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Luo Y, Song Y, Wang J, Xu T, Zhang X. Integrated Mini-Pillar Platform for Wireless Real-Time Cell Monitoring. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 7:0422. [PMID: 39050822 PMCID: PMC11266812 DOI: 10.34133/research.0422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Cell culture as the cornerstone of biotechnology remains a labor-intensive process requiring continuous manual oversight and substantial time investment. In this work, we propose an integrated mini-pillar platform for in situ monitoring of multiple cellular metabolism processes, which achieves media anchoring and cell culture through an arrayed mini-pillar chip. The assembly of polyaniline (PANI)/dendritic gold-modified microelectrode biosensors exhibits high sensitivity (63.55 mV/pH) and excellent interference resistance, enabling real-time acquisition of biosensing signals. We successfully employed such integrated devices to real-time measuring pH variations in multiple cells and real-time monitoring of cell metabolism under drug interventions and to facilitate in situ assisted cultivation of 3-dimensional (3D) cell spheroids. This mini-pillar array-based cell culture platform exhibits excellent biosensing sensitivity and real-time monitoring capability, offering considerable potential for the advancement of biotechnology and medical drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Luo
- Synthetic Biology Research Center, The Institute for Advanced Study (IAS),
Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology,
University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yongchao Song
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles,
Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Synthetic Biology Research Center, The Institute for Advanced Study (IAS),
Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
| | - Tailin Xu
- Synthetic Biology Research Center, The Institute for Advanced Study (IAS),
Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
- School of Biomedical Engineering,
Shenzhen UniversityHealth Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Synthetic Biology Research Center, The Institute for Advanced Study (IAS),
Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
- School of Biomedical Engineering,
Shenzhen UniversityHealth Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
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2
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Zhuo C, Yu D, Cui J, Song Z, Tang Q, Liao X, Liu Z, Xin N, Lou L, Gao F. Proximity hybridization induced bipedal DNA walker and rolling circle amplification for label-free electrochemical detection of apolipoprotein A4. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 155:108596. [PMID: 37939432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A4 (Apo-A4) is considered as a prospective molecular biomarker for diagnosis of depression due to its neurosynaptic toxicity. We develop a proximity hybridization-induced DNAzyme-driven bipedal DNA walker strategy for Apo-A4 quantification based on rolling circle amplification (RCA) triggered by poly adenine binding to Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs). With the help of DNAzyme, the free-running bipedal DNA walker can quickly and sequentially shear a molecular beacon that acts as a primer to initiate the RCA process, producing a large number of long DNA strands containing numerous adenines. The long repetitive adenine strands then absorb large amounts of AgNPs on the electrode interface, which is then electrochemically stripped of the AgNPs. The method has a linear detection range of 0.001 ∼ 100 ng mL-1 and a detection limit of 0.46 pg mL-1. The presented detection strategy is label-free, which allows high sensitivity and selectivity for detection of a wide range of protein targets by corresponding DNA-based affinity probes, which have potential applications in bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyi Zhuo
- The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, China
| | - Dehong Yu
- The Affiliated Pizhou Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu 221399, China
| | - Jiuying Cui
- The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, China; West Guangxi Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of High-incidence Diseases, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, China
| | - Zichun Song
- The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, China; West Guangxi Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of High-incidence Diseases, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, China
| | - Qianli Tang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, China; West Guangxi Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of High-incidence Diseases, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, China
| | - Xianjiu Liao
- West Guangxi Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of High-incidence Diseases, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, China.
| | - Zhao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 221004 Xuzhou, China
| | - Ning Xin
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 221004 Xuzhou, China
| | - Lu Lou
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou First People's Hospital, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Fenglei Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 221004 Xuzhou, China.
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3
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Gong Y, Yu D, Cui J, Song Z, Tang Q, Liao X, Xin N, Gao F. Label-free SERS detection of apolipoprotein A4 based on DNAzyme-driven molecular machine. Talanta 2024; 266:125131. [PMID: 37651915 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A4 has a wide range of synaptic toxicity and can be used as a reliable molecular biomarker for the detection of depressive disorder. It has certain clinical requirements for simple, rapid and selective detection of apolipoprotein A4. Here, based on the DNA biped walker driven by DNAzyme, we designed a label-free surface-enhanced Raman scatting sensor for rapid detection of apolipoprotein A4. Compared with the typical DNA walker, the biped DNA walker has the advantages of large walking range and high magnification efficiency. The magnesium-dependent DNAzyme drives the DNA walker, which can cut the MBs sequentially. The resulting MBs fragments were then hybridized with AuNPs modified by repetitive adenine to make Au NPs proliferate on the substrate surface, resulting in a large number of cycles. Using 736 cm-1 adenine as the internal marker, surface enhanced Raman scattering analysis showed that the linear detection range of human apolipoprotein A4 was 10∼1000 ng mL-1, the detection limit was 4.7 pg/mL, and it had significant specificity, which could meet the needs of clinical detection and showed great application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxun Gong
- The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, 533000, China
| | - Dehong Yu
- The Affiliated Pizhou Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, 221399, China
| | - Jiuying Cui
- West Guangxi Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of High-incidence Diseases, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, 533000, China
| | - Zichun Song
- West Guangxi Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of High-incidence Diseases, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, 533000, China
| | - Qianli Tang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, 533000, China
| | - Xianjiu Liao
- West Guangxi Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of High-incidence Diseases, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, 533000, China.
| | - Ning Xin
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 221004, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Fenglei Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 221004, Xuzhou, China.
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4
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Luo Q, Yu D, Cui J, Song Z, Tang Q, Liao X, Liu Z, Xin N, Gao F. Proximity hybridization induced bipedal DNA walker for label-free electrochemical detection of apolipoprotein A4 based on DNA meditated Ag nanoparticles growth. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126955. [PMID: 37739295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A4 (Apo-A4) is considered as a prospective molecular biomarker for diagnosis of depression due to its neurosynaptic toxicity. Here, we propose a neighboring hybridization induced catalyzed hairpin assembly (CHA) driven bipedal DNA walker that mediates hybridization of Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) with DNA probes for highly sensitive electrochemical quantitative detection of Apo-A4. Driven by CHA, this bipedal DNA walker can spread all over the surface of the sensor, induce the HP1-HP2 double chain structure, make the surface of the sensor negatively charged, and adsorb a large number of Ag ions. After chemical reduction with hydroquinone, the Ag NPs formed provide signal tracers for electrochemical dissolution analysis of the target. The Ag NPs formed by chemical reduction of hydroquinone can provide signal traces for electrochemical stripping analysis of target thrombin. The linear range of this method is from 10 pg mL-1 to 1000 ng mL-1, and the detection limit is 5.1 pg mL-1. This enzyme-free and labeling detection method provides a new strategy for rapid clinical detection of Apo-A4 and accurate identification of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisheng Luo
- The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, China
| | - Dehong Yu
- The Affiliated Pizhou Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu 221399, China
| | - Jiuying Cui
- West Guangxi Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of High-incidence Diseases, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, China
| | - Zichun Song
- West Guangxi Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of High-incidence Diseases, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, China
| | - Qianli Tang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, China
| | - Xianjiu Liao
- West Guangxi Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of High-incidence Diseases, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, China.
| | - Zhao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 221004 Xuzhou, China
| | - Ning Xin
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 221004 Xuzhou, China.
| | - Fenglei Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 221004 Xuzhou, China.
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5
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Liu X, Liu Y, Liu Q. Fluorescent Sensing Platforms for Detecting and Imaging the Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13050515. [PMID: 37232876 DOI: 10.3390/bios13050515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disease with clinical symptoms of memory loss and cognitive impairment. Currently, no effective drug or therapeutic method is available for curing this disease. The major strategy used is to identify and block AD at its initial stage. Thus, early diagnosis is very important for intervention of the disease and assessment of drug efficacy. The gold standards of clinical diagnosis include the measurement of AD biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid and positron emission tomography imaging of the brain for amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits. However, these methods are difficult to apply to the general screening of a large aging population because of their high cost, radioactivity and inaccessibility. Comparatively, blood sample detection is less invasive and more accessible for the diagnosis of AD. Hence, a variety of assays based on fluorescence analysis, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, electrochemistry, etc., were developed for the detection of AD biomarkers in blood. These methods play significant roles in recognizing asymptomatic AD and predicting the course of the disease. In a clinical setting, the combination of blood biomarker detection with brain imaging may enhance the accuracy of early diagnosis. Fluorescence-sensing techniques can be used not only to detect the levels of biomarkers in blood but also to image biomarkers in the brain in real time due to their low toxicity, high sensitivity and good biocompatibility. In this review, we summarize the newly developed fluorescent sensing platforms and their application in detecting and imaging biomarkers of AD, such as Aβ and tau in the last five years, and discuss their prospects for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yibiao Liu
- Longgang District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518116, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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6
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Huang Z, Li M, Zhang L, Liu Y. Electrochemical immunosensor based on superwettable microdroplet array for detecting multiple Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1029428. [PMID: 36329700 PMCID: PMC9622762 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1029428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by neurons damage in the brain, and it poses a serious threat to human life and health. No efficient treatment is available, but early diagnosis, discovery, and intervention are still crucial, effective strategies. In this study, an electrochemical sensing platform based on a superwettable microdroplet array was developed to detect multiple AD biomarkers containing Aβ40, Aβ42, T-tau, and P-tau181 of blood. The platform integrated a superwettable substrate based on nanoAu-modified vertical graphene (VG@Au) into a working electrode, which was mainly used for droplet sample anchoring and electrochemical signal generation. In addition, an electrochemical micro-workstation was used for signals conditioning. This superwettable electrochemical sensing platform showed high sensitivity and a low detection limit due to its excellent characteristics such as large specific surface, remarkable electrical conductivity, and good biocompatibility. The detection limit for Aβ40, Aβ42, T-tau, and P-tau181 were 0.064, 0.012, 0.039, and 0.041 pg/ml, respectively. This study provides a promising method for the early diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- Longgang District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Office of Shenzhen Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Longggang District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mifang Li
- Longgang District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lingyan Zhang
- Longgang District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Lingyan Zhang, ; Yibiao Liu,
| | - Yibiao Liu
- Longgang District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Office of Shenzhen Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Longggang District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Lingyan Zhang, ; Yibiao Liu,
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7
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Liao X, Zhang C, Qiu S, Qiu Z, Tang Q, Wu S, Xu J, Wu B, Liu Z, Gao F. Proximity hybridization induced rolling circle amplification for label-free SERS detection of the depression marker human apolipoprotein A4. Talanta 2022; 244:123402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Zhu Q, Yang Y, Gao H, Xu LP, Wang S. Bioinspired superwettable electrodes towards electrochemical biosensing. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5069-5084. [PMID: 35655548 PMCID: PMC9093108 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00614f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Superwettable materials have attracted much attention due to their fascinating properties and great promise in several fields. Recently, superwettable materials have injected new vitality into electrochemical biosensors. Superwettable electrodes exhibit unique advantages, including large electrochemical active areas, electrochemical dynamics acceleration, and optimized management of mass transfer. In this review, the electrochemical reaction process at electrode/electrolyte interfaces and some fundamental understanding of superwettable materials are discussed. Then progress in different electrodes has been summarized, including superhydrophilic, superhydrophobic, superaerophilic, superaerophobic, and superwettable micropatterned electrodes, electrodes with switchable wettabilities, and electrodes with Janus wettabilities. Moreover, we also discussed the development of superwettable materials for wearable electrochemical sensors. Finally, our perspective for future research is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Yuemeng Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Hongxiao Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Li-Ping Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 P. R. China
| | - Shutao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
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Dey J, Roberts A, Mahari S, Gandhi S, Tripathi PP. Electrochemical Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarker, β-Secretase Enzyme (BACE1), With One-Step Synthesized Reduced Graphene Oxide. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:873811. [PMID: 35402415 PMCID: PMC8987718 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.873811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Secretase1 (BACE1) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the generation of amyloid-β peptides, that is, the principal component involved in the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent research studies show correlation between blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of BACE1 with the pathophysiology of AD. In this study, we report one-step synthesized reduced graphene oxide (rGO), activated via carbodiimide chemistry, conjugated with BACE1 antibody (Ab), and immobilized on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrodes for rapid detection of BACE1 antigen (Ag) for AD diagnosis. The synthesis and fabrication steps were characterized using different types of spectroscopic, X-ray analytic, microscopic, and voltametric techniques. Various parameters including nanomaterial/Ab concentration, response time, pH, temperature, and rate of scan were standardized for maximum current output using the modified electrode. Final validation was performed via detection of BACE1 Ag ranging from 1 fM to 1 µM, with a detection limit of 0.64 fM in buffer samples and 1 fM in spiked serum samples, as well as negligible cross-reactivity with neurofilament Ag in buffer, spiked serum, and spiked artificial CSF. The proposed immunosensor gave a quick result in 30 s, and good repeatability and storage stability for a month, making it a promising candidate for sensitive, specific, and early diagnosis of AD. Thus, the fabricated electrochemical biosensor for BACE-1 detection improves detection performance compared to existing sensors as well as reduces detection time and cost, signifying its potential in early diagnosis of AD in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhilik Dey
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Kolkata, India
| | - Akanksha Roberts
- DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
| | - Subhasis Mahari
- DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
| | - Sonu Gandhi
- DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
- *Correspondence: Sonu Gandhi, , ; Prem Prakash Tripathi,
| | - Prem Prakash Tripathi
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Kolkata, India
- *Correspondence: Sonu Gandhi, , ; Prem Prakash Tripathi,
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Mikuła E. Recent Advancements in Electrochemical Biosensors for Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers Detection. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:4049-4073. [PMID: 33176635 PMCID: PMC8287894 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666201111141341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background It is estimated that the average time between the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and the patient’s death is 5-9 years. Therefore, both the initial phase of the disease and the preclinical state can be included in the critical period in disease diagnosis. Accordingly, huge progress has recently been observed in biomarker research to identify risk factors for dementia in older people with normal cognitive functions and mild cognitive impairments. Methods Electrochemical biosensors are excellent analytical tools that are used in the detection of AD biomarkers as they are easy to use, portable, and can do analysis in real time. Results This review presents the analytical techniques currently used to determine AD biomarkers in terms of their advantages and disadvantages; the most important clinical biomarkers of AD and their role in the disease. All recently used biorecognition molecules in electrochemical biosensor development, i.e., receptor protein, antibodies, aptamers and nucleic acids, are summarized for the first time. Novel electrochemical biosensors for AD biomarker detection, as ideal analytical platforms for point-of-care diagnostics, are also reviewed. Conclusion The article focuses on various strategies of biosensor chemical surface modifications to immobilize biorecognition molecules, enabling specific, quantitative AD biomarker detection in synthetic and clinical samples. In addition, this is the first review that presents innovative single-platform systems for simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers and other important AD-associated biological species based on electrochemical techniques. The importance of these platforms in disease diagnosis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Mikuła
- Department of Biosensors, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
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11
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Liao X, Zhang C, Liu Z, Gao F. Label-free electrochemical homogeneous detection of the depression marker human apolipoprotein A4 based on proximity hybridization triggered rolling circle amplification. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:2305-2313. [PMID: 34111486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we developed a label-free homogeneous electrochemical sensor for detection of apolipoprotein A4 based on proximity hybridization triggered rolling circle amplification induced G-quadruplex formation. The presence of apolipoprotein A4 promoted the formation of a proximate complex via the proximity hybridization of the aptamer DNA strands, which unfolded the molecular beacon, the stem part of molecular beacon as a primer to initiate the RCA process. Thus, with the electrochemical indicator hemin selectively intercalated into the multiple G-quadruplexes, a significant electrochemical signal drop is observed, which is dependent on the concentration of the target apolipoprotein A4. Thus, using this "signal-off" mode, label-free homogeneous electrochemical strategy for sensitive apolipoprotein A4 assay with a wide range from 1 pg mL-1 to 100 ng mL-1, with a low detection limit of 0.51 pg mL-1. And it rendered satisfactory analytical performance for the determination of apolipoprotein A4 in serum samples. Furthermore, this method also exhibits additional advantages of simplicity and low cost, since both expensive labeling and sophisticated probe immobilization processes are avoided. The satisfactory results indicated that the proposed sensor had promising potential in the clinical diagnosis of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjiu Liao
- West Guangxi Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of High-Incidence Diseases, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000 Baise, China
| | - Caiyi Zhang
- The Affiliated Xuzhou Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 221004 Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Fenglei Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 221004 Xuzhou, China; Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
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12
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Gopalan D, Pandey A, Alex AT, Kalthur G, Pandey S, Udupa N, Mutalik S. Nanoconstructs as a versatile tool for detection and diagnosis of Alzheimer biomarkers. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:142002. [PMID: 33238254 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abcdcb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The current review focuses towards the advancements made in the past decade in the field of nanotechnology for the early Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis. This review includes the application of nanomaterials and nanosensors for the early detection of the main AD biomarkers (amyloid beta, phosphorylated tau, apolipoprotein E4 allele or APOE4, microRNAs, cholesterol, hydrogen peroxide etc) in biological fluids, to detect the biomarkers at a very low concentration ranging in pico, femto and even atto molar concentrations. The field of drug development has always aimed and is constantly working on developing disease modifying drugs, but these drugs will only succeed when given in the early disease stages. Thus, developing efficient diagnostic tools is of vital importance. Various nanomaterials such as liposomes; dendrimers; polymeric nanoparticles; coordination polymers; inorganic nanoparticles such as silica, manganese oxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, super paramagnetic iron oxides; quantum dots, silver nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, and carbon based nanostructures (carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, nanofibres, nanodiamonds, carbon dots); Up-conversion nanoparticles; 2D nanomaterials; and radioactive nanoprobes have been used in constructing and improving efficiency of nano-sensors for AD biosensing at an early stage of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Gopalan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576 104, India
| | - Abhijeet Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576 104, India
| | - Angel Treasa Alex
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576 104, India
| | - Guruprasad Kalthur
- Department of Clinical Embryology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576 104, India
| | - Sureshwar Pandey
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The university of West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica
| | - Nayanabhirama Udupa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576 104, India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576 104, India
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Toyos-Rodríguez C, García-Alonso FJ, de la Escosura-Muñiz A. Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Nanomaterials for Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E4748. [PMID: 32842632 PMCID: PMC7506792 DOI: 10.3390/s20174748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an untreatable neurodegenerative disease that initially manifests as difficulty to remember recent events and gradually progresses to cognitive impairment. The incidence of AD is growing yearly as life expectancy increases, thus early detection is essential to ensure a better quality of life for diagnosed patients. To reach that purpose, electrochemical biosensing has emerged as a cost-effective alternative to traditional diagnostic techniques, due to its high sensitivity and selectivity. Of special relevance is the incorporation of nanomaterials in biosensors, as they contribute to enhance electron transfer while promoting the immobilization of biological recognition elements. Moreover, nanomaterials have also been employed as labels, due to their unique electroactive and electrocatalytic properties. The aim of this review is to add value in the advances achieved in the detection of AD biomarkers, the strategies followed for the incorporation of nanomaterials and its effect in biosensors performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Toyos-Rodríguez
- NanoBioAnalysis Group-Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Biotechnology Institute of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Santiago Gascon Building, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Francisco Javier García-Alonso
- Biotechnology Institute of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Santiago Gascon Building, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- NanoBioAnalysis Group-Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alfredo de la Escosura-Muñiz
- NanoBioAnalysis Group-Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Biotechnology Institute of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Santiago Gascon Building, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
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14
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Škugor Rončević I, Krivić D, Buljac M, Vladislavić N, Buzuk M. Polyelectrolytes Assembly: A Powerful Tool for Electrochemical Sensing Application. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E3211. [PMID: 32517055 PMCID: PMC7313698 DOI: 10.3390/s20113211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of sensing coatings, as important sensor elements that integrate functionality, simplicity, chemical stability, and physical stability, has been shown to play a major role in electrochemical sensing system development trends. Simple and versatile assembling procedures and scalability make polyelectrolytes highly convenient for use in electrochemical sensing applications. Polyelectrolytes are mainly used in electrochemical sensor architectures for entrapping (incorporation, immobilization, etc.) various materials into sensing layers. These materials can often increase sensitivity, selectivity, and electronic communications with the electrode substrate, and they can mediate electron transfer between an analyte and transducer. Analytical performance can be significantly improved by the synergistic effect of materials (sensing material, transducer, and mediator) present in these composites. As most reported methods for the preparation of polyelectrolyte-based sensing layers are layer-by-layer and casting/coating methods, this review focuses on the use of the latter methods in the development of electrochemical sensors within the last decade. In contrast to many reviews related to electrochemical sensors that feature polyelectrolytes, this review is focused on architectures of sensing layers and the role of polyelectrolytes in the development of sensing systems. Additionally, the role of polyelectrolytes in the preparation and modification of various nanoparticles, nanoprobes, reporter probes, nanobeads, etc. that are used in electrochemical sensing systems is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Škugor Rončević
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (I.Š.R.); (N.V.)
| | - Denis Krivić
- Division of Biophysics, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Maša Buljac
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Nives Vladislavić
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (I.Š.R.); (N.V.)
| | - Marijo Buzuk
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (I.Š.R.); (N.V.)
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15
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Sun B, Li D, Hou X, Li W, Gou Y, Hu F, Li W, Shi X. A novel electrochemical immunosensor for the highly sensitive and selective detection of the depression marker human apolipoprotein A4. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 135:107542. [PMID: 32388438 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of electrochemical biosensors to directly, rapidly and ultrasensitively detect disease markers in urine or blood samples has become a new and competitive challenge in the field of sensor research. In this paper, a novel electrochemical immunosensor with high selectivity and sensitivity for the detection of the depression marker human apolipoprotein A4 (Apo-A4) was successfully constructed using zeolite imidazole ester metal organic skeleton-nitrogen doped graphene composites (ZIF-8@N-Gr). To this end, because of the higher surface area and biocompatibility, ZIF-8 with abundant biomolecular binding sites provided a good microenvironment for effectively immobilizing antigens. ZIF-8@N-Gr presented a flake structure, as the electrode displayed excellent electrical conductivity, which enhanced the electron transfer and significantly amplified the current signal of the immunosensor. More importantly, these immunosensors are capable of assaying human apolipoprotein A4 (Apo-A4) in 100% serum without suffering from any significant biological interference. Under optimized experimental conditions, the sensor was used for the analysis of whole serum samples and presented a wide linear range from 1.47 × 10-10 g/mL to 3.00 × 10-7 g/mL with a low detection limit of 8.33 × 10-11 g/mL (3σ, n = 15). The satisfactory results of human serum sample analysis indicated that the proposed immunosensor had promising potential in the clinical diagnosis of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolu Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dai Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaohui Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wuyan Li
- Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yuqiang Gou
- Center for Disease Prevention and Control in Northwest Theater of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fangdi Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Wen Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Shi
- Gansu Academy of Medical Science, Xiaoxihu East Street, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050, China.
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16
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Kim K, Park CB. Femtomolar sensing of Alzheimer's tau proteins by water oxidation-coupled photoelectrochemical platform. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 154:112075. [PMID: 32056970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder. A key pathogenic event of AD is the formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles that are mainly composed of tau proteins. Here, we report on ultrasensitive detection of total tau (t-tau) proteins using an artificial electron donor-free, BiVO4-based photoelectrochemical (PEC) analysis. The platform was constructed by incorporating molybdenum (Mo) dopant and iron oxyhydroxide (FeOOH) ad-layer into the BiVO4 photoelectrode and employing a signal amplifier formed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-triggered oxidation of 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB). Despite the absence of additional electron suppliers, the FeOOH/Mo:BiVO4 conjugated with the Tau5 antibody produced strong current signals at 0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl, 3 M NaCl) under the illumination of a white light-emitting diode. The Mo extrinsic dopants increased the charge carrier density of BiVO4-Tau5 by 1.57 times, and the FeOOH co-catalyst promoted the interfacial water oxidation reaction of Mo:BiVO4-Tau5 by suppressing charge recombination. The introduction of HRP-labeled Tau46 capture antibodies to the FeOOH/Mo:BiVO4-Tau5 platform produced insoluble precipitation on the transducer by accelerating the oxidation of DAB, which amplified the photocurrent signal of FeOOH/Mo:BiVO4-Tau5 by 2.07-fold. Consequently, the water oxidation-coupled, FeOOH/Mo:BiVO4-based PEC sensing platform accurately and selectively recognized t-tau proteins down to femtomolar concentrations; the limit of detection and limit of quantification were determined to be 1.59 fM and 4.11 fM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoung Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 335 Science Road, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Beum Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 335 Science Road, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Carneiro P, Morais S, do Carmo Pereira M. Biosensors on the road to early diagnostic and surveillance of Alzheimer's disease. Talanta 2020; 211:120700. [PMID: 32070618 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a debilitating and largely untreatable condition with subtle onset and slow progression over an extensive period of time, which culminate in increasing levels of disability. As Alzheimer's disease prevalence is expected to grow exponentially in the upcoming decades, there is an urgency to develop analytical technologies for the sensitive, reliable and cost-effective detection of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers. Biosensors are powerful analytical devices that translate events of biological recognition on physical or chemical transducers into electrical, thermal or optical signals. The high sensitivity and selectivity of biosensors associated with easy, rapid and low-cost determination of analytes have made this discipline one of the most intensively studied in the past decades. This review centers on recent advances, challenges and trends of Alzheimer's disease biosensing particularly in the effort to combine the unique properties of nanomaterials with biorecognition elements. In the last decade, impressive progresses have been made towards the development of biosensors, mainly electrochemical and optical, for detection of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in the pico- and femto-molar range. Nonetheless, advances in multiplexed detection, robustness, stability and specificity are still necessary to ensure an accurate and differentiated diagnosis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Carneiro
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Simone Morais
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria do Carmo Pereira
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
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18
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Liu Y, He G, Liu H, Yin H, Gao F, Chen J, Zhang S, Yang B. Electrochemical immunosensor based on AuBP@Pt nanostructure and AuPd-PDA nanozyme for ultrasensitive detection of APOE4. RSC Adv 2020; 10:7912-7917. [PMID: 35492164 PMCID: PMC9049899 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00298d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An ultrasensitive sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor based on AuBP@Pt nanostructures and AuPd-PDA nanozyme was developed for the detection of apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) which was an important risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this work, gold nanobipyramid coated Pt (AuBP@Pt) nanostructures were prepared and applied to electrochemical immunosensors as a substrate material. AuBP@Pt nanostructures have advantages of electrical conductivity and large electroactive area, which could greatly increase electron transfer rate. In previous work, we designed AuPd alloy modified polydopamine (AuPd-PDA) nanozyme which catalyzed the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). AuPd-PDA nanozyme was used to label detection antibody due to excellent catalytic capability and stability in this new paper. And the concentration of APOE4 could be detected quantitatively by variation for transient current. As a result, the electrochemical immunosensor based on AuBP@Pt and AuPd-PDA exhibited a wide linear range from 0.05 to 2000 ng mL−1 and low detection limit of 15.4 pg mL−1 (S/N = 3). Furthermore, the designed biosensor displayed good selectivity in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) buffer solution or commercial goat serum, which provided a promising tool for early diagnosis of AD. An ultrasensitive sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor based on AuBP@Pt nanostructures and AuPd-PDA nanozyme was developed for the detection of apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) which was an important risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibiao Liu
- Department of Henan Key Laboratory of Nanocomposites and Applications
- Institute of Nanostructured Functional Materials
- Huanghe Science and Technology College
- Zhengzhou 450006
- China
| | - Guangli He
- Department of Henan Key Laboratory of Nanocomposites and Applications
- Institute of Nanostructured Functional Materials
- Huanghe Science and Technology College
- Zhengzhou 450006
- China
| | - Huili Liu
- Department of Henan Key Laboratory of Nanocomposites and Applications
- Institute of Nanostructured Functional Materials
- Huanghe Science and Technology College
- Zhengzhou 450006
- China
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Henan Key Laboratory of Nanocomposites and Applications
- Institute of Nanostructured Functional Materials
- Huanghe Science and Technology College
- Zhengzhou 450006
- China
| | - Fengli Gao
- Department of Henan Key Laboratory of Nanocomposites and Applications
- Institute of Nanostructured Functional Materials
- Huanghe Science and Technology College
- Zhengzhou 450006
- China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Henan Key Laboratory of Nanocomposites and Applications
- Institute of Nanostructured Functional Materials
- Huanghe Science and Technology College
- Zhengzhou 450006
- China
| | - Shouren Zhang
- Department of Henan Key Laboratory of Nanocomposites and Applications
- Institute of Nanostructured Functional Materials
- Huanghe Science and Technology College
- Zhengzhou 450006
- China
| | - Baocheng Yang
- Department of Henan Key Laboratory of Nanocomposites and Applications
- Institute of Nanostructured Functional Materials
- Huanghe Science and Technology College
- Zhengzhou 450006
- China
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19
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Kim K, Lee CH, Park CB. Chemical sensing platforms for detecting trace-level Alzheimer's core biomarkers. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:5446-5472. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00107d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of recent advances in optical and electrical detection of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in clinically relevant fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoung Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon 305-701
- Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Heon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon 305-701
- Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Beum Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon 305-701
- Republic of Korea
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20
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Liu Q, Yang L, She Y, Hu Y. Efficient AuPd@GO-based electrochemical nanoprobe for sensitive detection of histone acetylase activity and its inhibitor. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:7327-7336. [PMID: 31520170 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Histone acetylase (HAT p300), which has aroused great concern in fundamental research and clinical applications, serves as one class of significant tumor markers. In our work, a sensitive electrochemical immunoassay for testing HAT p300 based on both graphene-assisted supported AuPd nanomaterial (AuPd@GO composite) and a typical amperometric i-t technique with fast response is developed favorably. The AuPd@GO-based sensing mechanisms are distributed as follows: the HAT p300 derived acetylation reaction occurs at the customized peptide-immobilized electrode; the AuPd@GO composite acts as carrier to immobilize acetyl antibody, thus constructing a sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor via an antigen and antibody interaction; importantly, a distinct electrochemical signal could be caught due to the AuPd@GO nanomaterial with a favorable electrocatalytic property to the commercialized 3,3,5',5'-tetramethyl benzidine solution (TMB). Taking advantage of AuPd@GO composite, the established immunosensor displays a wide linear range from 1 pM to 1000 nM, and the detection limit is 0.5 pM (S/N = 3) for HAT p300. Next, the biosensor is also used to analyze the inhibitor of HAT p300 successfully, which is promising for promoting the development of electrochemical HAT-related biodetection and drug discovery. Graphical abstract A sensitive electrochemical immunoassay for testing HAT p300 based on both graphene-assisted supported AuPd nanomaterial (AuPd@GO composite) and a typical amperometric i-t technique with fast response is developed favorably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Liu
- Clinical Laboratory of Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410006, Hunan, China
| | - Linfei Yang
- Clinical Laboratory of Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410006, Hunan, China
| | - Yuqi She
- Blood Transfusion Department, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Yufang Hu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China.
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21
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Abstract
The development of biosensors for a range of analytes from small molecules to proteins to oligonucleotides is an intensely active field. Detection methods based on electrochemistry or on localized surface plasmon responses have advanced through using nanostructured electrodes prepared by electrodeposition, which is capable of preparing a wide range of different structures. Supported nanoparticles can be prepared by electrodeposition through applying fixed potentials, cycling potentials, and fixed current methods. Nanoparticle sizes, shapes, and surface densities can be controlled, and regular structures can be prepared by electrodeposition through templates. The incorporation of multiple nanomaterials into composite films can take advantage of the superior and potentially synergistic properties of each component. Nanostructured electrodes can provide supports for enzymes, antibodies, or oligonucleotides for creating sensors against many targets in areas such as genomic analysis, the detection of protein antigens, or the detection of small molecule metabolites. Detection can also be performed using electrochemical methods, and the nanostructured electrodes can greatly enhance electrochemical responses by carefully designed schemes. Biosensors based on electrodeposited nanostructures can contribute to the advancement of many goals in bioanalytical and clinical chemistry.
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22
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Mars A, Hamami M, Bechnak L, Patra D, Raouafi N. Curcumin-graphene quantum dots for dual mode sensing platform: Electrochemical and fluorescence detection of APOe4, responsible of Alzheimer's disease. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1036:141-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Lu H, Wu L, Wang J, Wang Z, Yi X, Wang J, Wang N. Voltammetric determination of the Alzheimer's disease-related ApoE 4 gene from unamplified genomic DNA extracts by ferrocene-capped gold nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:549. [PMID: 30426239 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-3087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive method is described for detection of the apoE 4 gene detection which is important for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. It is based on signal amplification by using ferrocene (Fc) capped gold nanoparticles modified with streptavidin. The immobilized oligonucleotide probe captures complementary apoE 4 gene. This is followed by the specific recognition of the GCGC sequences which are hydrolyzed by the restriction enzyme HhaI. Cleavage only occurs at the complementary apoE 4 duplex, while mismatches prevent enzymatic cleavage. Thus, the apoE 4 sequence can be discriminated against other apoE sequences. Benefitting from amplified signal by Fc-capped nanoparticle/streptavidin and the recognition of HhaI, the detection limit is as low as 0.1 pM of the ApoE 4 gene. Four genomic DNA samples extracted from blood were analyzed for the presence of the apoE 4 gene. The approach presented here will provide viable proof-of-principle for an enzyme-assisted electrochemical assay for the apoE 4 gene in genomic DNAs. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of amplified voltammetric detection of Alzheimer's Disease-related apoE 4 gene from unamplified genomic DNA extracts via ferrocene capped gold nanoparticle/streptavidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwen Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingrui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixiao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyao Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianxiu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department oft of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Törer H, Aydın EB, Sezgintürk MK. A label-free electrochemical biosensor for direct detection of RACK 1 by using disposable, low-cost and reproducible ITO based electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1024:65-72. [PMID: 29776548 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study we designed an ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor for RACK 1 detection using 11-cyanoundecyltrimethoxysilane (11-CUTMS) as a immobilization matrix to immobilize biorecognition element. The used silane agent (11-CUTMS) provides a favorable platform for efficient loading of anti-RACK 1 antibody. The effective loading of the biorecognition element on the 11-CUTMS matrix was monitored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) images and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra. The electrochemical characterization of the immunosensor was performed by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. Moreover, biorecognition interaction between anti-RACK1 antibodies and RACK1 antigens was monitored by using single frequency technique (SFI). The operating conditions, calibration curves obtained during optimization of experiments and reproducibility of the proposed impedimetric RACK1 biosensor are also investigated and discussed. The electrochemical immunosensor illustrated a sensitive response to RACK 1 antigen with detection limit of 10.8 fg/mL and in the linear range of 0.036-2.278 pg/mL (R2 = 0.999). Owing to high specificity, good reproducibility, long stability and reusability, the fabricated immunosensor will provide a sensitive, selective approach to RACK 1 detection. Furthermore, the practical applicability in human serum samples were investigated with a satisfactory result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Törer
- Namık Kemal University, Faculty or Arts and Sciences, Chemistry Department, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Elif Burcu Aydın
- Namık Kemal University, Scientific and Technological Research Center, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk
- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Engineering, Bioengineering Department, Çanakkale, Turkey.
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25
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Shui B, Tao D, Florea A, Cheng J, Zhao Q, Gu Y, Li W, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Mei Y, Guo Z. Biosensors for Alzheimer's disease biomarker detection: A review. Biochimie 2018; 147:13-24. [PMID: 29307704 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic disease amongst people aged 65 and older. Increasing evidence has illustrated that early diagnosis holds the key to effective treatment of AD. A variety of detection techniques have been developed. Biosensors are excellent analytical tools which have applications in detecting the biomarkers of AD. This review includes appropriate bioreceptors to achieve highly sensitive and selective quantification of AD biomarkers by using transducers. AD biomarkers such as tau protein, amyloid β peptides and apolipoprotein E4, are firstly summarized. The most commonly used bioreceptors, including aptamers and antibodies, are also reviewed. We introduce aptamers specific to AD biomarkers, list the sequences of aptamers designed to capture AD biomarkers and compare the properties of aptamers with those of antibodies with regard to their efficiency as bio-recognition elements. We discuss the recent progress of aptamer systems' applications in AD biomarkers in biosensing. The review also discusses novel strategies used for signal amplification in sensing AD biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Shui
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, PR China.
| | - Dan Tao
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, PR China.
| | - Anca Florea
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca 400012, Romania.
| | - Jing Cheng
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, PR China.
| | - Qin Zhao
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, PR China.
| | - Yingying Gu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, PR China.
| | - Wen Li
- School of Arts, Wuhan Business University, Wuhan 430056, PR China.
| | - Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault
- Institute of Analytical Sciences, UMR-CNRS 5280, University of Lyon, 5, Rue de La Doua, Villeurbanne 69100, France.
| | - Yong Mei
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, PR China.
| | - Zhenzhong Guo
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, PR China.
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Woo N, Kim SK, Sun Y, Kang SH. Enhanced capillary electrophoretic screening of Alzheimer based on direct apolipoprotein E genotyping and one-step multiplex PCR. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1072:290-299. [PMID: 29202360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is associated with high cholesterol levels, coronary artery disease, and especially Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we developed an ApoE genotyping and one-step multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based-capillary electrophoresis (CE) method for the enhanced diagnosis of Alzheimer's. The primer mixture of ApoE genes enabled the performance of direct one-step multiplex PCR from whole blood without DNA purification. The combination of direct ApoE genotyping and one-step multiplex PCR minimized the risk of DNA loss or contamination due to the process of DNA purification. All amplified PCR products with different DNA lengths (112-, 253-, 308-, 444-, and 514-bp DNA) of the ApoE genes were analyzed within 2min by an extended voltage programming (VP)-based CE under the optimal conditions. The extended VP-based CE method was at least 120-180 times faster than conventional slab gel electrophoresis methods In particular, all amplified DNA fragments were detected in less than 10 PCR cycles using a laser-induced fluorescence detector. The detection limits of the ApoE genes were 6.4-62.0pM, which were approximately 100-100,000 times more sensitive than previous Alzheimer's diagnosis methods In addition, the combined one-step multiplex PCR and extended VP-based CE method was also successfully applied to the analysis of ApoE genotypes in Alzheimer's patients and normal samples and confirmed the distribution probability of allele frequencies. This combination of direct one-step multiplex PCR and an extended VP-based CE method should increase the diagnostic reliability of Alzheimer's with high sensitivity and short analysis time even with direct use of whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nain Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Kang Kim
- Kohwang Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yucheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ho Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea; Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Malekzad H, Zangabad PS, Mirshekari H, Karimi M, Hamblin MR. Noble metal nanoparticles in biosensors: recent studies and applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWS 2017; 6:301-329. [PMID: 29335674 PMCID: PMC5766271 DOI: 10.1515/ntrev-2016-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to cover advances in noble metal nanoparticle (MNP)-based biosensors and to outline the principles and main functions of MNPs in different classes of biosensors according to the transduction methods employed. The important biorecognition elements are enzymes, antibodies, aptamers, DNA sequences, and whole cells. The main readouts are electrochemical (amperometric and voltametric), optical (surface plasmon resonance, colorimetric, chemiluminescence, photoelectrochemical, etc.) and piezoelectric. MNPs have received attention for applications in biosensing due to their fascinating properties. These properties include a large surface area that enhances biorecognizers and receptor immobilization, good ability for reaction catalysis and electron transfer, and good biocompatibility. MNPs can be used alone and in combination with other classes of nanostructures. MNP-based sensors can lead to significant signal amplification, higher sensitivity, and great improvements in the detection and quantification of biomolecules and different ions. Some recent examples of biomolecular sensors using MNPs are given, and the effects of structure, shape, and other physical properties of noble MNPs and nanohybrids in biosensor performance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedieh Malekzad
- Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, South Mofatteh Ave, P.O. Box 15719-14911, Tehran, Iran; and Advanced Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parham Sahandi Zangabad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology (RCPN), Tabriz University of Medical Science (TUOMS), Tabriz, Iran; Advanced Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11365-9466, 14588 Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirshekari
- Advanced Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Karimi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Exp. Way, P.O. Box 14665-354, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; and Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard-MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Wang H, Yuan Y, Zhuo Y, Chai Y, Yuan R. Self-Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence Nanorods of Tris(bipyridine) Ruthenium(II) Derivative and Its Sensing Application for Detection of N-Acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2258-65. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent
and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yali Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent
and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent
and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaqin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent
and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent
and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People’s Republic of China
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Mars A, Argoubi W, Ben Aoun S, Raouafi N. Induced conformational change on ferrocenyl-terminated alkyls and their application as transducers for label-free immunosensing of Alzheimer's disease biomarker. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19328a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ApoE Alzheimer's disease biomarker can be sensitively detected by a label-free platform using flexible ferrocene-terminated alkyl chains. The immunorecognition triggers conformational changes, which improve the rate constants of electron-transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmoneim Mars
- University of Tunis El-Manar
- Faculty of Science of Tunis
- Chemistry Department
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry (LR99ES15)
- Campus Universitaire de Tunis El-Manar 2092
| | - Wicem Argoubi
- University of Tunis El-Manar
- Faculty of Science of Tunis
- Chemistry Department
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry (LR99ES15)
- Campus Universitaire de Tunis El-Manar 2092
| | - Sami Ben Aoun
- Taibah University
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Noureddine Raouafi
- University of Tunis El-Manar
- Faculty of Science of Tunis
- Chemistry Department
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry (LR99ES15)
- Campus Universitaire de Tunis El-Manar 2092
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Argoubi W, Saadaoui M, Ben Aoun S, Raouafi N. Optimized design of a nanostructured SPCE-based multipurpose biosensing platform formed by ferrocene-tethered electrochemically-deposited cauliflower-shaped gold nanoparticles. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:1840-1852. [PMID: 26425435 PMCID: PMC4578399 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The demand for on-site nanodevices is constantly increasing. The technology development for the design of such devices is highly regarded. In this work, we report the design of a disposable platform that is structured with cauliflower-shaped gold nanoparticles (cfAuNPs) and we show its applications in immunosensing and enzyme-based detection. The electrochemical reduction of Au(III) allows for the electrodeposition of highly dispersed cauliflower-shaped gold nanoparticles on the surface of screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs). The nanostructures were functionalized using ferrocenylmethyl lipoic acid ester which allowed for the tethering of the ferrocene group to gold, which serves as an electrochemical transducer/mediator. The bioconjugation of the surface with anti-human IgG antibody (α-hIgG) or horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme yields biosensors, which have been applied for the selective electrochemical detection of human IgG (hIgG) or H2O2 as model analytes, respectively. Parameters such as the number of sweeps, amount of charge generated from the oxidation of the electrodeposited gold, time of incubation and concentration of the ferrocene derivatives have been studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Selectivity and specificity tests have been also performed in the presence of potentially interfering substances to either hIgG or H2O2. Results showed that the devised immunosensor is endowed with good selectivity and specificity in the presence of several folds of competitive analytes. The enzyme-based platform showed a good catalytic activity towards H2O2 oxidation which predestined it to potential applications pertaining to enzymatic kinetics studies. The levels of hIgG in human serum and H2O2 in honey were successfully determined and served as assessment tools of the applicability of the platforms for real samples analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wicem Argoubi
- University of Tunis El-Manar, Chemistry Department, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry (LR99ES15), campus universitaire de Tunis El-Manar 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maroua Saadaoui
- University of Tunis El-Manar, Chemistry Department, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry (LR99ES15), campus universitaire de Tunis El-Manar 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sami Ben Aoun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, PO. Box 30002 Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noureddine Raouafi
- University of Tunis El-Manar, Chemistry Department, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry (LR99ES15), campus universitaire de Tunis El-Manar 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
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