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Souza AD, Scarim CB, Cotrim PC, Junior FB, Rocha BA, Calixto LA, Correia CJ, de Barros Araújo GL, Löbenberg R, Bou-Chacra NA, Breithaupt-Faloppa AC. Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone lymphatic uptake with nanostructured lipid carrier after oral administration in rats. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2024; 19:293-301. [PMID: 38270378 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Leishmaniasis, caused by the protozoan Leishmania sp., infects phagocyte cells present in lymphatic organs. This study demonstrates the influence of nanostructured lipid carrier-loaded hydroxymethylnitrofurazone (NLC-NFOH) on lymphatic uptake using a chylomicron-blocking flow model in rats. Method: Lymphatic uptake of NFOH was assessed 1 h after oral administration of dimethyl sulfoxide with NFOH or NLC-NFOH with and without cycloheximide pretreatment. Result: Dimethyl sulfoxide with NFOH and NLC-NFOH showed NFOH serum concentrations of 0.0316 and 0.0291 μg/ml, respectively. After chylomicron blocking, NFOH was not detected. Conclusion: Despite log P below 5, NFOH was successfully taken up by the lymphatic system. Long-chain fatty acids and particle size might be main factors in these findings. NLC-NFOH is a promising and convenient platform for treating leishmaniasis via oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline de Souza
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Cauê Benito Scarim
- Department of Drugs & Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, 14800-901, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar Cotrim
- Seroepidemiology, Cellular & Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar 470, Jardim América, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Fernando Barbosa Junior
- Laboratory of Toxicology & Essentiality of Metals, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Bruno Alves Rocha
- Laboratory of Toxicology & Essentiality of Metals, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Leandro Augusto Calixto
- Federal University of São Paulo, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Diadema - SP, 09913-030, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Jesus Correia
- Laboratório de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Fisiopatologia da Circulação (LIM-11), Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil
| | | | - Raimar Löbenberg
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2T9, Canada
| | - Nádia Araci Bou-Chacra
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Breithaupt-Faloppa
- Laboratório de Cirurgia Cardiovascular e Fisiopatologia da Circulação (LIM-11), Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil
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García-Estrada C, Pérez-Pertejo Y, Domínguez-Asenjo B, Holanda VN, Murugesan S, Martínez-Valladares M, Balaña-Fouce R, Reguera RM. Further Investigations of Nitroheterocyclic Compounds as Potential Antikinetoplastid Drug Candidates. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040637. [PMID: 37189384 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the lack of specific vaccines, management of the trypanosomatid-caused neglected tropical diseases (sleeping sickness, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis) relies exclusively on pharmacological treatments. Current drugs against them are scarce, old and exhibit disadvantages, such as adverse effects, parenteral administration, chemical instability and high costs which are often unaffordable for endemic low-income countries. Discoveries of new pharmacological entities for the treatment of these diseases are scarce, since most of the big pharmaceutical companies find this market unattractive. In order to fill the pipeline of compounds and replace existing ones, highly translatable drug screening platforms have been developed in the last two decades. Thousands of molecules have been tested, including nitroheterocyclic compounds, such as benznidazole and nifurtimox, which had already provided potent and effective effects against Chagas disease. More recently, fexinidazole has been added as a new drug against African trypanosomiasis. Despite the success of nitroheterocycles, they had been discarded from drug discovery campaigns due to their mutagenic potential, but now they represent a promising source of inspiration for oral drugs that can replace those currently on the market. The examples provided by the trypanocidal activity of fexinidazole and the promising efficacy of the derivative DNDi-0690 against leishmaniasis seem to open a new window of opportunity for these compounds that were discovered in the 1960s. In this review, we show the current uses of nitroheterocycles and the novel derived molecules that are being synthesized against these neglected diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos García-Estrada
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Yolanda Pérez-Pertejo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Bárbara Domínguez-Asenjo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Vanderlan Nogueira Holanda
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Sankaranarayanan Murugesan
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani 333031, India
| | - María Martínez-Valladares
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (IGM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de León, Carretera León-Vega de Infanzones, Vega de Infanzones, 24346 León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Rafael Balaña-Fouce
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Reguera
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
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Carvalho DB, das Neves AR, Portapilla GB, Soares O, Santos LBB, Oliveira JRS, Vianna LS, Judice WAS, Cardoso IA, Luccas PH, Nonato MC, Lopes NP, de Albuquerque S, Baroni ACM. Repurposing of 5‐nitrofuran‐3,5‐disubstituted isoxazoles: A thriving scaffold to antitrypanosomal agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 356:e2200472. [PMID: 36534890 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. The two drugs used in the treatment schedules exhibit adverse effects and severe toxicity. Thus, searching for new antitrypanosomal agents is urgent to provide improved treatments to those affected by this disease. 5-Nitrofuran-isoxazole analogs were synthesized by cycloaddition reactions [3+2] between chloro-oximes and acetylenes in satisfactory yields. We analyzed the structure-activity relationship of the analogs based on Hammett's and Hansch's parameters. The 5-nitrofuran-isoxazole analogs exhibited relevant in vitro antitrypanosomal activity against the amastigote forms of T. cruzi. Analog 7s was the trending hit of the series, showing an IC50 value of 40 nM and a selectivity index of 132.50. A possible explanation for this result may be the presence of an electrophile near the isoxazole core. Moreover, the most active analogs proved to act as an in vitro substrate of type I nitroreductase rather than the cruzain, enzymes commonly investigated in molecular target studies of CD drug discovery. These findings suggest that 5-nitrofuran-isoxazole analogs are promising in the studies of agents for CD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego B. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Amarith R. das Neves
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Gisele B. Portapilla
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto—Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ozildeia Soares
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Larissa B. B. Santos
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Jefferson R. S. Oliveira
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | - Luan S. Vianna
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biochemical Research University of Mogi das Cruzes (UMC) Mogi das Cruzes SP Brazil
| | - Wagner A. S. Judice
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biochemical Research University of Mogi das Cruzes (UMC) Mogi das Cruzes SP Brazil
| | - Iara A. Cardoso
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - Pedro H. Luccas
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - M. Cristina Nonato
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - Norberto P. Lopes
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Departamento de Ciências Biomoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
| | - Sergio de Albuquerque
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto—Universidade de São Paulo Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Adriano C. M. Baroni
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
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de Souza A, de Almeida MKL, Barbosa JA, Yukuyama MN, Correia CJ, Breithaupt-Faloppa AC, Bou-Chacra NA, Calixto LA. Development of an HPLC Method for Identification and Quantification of Anti-leishmaniasis Drug Candidate NFOH After Oral Administration of NLC-NFOH in Rats. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-022-00547-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Santos SS, Gonzaga RV, Scarim CB, Giarolla J, Primi MC, Chin CM, Ferreira EI. Drug/Lead Compound Hydroxymethylation as a Simple Approach to Enhance Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Properties. Front Chem 2022; 9:734983. [PMID: 35237565 PMCID: PMC8883432 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.734983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxymethylation is a simple chemical reaction, in which the introduction of the hydroxymethyl group can lead to physical–chemical property changes and offer several therapeutic advantages, contributing to the improved biological activity of drugs. There are many examples in the literature of the pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic benefits, which the hydroxymethyl group can confer to drugs, prodrugs, drug metabolites, and other therapeutic compounds. It is worth noting that this group can enhance the drug’s interaction with the active site, and it can be employed as an intermediary in synthesizing other therapeutic agents. In addition, the hydroxymethyl derivative can result in more active compounds than the parent drug as well as increase the water solubility of poorly soluble drugs. Taking this into consideration, this review aims to discuss different applications of hydroxymethyl derived from biological agents and its influence on the pharmacological effects of drugs, prodrugs, active metabolites, and compounds of natural origin. Finally, we report a successful compound synthesized by our research group and used for the treatment of neglected diseases, which is created from the hydroxymethylation of its parent drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya S. Santos
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos Potencialmente Ativos Em Doenças Negligenciadas (LAPEN), Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo V. Gonzaga
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos Potencialmente Ativos Em Doenças Negligenciadas (LAPEN), Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cauê B. Scarim
- Laboratório de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos (LAPDESF), Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Jeanine Giarolla
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos Potencialmente Ativos Em Doenças Negligenciadas (LAPEN), Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Chung M. Chin
- Laboratório de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos (LAPDESF), Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa Avançada Em Medicina (CEPAM), Faculdade de Medicina, União Das Faculdades Dos Grande Lagos (UNILAGO), São José Do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth I. Ferreira
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos Potencialmente Ativos Em Doenças Negligenciadas (LAPEN), Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth I. Ferreira,
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Scarim CB, Andrade CRD, Falcone R, Ambrozini LM, Senhorelli VI, Rosa JAD, Chin CM. Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone (NFOH) decreases parasitaemia, parasitism and tissue lesion caused by infection with the Bolivia Trypanosoma cruzi type I strain in Swiss and C57BL/6 mice. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rossana Falcone
- Sao Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, UNESP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Chung Man Chin
- Sao Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, UNESP, Brazil
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Novel Aminoguanidine Hydrazone Analogues: From Potential Antimicrobial Agents to Potent Cholinesterase Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14121229. [PMID: 34959630 PMCID: PMC8704707 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of thirty-one hydrazones of aminoguanidine, nitroaminoguanidine, 1,3-diaminoguanidine, and (thio)semicarbazide were prepared from various aldehydes, mainly chlorobenzaldehydes, halogenated salicylaldehydes, 5-nitrofurfural, and isatin (yields of 50–99%). They were characterized by spectral methods. Primarily, they were designed and evaluated as potential broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents. The compounds were effective against Gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) from 7.8 µM, as well as Gram-negative strains with higher MIC. Antifungal evaluation against yeasts and Trichophyton mentagrophytes found MIC from 62.5 µM. We also evaluated inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). The compounds inhibited both enzymes with IC50 values of 17.95–54.93 µM for AChE and ≥1.69 µM for BuChE. Based on the substitution, it is possible to modify selectivity for a particular cholinesterase as we obtained selective inhibitors of either AChE or BuChE, as well as balanced inhibitors. The compounds act via mixed-type inhibition. Their interactions with enzymes were studied by molecular docking. Cytotoxicity was assessed in HepG2 cells. The hydrazones differ in their toxicity (IC50 from 5.27 to >500 µM). Some of the derivatives represent promising hits for further development. Based on the substitution pattern, it is possible to modulate bioactivity to the desired one.
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Scarim CB, Olmo F, Ferreira EI, Chin CM, Kelly JM, Fortes Francisco A. Image-Based In Vitro Screening Reveals the Trypanostatic Activity of Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone against Trypanosoma cruzi. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136930. [PMID: 34203228 PMCID: PMC8268475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone (NFOH) is a therapeutic candidate for Chagas disease (CD). It has negligible hepatotoxicity in a murine model compared to the front-line drug benznidazole (BZN). Here, using Trypanosoma cruzi strains that express bioluminescent and/or fluorescent reporter proteins, we further investigated the in vitro and in vivo activity of NFOH to define whether the compound is trypanocidal or trypanostatic. The in vitro activity was assessed by exploiting the fluorescent reporter strain using wash-out assays and real-time microscopy. For animal experimentation, BALB/c mice were inoculated with the bioluminescent reporter strain and assessed by highly sensitive in vivo and ex vivo imaging. Cyclophosphamide treatment was used to promote parasite relapse in the chronic stage of infection. Our data show that NFOH acts by a trypanostatic mechanism, and that it is more active than BZN in vitro against the infectious trypomastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi. We also found that it is more effective at curing experimental infections in the chronic stage, compared with the acute stage, a feature that it shares with BZN. Therefore, given its reduced toxicity, enhanced anti-trypomastigote activity, and curative properties, NFOH can be considered as a potential therapeutic option for Chagas disease, perhaps in combination with other trypanocidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cauê Benito Scarim
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Sao Paulo 14800-903, Brazil; (C.B.S.); (C.M.C.)
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (F.O.); (J.M.K.)
| | - Francisco Olmo
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (F.O.); (J.M.K.)
| | - Elizabeth Igne Ferreira
- LAPEN—Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutic Agents Potentially Active on Neglected Diseases, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo 05508-9000, Brazil;
| | - Chung Man Chin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Sao Paulo 14800-903, Brazil; (C.B.S.); (C.M.C.)
- Advanced Research Center in Medicine, School of Medicine, Union of the Colleges of the Great Lakes (UNILAGO), São José do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo 15030-070, Brazil
| | - John M. Kelly
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (F.O.); (J.M.K.)
| | - Amanda Fortes Francisco
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (F.O.); (J.M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-207-612-7864
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Kamdem BP, Elizabeth FI. The Role of Nitro (NO 2-), Chloro (Cl), and Fluoro (F) Substitution in the Design of Antileishmanial and Antichagasic Compounds. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:379-398. [PMID: 33371845 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666201228122239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are responsible for over 500,000 deaths annually and are characterized by multiple disabilities. Leishmaniasis and Chagas diseases are among the most severe NTDs, and are caused by the Leishmania sp and Trypanosoma cruzi, respectively. Glucantime, pentamidine, and miltefosine are commonly used to treat leishmaniasis, whereas nifurtimox, benznidazole are current treatments for Chagas disease. However, these treatments are associated with drug resistance and severe side effects. Hence, the development of synthetic products, especially those containing N02, F, or Cl, are known to improve biological activity. The present work summarizes the information on the antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activity of nitro-, chloro-, and fluorosynthetic derivatives. Scientific publications referring to halogenated derivatives in relation to antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activities were hand-searched in databases such as SciFinder, Wiley, Science Direct, PubMed, ACS, Springer, Scielo, and so on. According to the literature information, more than 90 compounds were predicted as lead molecules with reference to their IC50/EC50 values in in vitro studies. It is worth mentioning that only active compounds with known cytotoxic effects against mammalian cells were considered in the present study. The observed activity was attributed to the presence of nitro-, fluoro-, and chloro-groups in the compound backbone. All in all, nitro and halogenated derivatives are active antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal compounds and can serve as the baseline for the development of new drugs against leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. However, efforts in in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies of the active synthetic compounds is still needed. Pharmacokinetic studies and the mechanism of action of the promising compounds need to be explored. The use of new catalysts and chemical transformation can afford unexplored halogenated compounds with improved antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boniface P Kamdem
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ferreira I Elizabeth
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Kannigadu C, Aucamp J, N'Da DD. Synthesis and in vitro antileishmanial efficacy of benzyl analogues of nifuroxazide. Drug Dev Res 2020; 82:287-295. [PMID: 33141473 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease that mostly affects populations in tropical and subtropical countries. There is currently no vaccine to protect against and only a handful of drugs are available to treat this disease. Leishmaniasis is curable, but its eradication and elimination are hindered by the emergence of multidrug resistant strains of the causative pathogens, accentuating the need for new and effective antileishmanial drugs. In search for such agents, nifuroxazide, a clinical antibiotic, was evaluated through investigation of its benzyl analogues for in vitro antileishmanial efficacy against promastigotes of various Leishmania (L.) strains. The monobenzylated analogues 1 and 2 were the most potent of all, possessing nanomolar activities up to 10-fold higher than the parent drug nifuroxazide against all three tested Leishmania strains. Both analogues stand as antipromastigote hits for further lead investigation into their potential to act as new antileishmanial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kannigadu
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Janine Aucamp
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - David D N'Da
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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de Souza A, Yukuyama MN, Barbosa EJ, Monteiro LM, Faloppa ACB, Calixto LA, de Barros Araújo GL, Fotaki N, Löbenberg R, Bou-Chacra NA. A new medium-throughput screening design approach for the development of hydroxymethylnitrofurazone (NFOH) nanostructured lipid carrier for treating leishmaniasis. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 193:111097. [PMID: 32417467 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxymethilnitrofurazone (NFOH) is a nitrofurazone derivative and has potential use in treating leishmaniasis. However, due to low water solubility and bioavailability, NFOH has failed in in vivo tests. Nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) is an alternative to overcome these limitations by improving pharmacokinetics and modifying drug delivery. This work is focused on developing a novel NFOH-loaded NLC (NLC-NFOH) using a D-optimal mixture statistical design and high-pressure homogenization, for oral administration to treat leishmaniasis. The optimized NLC-NFOH consisted of Mygliol® 840, Gelucire® 50/13, and Precirol® ATO 5 as lipids. These lipids were selected using a rapid methodology Technobis Crystal 16 T M, microscopy, and DSC. Different tools for selecting lipids provided relevant scientific knowledge for the development of the NLC. NLC-NFOH presented a z-average of 198.6 ± 5.4 nm, PDI of 0.11 ± 0.01, and zeta potential of -13.7 ± 0.7 mV. A preliminary in vivo assay was performed by oral administration of NLC-NFOH (2.8 mg/kg) in one healthy male Wistar rat (341 g) by gavage. Blood from the carotid vein was collected, and the sample was analyzed by HPLC. The plasma concentration of NFOH after 5 h of oral administration was 0.22 μg/mL. This same concentration was previously found using free NFOH in the DMSO solution (200 mg/kg), which is an almost 100-fold higher dose. This study allowed a design space development approach of the first NLC-NFOH with the potential to treat leishmaniasis orally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline de Souza
- University of São Paulo, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Eduardo José Barbosa
- University of São Paulo, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lis Marie Monteiro
- University of São Paulo, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Leandro Augusto Calixto
- Federal University of São Paulo, Department of Exact and Earth Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Diadema, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Nikoletta Fotaki
- University of Bath, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Bath, UK.
| | - Raimar Löbenberg
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Santos SS, de Araújo RV, Giarolla J, Seoud OE, Ferreira EI. Searching for drugs for Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis: a review. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 55:105906. [PMID: 31987883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis are neglected diseases (NDs) and are a considerable global challenge. Despite the huge number of people infected, NDs do not create interest from pharmaceutical companies because the associated revenue is generally low. Most of the research on these diseases has been conducted in academic institutions. The chemotherapeutic armamentarium for NDs is scarce and inefficient and better drugs are needed. Researchers have found some promising potential drug candidates using medicinal chemistry and computational approaches. Most of these compounds are synthetic but some are from natural sources or are semi-synthetic. Drug repurposing or repositioning has also been greatly stimulated for NDs. This review considers some potential drug candidates and provides details of their design, discovery and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Silva Santos
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutics Potentially Active in Neglected Diseases (LAPEN), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo-USP, Avenue Professor Lineu Prestes, 580-Building 13, São Paulo SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Renan Vinicius de Araújo
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutics Potentially Active in Neglected Diseases (LAPEN), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo-USP, Avenue Professor Lineu Prestes, 580-Building 13, São Paulo SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Jeanine Giarolla
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutics Potentially Active in Neglected Diseases (LAPEN), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo-USP, Avenue Professor Lineu Prestes, 580-Building 13, São Paulo SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Omar El Seoud
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutics Potentially Active in Neglected Diseases (LAPEN), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo-USP, Avenue Professor Lineu Prestes, 580-Building 13, São Paulo SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Igne Ferreira
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutics Potentially Active in Neglected Diseases (LAPEN), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo-USP, Avenue Professor Lineu Prestes, 580-Building 13, São Paulo SP, 05508-900, Brazil.
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13
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Trefzger OS, Barbosa NV, Scapolatempo RL, Neves AR, Ortale MLFS, Carvalho DB, Honorato AM, Fragoso MR, Shuiguemoto CYK, Perdomo RT, Matos MFC, Chang MR, Arruda CCP, Baroni ACM. Design, synthesis, antileishmanial, and antifungal biological evaluation of novel 3,5‐disubstituted isoxazole compounds based on 5‐nitrofuran scaffolds. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2019; 353:e1900241. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201900241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ozildéia S. Trefzger
- LASQUIM—Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal, FACFAN—Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e NutriçãoUniversidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Brazil
| | - Natália V. Barbosa
- LASQUIM—Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal, FACFAN—Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e NutriçãoUniversidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Brazil
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, INBIO—Instituto de BiociênciasUniversidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Brazil
| | - Renata L. Scapolatempo
- LASQUIM—Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal, FACFAN—Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e NutriçãoUniversidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Brazil
| | - Amarith R. Neves
- LASQUIM—Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal, FACFAN—Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e NutriçãoUniversidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Brazil
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, INBIO—Instituto de BiociênciasUniversidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Brazil
| | - Maria L. F. S. Ortale
- LASQUIM—Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal, FACFAN—Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e NutriçãoUniversidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Brazil
| | - Diego B. Carvalho
- LASQUIM—Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal, FACFAN—Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e NutriçãoUniversidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Brazil
| | - Antônio M. Honorato
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, INBIO—Instituto de BiociênciasUniversidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Brazil
| | - Mariana R. Fragoso
- LASQUIM—Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal, FACFAN—Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e NutriçãoUniversidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Brazil
| | - Cristiane Y. K. Shuiguemoto
- LASQUIM—Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal, FACFAN—Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e NutriçãoUniversidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Brazil
| | - Renata T. Perdomo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Cultura de Células, FACFAN—Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e NutriçãoUniversidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Brazil
| | - Maria F. C. Matos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Cultura de Células, FACFAN—Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e NutriçãoUniversidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Brazil
| | - Marilene R. Chang
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Clínica, FACFAN—Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e NutriçãoUniversidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Brazil
| | - Carla C. P. Arruda
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, INBIO—Instituto de BiociênciasUniversidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Brazil
| | - Adriano C. M. Baroni
- LASQUIM—Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal, FACFAN—Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e NutriçãoUniversidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) Campo Grande Brazil
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Zuma NH, Aucamp J, N'Da DD. An update on derivatisation and repurposing of clinical nitrofuran drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 140:105092. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Castro LL, Picanço LCS, Silva JV, Souza LR, Sousa KPA, Pinheiro AA, Chaves GA, Teixeira HRC, Silva GM, Taft CA, de P da Silva CHT, da S Hage-Melim LI. Proposition of Potential GSK-3β Inhibitors for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: A Molecular Modeling Study. Curr Comput Aided Drug Des 2019; 16:541-554. [PMID: 31749432 DOI: 10.2174/1573409915666191015110734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The enzyme Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3-β (GSK-3β) is related to neuronal cell degeneration, representing a promising target to treat Alzheimer's Disease (AD). METHODS In this work, we performed a molecular modeling study of existing GSK-3β inhibitors by means of evaluation of their IC50 values, derivation of a pharmacophore model, molecular docking simulations, ADME/Tox properties predictions, molecular modifications and prediction of synthetic viability. RESULTS In this manner, inhibitor 15 (CID 57399952) was elected a template molecule, since it demonstrated to bear relevant structural groups able to interact with GSK-3β, and also presented favorable ADME/Tox predicted properties, except for mutagenicity. Based on this inhibitor chemical structure we proposed six analogues that presented the absence of alerts for mutagenic and carcinogenic activity, both for rats and mouse; likewise they all presented low risk alerts for inhibition of hERG and medium prediction of synthetic viability. CONCLUSION It is concluded that the analogues of GSK-3β inhibitors were optimized in relation to the toxicity endpoint of the template molecule, being, therefore, presented as novel and promising drug candidates for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro L Castro
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (PharMedChem), Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Leide C S Picanço
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (PharMedChem), Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Jaderson V Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (PharMedChem), Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Lucilene R Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (PharMedChem), Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Kessia P A Sousa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (PharMedChem), Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Abraão A Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (PharMedChem), Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Gisele A Chaves
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (PharMedChem), Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Hueldem R C Teixeira
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (PharMedChem), Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Silva
- Computational Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil,Department of Chemistry, School of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Carlton A Taft
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos H T de P da Silva
- Computational Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil,Department of Chemistry, School of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lorane I da S Hage-Melim
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (PharMedChem), Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
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16
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Fesenko AA, Yankov AN, Shutalev AD. A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen, heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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17
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Nitroheterocyclic derivatives: privileged scaffold for drug development against Chagas disease. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Sanches BM, Ferreira EI. Is prodrug design an approach to increase water solubility? Int J Pharm 2019; 568:118498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Scarim CB, de Andrade CR, da Rosa JA, dos Santos JL, Chin CM. Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone treatment in indeterminate form of chronic Chagas disease: Reduced intensity of tissue parasitism and inflammation-A histopathological study. Int J Exp Pathol 2018; 99:236-248. [PMID: 30320480 PMCID: PMC6302791 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone (NFOH) is a nitrofurazone prodrug effective in vivo during acute infections, and it has less hepatotoxicity effect than the standard drug benznidazole (BZN) which has been used during short- and long-term treatment. In the present study, we induced the indeterminate form of Chagas disease in mice with a Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi and analysed the histopathological data about the effects of NFOH and BZN on different tissues, including the heart, skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, colon, spleen and brain. After infection, BALB/c mice were treated with NFOH (150 mg/kg) and BZN (60 mg/kg) for 60 days and then submitted to immunosuppression using dexamethasone (5 mg/kg) for 14 days. Two trained analysts, as part of a blind evaluation, examined the results using serial sections of 3 mm diameter in two different moments. The results showed reactivation of the disease only in the infected nontreated group (POS). After treatment, amastigote nests were found in the heart, colon, liver and skeletal muscle in the POS group and in the heart and liver of the BZN group. Interestingly, amastigote nests were not found in the NFOH and NEG groups. The histopathological analysis showed fewer tissue lesions and parasite infiltrates in the NFOH group when compared with the BZN and POS groups. We have not observed any increase in the levels of hepatocellular injury biomarkers (AST/ALT) in the NFOH group. These in vivo studies show the potential for NFOH as an effective and safe compound useful as an anti-T. cruzi agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cauê B. Scarim
- São Paulo State University (UNESP)School of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Drugs and MedicinesLapdesf ‐ Laboratory of Research and Development of DrugsAraraquaraSão PauloBrazil
| | - Cleverton R. de Andrade
- São Paulo State University (UNESP)Faculty of DentistryDepartment of Physiology and PathologyAraraquaraSão PauloBrazil
| | - João A. da Rosa
- São Paulo State University (UNESP)School of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Biological SciencesAraraquaraSão PauloBrazil
| | - Jean L. dos Santos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP)School of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Drugs and MedicinesLapdesf ‐ Laboratory of Research and Development of DrugsAraraquaraSão PauloBrazil
| | - Chung M. Chin
- São Paulo State University (UNESP)School of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Drugs and MedicinesLapdesf ‐ Laboratory of Research and Development of DrugsAraraquaraSão PauloBrazil
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Scarim CB, Jornada DH, Chelucci RC, de Almeida L, Dos Santos JL, Chung MC. Current advances in drug discovery for Chagas disease. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 155:824-838. [PMID: 30033393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is one of the 17 neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) according to World Health Organization. It is estimated that 8-10 million people are infected worldwide, mainly in Latin America. Chagas disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and is characterized by two phases: acute and chronic. The current therapy for Chagas disease is limited to drugs such as nifurtimox and benznidazole, which are effective in treating only the acute phase of the disease. In addition, several side effects ranging from hypersensitivity to bone marrow depression and peripheral polyneuropathy have been associated with these drugs. Therefore, the current challenge is to find new effective and safe drugs against this NTD. The aim of this review is to describe the advances in the medicinal chemistry of new anti-chagasic compounds reported in the literature in the last five years. We report promising prototypes for drug discovery identified through target-based and phenotype-based strategies and present some important targets for the development of new synthetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cauê Benito Scarim
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Hartmann Jornada
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Consolin Chelucci
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Leticia de Almeida
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Brazil
| | - Jean Leandro Dos Santos
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Man Chin Chung
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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de Souza A, Marins DSS, Mathias SL, Monteiro LM, Yukuyama MN, Scarim CB, Löbenberg R, Bou-Chacra NA. Promising nanotherapy in treating leishmaniasis. Int J Pharm 2018; 547:421-431. [PMID: 29886097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are infectious diseases caused by an intracellular protozoan in humans by 20 different species of Leishmania among more than 53 species. There are at least twelve million cases of infections worldwide and three hundred and fifty million people are at risk in at least 98 developing countries in Africa, South-East Asia, and the Americas. Only Brazil presented high burden for both visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and cutaneous (CL). Chemotherapy is the main means of dealing with this infection. Nevertheless, only a few effective drugs are available, and each has a particular disadvantage; toxicity and long-term regimens compromise most chemotherapeutic options, which decreases patient compliance and adherence to the treatment and consequently the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Nano drug delivery systems (NanoDDS) can direct antileishmanial drug substances for intracellular localization in macrophage-rich organs such as bone marrow, liver, and spleen. This strategy can improve the therapeutic efficacy and reduce the toxic effects of several antileishmanial drug substances. This review is an effort to comprehensively compile recent findings, with the aim of advancing understanding of the importance of nanotechnology for treating leishmaniases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline de Souza
- University of São Paulo, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prof. Lineu Prestes Avenue, 580, Bl-13/15, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Débora Soares Souza Marins
- University of São Paulo, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prof. Lineu Prestes Avenue, 580, Bl-13/15, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Samir Leite Mathias
- Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, João Leme dos Santos Highway, Km 110, 18052-780 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Lis Marie Monteiro
- University of São Paulo, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prof. Lineu Prestes Avenue, 580, Bl-13/15, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Megumi Nishitani Yukuyama
- University of São Paulo, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prof. Lineu Prestes Avenue, 580, Bl-13/15, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cauê Benito Scarim
- São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Rodovia Araraquara Jaú, Km 01 - s/n, 14800-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Raimar Löbenberg
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Edmonton, AB T6G 2N8, Canada.
| | - Nádia Araci Bou-Chacra
- University of São Paulo, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prof. Lineu Prestes Avenue, 580, Bl-13/15, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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22
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Drug repositioning for novel antitrichomonas from known antiprotozoan drugs using hierarchical screening. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:863-878. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Metronidazole is the most widely used drug in trichomoniasis therapy. However, the emergence of metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis isolates calls for the search for new drugs to counter the pathogenicity of these parasites. Results: Classification models for predicting the antitrichomonas activity of molecules were built. These models were employed to screen antiprotozoal drugs, from which 20 were classified as active. The in vitro experiments showed moderate to high activity for 19 of the molecules at 10 μg/ml, while 3 compounds yielded higher activity than the reference at 1 μg/ml. The 11 most active chemicals were evaluated in vivo using Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice. Conclusion: Benznidazole showed similar results as metronidazole, and can thus be considered as a potential candidate in antitrichomonas therapy.
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N-pentyl-nitrofurantoin induces apoptosis in HL-60 leukemia cell line by upregulating BAX and downregulating BCL-xL gene expression. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:1046-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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24
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Vital DG, Damasceno FS, Rapado LN, Silber AM, Vilella FS, Ferreira RS, Maltarollo VG, Trossini GHG. Application of bioisosterism in design of the semicarbazone derivatives as cruzain inhibitors: a theoretical and experimental study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:1244-1259. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1176603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Drielli G. Vital
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia S. Damasceno
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps - LaBTryps - Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ludmila N. Rapado
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps - LaBTryps - Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ariel M. Silber
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps - LaBTryps - Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Filipe S. Vilella
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafaela S. Ferreira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Bermudez J, Davies C, Simonazzi A, Pablo Real J, Palma S. Current drug therapy and pharmaceutical challenges for Chagas disease. Acta Trop 2016; 156:1-16. [PMID: 26747009 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the most significant health problems in the American continent in terms of human health, and socioeconomic impact is Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Infection was originally transmitted by reduviid insects, congenitally from mother to fetus, and by oral ingestion in sylvatic/rural environments, but blood transfusions, organ transplants, laboratory accidents, and sharing of contaminated syringes also contribute to modern day transmission. Likewise, Chagas disease used to be endemic from Northern Mexico to Argentina, but migrations have earned it global. The parasite has a complex life cycle, infecting different species, and invading a variety of cells - including muscle and nerve cells of the heart and gastrointestinal tract - in the mammalian host. Human infection outcome is a potentially fatal cardiomyopathy, and gastrointestinal tract lesions. In absence of a vaccine, vector control and treatment of patients are the only tools to control the disease. Unfortunately, the only drugs now available for Chagas' disease, Nifurtimox and Benznidazole, are relatively toxic for adult patients, and require prolonged administration. Benznidazole is the first choice for Chagas disease treatment due to its lower side effects than Nifurtimox. However, different strategies are being sought to overcome Benznidazole's toxicity including shorter or intermittent administration schedules-either alone or in combination with other drugs. In addition, a long list of compounds has shown trypanocidal activity, ranging from natural products to specially designed molecules, re-purposing drugs commercialized to treat other maladies, and homeopathy. In the present review, we will briefly summarize the upturns of current treatment of Chagas disease, discuss the increment on research and scientific publications about this topic, and give an overview of the state-of-the-art research aiming to produce an alternative medication to treat T. cruzi infection.
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Monteiro LM, Tavares GD, Ferreira EI, Consiglieri VO, Bou-Chacra NA, Löbenberg R. Reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography for quantification of hydroxymethylnitrofurazone in polymeric nanoparticles. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502015000300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone (NFOH) is a new compound with potential leishmanicidal and trypanocidal activity. Despite its effectiveness, the formulators have to overcome its poor aqueous solubility. Recently, polymeric nano-scale drug delivery systems have proposed for the treatment of neglected diseases. As several studies have confirmed the advantages of such formulations, and this approach provides new analytical challenges, including the need to detect trace amounts of the drug. A suitable method was developed and validated for NFOH determination bound to poly (n-butylcyanoacrylate) (PBCA) nanoparticles. The chromatographic separation was achieved using a C18 column maintained at 25 ºC and an isocratic mobile phase consisting of water and acetonitrile: 80:20 (v/v) at a flow rate of 1.2 mL min-1 and UV-detection at 265 nm. Investigated validation parameters included selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness (changes in column temperature, mobile phase composition and flow). The method was specific, the peak of NFOH had no interference with any nanoparticle excipients and no co-elution with main degradation product (nitrofurazone). Linearity was over the range of 0.94 13.11 μg mL-1 (r2=0.999). The method was accurate and precise, recovery of 100.7%, RSD of 0.4%; intra-day and inter-day RSD range 9.98-9.99 μg mL-1 and 0.3% to 0.5%, respectively. Robustness confirmed that method could resist the applied changes. Application of the optimized method revealed an encapsulation efficiency of 64.4% (n=3). Therefore, the method was successfully developed and validated for the determination of the encapsulation efficiency of NFOH-PBCA nanoparticles.
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Jain S, Patel N, Lin S. Solubility and dissolution enhancement strategies: current understanding and recent trends. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 41:875-87. [PMID: 25342479 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.971027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Identification of lead compounds with higher molecular weight and lower aqueous solubility has become increasingly prevalent with the advent of high throughput screening. Poor aqueous solubility of these lipophilic compounds can drastically affect the dissolution rate and subsequently the drug absorbed in the systemic circulation, imposing a significant burden of time and money during drug development process. Various pre-formulation and formulation strategies have been applied in the past that can improve the aqueous solubility of lipophilic compounds by manipulating either the crystal lattice properties or the activity coefficient of a solute in solution or both, if possible. However, despite various strategies available in the armor of formulation scientist, solubility issue still remains an overriding problem in the drug development process. It is perhaps due to the insufficient conceptual understanding of solubility and dissolution phenomenon that hinders the judgment in selecting suitable strategy for improving aqueous solubility and/or dissolution rate. This article, therefore, focuses on (i) revisiting the theoretical and mathematical concepts associated with solubility and dissolution, (ii) their application in making rationale decision for selecting suitable pre-formulation and formulation strategies and (iii) the relevant research performed in this field in past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Jain
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University , Queens, NY , USA
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Davies C, Dey N, Negrette OS, Parada LA, Basombrio MA, Garg NJ. Hepatotoxicity in mice of a novel anti-parasite drug candidate hydroxymethylnitrofurazone: a comparison with Benznidazole. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3231. [PMID: 25329323 PMCID: PMC4199569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, relies on nifurtimox and benznidazole (BZL), which present side effects in adult patients, and natural resistance in some parasite strains. Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone (NFOH) is a new drug candidate with demonstrated trypanocidal activity; however, its safety is not known. METHODS HepG2 cells dose response to NFOH and BZL (5-100 µM) was assessed by measurement of ROS, DNA damage and survival. Swiss mice were treated with NFOH or BZL for short-term (ST, 21 d) or long-term (LT, 60 d) periods. Sera levels of cellular injury markers, liver inflammatory and oxidative stress, and fibrotic remodeling were monitored. RESULTS HepG2 cells exhibited mild stress, evidenced by increased ROS and DNA damage, in response to NFOH, while BZL at 100 µM concentration induced >33% cell death in 24 h. In mice, NFOH ST treatment resulted in mild-to-no increase in the liver injury biomarkers (GOT, GPT), and liver levels of inflammatory (myeloperoxidase, TNF-α), oxidative (lipid peroxides) and nitrosative (3-nitrotyrosine) stress. These stress responses in NFOH LT treated mice were normalized to control levels. BZL-treated mice exhibited a >5-fold increase in GOT, GPT and TNF-α (LT) and a 20-40% increase in liver levels of MPO activity (ST and LT) in comparison with NFOH-treated mice. The liver inflammatory infiltrate was noted in the order of BZL>vehicle≥NFOH and BZL>NFOH≥vehicle, respectively, after ST and LT treatments. Liver fibrotic remodeling, identified after ST treatment, was in the order of BZL>vehicle>NFOH; lipid deposits, indicative of mitochondrial dysfunction and in the order of NFOH>vehicle>BZL were evidenced after LT treatment. CONCLUSIONS NFOH induces mild ST hepatotoxicity that is normalized during LT treatment in mice. Our results suggest that additional studies to determine the efficacy and toxicity of NFOH are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Davies
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Salta, Argentina
| | - Nilay Dey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Olga Sanchez Negrette
- Cátedra de Quimica Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Argentina
| | - Luis Antonio Parada
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Salta, Argentina
| | - Miguel A. Basombrio
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Salta, Argentina
| | - Nisha Jain Garg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Díaz-Chiguer DL, Hernández-Luis F, Nogueda-Torres B, Castillo R, Reynoso-Ducoing O, Hernández-Campos A, Ambrosio JR. JVG9, a benzimidazole derivative, alters the surface and cytoskeleton of Trypanosoma cruzi bloodstream trypomastigotes. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:757-60. [PMID: 25317703 PMCID: PMC4238767 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi has a particular cytoskeleton that consists of a
subpellicular network of microtubules and actin microfilaments. Therefore, it is an
excellent target for the development of new anti-parasitic drugs. Benzimidazole
2-carbamates, a class of well-known broad-spectrum anthelmintics, have been shown to
inhibit the in vitro growth of many protozoa. Therefore, to find efficient
anti-trypanosomal (trypanocidal) drugs, our group has designed and synthesised
several benzimidazole derivatives. One, named JVG9
(5-chloro-1H-benzimidazole-2-thiol), has been found to be effective
against T. cruzi bloodstream trypomastigotes under both in vitro
and in vivo conditions. Here, we present the in vitro effects observed by laser
scanning confocal and scanning electron microscopy on T. cruzi
trypomastigotes. Changes in the surface and the distribution of the
cytoskeletal proteins are consistent with the hypothesis that the trypanocidal
activity of JVG9 involves the cytoskeleton as a target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan L Díaz-Chiguer
- Departamento de Investigación, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales para los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Benjamín Nogueda-Torres
- Departamento de Parasitología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rafael Castillo
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Olivia Reynoso-Ducoing
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Javier R Ambrosio
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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Serafim EOP, Silva ATDAE, Moreno ADH, Vizioli EDO, Ferreira EI, Peccinini RG, Ribeiro ML, Chung MC. Pharmacokinetics of hydroxymethylnitrofurazone, a promising new prodrug for Chagas' disease treatment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:6106-9. [PMID: 24080661 PMCID: PMC3837917 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02522-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone (NFOH) is a trypanocidal prodrug of nitrofurazone (NF), devoid of mutagenic toxicity. The purpose of this work was to study the chemical conversion of NFOH into NF in sodium acetate buffer (pH 1.2 and 7.4) and in human plasma and to determine preclinical pharmacokinetic parameters in rats. At pH 1.2, the NFOH was totally transformed into NF, the parent drug, after 48 h, while at pH 7.4, after the same period, the hydrolysis rate was 20%. In human plasma, 50% of NFOH was hydrolyzed after 24 h. In the investigation of kinetic disposition, the concentration of drug in serum versus time curve was used to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters after a single-dose regimen. NFOH showed a time to maximum concentration of drug in serum (Tmax) as 1 h, suggesting faster absorption than NF (4 h). The most important results observed were the volume of distribution (V) of NFOH through the tissues, which showed a rate that is 20-fold higher (337.5 liters/kg of body weight) than that of NF (17.64 liters/kg), and the concentration of NF obtained by in vivo metabolism of NFOH, which was about four times lower (maximum concentration of drug in serum [Cmax] = 0.83 μg/ml; area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 12 h [AUC0-12] = 5.683 μg/ml · h) than observed for administered NF (Cmax = 2.78 μg/ml; AUC0-12 = 54.49 μg/ml · h). These findings can explain the superior activity and lower toxicity of the prodrug NFOH in relation to its parent drug and confirm NFOH as a promising anti-Chagas' disease drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Ometto Pavan Serafim
- Lapdesf, Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo State, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemical Institute, University of São Paulo State, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Andréia de Haro Moreno
- Lapdesf, Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo State, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Ednir de Oliveira Vizioli
- Lapdesf, Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo State, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Igne Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosângela Gonçalves Peccinini
- Department of Natural Drugs and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo State, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia Ribeiro
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemical Institute, University of São Paulo State, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Man Chin Chung
- Lapdesf, Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo State, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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da Silva Santos S, Giarolla J, Pasqualoto KF, Ferreira EI. Molecular modelling as a tool for studying the disassembly of potentially leishmanicide-targeted dendrimer. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2013.774086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Design and exploratory data analysis of a second generation of dendrimer prodrugs potentially antichagasic and leishmanicide. Mol Divers 2013; 17:711-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-013-9467-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Upadhayaya RS, Dixit SS, Földesi A, Chattopadhyaya J. New antiprotozoal agents: Their synthesis and biological evaluations. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2750-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dixit SS, Upadhayaya RS, Chattopadhyaya J. New parasite inhibitors encompassing novel conformationally-locked 5′-acyl sulfamoyl adenosines. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:6121-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25879j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Giarolla J, Pasqualoto KFM, Rando DG, Zaim MH, Ferreira EI. Molecular modeling study on the disassembly of dendrimers designed as potential antichagasic and antileishmanial prodrugs. J Mol Model 2011; 18:2257-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1244-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Davies C, Marino Cardozo R, Sánchez Negrette O, Mora MC, Chung MC, Basombrío MA. Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone is active in a murine model of Chagas' disease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:3584-9. [PMID: 20566772 PMCID: PMC2934987 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01451-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of a hydroxymethyl group to the antimicrobial drug nitrofurazone generated hydroxymethylnitrofurazone (NFOH), which had reduced toxicity when its activity against Trypanosoma cruzi was tested in a murine model of Chagas' disease. Four groups of 12 Swiss female mice each received 150 mg of body weight/kg/day of NFOH, 150 mg/kg/day of nitrofurazone (parental compound), 60 mg/kg/day of benznidazole (BZL), or the solvent as a placebo. Treatments were administered orally once a day 6 days a week until the completion of 60 doses. NFOH was as effective as BZL in keeping direct parasitemia at undetectable levels, and PCR results were negative. No histopathological lesions were seen 180 days after completion of the treatments, a time when the levels of anti-T. cruzi antibodies were very low in mice treated with either NFOH or BZL. Nitrofurazone was highly toxic, which led to an overall rate of mortality of 75% and necessitated interruption of the treatment. In contrast, the group treated with its hydroxymethyl derivative, NFOH, displayed the lowest mortality (16%), followed by the BZL (33%) and placebo (66%) groups. The findings of histopathological studies were consistent with these results, with the placebo group showing the most severe parasite infiltrates in skeletal muscle and heart tissue and the NFOH group showing the lowest. The present evidence suggests that NFOH is a promising anti-T. cruzi agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Davies
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Avda. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina.
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Parise Filho R, Polli MC, Barberato Filho S, Garcia M, Ferreira EI. Prodrugs available on the Brazilian pharmaceutical market and their corresponding bioactivation pathways. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502010000300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to emphasize the importance of prodrug design to therapy, by examining examples available on the Brazilian pharmaceutical market. The principles of prodrug design are briefly discussed herein. Examples of prodrugs from many important therapeutic classes are shown and their advantages relative to the drugs they are derived from are also discussed. Considering the importance of these therapeutic classes, from both therapy and economic standpoints, prodrug design is a very valuable aspect in the research of new drugs and for the pharmaceutical industry as a whole.
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Image-based high-throughput drug screening targeting the intracellular stage of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:3326-34. [PMID: 20547819 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01777-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas' disease, caused by infection with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is the major cause of heart failure in Latin America. Classic clinical manifestations result from the infection of heart muscle cells leading to progressive cardiomyopathy. To ameliorate disease, chemotherapy must eradicate the parasite. Current drugs are ineffective and toxic, and new therapy is a critical need. To expedite drug screening for this neglected disease, we have developed and validated a cell-based, high-throughput assay that can be used with a variety of untransfected T. cruzi isolates and host cells and that simultaneously measures efficacy against the intracellular amastigote stage and toxicity to host cells. T. cruzi-infected muscle cells were incubated in 96-well plates with test compounds. Assay plates were automatically imaged and analyzed based on size differences between the DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole)-stained host cell nuclei and parasite kinetoplasts. A reduction in the ratio of T. cruzi per host cell provided a quantitative measure of parasite growth inhibition, while a decrease in count of the host nuclei indicated compound toxicity. The assay was used to screen a library of clinically approved drugs and identified 55 compounds with activity against T. cruzi. The flexible assay design allows the use of various parasite strains, including clinical isolates with different biological characteristics (e.g., tissue tropism and drug sensitivity), and a broad range of host cells and may even be adapted to screen for inhibitors against other intracellular pathogens. This high-throughput assay will have an important impact in antiparasitic drug discovery.
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Cerecetto H, González M. Synthetic Medicinal Chemistry in Chagas' Disease: Compounds at The Final Stage of "Hit-To-Lead" Phase. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:810-838. [PMID: 27713281 PMCID: PMC4034012 DOI: 10.3390/ph3040810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas' disease, or American trypanosomosiasis, has been the most relevant illness produced by protozoa in Latin America. Synthetic medicinal chemistry efforts have provided an extensive number of chemodiverse hits at the "active-to-hit" stage. However, only a more limited number of these have been studied in vivo in models of Chagas' disease. Herein, we survey some of the cantidates able to surpass the "hit-to-lead" stage discussing their limitations or merit to enter in clinical trials in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Cerecetto
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
| | - Mercedes González
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Química Biológica-Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
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40
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Giarolla J, Rando DG, Pasqualoto KF, Zaim MH, Ferreira EI. Molecular modeling as a promising tool to study dendrimer prodrugs delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2009.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Trossini GHG, Malvezzi A, T.-do Amaral A, Rangel-Yagui CO, Izidoro MA, Cezari MHS, Juliano L, Chin CM, Menezes CMS, Ferreira EI. Cruzain inhibition by hydroxymethylnitrofurazone and nitrofurazone: investigation of a new target in Trypanosoma cruzi. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2009; 25:62-7. [DOI: 10.3109/14756360902941058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Malvezzi
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonia T.-do Amaral
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Mario A. Izidoro
- Departamento de Biofísica, INFAR, Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena S. Cezari
- Departamento de Biofísica, INFAR, Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Juliano
- Departamento de Biofísica, INFAR, Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chung Man Chin
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêutica, UNESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla M. S. Menezes
- Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
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Genotoxicity revaluation of three commercial nitroheterocyclic drugs: nifurtimox, benznidazole, and metronidazole. J Parasitol Res 2009; 2009:463575. [PMID: 20981287 PMCID: PMC2963127 DOI: 10.1155/2009/463575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroheterocyclic compounds are widely used as therapeutic agents against a variety of protozoan and bacterial infections. However, the literature on these compounds, suspected of being carcinogens, is widely controversial. In this study, cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of three drugs, Nifurtimox (NFX), Benznidazole (BNZ), and Metronidazole (MTZ) was re-evaluated by different assays. Only NFX reduces survival rate in actively proliferating cells. The compounds are more active for base-pair substitution than frameshift induction in Salmonella; NFX and BNZ are more mutagenic than MTZ; they are widely dependent from nitroreduction whereas microsomal fraction S9 weakly affects the mutagenic potential. Comet assay detects BNZ- and NFX-induced DNA damage at doses in the range of therapeutically treated patient plasma concentration; BNZ seems to mainly act through ROS generation whereas a dose-dependent mechanism of DNA damaging is suggested for NFX. The lack of effects on mammalian cells for MTZ is confirmed also in MN assay whereas MN induction is observed for NFX and BNZ. The effects of MTZ, that shows comparatively low reduction potential, seem to be strictly dependent on anaerobic/hypoxic conditions. Both NFX and BNZ may not only lead to cellular damage of the infective agent but also interact with the DNA of mammalian cells.
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Grillo R, Melo NFS, Araújo DR, Trossini GHG, da Cunha EFF, Castro Ramalho T, Fraceto LF. Host–guest complexation of a nitroheterocyclic compound with cyclodextrins: a spectrofluorimetric and molecular modeling study. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-009-9632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Quantitative structure--antiprotozoal activity relationships of sesquiterpene lactones. Molecules 2009; 14:2062-76. [PMID: 19513006 PMCID: PMC6254286 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14062062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prompted by results of our previous studies where we found high activity of some sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (which causes East African sleeping sickness), we have now conducted a structure-(in-vitro)-activity study on a set of 40 STLs against T. brucei rhodesiense, T. cruzi, Leishmania donovani and Plasmodium falciparum. Furthermore, cytotoxic activity against L6 rat skeletal myoblast cells was assessed. Some of the compounds possess high activity, especially against T. brucei (e.g. helenalin and some of its esters with IC(50)-values of 0.05-0.1 microM, which is about 10 times lower than their cytotoxic activity). It was found that all investigated antiprotozoal activities are significantly correlated with cytotoxicity and the major determinants for activity are a,b-unsaturated structural elements, also known to be essential for other biological activities of STLs. It was observed, however, that certain compounds are considerably more toxic against protozoa than against mammalian cells while others are more cytotoxic than active against the protozoa. A comparative QSAR analysis was therefore undertaken, in order to discern the antiparasitic activity of STLs against T. brucei and cytotoxicity. Both activities were found to depend to a large extent on the same structural elements and molecular properties. The observed variance in the biological data can be explained in terms of subtle variations in the relative influences of various molecular descriptors.
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de Melo NF, Grillo R, Rosa AH, Fraceto LF. Interaction between nitroheterocyclic compounds with β-cyclodextrins: Phase solubility and HPLC studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:865-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kim JO, Park JK, Kim JH, Jin SG, Yong CS, Li DX, Choi JY, Woo JS, Yoo BK, Lyoo WS, Kim JA, Choi HG. Development of polyvinyl alcohol–sodium alginate gel-matrix-based wound dressing system containing nitrofurazone. Int J Pharm 2008; 359:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Grillo R, de Melo NF, Moraes CM, de Lima R, Menezes CM, Ferreira EI, Rosa AH, Fraceto LF. Study of the interaction between hydroxymethylnitrofurazone and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:295-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone:dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complex: a physical-chemistry characterization. J Biol Phys 2007; 33:445-53. [PMID: 19669530 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-008-9054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone (NFOH) is active against Trypanosoma cruzi; however, its low solubility and high toxicity precludes its current use in treatment of parasitosis. Cyclodextrin can be used as a drug carrier system, as it is able to form inclusion (host-guest) complexes with a wide variety of organic (guest) molecules. Several reports have shown the interesting use of modified beta-cyclodextrins in pharmaceutical formulation, to improve the bioavailability of drugs and to decrease their toxicity. The aim of this work was to characterize inclusion complexes formed between NFOH and dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (DM-beta-CD) by complexation/release kinetics and solubility isotherm experiments using ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectrophotometry and by the measurement of the dynamics information obtained from T(1) relaxation times and diffusion (DOSY) experiments using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The complex was prepared at different NFOH and DM-beta-CD molar ratios. The UV-visible measurements were recorded in a spectrophotometer, and NMR experiments were recorded at 20 degrees C on a NMR spectrometer (Varian Inova) operating at 500 MHz. Longitudinal relaxation times were obtained by the conventional inversion-recovery method and the DOSY experiments were carried out using the BPPSTE sequence. The kinetics of complexation revealed that 30 h is enough for stabilization of the NFOH absorbance in presence of cyclodextrin. Solubility isotherm studies show a favorable complexation and increase in solubility when NFOH interacts with cyclodextrin. The analysis of the NMR-derived diffusion coefficients and T(1) relaxation times shows that in the presence of DM-beta-CD, NFOH decreases its mobility in solution, indicating that this antichagasic compound interacts with the cyclodextrin cavity. The release kinetics assays showed that NFOH changes its release profile when in the presence of cyclodextrin due to complexation. This study was focused on the physicochemical characterization of drug-delivery formulations that may serve as potentially new therapeutic options for the treatment of Chagas' disease.
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Rangel-Yagui CO, Hsu HWL, Barbosa LRS, Caetano W, Pessoa A, Tavares LC, Itri R. Novel potential drug against T. cruzi and its interaction with surfactant micelles. Pharm Dev Technol 2007; 12:183-92. [PMID: 17510890 DOI: 10.1080/10837450701212727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of 5-nitro-2-furfurilylidene benzhydrazide (5NFB), potential anti-trypanosomal compound, with micellar solutions was studied. The results indicated that 50 mug of 5NFB completely kills 20 million T. cruzi epimastigote cells within 3 days, whereas the same amount of benznidazole kills 30% of the cells after 4 days. 5NFB solubility in surfactants solutions (SDS, DTAB, C12EO8) increased linearly with surfactant concentration. According to small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), 5NFB does not affect micellar structural features. A comparison between C12EO8 effects on T. cruzi epimastigote cells and on erythrocytes showed that surfactant lytic effect is stronger in parasite cells, enlightening the potential of 5NFB micellar formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota O Rangel-Yagui
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Brondani DJ, Moreira DRDM, de Farias MPA, Souza FRDS, Barbosa FF, Leite ACL. A new and efficient N-alkylation procedure for semicarbazides/semicarbazones derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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