1
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Tosh DK, Calkins MM, Ivancich MS, Bock HA, Campbell RG, Lewicki SA, Chen E, Gao ZG, McCorvy JD, Jacobson KA. Structure activity relationships of 5-HT 2B and 5-HT 2C serotonin receptor antagonists: N 6, C2 and 5'-Modified (N)-methanocarba-adenosine derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115691. [PMID: 37562117 PMCID: PMC10529765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
(N)-Methanocarba adenosine derivatives were structurally modified to target 5-HT2B serotonin receptors as antagonists, predominantly containing branched N6-alkyl groups. N6-Dicycloalkyl-methyl groups, including their asymmetric variations, as well as 2-iodo, were found to generally favor 5-HT2Rs, while only N6-dicyclohexyl-methyl derivative 35 showed weak 5-HT2AR affinity (Ki 3.6 μM). The highest 5-HT2BR affinities were Ki 11-23 nM (N6-dicyclopropyl-methyl-2-iodo 11, 2-chloro-5'-deoxy-5'-methylthio 15 and N6-((R)-cyclobuty-cyclopropyl-methyl)-2-iodo 43), and Ki 73 nM at 5-HT2CR for 36. Direct comparison of adenine ribosides and their corresponding rigid (N)-methanocarba derivatives (cf. 51 and MRS8099 45) indicated a multifold affinity enhancement with the bicyclic ring system. Compounds 43, 45 and 48 were functional 5-HT2BR (KB 2-3 nM) and 5-HT2CR (KB 79-328 nM) antagonists in a Gq-mediated calcium flux assay, with 5-HT2BR functional selectivity ranging from 45- (48) to 113-fold (43). Substantial adenosine receptor (AR) affinity (Ki, A1AR < Ki, A3AR < Ki, A2AAR) was still present in this series, suggestive of dual acting compounds: 5-HT2B antagonist and A1AR agonist, potentially useful for treating chronic conditions (fibrosis; pain). Given its affinity (17 nM) and moderate 5-HT2BR binding selectivity (32-fold vs. 5-HT2CR, 4-fold vs. A1AR), 43 (MRS7925) could potentially be useful for anti-fibrotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K Tosh
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Maggie M Calkins
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Marko S Ivancich
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Hailey A Bock
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Ryan G Campbell
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sarah A Lewicki
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Eric Chen
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - John D McCorvy
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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2
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Kumar V, Xin X, Ma J, Tan C, Osna N, Mahato RI. Therapeutic targets, novel drugs, and delivery systems for diabetes associated NAFLD and liver fibrosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113888. [PMID: 34314787 PMCID: PMC8440458 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) associated non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the fourth-leading cause of death. Hyperglycemia induces various complications, including nephropathy, cirrhosis and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There are several etiological factors leading to liver disease development, which involve insulin resistance and oxidative stress. Free fatty acid (FFA) accumulation in the liver exerts oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stresses. Hepatocyte injury induces release of inflammatory cytokines from Kupffer cells (KCs), which are responsible for activating hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In this review, we will discuss various molecular targets for treating chronic liver diseases, including homeostasis of FFA, lipid metabolism, and decrease in hepatocyte apoptosis, role of growth factors, and regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and HSC activation. This review will also critically assess different strategies to enhance drug delivery to different cell types. Targeting nanocarriers to specific liver cell types have the potential to increase efficacy and suppress off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virender Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Xiaofei Xin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jingyi Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Chalet Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Natalia Osna
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Ram I Mahato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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3
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Sengupta S, Das P. Application of diazonium chemistry in purine modifications: A focused review. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saumitra Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad India
| | - Parthasarathi Das
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad India
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4
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Chrominski M, Kowalska J, Jemielity J. Efficient Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated Purine Ribonucleosides and Ribonucleotides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 83:e118. [PMID: 32991077 DOI: 10.1002/cpnc.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The protocols presented in this article describe highly detailed synthesis of trifluoromethylated purine nucleotides and nucleosides (G and A). The procedure involves trifluoromethylation of properly protected (acetylated) nucleosides, followed by deprotection leading to key CF3 -containing nucleosides. This gives synthetic access to 8-CF3 -substituted guanosine derivatives and three adenosine derivatives (8-CF3 , 2-CF3 , and 2,8-diCF3 ). In further steps, phosphorylation and phosphate elongation (for selected examples) result in respective trifluoromethylated nucleoside mono-, di-, and triphosphates. Support protocols are included for compound handling, purification procedures, analytical sample preparation, and analytical techniques used throughout the performance of the basic protocols. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Synthesis of trifluoromethylated guanosine and adenosine derivatives Basic Protocol 2: Synthesis of trifluoromethylated guanosine and adenosine monophosphates Basic Protocol 3: Synthesis of phosphorimidazolides of 8-CF3 GMP and 8-CF3 AMP Basic Protocol 4: Synthesis of trifluoromethylated guanosine and adenosine oligophosphates Support Protocol 1: TLC sample preparation and analysis Support Protocol 2: Purification protocol for Basic Protocol 1 Support Protocol 3: HPLC analysis and preparative HPLC Support Protocol 4: Ion-exchange chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Kowalska
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Jemielity
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Ogawa A, Nagiri C, Shihoya W, Inoue A, Kawakami K, Hiratsuka S, Aoki J, Ito Y, Suzuki T, Suzuki T, Inoue T, Nureki O, Tanihara H, Tomizawa K, Wei FY. N 6-methyladenosine (m 6A) is an endogenous A3 adenosine receptor ligand. Mol Cell 2021; 81:659-674.e7. [PMID: 33472058 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
About 150 post-transcriptional RNA modifications have been identified in all kingdoms of life. During RNA catabolism, most modified nucleosides are resistant to degradation and are released into the extracellular space. In this study, we explored the physiological role of these extracellular modified nucleosides and found that N6-methyladenosine (m6A), widely recognized as an epigenetic mark in RNA, acts as a ligand for the human adenosine A3 receptor, for which it has greater affinity than unmodified adenosine. We used structural modeling to define the amino acids required for specific binding of m6A to the human A3 receptor. We also demonstrated that m6A was dynamically released in response to cytotoxic stimuli and facilitated type I allergy in vivo. Our findings implicate m6A as a signaling molecule capable of activating G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and triggering pathophysiological responses, a previously unreported property of RNA modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Ogawa
- Department of Modomics Biology and Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Chisae Nagiri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Shihoya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Advanced Research and Development Programs for Medical Innovation (PRIME), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan; Advanced Research and Development Programs for Medical Innovation (LEAP), AMED, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouki Kawakami
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Suzune Hiratsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Advanced Research and Development Programs for Medical Innovation (LEAP), AMED, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takeo Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Inoue
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhito Tomizawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Fan-Yan Wei
- Department of Modomics Biology and Medicine, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Japan.
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6
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Nucleotide P2Y 1 receptor agonists are in vitro and in vivo prodrugs of A 1/A 3 adenosine receptor agonists: implications for roles of P2Y 1 and A 1/A 3 receptors in physiology and pathology. Purinergic Signal 2020; 16:543-559. [PMID: 33129204 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-020-09732-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid phosphoester hydrolysis of endogenous purine and pyrimidine nucleotides has challenged the characterization of the role of P2 receptors in physiology and pathology. Nucleotide phosphoester stabilization has been pursued on a number of medicinal chemistry fronts. We investigated the in vitro and in vivo stability and pharmacokinetics of prototypical nucleotide P2Y1 receptor (P2Y1R) agonists and antagonists. These included the riboside nucleotide agonist 2-methylthio-ADP and antagonist MRS2179, as well as agonist MRS2365 and antagonist MRS2500 containing constrained (N)-methanocarba rings, which were previously reported to form nucleotides that are more slowly hydrolyzed at the α-phosphoester compared with the ribosides. In vitro incubations in mouse and human plasma and blood demonstrated the rapid hydrolysis of these compounds to nucleoside metabolites. This metabolism was inhibited by EDTA to chelate divalent cations required by ectonucleotidases for nucleotide hydrolysis. This rapid hydrolysis was confirmed in vivo in mouse pharmacokinetic studies that demonstrate that MRS2365 is a prodrug of the nucleoside metabolite AST-004 (MRS4322). Furthermore, we demonstrate that the nucleoside metabolites of MRS2365 and 2-methylthio-ADP are adenosine receptor (AR) agonists, notably at A3 and A1ARs. In vivo efficacy of MRS2365 in murine models of traumatic brain injury and stroke can be attributed to AR activation by its nucleoside metabolite AST-004, rather than P2Y1R activation. This research suggests the importance of reevaluation of previous in vitro and in vivo research of P2YRs and P2XRs as there is a potential that the pharmacology attributed to nucleotide agonists is due to AR activation by active nucleoside metabolites.
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7
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Chrominski M, Baranowski MR, Chmielinski S, Kowalska J, Jemielity J. Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated Purine Ribonucleotides and Their Evaluation as 19F NMR Probes. J Org Chem 2020; 85:3440-3453. [PMID: 31994393 PMCID: PMC7497640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Protected guanosine and adenosine ribonucleosides and guanine nucleotides are readily functionalized with CF3 substituents within the nucleobase. Protected guanosine is trifluoromethylated at the C8 position under radical-generating conditions in up to 95% yield and guanosine 5'-oligophosphates in up to 35% yield. In the case of adenosine, the selectivity of trifluoromethylation depends heavily on the functional group protection strategy and leads to a set of CF3-modified nucleosides with different substitution patterns (C8, C2, or both) in up to 37% yield. Further transformations based on phosphorimidazolide chemistry afford various CF3-substituted mono- and dinucleoside oligophosphates in good yields. The utility of the trifluoromethylated nucleotides as probes for 19F NMR-based real-time enzymatic reaction monitoring is demonstrated with three different human nucleotide hydrolases (Fhit, DcpS, and cNIIIB). Substrate and product(s) resonances were sufficiently separated to enable effective tracking of each enzymatic activity of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Chrominski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek R Baranowski
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian Chmielinski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Kowalska
- Division of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Jemielity
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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8
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Ciancetta A, Jacobson KA. Structural Probing and Molecular Modeling of the A₃ Adenosine Receptor: A Focus on Agonist Binding. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030449. [PMID: 28287473 PMCID: PMC5471610 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous modulator exerting its functions through the activation of four adenosine receptor (AR) subtypes, termed A1, A2A, A2B and A3, which belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. The human A3AR (hA3AR) subtype is implicated in several cytoprotective functions. Therefore, hA3AR modulators, and in particular agonists, are sought for their potential application as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and cardioprotective agents. Structure-based molecular modeling techniques have been applied over the years to rationalize the structure–activity relationships (SARs) of newly emerged A3AR ligands, guide the subsequent lead optimization, and interpret site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) data from a molecular perspective. In this review, we showcase selected modeling-based and guided strategies that were applied to elucidate the binding of agonists to the A3AR and discuss the challenges associated with an accurate prediction of the receptor extracellular vestibule through homology modeling from the available X-ray templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Ciancetta
- Molecular Recognition Section (MRS), Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA 20892, USA.
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section (MRS), Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA 20892, USA.
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9
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Tosh DK, Paoletta S, Chen Z, Moss SM, Gao ZG, Salvemini D, Jacobson KA. Extended N(6) substitution of rigid C2-arylethynyl nucleosides for exploring the role of extracellular loops in ligand recognition at the A3 adenosine receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3302-6. [PMID: 24969016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
2-Arylethynyl-(N)-methanocarba adenosine 5'-methyluronamides containing rigid N(6)-(trans-2-phenylcyclopropyl) and 2-phenylethynyl groups were synthesized as agonists for probing structural features of the A3 adenosine receptor (AR). Radioligand binding confirmed A3AR selectivity and N(6)-1S,2R stereoselectivity for one diastereomeric pair. The environment of receptor-bound, conformationally constrained N(6) groups was explored by docking to an A3AR homology model, indicating specific hydrophobic interactions with the second extracellular loop able to modulate the affinity profile. 2-Pyridylethynyl derivative 18 was administered orally in mice to reduce chronic neuropathic pain in the chronic constriction injury model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K Tosh
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
| | - Silvia Paoletta
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
| | - Zhoumou Chen
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Steven M Moss
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
| | - Daniela Salvemini
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA.
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10
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Toti KS, Moss SM, Paoletta S, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA, Van Calenbergh S. Synthesis and evaluation of N⁶-substituted apioadenosines as potential adenosine A₃ receptor modulators. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4257-68. [PMID: 24931275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors (ARs) trigger signal transduction pathways inside the cell when activated by extracellular adenosine. Selective modulation of the A₃AR subtype may be beneficial in controlling diseases such as colorectal cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. Here, we report the synthesis and evaluation of β-D-apio-D-furano- and α-D-apio-L-furanoadenosines and derivatives thereof. Introduction of a 2-methoxy-5-chlorobenzyl group at N(6) of β-D-apio-D-furanoadenosine afforded an A₃AR antagonist (10c, Ki=0.98 μM), while a similar modification of an α-D-apio-L-furanoadenosine gave rise to a partial agonist (11c, Ki=3.07 μM). The structural basis for this difference was examined by docking to an A₃AR model; the antagonist lacked a crucial interaction with Thr94.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran S Toti
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Steven M Moss
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Silvia Paoletta
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
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11
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Devine SM, May LT, Scammells PJ. Design, synthesis and evaluation of N6-substituted 2-aminoadenosine-5′-N-methylcarboxamides as A3 adenosine receptor agonists. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00364g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of N6-substituted 2-aminoadenosine-5′-N-methylcarboxamides were synthesized from the versatile intermediate, O6-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-2-amino-2′,3′-O-isopropylideneinosine-5′-N-methylcarboxamide (1) and evaluated as A3 adenosine receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren T. May
- Drug Discovery Biology
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
- Parkville, Australia
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12
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Calleri E, Ubiali D, Serra I, Temporini C, Cattaneo G, Speranza G, Morelli CF, Massolini G. Immobilized purine nucleoside phosphorylase from Aeromonas hydrophila as an on-line enzyme reactor for biocatalytic applications. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 968:79-86. [PMID: 24461935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We described the development of a biochromatographic system which uses a purine nucleoside phosphorylase from Aeromonas hydrophila (AhPNP) for the evaluation of the substrate specificity on nucleoside libraries. AhPNP has been covalently immobilized on a fused silica Open Tubular Capillary (OTC) via Schiff base chemistry. The resulting bioreactor has been characterized by the determination of kinetic constants (Km and Vmax) for a natural substrate (inosine) and then assayed versus all natural purine (deoxy)ribonucleosides and a small library of 6-substituted purine ribosides. Characterization of the bioreactor has been carried out through a bidimensional chromatographic system with the sample on-line transfer from the bioreactor to the analytical column for the separation and quantification of substrate and product. Comparison with the soluble enzyme showed that the AhPNP-based bioreactor is reliable as the same ranking order, with respect to the standard activity assay, was obtained. The stability of the IMER was also assessed and the system was found to be stable up to 60 reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Calleri
- Department of Drug Sciences and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Daniela Ubiali
- Department of Drug Sciences and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Immacolata Serra
- Department of Drug Sciences and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Caterina Temporini
- Department of Drug Sciences and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Giulia Cattaneo
- Department of Drug Sciences and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Giovanna Speranza
- Department of Chemistry and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Carlo F Morelli
- Department of Chemistry and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Gabriella Massolini
- Department of Drug Sciences and Italian Biocatalysis Center, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia Italy.
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13
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de Lera Ruiz M, Lim YH, Zheng J. Adenosine A2A Receptor as a Drug Discovery Target. J Med Chem 2013; 57:3623-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4011669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel de Lera Ruiz
- Department
of Chemical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Yeon-Hee Lim
- Department
of Chemical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Junying Zheng
- Department
of Chemical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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Baraldi PG, Preti D, Borea PA, Varani K. Medicinal Chemistry of A3 Adenosine Receptor Modulators: Pharmacological Activities and Therapeutic Implications. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5676-703. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300087j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmaceutiche and ‡Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale-Sezione
di Farmacologia, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Delia Preti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmaceutiche and ‡Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale-Sezione
di Farmacologia, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmaceutiche and ‡Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale-Sezione
di Farmacologia, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmaceutiche and ‡Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale-Sezione
di Farmacologia, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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15
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Cheong SL, Federico S, Venkatesan G, Mandel AL, Shao YM, Moro S, Spalluto G, Pastorin G. The A3 adenosine receptor as multifaceted therapeutic target: pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, and in silico approaches. Med Res Rev 2011; 33:235-335. [PMID: 22095687 DOI: 10.1002/med.20254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is an ubiquitous local modulator that regulates various physiological and pathological functions by stimulating four membrane receptors, namely A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3). Among these G protein-coupled receptors, the A(3) subtype is found mainly in the lung, liver, heart, eyes, and brain in our body. It has been associated with cerebroprotection and cardioprotection, as well as modulation of cellular growth upon its selective activation. On the other hand, its inhibition by selective antagonists has been reported to be potentially useful in the treatment of pathological conditions including glaucoma, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. In this review, we focused on the pharmacology and the therapeutic implications of the human (h)A(3) adenosine receptor (AR), together with an overview on the progress of hA(3) AR agonists, antagonists, allosteric modulators, and radioligands, as well as on the recent advances pertaining to the computational approaches (e.g., quantitative structure-activity relationships, homology modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations) applied to the modeling of hA(3) AR and drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Lee Cheong
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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16
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Volpini R, Marucci G, Buccioni M, Dal Ben D, Lambertucci C, Lammi C, Mishra RC, Thomas A, Cristalli G. Evidence for the existence of a specific g protein-coupled receptor activated by guanosine. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1074-80. [PMID: 21500353 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Guanosine, released extracellularly from neurons and glial cells, plays important roles in the central nervous system, including neuroprotection. The innovative DELFIA Eu-GTP binding assay was optimized for characterization of the putative guanosine receptor binding site at rat brain membranes by using a series of novel and known guanosine derivatives. These nucleosides were prepared by modifying the purine and sugar moieties of guanosine at the 6- and 5'-positions, respectively. Results of these experiments prove that guanosine, 6-thioguanosine, and their derivatives activate a G protein-coupled receptor that is different from the well-characterized adenosine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Volpini
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
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17
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Roy S, Gregg BT, Gribble GW, Le VD, Roy S. Trifluoromethylation of aryl and heteroaryl halides. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Bosch L, Mouscadet JF, Ni XJ, Vilarrasa J. Synthesis of benzo-, pyrido-, thieno- and imidazo-fused N-hydroxy-4-oxopyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Brackman G, Celen S, Baruah K, Bossier P, Van Calenbergh S, Nelis HJ, Coenye T. AI-2 quorum-sensing inhibitors affect the starvation response and reduce virulence in several Vibrio species, most likely by interfering with LuxPQ. Microbiology (Reading) 2009; 155:4114-4122. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.032474-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase of disease outbreaks caused by Vibrio species in aquatic organisms as well as in humans, together with the emergence of antibiotic resistance in Vibrio species, has led to a growing interest in alternative disease control measures. Quorum sensing (QS) is a mechanism for regulating microbial gene expression in a cell density-dependent way. While there is good evidence for the involvement of auto-inducer 2 (AI-2)-based interspecies QS in the control of virulence in multiple Vibrio species, only few inhibitors of this system are known. From the screening of a small panel of nucleoside analogues for their ability to disturb AI-2-based QS, an adenosine derivative with a p-methoxyphenylpropionamide moiety at C-3′ emerged as a promising hit. Its mechanism of inhibition was elucidated by measuring the effect on bioluminescence in a series of Vibrio harveyi AI-2 QS mutants. Our results indicate that this compound, as well as a truncated analogue lacking the adenine base, block AI-2-based QS without interfering with bacterial growth. The active compounds affected neither the bioluminescence system as such nor the production of AI-2, but most likely interfered with the signal transduction pathway at the level of LuxPQ in V. harveyi. The most active nucleoside analogue (designated LMC-21) was found to reduce the Vibrio species starvation response, to affect biofilm formation in Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio cholerae, to reduce pigment and protease production in V. anguillarum, and to protect gnotobiotic Artemia from V. harveyi-induced mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Brackman
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shari Celen
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kartik Baruah
- Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Rozier 44, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Rozier 44, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans J. Nelis
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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20
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Auchampach JA, Gizewski ET, Wan TC, de Castro S, Brown GG, Jacobson KA. Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of [(125)I]MRS5127, a high affinity, selective agonist radioligand for the A3 adenosine receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 79:967-73. [PMID: 19917269 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A recently reported selective agonist of the human A(3) adenosine receptor (hA(3)AR), MRS5127 (1'R,2'R,3'S,4'R,5'S)-4'-[2-chloro-6-(3-iodobenzylamino)-purine]-2',3'-O-dihydroxy-bicyclo-[3.1.0]hexane, was radioiodinated and characterized pharmacologically. It contains a rigid bicyclic ring system in place of a 5'-truncated ribose moiety, and was selected for radiolabeling due to its nanomolar binding affinity at both human and rat A(3)ARs. The radioiodination of the N(6)-3-iodobenzyl substituent by iododestannylation of a 3-(trimethylstannyl)benzyl precursor was achieved in 73% yield, measured after purification by HPLC. [(125)I]MRS5127 bound to the human A(3)AR expressed in membranes of stably transfected HEK 293 cells. Specific binding was saturable, competitive, and followed a one-site binding model, with a K(d) value of 5.74+/-0.97nM. At a concentration equivalent to its K(d), non-specific binding comprised 27+/-2% of total binding. In kinetic studies, [(125)I]MRS5127 rapidly associated with the hA(3)AR (t(1/2)=0.514+/-0.014min), and the affinity calculated from association and dissociation rate constants was 3.50+/-1.46nM. The pharmacological profile of ligands in competition experiments with [(125)I]MRS5127 was consistent with the known structure-activity-relationship profile of the hA(3)AR. [(125)I]MRS5127 bound with similar high affinity (K(d), nM) to recombinant A(3)ARs from mouse (4.90+/-0.77), rabbit (2.53+/-0.11), and dog (3.35+/-0.54). For all of the species tested, MRS5127 exhibited A(3)AR agonist activity based on negative coupling to cAMP production. Thus, [(125)I]MRS5127 represents a new species-independent agonist radioligand for the A(3)AR. The major advantage of [(125)I]MRS5127 compared with previously used A(3)AR radioligands is its high affinity, low degree of non-specific binding, and improved A(3)AR selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Auchampach
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States.
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21
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Jacobson KA, Klutz AM, Tosh DK, Ivanov AA, Preti D, Baraldi PG. Medicinal chemistry of the A3 adenosine receptor: agonists, antagonists, and receptor engineering. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2009:123-59. [PMID: 19639281 PMCID: PMC3413728 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-89615-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A(3) adenosine receptor (A(3)AR) ligands have been modified to optimize their interaction with the A(3)AR. Most of these modifications have been made to the N(6) and C2 positions of adenine as well as the ribose moiety, and using a combination of these substitutions leads to the most efficacious, selective, and potent ligands. A(3)AR agonists such as IB-MECA and Cl-IB-MECA are now advancing into Phase II clinical trials for treatments targeting diseases such as cancer, arthritis, and psoriasis. Also, a wide number of compounds exerting high potency and selectivity in antagonizing the human (h)A(3)AR have been discovered. These molecules are generally characterized by a notable structural diversity, taking into account that aromatic nitrogen-containing monocyclic (thiazoles and thiadiazoles), bicyclic (isoquinoline, quinozalines, (aza)adenines), tricyclic systems (pyrazoloquinolines, triazoloquinoxalines, pyrazolotriazolopyrimidines, triazolopurines, tricyclic xanthines) and nucleoside derivatives have been identified as potent and selective A(3)AR antagonists. Probably due to the "enigmatic" physiological role of A(3)AR, whose activation may produce opposite effects (for example, concerning tissue protection in inflammatory and cancer cells) and may produce effects that are species dependent, only a few molecules have reached preclinical investigation. Indeed, the most advanced A(3)AR antagonists remain in preclinical testing. Among the antagonists described above, compound OT-7999 is expected to enter clinical trials for the treatment of glaucoma, while several thiazole derivatives are in development as antiallergic, antiasthmatic and/or antiinflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA.
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22
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Abstract
The development of potent and selective agonists and antagonists of adenosine receptors (ARs) has been a target of medicinal chemistry research for several decades, and recently the US Food and Drug Administration has approved Lexiscan, an adenosine derivative substituted at the 2 position, for use as a pharmacologic stress agent in radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging. Currently, some other adenosine A(2A) receptor (A(2A)AR) agonists and antagonists are undergoing preclinical testing and clinical trials. While agonists are potent antiinflammatory agents also showing hypotensive effects, antagonists are being developed for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.However, since there are still major problems in this field, including side effects, low brain penetration (for the targeting of CNS diseases), short half-life, or lack of in vivo effects, the design and development of new AR ligands is a hot research topic.This review presents an update on the medicinal chemistry of A(2A)AR agonists and antagonists, and stresses the strong need for more selective ligands at the human A(2A)AR subtype, in particular in the case of agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Cristalli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy.
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23
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Jeong LS, Pal S, Choe SA, Choi WJ, Jacobson KA, Gao ZG, Klutz AM, Hou X, Kim HO, Lee HW, Lee SK, Tosh DK, Moon HR. Structure-activity relationships of truncated D- and l-4'-thioadenosine derivatives as species-independent A3 adenosine receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2008; 51:6609-13. [PMID: 18811138 DOI: 10.1021/jm8008647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel D- and l-4'-thioadenosine derivatives lacking the 4'-hydroxymethyl moiety were synthesized, starting from d-mannose and d-gulonic gamma-lactone, respectively, as potent and selective species-independent A 3 adenosine receptor (AR) antagonists. Among the novel 4'-truncated 2-H nucleosides tested, a N(6)-(3-chlorobenzyl) derivative 7c was the most potent at the human A 3 AR (K i = 1.5 nM), but a N(6)-(3-bromobenzyl) derivative 7d showed the optimal species-independent binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lak Shin Jeong
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea.
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24
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Cristalli G, Cacciari B, Dal Ben D, Lambertucci C, Moro S, Spalluto G, Volpini R. Highlights on the development of A(2A) adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists. ChemMedChem 2008; 2:260-81. [PMID: 17177231 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although significant progress has been made in the past few decades demonstrating that adenosine modulates a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes through the interaction with four subtypes of a family of cell-surface G-protein-coupled receptors, clinical evaluation of some adenosine receptor ligands has been discontinued. Major problems include side effects due to the wide distribution of adenosine receptors, low brain penetration (which is important for the targeting of CNS diseases), short half-life of compounds, or a lack of effects, in some cases perhaps due to receptor desensitization or to low receptor density in the targeted tissue. Currently, three A(2A) adenosine receptor agonists have begun phase III studies. Two of them are therapeutically evaluated as pharmacologic stress agents and the third proved to be effective in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury (SCI), while avoiding the adverse effects of steroid agents. On the other hand, the great interest in the field of A(2A) adenosine receptor antagonists is related to their application in neurodegenerative disorders, in particular, Parkinson's disease, and some of them are currently in various stages of evaluation. This review presents an update of medicinal chemistry and molecular recognition of A(2A) adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists, and stresses the strong need for more selective ligands at the A(2A) human subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Cristalli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
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25
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Martinelli A, Tuccinardi T. Molecular modeling of adenosine receptors: new results and trends. Med Res Rev 2008; 28:247-77. [PMID: 17492754 DOI: 10.1002/med.20106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a ubiquitous neuromodulator, which carries out its biological task by stimulating four cell surface receptors (A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3)). Adenosine receptors (ARs) are members of the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Their discovery opened up new avenues for potential drug treatment of a variety of conditions such as asthma, neurodegenerative disorders, chronic inflammatory diseases, and many other physiopathological states that are believed to be associated with changes in adenosine levels. Knowledge of the 3D structure of ARs could be of great help in the task of understanding their function and in the rational design of specific ligands. However, since GPCRs are membrane-bound proteins, high-resolution structural characterization is still an extremely difficult task. For this reason, great importance has been placed on molecular modeling studies and, particularly in the last few years, on homology modeling (HM) techniques. The publication of the first high-resolution crystal structure for bovine rhodopsin (bRh), a GPCR superfamily member, provides the option of utilizing HM to generate 3D models based on detailed structural information. In this review we report, analyze, and compare the main experimental data, computational HM procedures and validation methods used for ARs, describing in detail the most successful results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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26
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Melman A, Gao ZG, Kumar D, Wan TC, Gizewski E, Auchampach JA, Jacobson KA. Design of (N)-methanocarba adenosine 5'-uronamides as species-independent A3 receptor-selective agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:2813-9. [PMID: 18424135 PMCID: PMC2430186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
2-Chloro-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine analogues containing the (N)-methanocarba (bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane) ring system as a ribose substitute display increased selectivity as agonists of the human A(3) adenosine receptor (AR). However, the selectivity in mouse was greatly reduced due to an increased tolerance of this ring system at the mouse A(1)AR. Therefore, we varied substituents at the N(6) and C2 positions in search of compounds that have improved A(3)AR selectivity and are species independent. An N(6)-methyl analogue was balanced in affinity at mouse A(1)/A(3)ARs, with high selectivity in comparison to the A(2A)AR. Substitution of the 2-chloro atom with larger and more hydrophobic substituents, such as iodo and alkynyl groups, tended to increase the A(3)AR selectivity (up to 430-fold) in mouse and preserve it in human. Extended and chemically functionalized alkynyl chains attached at the C2 position of the purine moiety preserved A(3)AR selectivity more effectively than similar chains attached at the 3-position of the N(6)-benzyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Melman
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Deepmala Kumar
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tina C. Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Elizabeth Gizewski
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - John A. Auchampach
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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27
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Braendvang M, Gundersen LL. Synthesis, biological activity, and SAR of antimycobacterial 2- and 8-substituted 6-(2-furyl)-9-(p-methoxybenzyl)purines. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:7144-65. [PMID: 17804243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A number of 6-(2-furyl)-9-(p-methoxybenzyl)purines carrying a variety of substituents in the 2- or 8-position have been synthesized and their ability to inhibit growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro has been determined. It is demonstrated that sterical hindrance in the purine 8-position reduces activity and that C-8 should be unsubstituted. In the purine 2-position small, hydrophobic substituents are beneficial. The electronic properties of the 2-substituents appear to have only a minor influence on bioactivity. The compounds studied exhibit low toxicity toward mammalian cells (VERO cells) and are essentially inactive toward Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The most active and selective antimycobacterial in the series detected to date is the novel 2-methyl-6-furyl-9-(p-methoxybenzyl)purine with MIC=0.20 microg/mL against M. tuberculosis and IC(50) against VERO cells >62.5 microg/mL. Also the novel 2-fluoro analog and the previously known 2-chloro compound, both with MIC=0.39 microg/mL, are highly interesting drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Braendvang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
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28
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Cosyn L, Palaniappan KK, Kim SK, Duong HT, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA, Van Calenbergh S. 2-triazole-substituted adenosines: a new class of selective A3 adenosine receptor agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists. J Med Chem 2006; 49:7373-83. [PMID: 17149867 PMCID: PMC4968940 DOI: 10.1021/jm0608208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
"Click chemistry" was explored to synthesize two series of 2-(1,2,3-triazolyl)adenosine derivatives (1-14). Binding affinity at the human A(1), A(2A), and A(3)ARs (adenosine receptors) and relative efficacy at the A(3)AR were determined. Some triazol-1-yl analogues showed A(3)AR affinity in the low nanomolar range, a high ratio of A(3)/A(2A) selectivity, and a moderate-to-high A(3)/A(1) ratio. The 1,2,3-triazol-4-yl regiomers typically showed decreased A(3)AR affinity. Sterically demanding groups at the adenine C2 position tended to reduce relative A(3)AR efficacy. Thus, several 5'-OH derivatives appeared to be selective A(3)AR antagonists, i.e., 10, with 260-fold binding selectivity in comparison to the A(1)AR and displaying a characteristic docking mode in an A(3)AR model. The corresponding 5'-ethyluronamide analogues generally showed increased A(3)AR affinity and behaved as full agonists, i.e., 17, with 910-fold A(3)/A(1) selectivity. Thus, N(6)-substituted 2-(1,2,3-triazolyl)adenosine analogues constitute a novel class of highly potent and selective nucleoside-based A(3)AR antagonists, partial agonists, and agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. For K.A.J.: phone, 301-496-9024; fax, 301-480-8422; . For S.V.C.: phone, +32(0)9 264 81 24; fax, +32(0)9 264 81 46;
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. For K.A.J.: phone, 301-496-9024; fax, 301-480-8422; . For S.V.C.: phone, +32(0)9 264 81 24; fax, +32(0)9 264 81 46;
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29
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Kim SK, Gao ZG, Jeong LS, Jacobson KA. Docking studies of agonists and antagonists suggest an activation pathway of the A3 adenosine receptor. J Mol Graph Model 2006; 25:562-77. [PMID: 16793299 PMCID: PMC6262875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Revised: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Structural determinants of ligand efficacy in the human A(3) adenosine receptor (AR) were studied using pharmacophore and docking analyses of various categories of A(3) selective ligands: inverse agonist, neutral antagonist (nonnucleoside and nucleoside), and agonist (partial and full). The homology modeling of GPCRs was adapted to provide two templates: the rhodopsin-based resting state for antagonist binding and a putative Meta I state, conformationally altered at a key residue (W6.48), for agonist binding. The preferential binding domains and/or local conformational changes associated with docking of three high affinity A(3)AR ligands were compared: inverse agonist PSB-11 1 ((R)-8-ethyl-4-methyl-2-phenyl-imidazo[2,1-i]purin-5-one); neutral antagonist MRE-3008F20 7 (5-[[(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]carbonyl]amino-8-methyl-2-(2-furyl)pyra-zolo[4,3-e]1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine), and full agonist Cl-IB-MECA 21 (2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine) to define a distinct recognition mode for each. Ribose-containing agonists were more hydrophilic than nonnucleoside antagonists, and H-bonding ability at the ribose 3'- and 5'-positions was required for agonism. From the receptor perspective, common requirements for activation included the destabilization of H-bond networks at W6.48 and H7.43, the specific interactions of the ribose moiety in its putative hydrophilic pocket at T3.36, S7.42, and H7.43, the stabilization of the complex by inward movement of F5.43, and the characteristic rotation of W6.48. By analogy, outward rotation of the W6.48 side-chain upon activation of an internally-crosslinking mutant M(3) muscarinic receptor was indicated by constrained molecular dynamics (MD). Our results are consistent with an anti-clockwise rotation (from the extracellular view) of transmembrane domains 3, 5, 6, and 7, as proposed for other Family A GPCRs. Thus, the putative conformational changes associated with A(3)AR activation indicate a shared mechanism of GPCR activation similar to rhodopsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Kyung Kim
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lak Shin Jeong
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Gao ZG, Duong HT, Sonin T, Kim SK, Van Rompaey P, Van Calenbergh S, Mamedova L, Kim HO, Kim MJ, Kim AY, Liang BT, Jeong LS, Jacobson KA. Orthogonal activation of the reengineered A3 adenosine receptor (neoceptor) using tailored nucleoside agonists. J Med Chem 2006; 49:2689-702. [PMID: 16640329 PMCID: PMC3471142 DOI: 10.1021/jm050968b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An alternative approach to overcome the inherent lack of specificity of conventional agonist therapy can be the reengineering of the GPCRs and their agonists. A reengineered receptor (neoceptor) could be selectively activated by a modified agonist, but not by the endogenous agonist. Assisted by rhodopsin-based molecular modeling, we pinpointed mutations of the A(3) adenosine receptor (AR) for selective affinity enhancement following complementary modifications of adenosine. Ribose modifications examined included, at 3': amino, aminomethyl, azido, guanidino, ureido; and at 5': uronamido, azidodeoxy. N(6)-Variations included 3-iodobenzyl, 5-chloro-2-methyloxybenzyl, and methyl. An N(6)-3-iodobenzyl-3'-ureido adenosine derivative 10 activated phospholipase C in COS-7 cells (EC(50) = 0.18 microM) or phospholipase D in chick primary cardiomyocytes, both mediated by a mutant (H272E), but not the wild-type, A(3)AR. The affinity enhancements for 10 and the corresponding 3'-acetamidomethyl analogue 6 were >100-fold and >20-fold, respectively. 10 concentration-dependently protected cardiomyocytes transfected with the neoceptor against hypoxia. Unlike 10, adenosine activated the wild-type A(3)AR (EC(50) of 1.0 microM), but had no effect on the H272E mutant A(3)AR (100 microM). Compound 10 was inactive at human A(1), A(2A), and A(2B)ARs. The orthogonal pair comprising an engineered receptor and a modified agonist should be useful for elucidating signaling pathways and could be therapeutically applied to diseases following organ-targeted delivery of the neoceptor gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Heng T. Duong
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tatiana Sonin
- Department of Cardiology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-1601
| | - Soo-Kyung Kim
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Philippe Van Rompaey
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FFW), Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FFW), Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liaman Mamedova
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hea Ok Kim
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Myong Jung Kim
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Ae Yil Kim
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Bruce T. Liang
- Department of Cardiology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-1601
| | - Lak Shin Jeong
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Duong HT, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA. Nucleoside modification and concerted mutagenesis of the human A3 adenosine receptor to probe interactions between the 2-position of adenosine analogs and Gln167 in the second extracellular loop. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2006; 24:1507-17. [PMID: 16438031 PMCID: PMC6954878 DOI: 10.1080/15257770500265778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Residues of the second extracellular loop are believed to be important for ligand recognition in adenosine receptors. Molecular modeling studies have suggested that one such residue, Gln167 of the human A3 receptor, is in proximity to the C2 moiety of some adenosine analogs when bound. Here this putative interaction was systematically explored using a neoceptor strategy, i.e., by site-directed mutagenesis and examination of the affinities of nucleosides modified to have complementary functionality. Gln167 was mutated to Ala, Glu, and Arg, while the 2-position of several adenosine analogs was substituted with amine or carboxylic acid groups. All compounds tested lost affinity to the mutant receptors in comparison to the wild type. However, comparing affinities among the mutant receptors, several compounds bearing charge at the 2-position demonstrated preferential affinity for the mutant receptor bearing a residue of complementary charge. 13, with a positively-charged C2 moiety, displayed an 8.5-fold increase in affinity at the Q167E mutant receptor versus the Q167R mutant receptor Preferential affinity for specific mutant receptors was also observed for 8 and 12. The data suggests that a direct contact is made between the C2 substituent of some charged ligands and the mutant receptor bearing the opposite charge at position 167.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng T Duong
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
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Šilhár P, Pohl R, Votruba I, Klepetářová B, Hocek M. Synthesis of 6-Amino-, 6-Methyl- and 6-Aryl-2-(hydroxymethyl)purine Bases and Nucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20060788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An efficient methodology of the synthesis of 6-substituted 2-(hydroxymethyl)purine derivatives (bases and nucleosides) was developed. Regioselective Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of 6-chloro-2-iodopurines with [(benzoyloxy)methyl]zinc iodide gave 2-[(benzoyloxy)-methyl]-6-chloropurines that were converted to 2-(hydroxymethyl)adenines by reactions with ammonia and to 6-methyl- or 6-aryl-2-(hydroxymethyl)purines by cross-coupling reactions with trimethylaluminium or arylboronic acids followed by deprotection. The title 6-substituted 2-(hydroxymethyl)purine bases and nucleosides did not exhibit significant cytostatic or anti-HCV activity.
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Perreira M, Jiang JK, Klutz A, Gao ZG, Shainberg A, Lu C, Thomas CJ, Jacobson KA. "Reversine" and its 2-substituted adenine derivatives as potent and selective A3 adenosine receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2005; 48:4910-8. [PMID: 16033270 PMCID: PMC3474371 DOI: 10.1021/jm050221l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dedifferentiation agent "reversine" [2-(4-morpholinoanilino)-N(6)-cyclohexyladenine 2] was found to be a moderately potent antagonist for the human A(3) adenosine receptor (AR) with a K(i) value of 0.66 microM. This result prompted an exploration of the structure-activity relationship of related derivatives, synthesized via sequential substitution of 6-chloro-2-fluoropurine with selected nucleophiles. Optimization of substituents at these two positions identified 2-(phenylamino)-N(6)-cyclohexyladenine (12), 2-(phenylamino)-N(6)-cycloheptyladenine (19), and 2-phenylamino-N(6)-endo-norbornyladenine (21) as potent A(3) AR ligands with K(i) values of 51, 42, and 37 nM, respectively, with 30-200-fold selectivity in comparison to A(1) and A(2A) ARs. The most selective A(3) AR antagonist (>200-fold) was 2-(phenyloxy)-N(6)-cyclohexyladenine (22). 9-Methylation of 12, but not 19, was well-tolerated in A(3) AR binding. Extension of the 2-phenylamino group to 2-benzyl- and 2-(2-phenylethylamino) reduced affinity. In the series of 2-(phenylamino), 2-(phenyloxy), and 2-(phenylthio) substitutions, the order of affinity at the A(3) AR was oxy > or = amino > thio. Selected derivatives, including reversine (K(B) value of 466 nM via Schild analysis), competitively antagonized the functional effects of a selective A(3) AR agonist, i.e., inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP production in stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. These results are in agreement with other studies suggesting the presence of a lipophilic pocket in the AR binding site that is filled by moderately sized cycloalkyl rings at the N(6) position of both adenine and adenosine derivatives. Thus, the compound series reported herein comprise an important new series of selective A(3) AR antagonists. We were unable to reproduce the dedifferentiation effect of reversine, previously reported, or to demonstrate any connection between A(3) AR antagonist effects and dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Perreira
- Chemical Biology Core Facility, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jian-kang Jiang
- Chemical Biology Core Facility, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Athena Klutz
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Asher Shainberg
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Changrui Lu
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Craig J. Thomas
- Chemical Biology Core Facility, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Chemical Biology Core Facility, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Tchilibon S, Joshi BV, Kim SK, Duong HT, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA. (N)-methanocarba 2,N6-disubstituted adenine nucleosides as highly potent and selective A3 adenosine receptor agonists. J Med Chem 2005; 48:1745-58. [PMID: 15771421 PMCID: PMC3463111 DOI: 10.1021/jm049580r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of ring-constrained (N)-methanocarba-5'-uronamide 2,N(6)-disubstituted adenine nucleosides have been synthesized via Mitsunobu condensation of the nucleobase precursor with a pseudosugar ring containing a 5'-ester functionality. Following appropriate functionalization of the adenine ring, the ester group was converted to the 5'-N-methylamide. The compounds, mainly 2-chloro-substituted derivatives, were tested in both binding and functional assays at human adenosine receptors (ARs), and many were found to be highly potent and selective A(3)AR agonists. Selected compounds were compared in binding to the rat A(3)AR to assess their viability for testing in rat disease models. The N(6)-(3-chlorobenzyl) and N(6)-(3-bromobenzyl) analogues displayed K(i) values at the human A(3)AR of 0.29 and 0.38 nM, respectively. Other subnanomolar affinities were observed for the following N(6) derivatives: 2,5-dichlorobenzyl, 5-iodo-2-methoxybenzyl, trans-2-phenyl-1-cyclopropyl, and 2,2-diphenylethyl. Selectivity for the human A(3)AR in comparison to the A(1)AR was the following (fold): the N(6)-(2,2-diphenylethyl) analogue 34 (1900), the N(6)-(2,5-dimethoxybenzyl) analogue 26 (1200), the N(6)-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl) and N(6)-(2-phenyl-1-cyclopropyl) analogues 20 and 33 (1000), and the N(6)-(3-substituted benzyl) analogues 17, 18, 28, and 29 (700-900). Typically, even greater selectivity ratios were obtained in comparison with the A(2A) and A(2B)ARs. The (N)-methanocarba-5'-uronamide analogues were full agonists at the A(3)AR, as indicated by the inhibition of forskolin-stimluated adenylate cyclase at a concentration of 10 microM. The N(6)-(2,2-diphenylethyl) derivative was an A(3)AR agonist in the (N)-methanocarba-5'-uronamide series, although it was an antagonist in the ribose series. Thus, many of the previously known groups that enhance A(3)AR affinity in the 9-riboside series, including those that reduce intrinsic efficacy, may be adapted to the (N)-methanocarba nucleoside series of full agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Tchilibon
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bhalchandra V. Joshi
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Soo-Kyung Kim
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Heng T. Duong
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Van Rompaey P, Jacobson KA, Gross AS, Gao ZG, Van Calenbergh S. Exploring human adenosine A3 receptor complementarity and activity for adenosine analogues modified in the ribose and purine moiety. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:973-83. [PMID: 15670905 PMCID: PMC3460517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2004] [Revised: 11/18/2004] [Accepted: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we investigated the influence on affinity, selectivity and intrinsic activity upon modification of the adenosine agonist scaffold at the 3'- and 5'-positions of the ribofuranosyl moiety and the 2- and N6-positions of the purine base. This resulted in the synthesis of various analogues, that is, 3-12 and 24-33, with good hA3AR selectivity and moderate-to-high affinities (as in 32, Ki=27 nM). Interesting was the ability to tune the intrinsic activity depending on the substituent introduced at the 3'-position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Van Rompaey
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FFW), Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
| | - Ariel S. Gross
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FFW), Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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Jacobson KA, Ohno M, Duong HT, Kim SK, Tchilibon S, Cesnek M, Holý A, Gao ZG. A neoceptor approach to unraveling microscopic interactions between the human A2A adenosine receptor and its agonists. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2005; 12:237-47. [PMID: 15734651 PMCID: PMC3122079 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Revised: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 12/14/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Strategically mutated neoceptors, e.g., with anionic residues in TMs 3 and 7 intended for pairing with positively charged amine-modified nucleosides, were derived from the antiinflammatory A(2A) adenosine receptor (AR). Adenosine derivatives functionalized at the 5', 2, and N(6) positions were synthesized. The T88D mutation selectively enhanced the binding of the chain-length-optimized 5'-(2-aminoethyl)uronamide but not 5'-(2-hydroxyethyl)uronamide, suggesting a critical role of the positively charged amine. Combination of this modification with the N(6)-(2-methylbenzyl) group enhanced affinity at the Q89D- and N181D- but not the T88D-A(2A)AR. Amino groups placed near the 2- or N(6)-position only slightly affected the binding to mutant receptors. The 5'-hydrazide MRS3412 was 670- and 161-fold enhanced, in binding and functionally, respectively, at the Q89D-A(2A)AR compared to the wild-type. Thus, we identified and modeled pairs of A(2A)AR-derived neoceptor-neoligand, which are pharmacologically orthogonal with respect to the native species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Abstract
An integrated approach to the study of drug-receptor interactions has been applied to adenosine receptors (ARs) and P2Y nucleotide receptors. This approach includes probing the receptor structure through site-directed mutagenesis and molecular modeling, in concert with altering the structure of the agonist ligands. Goals of this structural approach are to generate a testable hypothesis for location of the binding site and subsequently to enable the rational design of new agonists and antagonists. In this manner, receptor subtype selectivity has been increased, and agonists have been converted into partial agonists and antagonists. An approach to receptor engineering (neoceptors) has been explored, in which synthetic small molecule agonists (neoligands) are specifically tailored to activate only receptors in which the putative binding sites have been modified. This orthogonal approach to receptor activation, intended for eventual gene therapy, has been demonstrated for A3 and A2A ARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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38
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Gao ZG, Mamedova LK, Chen P, Jacobson KA. 2-Substituted adenosine derivatives: affinity and efficacy at four subtypes of human adenosine receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68:1985-93. [PMID: 15476669 PMCID: PMC3408601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 06/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The affinity and efficacy at four subtypes (A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3)) of human adenosine receptors (ARs) of a wide range of 2-substituted adenosine derivatives were evaluated using radioligand binding assays and a cyclic AMP functional assay in intact CHO cells stably expressing these receptors. Similar to previous studies of the N(6)-position, several 2-substituents were found to be critical structural determinants for the A(3)AR activation. The following adenosine 2-ethers were moderately potent partial agonists (K(i), nM): benzyl (117), 3-chlorobenzyl (72), 2-(3-chlorophenyl)ethyl (41), and 2-(2-naphthyl)ethyl (130). The following adenosine 2-ethers were A(3)AR antagonists: 2,2-diphenylethyl, 2-(2-norbornan)ethyl, R- and S-2-phenylbutyl, and 2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethyl. 2-(S-2-Phenylbutyloxy)adenosine as an A(3)AR antagonist right-shifted the concentration-response curve for the inhibition by NECA of cyclic AMP accumulation with a K(B) value of 212 nM, which is similar to its binding affinity (K(i) = 175 nM). These 2-substituted adenosine derivatives were generally less potent at the A(1)AR in comparison to the A(3)AR, but fully efficacious, with binding K(i) values over 100 nM. The 2-phenylethyl moiety resulted in higher A(3)AR affinity (K(i) in nM) when linked to the 2-position of adenosine through an ether group (54), than when linked through an amine (310) or thioether (1960). 2-[2-(l-Naphthyl)ethyloxy]adenosine (K(i) = 3.8 nM) was found to be the most potent and selective (>50-fold) A(2A) agonist in this series. Mixed A(2A)/A(3)AR agonists have been identified. Interestingly, although most of these compounds were extremely weak at the A(2B)AR, 2-[2-(2-naphthyl)ethyloxy]adenosine (EC(50) = 1.4 microM) and 2-[2-(2-thienyl)-ethyloxy]adenosine (EC(50) = 1.8 microM) were found to be relatively potent A(2B) agonists, although less potent than NECA (EC(50) = 140 nM).
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine/analogs & derivatives
- Adenosine/chemistry
- Adenosine/pharmacology
- Animals
- CHO Cells
- Cricetinae
- Female
- Humans
- Receptor, Adenosine A1/drug effects
- Receptor, Adenosine A1/metabolism
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/drug effects
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/metabolism
- Receptor, Adenosine A2B/drug effects
- Receptor, Adenosine A2B/metabolism
- Receptor, Adenosine A3/drug effects
- Receptor, Adenosine A3/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/drug effects
- Receptors, Purinergic P1/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Liaman K. Mamedova
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peiran Chen
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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