpose of this review is to summarize the research progress of CQDs in antitumour applications from preparation and characterization to application prospects. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities of CQDs are discussed along with future perspectives for precise individual therapy of tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Cai
- Central Laboratory, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215600, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Xiao
- Central Laboratory, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215600, People's Republic of China
| | - Meixiu Liu
- Central Laboratory, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215600, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengyi Du
- School of Medicine, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhirong Wang
- Central Laboratory, Zhangjiagang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215600, People's Republic of China
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Younis MR, He G, Qu J, Lin J, Huang P, Xia X. Inorganic Nanomaterials with Intrinsic Singlet Oxygen Generation for Photodynamic Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2102587. [PMID: 34561971 PMCID: PMC8564446 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic nanomaterials with intrinsic singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) generation capacity, are emerged yet dynamically developing materials as nano-photosensitizers (NPSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Compared to previously reported nanomaterials that have been used as either carriers to load organic PSs or energy donors to excite the attached organic PSs through a Foster resonance energy transfer process, these NPSs possess intrinsic 1 O2 generation capacity with extremely high 1 O2 quantum yield (e.g., 1.56, 1.3, 1.26, and 1.09) than any classical organic PS reported to date, and thus are facilitating to make a revolution in PDT. In this review, the recent advances in the development of various inorganic nanomaterials as NPSs, including metal-based (gold, silver, and tungsten), metal oxide-based (titanium dioxide, tungsten oxide, and bismuth oxyhalide), metal sulfide-based (copper and molybdenum sulfide), carbon-based (graphene, fullerene, and graphitic carbon nitride), phosphorus-based, and others (hybrids and MXenes-based NPSs) are summarized, with an emphasis on the design principle and 1 O2 generation mechanism, and the photodynamic therapeutic performance against different types of cancers. Finally, the current challenges and an outlook of future research are also discussed. This review may provide a comprehensive account capable of explaining recent progress as well as future research of this emerging paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rizwan Younis
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical EngineeringInternational Cancer CenterLaboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET)School of Biomedical EngineeringShenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhen518060China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceCollege of Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life SciencesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjing210093P.R. China
| | - Gang He
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical EngineeringInternational Cancer CenterLaboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET)School of Biomedical EngineeringShenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhen518060China
| | - Junle Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceCollege of Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
| | - Jing Lin
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical EngineeringInternational Cancer CenterLaboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET)School of Biomedical EngineeringShenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhen518060China
| | - Peng Huang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical EngineeringInternational Cancer CenterLaboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET)School of Biomedical EngineeringShenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhen518060China
| | - Xing‐Hua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life SciencesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjing210093P.R. China
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Zhong Z, Li X, Liu S, Zhang C, Xu X, Liao L. In vivo study of a novel, safe, rapid, and targeted red carbon dot probe for recognition of tumors with high expression of folate enzyme. RSC Adv 2021; 11:28809-28817. [PMID: 35478562 PMCID: PMC9038144 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04592j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDS) have been proved to be a type of ideal biological imaging probe. They have the advantages of spontaneous fluorescence, anti-photobleaching, good biocompatibility and easy surface decoration, and are receiving special attention from researchers. The early imaging diagnosis of tumors has always been a practical means of clinical diagnosis. Finding an efficient and low-toxicity tumor probe is the continuous goal of tumor clinical diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, this article uses the modifiable properties of the surface structure of carbon dots, and at the same time, uses the characteristics of tumors with high expression of folate receptors (FR) that can specifically take up folic acid (FA) to construct folic acid carbon dot conjugates (FA–CDs) to achieve targeted tumor uptake. Firstly, CCK8 toxicity tests proved that FA–DCCDs had good biocompatibility and were almost non-toxic. Further, confocal cell imaging experiments, microplate quantitative experiments and flow cytometry experiments proved that FA–CDs were selective and more easily absorbed by tumor cells with high expression of folate receptors, and bare carbon dots could be absorbed into cells without selectivity. Through in vivo experiments, the law of injection of bare CDs into the body was explored, which proved that they had no obvious accumulation and had high distribution in the liver and kidneys. FA–CDs was applied to the targeted imaging of a mouse tumor model in vivo for the first time, which proved again that the carbon point coupled with folic acid had selectivity for tumor cells with high expression of FR receptors, which provided a basis for tumor drug research and early clinical diagnosis of tumors. Carbon dots (CDS) have been proved to be a type of ideal biological imaging probe.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoling Zhong
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xingying Li
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Shuyao Liu
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Chuanwei Zhang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xiaoping Xu
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Liyun Liao
- Chengdu Med Coll, Sch Pharm 783, Xindu Ave Chengdu 610500 China
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18
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Kundu S, Ghosh M, Sarkar N. State of the Art and Perspectives on the Biofunctionalization of Fluorescent Metal Nanoclusters and Carbon Quantum Dots for Targeted Imaging and Drug Delivery. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:9281-9301. [PMID: 34297580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The interface of nanobio science and cancer nanomedicine is one of the most important current frontiers in research, being full of opportunities and challenges. Ultrasmall fluorescent metal nanoclusters (MNCs) and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have emerged as promising fluorescent nanomaterials due to their unique physicochemical and optical properties, facile surface functionalization, good photostability, biocompatibility, and aqueous dispersity. These characteristics make them advantageous over conventional fluorophores such as organic dye molecules and semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) for the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of various diseases including cancer. Recently, researchers have focused on the biofunctionalization strategy of the MNCs and CQDs which can tailor their physicochemical and biological properties and, in turn, can empower these biofunctionalized nanoprobes for diverse applications including imaging, drug delivery, theranostics, and other biomedical applications. In this invited feature article, we first discuss some fundamental structural and physicochemical characteristics of the fluorescent biocompatible quantum-sized nanomaterials which have some outstanding features for the development of multiplexed imaging probes, delivery vehicles, and cancer nanomedicine. We then demonstrate the diverse surface engineering of these fluorescent nanomaterials with reactive target specific functional groups which can help to construct multifunctional nanoprobes with improved targeting capabilities having minimal toxicity. The promising future of the biofunctionalized fluorescent quantum-sized nanomaterials in the field of bioanalytical and biomedical research is elaborately demonstrated, showing selected recent works with relevant applications. This invited feature article finally ends with a short discussion of the current challenges and future prospects of the development of these bioconjugated/biofunctionalized nanomaterials to provide insight into this burgeoning field of MNC- and CQD-based diagnostics and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, WB India
| | - Meghna Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, WB India
| | - Nilmoni Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, WB India
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Jiang D, Sheng K, Gui G, Jiang H, Liu X, Wang L. A novel smartphone-based electrochemical cell sensor for evaluating the toxicity of heavy metal ions Cd 2+, Hg 2+, and Pb 2+ in rice. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:4277-4287. [PMID: 34057556 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel smartphone-based electrochemical cell sensor was developed to evaluate the toxicity of heavy metal ions, such as cadmium (Cd2+), lead (Pb2+), and mercury (Hg2+) ions on Hep G2 cells. The cell sensor was fabricated with reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) composites to greatly improve the biological adaptability and amplify the electrochemical signals. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was employed to measure the electrical signals induced by the toxicity of heavy metal ions. The results showed that Cd2+, Hg2+, and Pb2+ significantly reduced the viability of Hep G2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 values obtained by this method were 49.83, 36.94, and 733.90 μM, respectively. A synergistic effect was observed between Cd2+ and Pb2+ and between Hg2+ and Pb2+, and an antagonistic effect was observed between Cd2+ and Hg2+, and an antagonistic effect at low doses and an additive effect at high doses were found in the ternary mixtures of Cd2+, Hg2+, and Pb2+. These electrochemical results were confirmed via MTT assay, SEM and TEM observation, and flow cytometry. Therefore, this new electrochemical cell sensor provided a more convenient, sensitive, and flexible toxicity assessment strategy than traditional cytotoxicity assessment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglei Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaikai Sheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoyue Gui
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinmei Liu
- Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
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20
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Singh G, Kaur H, Sharma A, Singh J, Alajangi HK, Kumar S, Singla N, Kaur IP, Barnwal RP. Carbon Based Nanodots in Early Diagnosis of Cancer. Front Chem 2021; 9:669169. [PMID: 34109155 PMCID: PMC8181141 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.669169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of cancer at an early stage is one of the principal factors associated with successful treatment outcome. However, current diagnostic methods are not capable of making sensitive and robust cancer diagnosis. Nanotechnology based products exhibit unique physical, optical and electrical properties that can be useful in diagnosis. These nanotech-enabled diagnostic representatives have proved to be generally more capable and consistent; as they selectively accumulated in the tumor site due to their miniscule size. This article rotates around the conventional imaging techniques, the use of carbon based nanodots viz Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs), Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs), Nanodiamonds, Fullerene, and Carbon Nanotubes that have been synthesized in recent years, along with the discovery of a wide range of biomarkers to identify cancer at early stage. Early detection of cancer using nanoconstructs is anticipated to be a distinct reality in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpal Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Harinder Kaur
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akanksha Sharma
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Joga Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neha Singla
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Indu Pal Kaur
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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21
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Wang S, Zhang CH, Zhang P, Chen S, Song ZL, Chen J, Zeng R. Rational design of a HA-AuNPs@AIED nanoassembly for activatable fluorescence detection of HAase and imaging in tumor cells. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:2030-2036. [PMID: 33955975 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02130j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation induced emission (AIE) dots have gained broad attention in fluorescence bioimaging and biosensors in virtue of their distinctive optical properties of splendid biocompatibility, high brightness and good photostability. However, the application of AIE dots in sensing and imaging of enzymes in cells remains at an early stage and needs to be further explored. In this report, we proposed a novel AIE-dot-based nanoprobe for hyaluronidase (HAase) detection using a simple electrostatic self-assembly of AIE dots with gold nanoparticles functionalized using hyaluronic acid (HA-AuNPs), named HA-AuNPs@AIEDs. The fluorescence of AIE dots can be obviously quenched by HA-AuNPs via fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). HAase could degrade HA into small pieces and thus induce disassembly of AuNPs and AIEDs, accompanied by fluorescence recovery of AIEDs. The as-prepared nanoprobe exhibited high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, wide response range and desirable anti-interference for quantitative sensing of HAase in vitro. The detection limit was down to 0.0072 U mL-1. Moreover, the nanoprobe displayed good biocompatibility and excellent photostability, and thus offered a practicable "turn-on" strategy for specific, high-contrast fluorescence imaging of HAase in live tumor cells. The AIE-based nanoprobe may provide a novel universal platform for recognition and imaging of HAase in tumors, and may be beneficial for related biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, Hunan Province College Key Laboratory of QSAR/QSPR, Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Advanced Materials for New Energy Storage and Conversion, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, China.
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22
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Ma Y, Fu S, Tan Y, Zhang A. Design and synthesis of highly fluorescent and stable fullerene nanoparticles as probes for folic acid detection and targeted cancer cell imaging. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:195501. [PMID: 33482659 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abdf02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rational design and construction of fullerene derivatives play significant roles in the development of applications for sensing, marking and imaging in biomedical fields. In the present work, a novel type of C60 fluorescent nanoparticle (C60 FNP) was synthesized by a combination of thiol-ene chemistry and modification with folic acid (FA). The as-prepared C60 FNPs exhibited intense blue luminescence with a relatively high quantum yield of 26%, which is higher than that of any other reported fluorescent fullerene-based nanomaterial. Moreover, they revealed superior photobleaching resistance under constant UV lamp illumination for 5 h and excellent photostablity after 9 months of storage in water. Due to the mutual hydrogen bond interaction, the obtained C60 FNPs were capable of acting as a sensitive and specific probe for FA detection and quantification, with a liner range of 0 to 80 μM and a detection limit of 0.24 μM. Satisfactory recoveries (95.4%-105.2%) were obtained from a series of actual samples, further confirming the feasibility of this nanoprobe. Additionally, taking advantage of the FA moiety, the C60 FNPs had easy access to penetrate into cancer cells with higher expression levels of folate receptors, thereby achieving the function of targeted cellular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Ma
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Fu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixuan Tan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiqing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
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23
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Roy S, Bobde Y, Ghosh B, Chakraborty C. Targeted Bioimaging of Cancer Cells Using Free Folic Acid-Sensitive Molybdenum Disulfide Quantum Dots through Fluorescence "Turn-Off". ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:2839-2849. [PMID: 35014323 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a proficient way for targeted bioimaging of folate receptor (FR)-positive cancer cells using free folic acid (FA)- and MoS2 QD-based nanoprobes is discussed along with its advantages over the preparation of orthodox direct FA-nanoprobe bioconjugates for the imaging. The water-soluble MoS2 QDs of size 4-5 nm with cysteine functionalization are synthesized by a simplistic bottom-up hydrothermal method. The as-prepared MoS2 QDs exhibit the blue emission with the highest emission intensity at 444 nm upon excitation of 370 nm. The MoS2 QDs are too sensitive toward FA to produce an effective and stable nanofiber structure through supramolecular interaction, which demonstrates ∼97% quenching of fluorescence. Moreover, the high selectivity and sensitivity of MoS2 QDs toward FA make the MoS2 QD-based nanoprobe an appropriate candidate for FA-targeted "turn-off" imaging probes for in vivo study of FA-pretreated FR-overexpressed cancer cells. It is obvious from the confocal microscopy images that the FA-pretreated B16F10 cancer cells show higher population of dimmed fluorescence compared to untreated cancer cells and HEK-293 normal cells. The flow cytometry study quantitatively reveals the significant difference of the geometric mean of fluorescence between FA-pretreated and untreated B16F10 cancer cells. Hence, these MoS2 QD-based nanoprobes can be applied as potential nanoprobes for the prediagnosis of cancer through targeted bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Yamini Bobde
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Chanchal Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad 500078, India
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24
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Jurczyk M, Jelonek K, Musiał-Kulik M, Beberok A, Wrześniok D, Kasperczyk J. Single- versus Dual-Targeted Nanoparticles with Folic Acid and Biotin for Anticancer Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:326. [PMID: 33802531 PMCID: PMC8001342 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major causes of death worldwide and its treatment remains very challenging. The effectiveness of cancer therapy significantly depends upon tumour-specific delivery of the drug. Nanoparticle drug delivery systems have been developed to avoid the side effects of the conventional chemotherapy. However, according to the most recent recommendations, future nanomedicine should be focused mainly on active targeting of nanocarriers based on ligand-receptor recognition, which may show better efficacy than passive targeting in human cancer therapy. Nevertheless, the efficacy of single-ligand nanomedicines is still limited due to the complexity of the tumour microenvironment. Thus, the NPs are improved toward an additional functionality, e.g., pH-sensitivity (advanced single-targeted NPs). Moreover, dual-targeted nanoparticles which contain two different types of targeting agents on the same drug delivery system are developed. The advanced single-targeted NPs and dual-targeted nanocarriers present superior properties related to cell selectivity, cellular uptake and cytotoxicity toward cancer cells than conventional drug, non-targeted systems and single-targeted systems without additional functionality. Folic acid and biotin are used as targeting ligands for cancer chemotherapy, since they are available, inexpensive, nontoxic, nonimmunogenic and easy to modify. These ligands are used in both, single- and dual-targeted systems although the latter are still a novel approach. This review presents the recent achievements in the development of single- or dual-targeted nanoparticles for anticancer drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Jurczyk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (M.J.); (M.M.-K.); (J.K.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (A.B.); (D.W.)
| | - Katarzyna Jelonek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (M.J.); (M.M.-K.); (J.K.)
| | - Monika Musiał-Kulik
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (M.J.); (M.M.-K.); (J.K.)
| | - Artur Beberok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (A.B.); (D.W.)
| | - Dorota Wrześniok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (A.B.); (D.W.)
| | - Janusz Kasperczyk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (M.J.); (M.M.-K.); (J.K.)
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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25
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Radnia F, Mohajeri N, Hashemi F, Imani M, Zarghami N. Design and development of folate-chitosan/CD nanogel: An efficient fluorescent platform for Cancer-specific delivery of AntimiR-21. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Sharma S, Saini S, Khangembam M, Singh V. Nanomaterials-Based Biosensors for COVID-19 Detection-A Review. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2021; 21:5598-5611. [PMID: 37974905 PMCID: PMC8768986 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2020.3036748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
This review paper discusses the properties of nanomaterials, namely graphene, molybdenum disulfide, carbon nanotubes, and quantum dots for unique sensing applications. Based on the specific analyte to be detected and the functionalization techniques that are employed, some noteworthy sensors that have been developed are discussed. Further, biocompatible sensors fabricated from these materials capable of detecting specific chemical compounds are also highlighted for COVID-19 detection purposes, which can aid in efficient and reliable sensing as well as timely diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Sharma
- Department of Applied PhysicsDelhi Technological UniversityNew Delhi110042India
| | - Sonakshi Saini
- Department of Applied PhysicsDelhi Technological UniversityNew Delhi110042India
| | - Maya Khangembam
- Department of Applied PhysicsDelhi Technological UniversityNew Delhi110042India
| | - Vinod Singh
- Department of Applied PhysicsDelhi Technological UniversityNew Delhi110042India
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27
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Christopoulou NM, Kalogianni DP, Christopoulos TK. Posidonia oceanica (Mediterranean tapeweed) leaf litter as a source of fluorescent carbon dot preparations. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Shiralizadeh Dezfuli A, Kohan E, Tehrani Fateh S, Alimirzaei N, Arzaghi H, Hamblin MR. Organic dots (O-dots) for theranostic applications: preparation and surface engineering. RSC Adv 2021; 11:2253-2291. [PMID: 35424170 PMCID: PMC8693874 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic dots is a term used to represent materials including graphene quantum dots and carbon quantum dots because they rely on the presence of other atoms (O, H, and N) for their photoluminescence or fluorescence properties. They generally have a small size (as low as 2.5 nm), and show good photostability under prolonged irradiation. The excitation and emission wavelengths of O-dots can be tailored according to their synthetic procedure, where although their quantum yield is quite low compared with organic dyes, this is partly compensated by their large absorption coefficients. A wide range of strategies have been used to modify the surface of O-dots for passivation, improving their solubility and biocompatibility, and allowing the attachment of targeting moieties and therapeutic cargos. Hybrid nanostructures based on O-dots have been used for theranostic applications, particularly for cancer imaging and therapy. This review covers the synthesis, physics, chemistry, and characterization of O-dots. Their applications cover the prevention of protein fibril formation, and both controlled and targeted drug and gene delivery. Multifunctional therapeutic and imaging platforms have been reported, which combine four or more separate modalities, frequently including photothermal or photodynamic therapy and imaging and drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Ronash Technology Pars Company Tehran Iran
| | - Elmira Kohan
- Department of Science, University of Kurdistan Kurdistan Sanandaj Iran
| | - Sepand Tehrani Fateh
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU) Tehran Iran
| | - Neda Alimirzaei
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Kashan Kashan Iran
| | - Hamidreza Arzaghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) Tehran Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg Doornfontein 2028 South Africa
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Zhang W, Dang G, Dong J, Li Y, Jiao P, Yang M, Zou X, Cao Y, Ji H, Dong L. A multifunctional nanoplatform based on graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots for imaging-guided and tumor-targeted chemo-photodynamic combination therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 199:111549. [PMID: 33388720 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots (g-CNQDs) have shown great potential in imaging, drug delivery and photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, relevant research on g-CNQDs for PDT or drug delivery has been conducted separately. Herein, we develop a g-CNQDs-based nanoplatform (g-CPFD) to achieve simultaneously imaging and chemo-photodynamic combination therapy in one system. A g-CNQDs-based nanocarrier (g-CPF) is first prepared by successively introducing carboxyamino-terminated oligomeric polyethylene glycol and folic acid onto the surface of g-CNQDs via two-step amidation. The resultant g-CPF possesses good physiological stability, strong blue fluorescence, desirable biocompatibility, and visible light-stimulated reactive oxygen species generating ability. Further non-covalently loaded doxorubicin enables the system with chemotherapy function. Compared with free doxorubicin, g-CPFD expresses more efficient chemotherapy to HeLa cells due to improved folate receptor-mediated cellular uptake and intracellular pH-triggered drug release. Furthermore, g-CPFD under visible light irradiation shows enhanced inhibition on the growth of cancer cells compared to sole chemotherapy or PDT. Thus, g-CPFD exhibits exceptional anti-tumor efficiency due to folate receptor-mediated targeting ability, intracellular pH-triggered drug release and a combined treatment effect arising from PDT and chemotherapy. Moreover, this nanoplatform benefits imaging-guided drug delivery because of inherent fluorescent properties of doxorubicin and g-CPF, hence achieving the goal of imaging-guided chemo-photodynamic combination treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Zhang
- Institute of Optical Functional Materials for Biomedical Imaging, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Taian, Shandong, 271016, PR China
| | - Guangyao Dang
- Institute of Optical Functional Materials for Biomedical Imaging, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Taian, Shandong, 271016, PR China
| | - Jian Dong
- Institute of Optical Functional Materials for Biomedical Imaging, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Taian, Shandong, 271016, PR China.
| | - Yanyan Li
- Institute of Optical Functional Materials for Biomedical Imaging, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Taian, Shandong, 271016, PR China
| | - Peng Jiao
- Life Science Research Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Taian, Shandong, 271016, PR China
| | - Mingfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Taian, Shandong, 271016, PR China
| | - Xianwen Zou
- Institute of Optical Functional Materials for Biomedical Imaging, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Taian, Shandong, 271016, PR China
| | - Yutao Cao
- Institute of Optical Functional Materials for Biomedical Imaging, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Taian, Shandong, 271016, PR China
| | - Haiwei Ji
- Institute of Optical Functional Materials for Biomedical Imaging, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Taian, Shandong, 271016, PR China
| | - Lifeng Dong
- Institute of Optical Functional Materials for Biomedical Imaging, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Taian, Shandong, 271016, PR China.
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Qi Y, Pan Y, Gu F, Wei S, Fei C, Han J. Construction and characterization of folate-functionalized curdlan-trilysine siRNA delivery platform for in vivo hepatic carcinoma treatment. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 198:111491. [PMID: 33302149 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference technology is a powerful tool with substantially clinical prospects for carcinoma therapy, in which efficiency and specificity of delivery of dsRNA remains a critical issue. Herein, aiming at delivery of dsRNA in efficient and safe way, we constructed targeting delivery platform (CTL-PEG-FA) by grafting curdlan with trilysine through click reaction, then modifying with PEG linked folic acid. The CTL-PEG-FA vector exhibited excellent gene binding capacity to condense siRNA and dramatically reduced cytotoxicity. Increased cell uptake of CTL-PEG-FA/Bcl-2 siRNA was achieved by the synergism of folate mediated endocytosis and charge interaction, and further causing severe HepG2 cells injury through apoptosis mechanism after down-regulation of Bcl-2 protein. In vivo experiments, CTL-PEG-FA/Bcl-2 siRNA complex distinctly accumulated in tumor site and significantly inhibited the growth of tumor, while no obvious toxicity was observed. Therefore, well-performed CTL-PEG-FA with excellent biocompatibility, has the potential to be the candidate of gene therapy for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Qi
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, 235 West College Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010020, PR China
| | - Yiwen Pan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, 235 West College Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010020, PR China
| | - Feng Gu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, 235 West College Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010020, PR China
| | - Shuai Wei
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, 235 West College Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010020, PR China
| | - Chenglong Fei
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, 235 West College Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010020, PR China
| | - Jingfen Han
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, 235 West College Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010020, PR China.
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Kadian S, Manik G, Das N, Roy P. Targeted bioimaging and sensing of folate receptor-positive cancer cells using folic acid-conjugated sulfur-doped graphene quantum dots. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:458. [PMID: 32683509 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
For the first time is reported a facile in situ synthesis of folic acid-conjugated sulfur-doped graphene quantum dots (FA-SGQDs) through simple pyrolysis of citric acid (CA), 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA), and FA. The as-prepared FA-SGQDs were extensively characterized to confirm the synthesis and incidence of FA molecule on the surface of SGQDs through advanced characterization techniques. Upon excitation at 370-nm wavelength, FA-SGQDs exhibited blue fluorescence with an emission band at 455 nm. While exhibiting relatively high quantum yield (~ 78%), favorable biocompatibility, excellent photostability, and desirable optical properties, the FA-SGQDs showed suitability as a fluorescent nanoprobe to distinguish the folate receptor (FR)-positive and FR-negative cancer cells. The experimental studies revealed that FA-SGQDs aptly entered into FR-positive cancer cells via a non-immunogenic FR-mediated endocytosis process. Additionally, the FA-SGQDs exhibited excellent free radical scavenging activity. Hence, these FA-SGQDs hold high promise to serve as efficient fluorescent nanoprobes for the pre-diagnosis of cancer through targeted bioimaging and other pertinent biological studies. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kadian
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Gaurav Manik
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Neeladrisingha Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Partha Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
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Azizi M, Dianat-Moghadam H, Salehi R, Farshbaf M, Iyengar D, Sau S, Iyer AK, Valizadeh H, Mehrmohammadi M, Hamblin MR. Interactions Between Tumor Biology and Targeted Nanoplatforms for Imaging Applications. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1910402. [PMID: 34093104 PMCID: PMC8174103 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201910402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Although considerable efforts have been conducted to diagnose, improve, and treat cancer in the past few decades, existing therapeutic options are insufficient, as mortality and morbidity rates remain high. Perhaps the best hope for substantial improvement lies in early detection. Recent advances in nanotechnology are expected to increase the current understanding of tumor biology, and will allow nanomaterials to be used for targeting and imaging both in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Owing to their intrinsic physicochemical characteristics, nanostructures (NSs) are valuable tools that have received much attention in nanoimaging. Consequently, rationally designed NSs have been successfully employed in cancer imaging for targeting cancer-specific or cancer-associated molecules and pathways. This review categorizes imaging and targeting approaches according to cancer type, and also highlights some new safe approaches involving membrane-coated nanoparticles, tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles, circulating tumor cells, cell-free DNAs, and cancer stem cells in the hope of developing more precise targeting and multifunctional nanotechnology-based imaging probes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Azizi
- Proteomics Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665811, Iran
| | - Hassan Dianat-Moghadam
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5165665621, Iran
| | - Roya Salehi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz 516615731, Iran
| | - Masoud Farshbaf
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 6581151656, Iran
| | - Disha Iyengar
- U-BiND Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Samaresh Sau
- U-BiND Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Arun K Iyer
- U-BiND Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Hadi Valizadeh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz 516615731, Iran
| | | | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Soleymani J, Hasanzadeh M, shadjou N, Somi MH, Jouyban A. The role of nanomaterials on the cancer cells sensing based on folate receptor: Analytical approach. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Liang H, Chen X, Jin R, Ke B, Barz M, Ai H, Nie Y. Integration of Indocyanine Green Analogs as Near-Infrared Fluorescent Carrier for Precise Imaging-Guided Gene Delivery. SMALL 2020; 16:e1906538. [PMID: 32022444 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201906538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Codelivery of diagnostic probes and therapeutic molecules often suffers from intrinsic complexity and premature leakage from or degradation of the nanocarrier. Inspired by the "Y" shape of indocyanine green (ICG), the dye is integrated in an amphiphilic lipopeptide (RNF). The hydrophilic segment is composed of arginine-rich dendritic peptides, while cyanine dyes are modified with two long carbon chains and employed as the hydrophobic moiety. They are linked through a disulfide linkage to improve the responsivity in the tumor microenvironment. After formulation with other lipopeptides at an optimized ratio, the theranostic system (RNS-2) forms lipid-based nanoparticles with slight positive zeta potential enabling efficient condensation of DNA. The RNS-2 displays glutathione responded gene release, activatable fluorescence recovery, and up to sevenfold higher in vitro transfection than Lipofectamine 2000. Compared with a Cy3 and Cy5 labeled fluorescence resonance energy transfer indicator for gene release, the "turn-on" indocyanine green analogs exhibit longer emission wavelength and better positive correlation with the dynamic processes of gene delivery. More importantly, the RNS-2 system enables efficient near infrared imaging guided gene transfer in tumor-bearing mice and thus provides more precise and accurate information on location of the cargo gene and synthesized carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Rongrong Jin
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Bowen Ke
- Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Matthias Barz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hua Ai
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yu Nie
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
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Li X, Wu T, Fu Y, Ding X, Li Z, Zhu G, Fan J. A high sensitivity background eliminated fluorescence sensing platform for hyaluronidase activity detection based on Si QDs/HA-δ-FeOOH nanoassembly. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 150:111928. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Thangaraj B, Solomon PR, Ranganathan S. Synthesis of Carbon Quantum Dots with Special Reference to Biomass as a Source - A Review. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:1455-1476. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190618154518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) have received much attention due to their extraordinary optical application in
medical diagnostics, optoelectronics and in energy storage devices. The most conventional QDs are based on
semiconductors that comprise heavy metals whose applications are limited due to toxicity and potential environmental
hazard. Of late, researchers are focusing on carbon-based quantum dots, which have recently emerged as a
new family of zero-dimensional nanostructured materials. They are spherical in shape with a size below 10 nm
and exhibit excitation-wavelength-dependent photoluminescence (PL). Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have
unique optical, photoluminescence and electrochemical properties. They are environment-friendly with low toxicity
as compared to toxic heavy metal quantum dots. Generally, CQDs are derived from chemical precursor materials,
but recently researchers have focused their attention on the production of CQDs from waste biomass materials
due to the economic and environmental exigency. In this review, recent advances in the synthesis of CQDs
from waste biomass materials, functionalization and modulation of CQDs and their potential application of biosensing
are focused. This review also brings out some challenges and future perspectives for developing smart
biosensing gadgets based on CQDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baskar Thangaraj
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang -212013, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Pravin R. Solomon
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA-Deemed University, Thanjavur - 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
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Du J, Xu N, Fan J, Sun W, Peng X. Carbon Dots for In Vivo Bioimaging and Theranostics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1805087. [PMID: 30779301 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201805087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs), a kind of carbon material discovered accidentally, exhibit unexpected advantages in fluorescence imaging/sensing such as photostability, biocompatibility, and low toxicity. For emerging theranostics, an interdiscipline created by integrating therapy and diagnostics, CDs are good candidates when they are combined with targeted chemo/gene/photodynamic/photothermal therapeutic moieties. Here, the development of CDs in nanomedicine is reviewed from their use as original imaging agents and/or drug carriers to multifunctional theranostic systems. Finally, the challenges and prospects of the next-generation of CD-based theranostics for clinical applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
- Research Institute of Dalian University of Technology in Shenzhen, Gaoxin South fourth Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Ning Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jiangli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
- Research Institute of Dalian University of Technology in Shenzhen, Gaoxin South fourth Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
- Research Institute of Dalian University of Technology in Shenzhen, Gaoxin South fourth Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
- Research Institute of Dalian University of Technology in Shenzhen, Gaoxin South fourth Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, China
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Fluorescent carbon dots functionalization. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 270:165-190. [PMID: 31265929 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs), as a new type of luminescent zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterial, have been applied in a variety of fields. Currently, functionalization of CDs is an extremely useful method for effectively tuning their intrinsic structure and surface state. Heteroatom doping and surface modification are two functionalization strategies for improving the photophysical performance and broadening the range of applications for fluorescent CDs. Heteroatom doping in CDs can be used to tune their intrinsic properties, which has received significant research interests because of its simplicity. Surface modification can be applied for varying active sites and the functional groups on the CDs surface, which can endow fluorescent CDs with the unique properties resulting from functional ligand. In this review, we summarize the structural and physicochemical properties of functional CDs. We focused our review on the latest developments in functionalization strategies for CDs and discuss the detailed characteristics of different functionalization methods. Ultimately, we hope to inform researchers on the latest progress in functionalization of CDs and provide perspectives on future developments for functionalization of CDs and their potential applications.
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Current advances of carbon dots based biosensors for tumor marker detection, cancer cells analysis and bioimaging. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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40
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Jiao Y, Sun H, Jia Y, Liu Y, Gao Y, Xian M, Shuang S, Dong C. Functionalized fluorescent carbon nanoparticles for sensitively targeted of folate-receptor-positive cancer cells. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Boakye-Yiadom KO, Kesse S, Opoku-Damoah Y, Filli MS, Aquib M, Joelle MMB, Farooq MA, Mavlyanova R, Raza F, Bavi R, Wang B. Carbon dots: Applications in bioimaging and theranostics. Int J Pharm 2019; 564:308-317. [PMID: 31015004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots are a carbonaceous nanomaterial that were discovered accidentally and are now drawing significant attention as a new quantum-sized fluorescent nanoparticle. Carbon dots are biocompatible, non-toxic, photostable, and easily functionalized with good photoluminescence and water solubility. Due to these unique properties, they are used broadly in live cell imaging, catalysis, electronics, biosensing, power, targeted drug delivery, and other biomedical applications. Here, we review the recent development of carbon dots in nanomedicine from their use in drug carriers to imaging agents to multifunctional theranostic systems. Finally, we discuss the challenges and views on next-generation carbon dot-based theranostics for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kofi Oti Boakye-Yiadom
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Samuel Kesse
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yaw Opoku-Damoah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mensura Sied Filli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Md Aquib
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Mily Maviah Bazezy Joelle
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Muhammad Asim Farooq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Rukhshona Mavlyanova
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Faisal Raza
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Rohit Bavi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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Shandilya R, Bhargava A, Bunkar N, Tiwari R, Goryacheva IY, Mishra PK. Nanobiosensors: Point-of-care approaches for cancer diagnostics. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 130:147-165. [PMID: 30735948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Li Y, Chen H, Dai Y, Chen T, Cao Y, Zhang J. Cellular interface supported toehold strand displacement cascade for amplified dual-electrochemical signal and its application for tumor cell analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1064:25-32. [PMID: 30982514 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, toehold strand displacement cascade (TSDC) has been delicately designed and carried out on the cellular interface for the amplification and output of dual-electrochemical signal. Specifically, antibody cross-linked T strand can recognize cell which is linked with immune-magnetic bead. Subsequently, T strand on the cellular interface can mediate the occurrence of TSDC, resulting the change of SN3/S1-MB to SN3/S2-Fc ratio in the supernatant after magnetic separation. The resultant SN3/S1-MB and SN3/S2-Fc can be immobilized on the electrode interface through click chemistry and give the amplified double electrochemical signal. So the tumor cell amount can closely correlate with the change of the double signal. Except for output of the double signal for improvement of analytical accuracy, the double magnetic separation not only eliminate the interference of the complicated substances in serum, but also remove the influence of cell on click reaction on the electrode interface. So based on cellular interface supported TSDC for amplified dual-electrochemical signal, the established method has been successfully applied to analyze the tumor cells in serum accurately and sensitively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Li
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, PR China; CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 215163, PR China
| | - Hong Chen
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, PR China
| | - Yuhao Dai
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, PR China
| | - Tingjun Chen
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, PR China
| | - Ya Cao
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, PR China.
| | - Juan Zhang
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, PR China.
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44
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Pirsaheb M, Mohammadi S, Salimi A, Payandeh M. Functionalized fluorescent carbon nanostructures for targeted imaging of cancer cells: a review. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:231. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3338-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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45
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Kausar A. Polymer/carbon-based quantum dot nanocomposite: forthcoming materials for technical application. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2019.1578614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Kausar
- National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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46
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Sensitive and Selective Detection of Antibiotic D-Penicillamine Based on a Dual-Mode Probe of Fluorescent Carbon Dots and Gold Nanoparticles. J Fluoresc 2018; 28:1405-1412. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-018-2307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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47
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Li C, Wang Y, Huang S, Zhang X, Kang X, Sun Y, Hu Z, Han L, Du L, Liu Y. A photostable fluorescent probe for long-time imagining of lysosome in cell and nematode. Talanta 2018; 188:316-324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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48
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Wen J, Sun S. Carbon Nanomaterials in Optical Detection. CARBON-BASED NANOMATERIALS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788012751-00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their unique optical, electronic, mechanical, and chemical properties, flexible chemical modification, large surface coverage and ready cellular uptake, various carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene and its derivatives, carbon dots (CDs), graphene quantum dots, fullerenes, carbon nanohorns (CNHs) and carbon nano-onions (CNOs), have been widely explored for use in optical detection. Most of them are based on fluorescence changes. In this chapter, we will focus on carbon nanomaterials-based optical detection applications, mainly including fluorescence sensing and bio-imaging. Moreover, perspectives on future exploration of carbon nanomaterials for optical detection are also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 PR China
| | - Shiguo Sun
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 PR China
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49
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Soleymani J, Hasanzadeh M, Somi MH, Shadjou N, Jouyban A. Probing the specific binding of folic acid to folate receptor using amino-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles for differentiation of MCF 7 tumoral cells from MCF 10A. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 115:61-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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50
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Sun X, Liu H, Yang L, Wang X, Yang W, Wei M, Liu X, Cao J, Yang J, Xing SG. Tailoring Blue-Green Double Emissions in Carbon Quantum Dots via Co-Doping Engineering by Competition Mechanism between Chlorine-Related States and Conjugated π-Domains. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E635. [PMID: 30134559 PMCID: PMC6163860 DOI: 10.3390/nano8090635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Representing single-layer to tens of layers of graphene in a size less than 30 nm, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) is becoming an advanced multifunctional material for its unique optical, electronic, spin and photoelectric properties induced by the quantum confinement effect and edge effect. In present work, upon co-doping engineering, nitrogen and chlorine co-doped CQDs with uniquely strong blue-green double emissions are developed via a facile and one-pot hydrothermal method. The crystalline and optical properties of CQDs have been well manipulated by tuning the mole ratio of nitrogen/chlorine and the reaction time. The characteristic green emission centered at 512 nm has been verified, originating from the chlorine-related states, the other blue emissions centered at 460 nm are attributed to the conjugated π-domain. Increasing the proportion of 1,2,4-benzentriamine dihydrochloride can effectively adjust the bandgap of CQDs, mainly caused by the synergy and competition of chlorine-related states and the conjugated π-domain. Prolonging the reaction time promotes more nitrogen and chlorine dopants incorporate into CQDs, which inhibits the growth of CQDs to reduce the average size of CQDs down to 1.5 nm, so that the quantum confinement effect dominates into play. This work not only provides a candidate with excellent optical properties for heteroatoms-doped carbon materials but also benefits to stimulate the intensive studies for co-doped carbon with chlorine as one of new dopants paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130013, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China.
| | - Huilian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130013, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China.
| | - Lili Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130013, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China.
| | - Xinying Wang
- School of Engineering and Architecture, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China.
| | - Weiqiang Yang
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology (Northeast Normal University), Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Maobin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130013, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130013, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China.
| | - Jian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130013, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China.
| | - Jinghai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130013, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China.
| | - Scott Guozhong Xing
- United Microelect Corp. Ltd., 3 Pasir Ris Dr 12, Singapore 519528, Singapore.
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