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Cavallaro PA, De Santo M, Marinaro R, Belsito EL, Liguori A, Leggio A. Efficient Solution-Phase Dipeptide Synthesis Using Titanium Tetrachloride and Microwave Heating. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9729. [PMID: 39273676 PMCID: PMC11395851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Microwaves have been successfully employed in the Lewis acid titanium tetrachloride-assisted synthesis of peptide systems. Dipeptide systems with their amino function differently protected with urethane protecting groups have been synthesized in short periods of time and with high yields. The formation of the peptide bond between the two reacting amino acids was achieved in pyridine by using titanium tetrachloride as a condensing agent and heating the reaction mixture with a microwave reactor. The reaction conditions are compatible with amino acids featuring various side chains and different protecting groups on both the amino function and side chains. Additionally, the substrates retain their chiral integrity after reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palmira Alessia Cavallaro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Marzia De Santo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Rocco Marinaro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Emilia Lucia Belsito
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Angelo Liguori
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Antonella Leggio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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2
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Tian GL, Hsieh CJ, Taylor M, Lee JY, Riad AA, Luedtke RR, Mach RH. Synthesis of bitopic ligands based on fallypride and evaluation of their affinity and selectivity towards dopamine D 2 and D 3 receptors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115751. [PMID: 37688938 PMCID: PMC10841072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The difference in the secondary binding site (SBS) between the dopamine 2 receptor (D2R) and dopamine 3 receptor (D3R) has been used in the design of compounds displaying selectivity for the D3R versus D2R. In the current study, a series of bitopic ligands based on Fallypride were prepared with various secondary binding fragments (SBFs) as a means of improving the selectivity of this benzamide analog for D3R versus D2R. We observed that compounds having a small alkyl group with a heteroatom led to an improvement in D3R versus D2R selectivity. Increasing the steric bulk in the SBF increase the distance between the pyrrolidine N and Asp110, thereby reducing D3R affinity. The best-in-series compound was (2S,4R)-trans-27 which had a modest selectivity for D3R versus D2R and a high potency in the β-arrestin competition assay which provides a measure of the ability of the compound to compete with endogenous dopamine for binding to the D3R. The results of this study identified factors one should consider when designing bitopic ligands based on Fallypride displaying an improved affinity for D3R versus D2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Long Tian
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Chia-Ju Hsieh
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michelle Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center-Fort Worth, Texas, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Ji Youn Lee
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Aladdin A Riad
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Robert R Luedtke
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center-Fort Worth, Texas, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Robert H Mach
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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3
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Zhang F, Chen F, Zhong M, Shen R, Zhao Z, Wei H, Zhang B, Fang J. Imaging of Carbonic Anhydrase Level in Epilepsy with an Environment-Sensitive Fluorescent Probe. Anal Chem 2023; 95:14833-14841. [PMID: 37747928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) participate in various physiological and pathological activities by catalyzing the interconversion between carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ions. Under normal circumstances, they guarantee that the relevant biological reactions in our body occur within an appropriate time scale. Abnormal expression or activity alteration of CAs is closely related to the pathogenesis of diverse diseases. This work reports an inhibitor-directed fluorescent probe FMRs-CA for the detection of CAs. Excellent selectivity, favorable biocompatibility, and desirable blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration endow the probe with the ability to image the fluctuation of CAs in cells and mice. We achieved in situ visualization of the increased CAs in hypoxic cells with this probe. Additionally, probe FMRs-CA was mainly enriched within the liver and gradually metabolized by the liver. With the help of FMRs-CA, the increase of CAs in epileptic mouse brains was revealed first from the perspective of imaging, providing the mechanism connection between abnormal CA expressions and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Miao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ruipeng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhengjia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Haopai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Baoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
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4
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Karaytuğ MO, Balcı N, Türkan F, Gürbüz M, Demirkol ME, Namlı Z, Tamam L, Gülçin İ. Piperazine derivatives with potent drug moiety as efficient acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and glutathione S-transferase inhibitors. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23259. [PMID: 36419212 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cholinesterases catalyze the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), a naturally occurring neurotransmitter, into choline and acetic acid, allowing the nervous system to function properly. In the human body, cholinesterases come in two types, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE; E.C.3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE; E.C.3.1.1.8). Both cholinergic enzyme inhibitors are essential in the biochemical processes of the human body, notably in the brain. On the other hand, GSTs are found all across nature and are the principal Phase II detoxifying enzymes in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Specific isozymes are identified as therapeutic targets because they are overexpressed in various malignancies and may have a role in the genesis of other diseases such as neurological disorders, multiple sclerosis, asthma, and especially cancer cell. Piperazine chemicals have a role in many biological processes and have fascinating pharmacological properties. As a result, therapeutically effective piperazine research is becoming more prominent. Half maximal inhibition concentrations (IC50 ) of piperazine derivatives were found in ranging of 4.59-6.48 µM for AChE, 4.85-8.35 µM for BChE, and 3.94-8.66 µM for GST. Also, piperazine derivatives exhibited Ki values of 8.04 ± 5.73-61.94 ± 54.56, 0.24 ± 0.03-32.14 ± 16.20, and 7.73 ± 1.13-22.97 ± 9.10 µM toward AChE, BChE, and GST, respectively. Consequently, the inhibitory properties of the AChE/BChE and GST enzymes have been compared to Tacrine (for AChE and BChE) and Etacrynic acid (for GST).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Onur Karaytuğ
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Balcı
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fikret Türkan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Iğdır University, Iğdır, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Gürbüz
- St. Elisabeth KrankenhausKlinik Fur Psychiatrie Und, Psychotherapie, Hattingen, Germany
| | - Mehmet Emin Demirkol
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Namlı
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Lut Tamam
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - İlhami Gülçin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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5
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Juza R, Musilek K, Mezeiova E, Soukup O, Korabecny J. Recent advances in dopamine D 2 receptor ligands in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:55-211. [PMID: 36111795 DOI: 10.1002/med.21923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is a biologically active amine synthesized in the central and peripheral nervous system. This biogenic monoamine acts by activating five types of dopamine receptors (D1-5 Rs), which belong to the G protein-coupled receptor family. Antagonists and partial agonists of D2 Rs are used to treat schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, depression, and anxiety. The typical pharmacophore with high D2 R affinity comprises four main areas, namely aromatic moiety, cyclic amine, central linker and aromatic/heteroaromatic lipophilic fragment. From the literature reviewed herein, we can conclude that 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl), 4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-, 4-(benzo[b]thiophen-4-yl)-1-substituted piperazine, and 4-(6-fluorobenzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)piperidine moieties are critical for high D2 R affinity. Four to six atoms chains are optimal for D2 R affinity with 4-butoxyl as the most pronounced one. The bicyclic aromatic/heteroaromatic systems are most frequently occurring as lipophilic appendages to retain high D2 R affinity. In this review, we provide a thorough overview of the therapeutic potential of D2 R modulators in the treatment of the aforementioned disorders. In addition, this review summarizes current knowledge about these diseases, with a focus on the dopaminergic pathway underlying these pathologies. Major attention is paid to the structure, function, and pharmacology of novel D2 R ligands, which have been developed in the last decade (2010-2021), and belong to the 1,4-disubstituted aromatic cyclic amine group. Due to the abundance of data, allosteric D2 R ligands and D2 R modulators from patents are not discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radomir Juza
- Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Mezeiova
- Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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6
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Xu J. Dopamine D3 Receptor in Parkinson Disease: A Prognosis Biomarker and an Intervention Target. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023; 60:89-107. [PMID: 35711029 PMCID: PMC10034716 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) dementia, pathologically featured as nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) neuronal loss with motor and non-motor manifestations, leads to substantial disability and economic burden. DA therapy targets the DA D3 receptor (D3R) with high affinity and selectivity. The pathological involvement of D3R is evidenced as an effective biomarker for disease progression and DA agnostic interventions, with compensations of increased DA, decreased aggregates of α-synuclein (α-Syn), enhanced secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF), attenuation of neuroinflammation and oxidative damage, and promoting neurogenesis in the brain. D3R also interacts with D1R to reduce PD-associated motor symptoms and alleviate the side effects of levodopa (L-DOPA) treatment. We recently found that DA D2 receptor (D2R) density decreases in the late-stage PDs, while high D3R or DA D1 receptor (D1R) + D3R densities in the postmortem PD brains correlate with survival advantages. These new essential findings warrant renewed investigations into the understanding of D3R neuron populations and their cross-sectional and longitudinal regulations in PD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbin Xu
- Division of Radiological Sciences, Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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7
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Kim HY, Lee JY, Hsieh CJ, Taylor M, Luedtke RR, Mach RH. Design and Synthesis of Conformationally Flexible Scaffold as Bitopic Ligands for Potent D 3-Selective Antagonists. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:432. [PMID: 36613875 PMCID: PMC9820167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have confirmed that the binding of D3 receptor antagonists is competitively inhibited by endogenous dopamine despite excellent binding affinity for D3 receptors. This result urges the development of an alternative scaffold that is capable of competing with dopamine for binding to the D3 receptor. Herein, an SAR study was conducted on metoclopramide that incorporated a flexible scaffold for interaction with the secondary binding site of the D3 receptor. The alteration of benzamide substituents and secondary binding fragments with aryl carboxamides resulted in excellent D3 receptor affinities (Ki = 0.8-13.2 nM) with subtype selectivity to the D2 receptor ranging from 22- to 180-fold. The β-arrestin recruitment assay revealed that 21c with 4-(pyridine-4-yl)benzamide can compete well against dopamine with the highest potency (IC50 = 1.3 nM). Computational studies demonstrated that the high potency of 21c and its analogs was the result of interactions with the secondary binding site of the D3 receptor. These compounds also displayed minimal effects for other GPCRs except moderate affinity for 5-HT3 receptors and TSPO. The results of this study revealed that a new class of selective D3 receptor antagonists should be useful in behavioral pharmacology studies and as lead compounds for PET radiotracer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Young Kim
- Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 1012, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ji Youn Lee
- Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 1012, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chia-Ju Hsieh
- Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 1012, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michelle Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Robert R. Luedtke
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Robert H. Mach
- Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 1012, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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8
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Çalışkan E, Biryan F, Koran K, Akman F, Görgülü AO, Çetin A. Synthesis of Cinnamoyl‐Amino Acid Ester Derivatives and Structure‐Activity Relationship Based on Thermal Stability, Dielectric, and Theoretical Analysis. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eray Çalışkan
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Arts and Sciences Bingol University Bingol 12000 Turkey
| | - Fatih Biryan
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Firat University Elazig 23119 Turkey
| | - Kenan Koran
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Firat University Elazig 23119 Turkey
| | - Feride Akman
- Vocational School of Food Agriculture and Livestock Bingöl University Bingol 12000 Turkey
| | - Ahmet Orhan Görgülü
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Arts and Sciences Marmara University Istanbul 34722 Turkey
| | - Ahmet Çetin
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Arts and Sciences Bingol University Bingol 12000 Turkey
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9
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Vaezi M. Structure and inhibition mechanism of some synthetic compounds and phenolic derivatives as tyrosinase inhibitors: review and new insight. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-13. [PMID: 35510568 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2069157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Safety concerns are the primary consideration to identify and detection of enzyme inhibitors. In this regard, safe and potent tyrosinase inhibitors play important role in enhancing nutritional quality, health promotion and also prevent further damages. The present review focuses on the recent and efficient tyrosinase inhibitors discovered from both synthetic sources and synthesized phenolic compounds, including flavonoid, carvacrol, thymol, cinnamic acid and resorcinol derivatives. The inhibitory activity of these compounds was analyzed according to chemical structure, IC50, Ki and their binding energy. Further, inhibition mechanism and the biological effects of some these inhibitors with potential application in food, agricultural, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries were briefly discussed. Molecular docking procedure was performed on some derivatives and demonstrated favorable binding affinity with amino acid residues of mushroom tyrosinase (PDB ID: 2Y9X). The information offered showed that the substitution pattern of hydroxyl groups at the phenyl ring is an important factor of tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The results confirmed that understanding structural modification of inhibitors is a key role in finding novel and efficacious tyrosinase inhibitors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Vaezi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
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10
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QSAR-Based Computational Approaches to Accelerate the Discovery of Sigma-2 Receptor (S2R) Ligands as Therapeutic Drugs. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175270. [PMID: 34500703 PMCID: PMC8434483 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
S2R overexpression is associated with various forms of cancer as well as both neuropsychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia) and neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s disease: AD). In the present study, three ligand-based methods (QSAR modeling, pharmacophore mapping, and shape-based screening) were implemented to select putative S2R ligands from the DrugBank library comprising 2000+ entries. Four separate optimization algorithms (i.e., stepwise regression, Lasso, genetic algorithm (GA), and a customized extension of GA called GreedGene) were adapted to select descriptors for the QSAR models. The subsequent biological evaluation of selected compounds revealed that three FDA-approved drugs for unrelated therapeutic indications exhibited sub-1 uM binding affinity for S2R. In particular, the antidepressant drug nefazodone elicited a S2R binding affinity Ki = 140 nM. A total of 159 unique S2R ligands were retrieved from 16 publications for model building, validation, and testing. To our best knowledge, the present report represents the first case to develop comprehensive QSAR models sourced by pooling and curating a large assemblage of structurally diverse S2R ligands, which should prove useful for identifying new drug leads and predicting their S2R binding affinity prior to the resource-demanding tasks of chemical synthesis and biological evaluation.
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11
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Current development of sigma-2 receptor radioligands as potential tumor imaging agents. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105163. [PMID: 34289426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sigma receptors are transmembrane proteins with two different subtypes: σ1 and σ2. Because of its overexpression in tumors, the σ2 receptor (σ2R) is a well-known biomarker for cancer cells. A large number of small-molecule ligands for the σ2Rs have been identified and tested for imaging the proliferative status of tumors using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). These small molecules include derivatives of bicyclic amines, indoles, cyclohexylpiperazines and tetrahydroisoquinolines. This review discusses various aspects of small molecule ligands, such as chemical composition, labeling strategy, affinity for σ2Rs, and in vitro/in vivo investigations. The recent studies described here could be useful for the development of σ2R radioligands as potential tumor imaging agents.
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12
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Lee B, Taylor M, Griffin SA, McInnis T, Sumien N, Mach RH, Luedtke RR. Evaluation of Substituted N-Phenylpiperazine Analogs as D3 vs. D2 Dopamine Receptor Subtype Selective Ligands. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113182. [PMID: 34073405 PMCID: PMC8198181 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
N-phenylpiperazine analogs can bind selectively to the D3 versus the D2 dopamine receptor subtype despite the fact that these two D2-like dopamine receptor subtypes exhibit substantial amino acid sequence homology. The binding for a number of these receptor subtype selective compounds was found to be consistent with their ability to bind at the D3 dopamine receptor subtype in a bitopic manner. In this study, a series of the 3-thiophenephenyl and 4-thiazolylphenyl fluoride substituted N-phenylpiperazine analogs were evaluated. Compound 6a was found to bind at the human D3 receptor with nanomolar affinity with substantial D3 vs. D2 binding selectivity (approximately 500-fold). Compound 6a was also tested for activity in two in-vivo assays: (1) a hallucinogenic-dependent head twitch response inhibition assay using DBA/2J mice and (2) an L-dopa-dependent abnormal involuntary movement (AIM) inhibition assay using unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned (hemiparkinsonian) rats. Compound 6a was found to be active in both assays. This compound could lead to a better understanding of how a bitopic D3 dopamine receptor selective ligand might lead to the development of pharmacotherapeutics for the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boeun Lee
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (B.L.); (R.H.M.)
| | - Michelle Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center-Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (M.T.); (S.A.G.); (T.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Suzy A. Griffin
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center-Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (M.T.); (S.A.G.); (T.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Tamara McInnis
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center-Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (M.T.); (S.A.G.); (T.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Nathalie Sumien
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center-Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (M.T.); (S.A.G.); (T.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Robert H. Mach
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (B.L.); (R.H.M.)
| | - Robert R. Luedtke
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center-Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (M.T.); (S.A.G.); (T.M.); (N.S.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Hayatshahi HS, Luedtke RR, Taylor M, Chen PJ, Blass BE, Liu J. Factors Governing Selectivity of Dopamine Receptor Binding Compounds for D2R and D3R Subtypes. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:2829-2843. [PMID: 33988991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the D3 dopamine receptor (D3R) is a promising pharmacotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of many disorders. The structure of the D3R is similar to the D2 dopamine receptor (D2R), especially in the transmembrane spanning regions that form the orthosteric binding site, making it difficult to identify D3R selective pharmacotherapeutic agents. Here, we examine the molecular basis for the high affinity D3R binding and D3R vs D2R binding selectivity of substituted phenylpiperazine thiopheneamides. We show that removing the thiophenearylamide portion of the ligand consistently decreases the affinity of these ligands at D3R, while not affecting their affinity at the D2R. Our long (>10 μs) molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that both dopamine receptor subtypes adopt two major conformations that we refer to as closed or open conformations, with D3R sampling the open conformation more frequently than D2R. The binding of ligands with conjoined orthosteric-allosteric binding moieties causes the closed conformation to populate more often in the trajectories. Also, significant differences were observed in the extracellular loops (ECL) of these two receptor subtypes leading to the identification of several residues that contribute differently to the ligand binding for the two receptors that could potentially contribute to ligand binding selectivity. Our observations also suggest that the displacement of ordered water in the binding pocket of D3R contributes to the affinity of the compounds containing an allosteric binding motif. These studies provide a better understanding of how a bitopic mode of engagement can determine ligands that bind selectively to D2 and D3 dopamine receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed S Hayatshahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Robert R Luedtke
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Michelle Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Peng-Jen Chen
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Benjamin E Blass
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
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14
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Agouram N, El Hadrami EM, Bentama A. 1,2,3-Triazoles as Biomimetics in Peptide Science. Molecules 2021; 26:2937. [PMID: 34069302 PMCID: PMC8156386 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural peptides are an important class of chemical mediators, essential for most vital processes. What limits the potential of the use of peptides as drugs is their low bioavailability and enzymatic degradation in vivo. To overcome this limitation, the development of new molecules mimicking peptides is of great importance for the development of new biologically active molecules. Therefore, replacing the amide bond in a peptide with a heterocyclic bioisostere, such as the 1,2,3-triazole ring, can be considered an effective solution for the synthesis of biologically relevant peptidomimetics. These 1,2,3-triazoles may have an interesting biological activity, because they behave as rigid link units, which can mimic the electronic properties of amide bonds and show bioisosteric effects. Additionally, triazole can be used as a linker moiety to link peptides to other functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naima Agouram
- Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Immouzer Road, Fez 30050, Morocco; (E.M.E.H.); (A.B.)
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15
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Synthesis and Chemiluminescent Properties of Amino-Acylated luminol Derivatives Bearing Phosphonium Cations. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213957. [PMID: 31683732 PMCID: PMC6865176 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The monitoring of reactive oxygen species in living cells provides valuable information on cell function and performance. Lately, the development of chemiluminescence-based reactive oxygen species monitoring has gained increased attention due to the advantages posed by chemiluminescence, including its rapid measurement and high sensitivity. In this respect, specific organelle-targeting trackers with strong chemiluminescence performance are of high importance. We herein report the synthesis and chemiluminescence properties of eight novel phosphonium-functionalized amino-acylated luminol and isoluminol derivatives, designed as mitochondriotropic chemiluminescence reactive oxygen species trackers. Three different phosphonium cationic moieties were employed (phenyl, p-tolyl, and cyclohexyl), as well as two alkanoyl chains (hexanoyl and undecanoyl) as bridges/linkers. Synthesis is accomplished via the acylation of the corresponding phthalimides, as phthalhydrazide precursors, followed by hydrazinolysis. This method was chosen because the direct acylation of (iso)luminol was discouraging. The new derivatives' chemiluminescence was evaluated and compared with that of the parent molecules. A relatively poor chemiluminescence performance was observed for all derivatives, with the isoluminol-based ones being the poorest. This result is mainly attributed to the low yield of the fluorescence species formation during the chemiluminescence oxidation reaction.
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16
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Reilly SW, Riad AA, Hsieh CJ, Sahlholm K, Jacome DA, Griffin S, Taylor M, Weng CC, Xu K, Kirschner N, Luedtke RR, Parry C, Malhotra S, Karanicolas J, Mach RH. Leveraging a Low-Affinity Diazaspiro Orthosteric Fragment to Reduce Dopamine D 3 Receptor (D 3R) Ligand Promiscuity across Highly Conserved Aminergic G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs). J Med Chem 2019; 62:5132-5147. [PMID: 31021617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported a 3-(2-methoxyphenyl)-9-(3-((4-methyl-5-phenyl-4 H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio)propyl)-3,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane (1) compound with excellent dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) affinity (D3R Ki = 12.0 nM) and selectivity (D2R/D3R ratio = 905). Herein, we present derivatives of 1 with comparable D3R affinity (32, D3R Ki = 3.2 nM, D2R/D3R ratio = 60) and selectivity (30, D3R Ki = 21.0 nM, D2R/D3R ratio = 934). Fragmentation of 1 revealed orthosteric fragment 5a to express an unusually low D3R affinity ( Ki = 2.7 μM). Compared to piperazine congener 31, which retains a high-affinity orthosteric fragment (5d, D3R Ki = 23.9 nM), 1 was found to be more selective for the D3R among D1- and D2-like receptors and exhibited negligible off-target interactions at serotoninergic and adrenergic G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), common off-target sites for piperazine-containing D3R scaffolds. This study provides a unique rationale for implementing weakly potent orthosteric fragments into D3R ligand systems to minimize drug promiscuity at other aminergic GPCR sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W Reilly
- Department of Radiology , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Aladdin A Riad
- Department of Radiology , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Chia-Ju Hsieh
- Department of Radiology , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Kristoffer Sahlholm
- Department of Radiology , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Daniel A Jacome
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics , University of Pennsylvania , 421 Curie Boulevard , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Suzy Griffin
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience , University of North Texas Health Science Center , 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard , Fort Worth , Texas 76107 , United States
| | - Michelle Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience , University of North Texas Health Science Center , 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard , Fort Worth , Texas 76107 , United States
| | - Chi-Chang Weng
- Department of Radiology , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Kuiying Xu
- Department of Radiology , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Nathan Kirschner
- Department of Radiology , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Robert R Luedtke
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience , University of North Texas Health Science Center , 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard , Fort Worth , Texas 76107 , United States
| | - Christopher Parry
- Program in Molecular Therapeutics , Fox Chase Cancer Center , 333 Cottman Avenue , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19111 , United States
| | - Shipra Malhotra
- Program in Molecular Therapeutics , Fox Chase Cancer Center , 333 Cottman Avenue , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19111 , United States
| | - John Karanicolas
- Program in Molecular Therapeutics , Fox Chase Cancer Center , 333 Cottman Avenue , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19111 , United States
| | - Robert H Mach
- Department of Radiology , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
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Hayatshahi HS, Xu K, Griffin SA, Taylor M, Mach RH, Liu J, Luedtke RR. Analogues of Arylamide Phenylpiperazine Ligands To Investigate the Factors Influencing D3 Dopamine Receptor Bitropic Binding and Receptor Subtype Selectivity. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:2972-2983. [PMID: 30010318 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported on the ability of arylamide phenylpiperazines to bind selectively to the D3 versus the D2 dopamine receptor subtype. For these studies, we used LS-3-134 as the prototypic arylamide phenylpiperazine ligand because it binds with high affinity at D3 dopamine receptor (0.17 nM) and exhibits >150-fold D3 vs D2 receptor binding selectivity. Our goal was to investigate how the composition and size of the nonaromatic ring structure at the piperazine position of substituted phenylpiperazine analogues might influence binding affinity at the human D2 and D3 dopamine receptors. Two factors were identified as being important for determining the binding affinity of bitropic arylamide phenylpiperazines at the dopamine D3 receptor subtype. One factor was the strength of the salt bridge between the highly conserved residue Asp3.32 with the protonated nitrogen of the nonaromatic ring at the piperazine position. The second factor was the configuration of the unbound ligand in an aqueous solution. These two factors were found to be related to the logarithm of the affinities using a simple correlation model, which could be useful when designing high affinity subtype selective bitropic ligands. While this model is based upon the interaction of arylamide phenylpiperazines with the D2 and D3 D2-like dopamine receptor subtypes, it provides insights into the complexity of the factors that define a bitropic mode of the binding at GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed S. Hayatshahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Kuiying Xu
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Suzy A. Griffin
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Michelle Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Robert H. Mach
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Robert R. Luedtke
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
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18
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Omran A, Eslamimehr S, Crider AM, Neumann WL. Synthesis of 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine dopamine D 3 receptor ligands with extended functionality for probing the secondary binding pocket. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1897-1902. [PMID: 29631959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A series of 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine analogues which incorporate N-alkyl groups and N-butylamide-linked benzamide functionality have been synthesized and their in vitro binding affinities at human dopamine receptors have been evaluated. Our ligand design strategy was to take the 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine scaffold and extend functionality from the orthosteric binding site to the secondary binding pocket for enhancing affinity and selectivity for the D3 receptor. The N-alkyl analogues constitute a homologous series from N-pentyl to N-decyl to probe the length/bulk tolerance of the secondary binding pocket of the D3 receptor. Enantiomeric 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine analogues were also prepared in order to test the chirality preference of the orthosteric binding site for this scaffold. Benzamide analogues were prepared to enhance affinity and/or selectivity based upon the results of the homologous series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahid Omran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, 220 University Park Drive, Edwardsville, IL 62026, USA
| | - Shakiba Eslamimehr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, 220 University Park Drive, Edwardsville, IL 62026, USA
| | - A Michael Crider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, 220 University Park Drive, Edwardsville, IL 62026, USA
| | - William L Neumann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, 220 University Park Drive, Edwardsville, IL 62026, USA.
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19
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Reilly SW, Griffin S, Taylor M, Sahlholm K, Weng CC, Xu K, Jacome DA, Luedtke RR, Mach RH. Highly Selective Dopamine D 3 Receptor Antagonists with Arylated Diazaspiro Alkane Cores. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9905-9910. [PMID: 29125762 PMCID: PMC5767125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of potent and selective D3 receptor (D3R) analogues with diazaspiro alkane cores were synthesized. Radioligand binding of compounds 11, 14, 15a, and 15c revealed favorable D3R affinity (Ki = 12-25.6 nM) and were highly selective for D3R vs D3R (ranging from 264- to 905-fold). Variation of these novel ligand architectures can be achieved using our previously reported 10-20 min benchtop C-N cross-coupling methodology, affording a broad range of arylated diazaspiro precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W. Reilly
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Suzy Griffin
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, the Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Michelle Taylor
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, the Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Kristoffer Sahlholm
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Chi-Chang Weng
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Kuiying Xu
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Daniel A. Jacome
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert R. Luedtke
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, the Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Robert H. Mach
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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20
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Pastuch-Gawolek G, Chaubey B, Szewczyk B, Krol E. Novel thioglycosyl analogs of glycosyltransferase substrates as antiviral compounds against classical swine fever virus and hepatitis C virus. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 137:247-262. [PMID: 28601004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) are important pathogens for which new therapeutic approaches are in high demand. Herein, we report the synthesis of newly designed thioglycosyl analogs of glycosyltransferase substrates which were evaluated using cell-based assays for cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against both viruses. The antiviral activity of synthesized compounds against CSFV and HCV was confirmed using pseudo-plaque reduction assays where a significant arrest of viral growth was observed in the presence of selected compounds. We showed that compounds 13 and 14 exerted the most significant inhibitory effect on in vitro CSFV and HCV infections in the series. Glycoconjugates 13 and 14 not only inhibited both viral propagation with IC50 values in low micromolar range, but efficiently suppressed the production of viral proteins in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, studies using in vitro HCV infection and replication models have shown that both compounds are able to significantly reduce viral genomic replication. We demonstrated that compounds 13 and 14 showed a strong inhibition, up to 90% of replication which inscribe them in the promising alternative approach for the development of new anti-CSFV and anti-HCV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Pastuch-Gawolek
- Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Binay Chaubey
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; Functional Genomics Lab., Centre for Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, 700019 Kolkata, India
| | - Boguslaw Szewczyk
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewelina Krol
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland.
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21
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Reilly SW, Mach RH. Pd-Catalyzed Synthesis of Piperazine Scaffolds Under Aerobic and Solvent-Free Conditions. Org Lett 2016; 18:5272-5275. [PMID: 27736075 PMCID: PMC5984194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A facile Pd-catalyzed methodology providing an efficient synthetic route to biologically relevant arylpiperazines under aerobic conditions is reported. Electron donating and sterically hindered aryl chlorides were aminated to afford yields up to 97%, with examples using piperazine as solvent, illustrating an ecofriendly, cost-effective synthesis of these privileged structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W Reilly
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Robert H Mach
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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22
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Maramai S, Gemma S, Brogi S, Campiani G, Butini S, Stark H, Brindisi M. Dopamine D3 Receptor Antagonists as Potential Therapeutics for the Treatment of Neurological Diseases. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:451. [PMID: 27761108 PMCID: PMC5050208 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
D3 receptors represent a major focus of current drug design and development of therapeutics for dopamine-related pathological states. Their close homology with the D2 receptor subtype makes the development of D3 selective antagonists a challenging task. In this review, we explore the relevance and therapeutic utility of D3 antagonists or partial agonists endowed with multireceptor affinity profile in the field of central nervous system disorders such as schizophrenia and drug abuse. In fact, the peculiar distribution and low brain abundance of D3 receptors make them a valuable target for the development of drugs devoid of motor side effects classically elicited by D2 antagonists. Recent research efforts were devoted to the conception of chemical templates possibly endowed with a multi-target profile, especially with regards to other G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). A comprehensive overview of the recent literature in the field is herein provided. In particular, the evolution of the chemical templates has been tracked, according to the growing advancements in both the structural information and the refinement of the key pharmacophoric elements. The receptor/multireceptor affinity and functional profiles for the examined compounds have been covered, together with their most significant pharmacological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Maramai
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development and Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development and Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Simone Brogi
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development and Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development and Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development and Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Holger Stark
- Institut fuer Pharmazeutische and Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development and Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena Siena, Italy
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Cortés A, Moreno E, Rodríguez-Ruiz M, Canela EI, Casadó V. Targeting the dopamine D3 receptor: an overview of drug design strategies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:641-64. [PMID: 27135354 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1185413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dopamine is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in both the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS). Its physiological effects are mediated by five closely related G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are divided into two major subclasses: the D1-like (D1, D5) and the D2-like (D2, D3, D4) receptors. D3 receptors (D3Rs) have the highest density in the limbic areas of the brain, which are associated with cognitive and emotional functions. These receptors are therefore attractive targets for therapeutic management. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the functional and pharmacological characteristics of D3Rs, including the design and clinical relevance of full agonists, partial agonists and antagonists, as well as the capacity of these receptors to form active homodimers, heterodimers or higher order receptor complexes as pharmacological targets in several neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. EXPERT OPINION The high sequence homology between D3R and the D2-type challenges the development of D3R-selective compounds. The design of new D3R-preferential ligands with improved physicochemical properties should provide a better pharmacokinetic/bioavailability profile and lesser toxicity than is found with existing D3R ligands. It is also essential to optimize D3R affinity and, especially, D3R vs. D2-type binding and functional selectivity ratios. Developing allosteric and bitopic ligands should help to improve the D3R selectivity of these drugs. As most evidence points to the ability of GPCRs to form homomers and heteromers, the most promising therapeutic strategy in the future is likely to involve the application of heteromer-selective drugs. These selective ligands would display different affinities for a given receptor depending on the receptor partners within the heteromer. Therefore, designing novel compounds that specifically target and modulate D1R-D3R heteromers would be an interesting approach for the treatment of levodopa (L-DOPA)-induced dyskinesias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Cortés
- a Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Spain.,b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB) , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Estefanía Moreno
- a Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Spain.,b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB) , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Mar Rodríguez-Ruiz
- a Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Spain.,b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB) , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Enric I Canela
- a Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Spain.,b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB) , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Vicent Casadó
- a Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Spain.,b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB) , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
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Abstract
Two different strategies have been developed for imaging the proliferative status of solid tumors with the functional imaging technique, Positron Emission Tomography (PET). The first strategy uses carbon-11 labeled thymidine and/or, more recently, fluorine-18 labeled thymidine analogs. These agents are a substrate for the enzyme thymidine kinase-1 (TK-1) and provide a pulse label of the number of cells in S phase. The second method for imaging the proliferative status of a tumor uses radiolabeled ligands that bind to the sigma-2 receptor which has a 10-fold higher density in proliferating (P) tumor cells versus quiescent (Q) tumor cells. This article compares and contrasts the two different strategies for imaging the proliferative status of solid tumors, and describes the strengths and weaknesses of each approach.
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25
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Synthesis and evaluation of fluoro substituted pyridinylcarboxamides and their phenylazo analogues for potential dopamine D3 receptor PET imaging. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 24:5399-403. [PMID: 25453796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of fluoro substituted pyridinylcarboxamides and their phenylazo analogues with high affinity and selectivity for the dopamine D3 receptor was synthesized by the use of 6-fluoropyridine-3-carbonyl chloride (1) and fluorophenylazocarboxylic ester (2). Several of these compounds (9a-e and 10a-h) have been evaluated in vitro, among which 9b, 10a, 10c and 10d proved to have at least single-digit nanomolar affinity for D3. They also exhibit considerable selectivity over the other dopamine receptor subtypes and noteworthy selectivity over the structurally related serotonin receptor subtypes 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT₂, offering potential radiotracers for positron emission tomography.
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Ashraf Z, Rafiq M, Seo SY, Babar MM, Zaidi NUSS. Synthesis, kinetic mechanism and docking studies of vanillin derivatives as inhibitors of mushroom tyrosinase. Bioorg Med Chem 2015. [PMID: 26204890 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to discover the extent of contribution to antityrosinase activity by adding hydroxy substituted benzoic acid, cinnamic acid and piperazine residues to vanillin. The study showed the transformation of vanillin into esters as shown in (4a-4d), (6a-6b), and (8a-8b). In addition, the relationship between structures of these esters and their mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity was explored. The kinetics of inhibition on mushroom tyrosinase by these esters was also investigated. It was found that hydroxyl substituted benzoic acid derivatives were weak inhibitors; however hydroxy or chloro substituted cinnamic acid and piperazine substituted derivatives were able to induce significant tyrosinase inhibition. The mushroom tyrosinase (PDBID 2ZWE) was docked with synthesized vanillin derivatives and their calculated binding energies were compared with experimental IC50 values which provided positive correlation. The most potent derivative 2-(4-formyl-2-methoxyphenoxy)-2-oxoethyl (2E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate (6a) possesses hydroxy substituted cinnamic acid scaffold having IC50 value 16.13 μM with binding energy of -7.2 kcal/mol. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity of (6a) is comparable with standard kojic acid. Kinetic analysis indicated that compound 6a was mixed-type tyrosinase inhibitor with inhibition constant values Ki (13 μM) and Ki' (53 μM) and formed reversible enzyme inhibitor complex. The active vanillin analog (6a) was devoid of toxic effects as shown in cytotoxic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaman Ashraf
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju 314-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rafiq
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju 314-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yum Seo
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju 314-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mustafeez Mujtaba Babar
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Kashmir Highway, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Najam-us-Sahar Sadaf Zaidi
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Kashmir Highway, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
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Bartuschat AL, Schellhorn T, Hübner H, Gmeiner P, Heinrich MR. Fluoro-substituted phenylazocarboxamides: Dopaminergic behavior and N-arylating properties for irreversible binding. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:3938-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Rangel-Barajas C, Malik M, Mach RH, Luedtke RR. Pharmacological modulation of abnormal involuntary DOI-induced head twitch response movements in male DBA/2J mice: II. Effects of D3 dopamine receptor selective compounds. Neuropharmacology 2015; 93:179-90. [PMID: 25698528 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported on the characterization of the hallucinogen 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine's (DOI) ability to elicit a head twitch response (HTR) in DBA/2J mice and the ability of D2 vs. D3 dopamine receptor selective compounds to modulate that response. For these studies, the ability of D3 vs. D2 dopamine receptor selective compounds to attenuate the DOI-dependent HTR was examined. WC 10, a D3 dopamine receptor weak partial agonist with 40-fold binding selectivity for D3 vs. D2 dopamine receptors, produced a dose-dependent decrease in the DOI-induced HTR (IC50 = 3.7 mg/kg). WC 44, a D3 receptor selective full agonist, also inhibited the DOI-induced HTR (IC50 = 5.1 mg/kg). The effect of two D3 receptor selective partial agonists, LAX-4-136 and WW-III-55, were also evaluated. These analogs exhibit 150-fold and 800-fold D3 vs. D2 binding selectivity, respectively. Both compounds inhibited the HTR with similar potency but with different maximum efficacies. At 10 mg/kg WW-III-55 inhibited the HTR by 95%, while LAX-4-136 administration resulted in a 50% reduction. In addition, DOI (5 mg/kg) was administered at various times after LAX-4-136 or WW-III-55 administration to compare the duration of action. The homopiperazine analog LAX-4-136 exhibited greater stability. An assessment of our test compounds on motor performance and coordination was performed using a rotarod test. None of the D3 dopamine receptor selective compounds significantly altered latency to fall, suggesting that these compounds a) did not attenuate the DOI-dependent HTR due to sedative or adverse motor effects and b) may have antipsychotic/antihallucinogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rangel-Barajas
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Maninder Malik
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Robert H Mach
- Radiochemistry Laboratory, Neurology Department, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Chemistry Building, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert R Luedtke
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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Ashraf Z, Rafiq M, Seo SY, Kwon KS, Babar MM, Zaidi NUSS. Kinetic and in silico studies of novel hydroxy-based thymol analogues as inhibitors of mushroom tyrosinase. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 98:203-11. [PMID: 26025140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present studies reports the synthesis of hydoxylated thymol analogues (4a-e) and (6a-c) as mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors. The title compounds were obtained in good yield and characterized by FTIR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, Mass spectral data and X-ray crystallography in case of compound (6a). The inhibitory effects on mushroom tyrosinase and DPPH were evaluated and it was observed that 2-[5-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)phenoxy]-2-oxoethyl (2E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate (6b) showed tyrosinase inhibitory activity (IC50 15.20 μM) comparable to kojic acid (IC50 16.69 μM) while 2-[5-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)phenoxy]-2-oxoethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (4d) exhibited higher antioxidant potential (IC50 11.30 μM) than standard ascorbic acid (IC50 24.20 μM). The docking studies of synthesized thymol analogues was also performed against tyrosinase protein (PDBID 2ZMX) to compare the binding affinities with IC50 values. The predicted binding affinities are in good agreement with the IC50 values as compound (6b) showed highest binding affinity -7.1 kcal/mol. The kinetic mechanism analyzed by Lineweaver-Burk plots exhibited that compound (4d) and (6b) inhibit the enzyme by two different pathways displayed mixed-type inhibition. The inhibition constants Ki calculated from Dixon plots for compounds (4d) and (6b) are 34 μM and 25 μM respectively. It was also found from kinetic analysis that derivative (6b) formed reversible enzyme inhibitor complex. It is propose on the basis of our investigation that title compound (6b) may serve as lead structure for the design of more potent tyrosinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaman Ashraf
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju 314-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rafiq
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju 314-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yum Seo
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju 314-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kang Sung Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Mustafeez Mujtaba Babar
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12, Kashmir Highway, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
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Ashraf Z, Rafiq M, Seo SY, Babar MM, Zaidi NUSS. Design, synthesis and bioevaluation of novel umbelliferone analogues as potential mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 30:874-83. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.979346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zaman Ashraf
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Kongju, South Korea,
- Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan, and
| | - Muhammad Rafiq
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Kongju, South Korea,
| | - Sung-Yum Seo
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Kongju, South Korea,
| | - Mustafeez Mujtaba Babar
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Najam-us-Sahar Sadaf Zaidi
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Peng X, Wang Q, Mishra Y, Xu J, Reichert DE, Malik M, Taylor M, Luedtke RR, Mach RH. Synthesis, pharmacological evaluation and molecular modeling studies of triazole containing dopamine D3 receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 25:519-23. [PMID: 25556097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of 2-methoxyphenyl piperazine analogues containing a triazole ring were synthesized and their in vitro binding affinities at human dopamine D2 and D3 receptors were evaluated. Compounds 5b, 5c, 5d, and 4g, demonstrate high affinity for dopamine D3 receptors and moderate selectivity for the dopamine D3 versus D2 receptor subtypes. To further examine their potential as therapeutic agents, their intrinsic efficacy at both D2 and D3 receptors was determined using a forskolin-dependent adenylyl cyclase inhibition assay. Affinity at dopamine D4 and serotonin 5-HT1A receptors was also determined. In addition, information from previous molecular modeling studies of the binding of a panel of 163 structurally-related benzamide analogues at dopamine D2 and D3 receptors was applied to this series of compounds. The results of the modeling studies were consistent with our previous experimental data. More importantly, the modeling study results explained why the replacement of the amide linkage with the hetero-aromatic ring leads to a reduction in the affinity of these compounds at D3 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Peng
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Yogesh Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Jinbin Xu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - David E Reichert
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Maninder Malik
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Michelle Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Robert R Luedtke
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Robert H Mach
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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Ananthan S, Saini SK, Zhou G, Hobrath JV, Padmalayam I, Zhai L, Bostwick JR, Antonio T, Reith MEA, McDowell S, Cho E, McAleer L, Taylor M, Luedtke RR. Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship studies of a series of [4-(4-carboxamidobutyl)]-1-arylpiperazines: insights into structural features contributing to dopamine D3 versus D2 receptor subtype selectivity. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7042-60. [PMID: 25126833 PMCID: PMC4148173 DOI: 10.1021/jm500801r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Antagonist and partial agonist modulators
of the dopamine D3 receptor
(D3R) have emerged as promising therapeutics for the treatment of
substance abuse and neuropsychiatric disorders. However, development
of druglike lead compounds with selectivity for the D3 receptor has
been challenging because of the high sequence homology between the
D3R and the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R). In this effort, we synthesized
a series of acylaminobutylpiperazines incorporating aza-aromatic units
and evaluated their binding and functional activities at the D3 and
D2 receptors. Docking studies and results from evaluations against
a set of chimeric and mutant receptors suggest that interactions at
the extracellular end of TM7 contribute to the D3R versus D2R selectivity
of these ligands. Molecular insights from this study could potentially
enable rational design of potent and selective D3R ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniam Ananthan
- Organic Chemistry Department, Southern Research Institute , Birmingham, Alabama 35205, United States
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Kotturi SR, Somanadhan B, Ch’ng JH, Tan KSW, Butler MS, Lear MJ. Diverted total synthesis of falcitidin acyl tetrapeptides as new antimalarial leads. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sun J, Cairns NJ, Perlmutter JS, Mach RH, Xu J. Regulation of dopamine D₃ receptor in the striatal regions and substantia nigra in diffuse Lewy body disease. Neuroscience 2013; 248:112-26. [PMID: 23732230 PMCID: PMC3796121 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of D₃ receptor has not been well documented in diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD). In this study, a novel D₃-preferring radioligand [(3)H]WC-10 and a D₂-preferring radioligand [(3)H]raclopride were used and the absolute densities of the dopamine D₃ and D₂ receptors were determined in the striatal regions and substantia nigra (SN) from postmortem brains from five cases of DLBD, which included dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB, n=4) and Parkinson disease dementia (PDD, n=1). The densities of the dopamine D₁ receptor, vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), and dopamine transporter (DAT) were also measured by quantitative autoradiography using [(3)H]SCH23390, [(3)H]dihydrotetrabenazine, and [(3)H]WIN35428, respectively. The densities of these dopaminergic markers were also measured in the same brain regions in 10 age-matched control cases. Dopamine D₃ receptor density was significantly increased in the striatal regions including caudate, putamen and nucleus accumbens (NAc). There were no significant changes in the dopamine D₁ and D₂ receptor densities in any brain regions measured. VMAT2 and DAT densities were reduced in all the brain regions measured in DLB/PDD, however, the significant reduction was found in the putamen for DAT and in the NAc and SN for VMAT2. The decrease of dopamine pre-synaptic markers implies neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in these DLB/PDD cases, while the increase of D₃ receptors in striatal regions could be attributed to dopaminergic medication history and psychiatric states such as hallucinations. Whether it also reflects compensatory regulation upon dopaminergic denervation warrants further confirmations on larger populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sun
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Neurosurgery Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, PR China
| | - N J Cairns
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - J S Perlmutter
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - R H Mach
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - J Xu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Cheung THC, Loriaux AL, Weber SM, Chandler KN, Lenz JD, Schaan RF, Mach RH, Luedtke RR, Neisewander JL. Reduction of cocaine self-administration and D3 receptor-mediated behavior by two novel dopamine D3 receptor-selective partial agonists, OS-3-106 and WW-III-55. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 347:410-23. [PMID: 24018640 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.202911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine D3 receptor (D3R)-selective compounds may be useful medications for cocaine dependence. In this study, we identified two novel arylamide phenylpiperazines, OS-3-106 and WW-III-55, as partial agonists at the D3R in the adenylyl cyclase inhibition assay. OS-3-106 and WW-III-55 have 115- and 862-fold D3R:D2 receptor (D2R) binding selectivity, respectively. We investigated their effects (0, 3, 5.6, or 10 mg/kg) on operant responding by using a multiple variable-interval (VI) 60-second schedule that alternated components with sucrose reinforcement and components with intravenous cocaine reinforcement (0.375 mg/kg). Additionally, we evaluated the effect of OS-3-106 (10 mg/kg) on the dose-response function of cocaine self-administration and the effect of WW-III-55 (0-5.6 mg/kg) on a progressive ratio schedule with either cocaine or sucrose reinforcement. Both compounds were also examined for effects on locomotion and yawning induced by a D3R agonist. OS-3-106 decreased cocaine and sucrose reinforcement rates, increased latency to first response for cocaine but not sucrose, and downshifted the cocaine self-administration dose-response function. WW-III-55 did not affect cocaine self-administration on the multiple-variable interval schedule, but it reduced cocaine and sucrose intake on the progressive ratio schedule. Both compounds reduced locomotion at doses that reduced responding, and both compounds attenuated yawning induced by low doses of 7-OH-DPAT (a D3R-mediated behavior), but neither affected yawning on the descending limb of the 7-OH-DPAT dose-response function (a D2R-mediated behavior). Therefore, both compounds blocked a D3R-mediated behavior. However, OS-3-106 was more effective in reducing cocaine self-administration. These findings support D3Rs, and possibly D2Rs, as targets for medications aimed at reducing the motivation to seek cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H C Cheung
- School of Life Sciences (T.H.C.C., A.L.L., S.M.W., K.N.C., R.F.S., J.L.N.) and Department of Psychology (T.H.C.C., S.M.W., K.N.C., J.D.L., J.L.N.), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona; Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (R.H.M.); and Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas (R.R.L.)
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Tu Z, Li S, Li A, Taylor M, Ho D, Malik M, Luedtke RR, Mach RH. Synthesis and in vitro pharmacological evaluation of indolyl carboxylic amide analogues as D 3 dopamine receptor selective ligands. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013; 4:1283-1289. [PMID: 24156012 PMCID: PMC3804115 DOI: 10.1039/c3md00098b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of substituted 1H-indolyl carboxylic acid amides that contain a N-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine or N-(2-fluoroethoxy)piperazine group were synthesized and their affinities for human dopamine D2, D3, and D4 receptors were determined. Two of these compounds, 14a and 14b, displayed high binding affinity at D3 (Ki = 0.18 and 0.4 nM, respectively), and selectivity for D3vs. D2 receptors (87-fold and 60-fold, respectively). These two compounds had low binding affinity at D4 receptors and σ receptor sites. The intrinsic activity of these compounds at D2 and D3 receptors was determined using a forskolin-dependent adenylyl cyclase inhibition assay; both 14a and 14b were found to be partial agonists. Furthermore, for compound 14a, the log D value of 2.85 suggested it has suitable lipophilicity for crossing the blood-brain-barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhude Tu
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA., Fax: +1-314-362-8555; Tel: +1-314-362-8538
| | - Shihong Li
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA., Fax: +1-314-362-8555; Tel: +1-314-362-8538
| | - Aixiao Li
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA., Fax: +1-314-362-8555; Tel: +1-314-362-8538
| | - Michelle Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - David Ho
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Maninder Malik
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Robert R. Luedtke
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Robert H. Mach
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA., Fax: +1-314-362-8555; Tel: +1-314-362-8538
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Neisewander JL, Cheung THC, Pentkowski NS. Dopamine D3 and 5-HT1B receptor dysregulation as a result of psychostimulant intake and forced abstinence: Implications for medications development. Neuropharmacology 2013; 76 Pt B:301-19. [PMID: 23973315 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Addiction to psychostimulants, including cocaine and amphetamine, is associated with dysregulation of dopamine and serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter systems. Neuroadaptations in these systems vary depending on the stage of the drug taking-abstinence-relapse cycle. Consequently, the effects of potential treatments that target these systems may vary depending on whether they are given during abstinence or relapse. In this review, we discuss evidence that dopamine D3 receptors (D3Rs) and 5-HT1B receptors (5-HT1BRs) are dysregulated in response to both chronic psychostimulant use and subsequent abstinence. We then review findings from preclinical self-administration models which support targeting D3Rs and 5-HT1BRs as potential medications for psychostimulant dependence. Potential side effects of the treatments are discussed and attention is given to studies reporting positive treatment outcomes that depend on: 1) whether testing occurs during self-administration versus abstinence, 2) whether escalation of drug self-administration has occurred, 3) whether the treatments are given repeatedly, and 4) whether social factors influence treatment outcomes. We conclude that D3/D2 agonists may decrease psychostimulant intake; however, side effects of D3/D2R full agonists may limit their therapeutic potential, whereas D3/D2R partial agonists have fewer undesirable side effects. D3-selective antagonists may not reduce psychostimulant intake during relapse, but nonetheless, may decrease motivation for seeking psychostimulants with relatively few side-effects. 5-HT1BR agonists provide a striking example of treatment outcomes that are dependent on the stage of the addiction cycle. Specifically, these agonists initially increase cocaine's reinforcing effects during maintenance of self-administration, but after a period of abstinence they reduce psychostimulant seeking and the resumption of self-administration. In conclusion, we suggest that factors contributing to dysregulation of monoamine systems, including drug history, abstinence, and social context, should be considered when evaluating potential treatments to better model treatment effects in humans. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Neisewander
- School of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 874501, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA.
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Huang R, Griffin SA, Taylor M, Vangveravong S, Mach RH, Dillon GH, Luedtke RR. The effect of SV 293, a D2 dopamine receptor-selective antagonist, on D2 receptor-mediated GIRK channel activation and adenylyl cyclase inhibition. Pharmacology 2013; 92:84-9. [PMID: 23942137 DOI: 10.1159/000351971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
SV 293 [1-([5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]methyl)-4-(4-[methylthio]phenyl)piperidin-4-ol] binds with 100-fold higher affinity to human D2 receptors compared to the human D3 and D4 dopamine receptor subtypes. We investigated the intrinsic efficacy of this compound at the D2 dopamine receptor subtype using both: (1) a forskolin-dependent adenylyl cyclase inhibition assay and (2) an electrophysiological assay for evaluating coupling to G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels. In both assays SV 293 was found to be a neutral antagonist capable of blocking the effects of the full D2-like receptor agonist quinpirole. Based upon these results we propose that SV 293 is a useful pharmacological tool that can be used for both in vitro and in vivo studies to investigate the role of D2-like dopamine receptor subtypes in neurological, neuropsychiatric and movement disorders where dopaminergic pathways have been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renqi Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Tex., USA
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39
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Nolan BC, Liu S, Hammerslag LR, Cheung THC, Lenz J, Mach RH, Luedtke RR, Neisewander JL. Fos expression in response to dopamine D3-preferring phenylpiperazine drugs given with and without cocaine. Synapse 2013; 67:847-55. [PMID: 23766142 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
WC 44 and WC 10 are phenylpiperazines with low (23 fold) to moderate (42 fold) selectivity for dopamine D3 receptors (D3Rs) over D2Rs, respectively. WC 44 is a full D3R agonist in the forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase (AC) assay, whereas WC 10 has little efficacy. In contrast to their opposite effects in the AC assay, these drugs often produce similar behavioral effects, suggesting that the AC assay does not predict the efficacy of these drugs in vivo. Here, we examined whether Fos protein expression induced by these drugs would be more consistent with their behavioral effects in vivo. Rats received either vehicle, WC 10 (5.6 mg/kg, i.p.), WC 44 (10.0 mg/kg, i.p), cocaine (10.0 mg/kg, i.p.), or cocaine with WC 10 (5.6 mg/kg, i.p.) or with WC 44 (10.0 mg/kg, i.p). Locomotion was monitored for 90 min and the brains were harvested for immunohistochemistry. Both WC 10 and WC 44 decreased spontaneous and cocaine-induced locomotion. Both compounds also increased Fos expression relative to saline in the dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens core and shell, and relative to cocaine alone in the nucleus accumbens shell. The findings suggest that even though these compounds have different efficacy in the AC bioassy, they produce similar brain activation and attenuation of cocaine hyperlocomotion. Together with our previous research demonstrating that these compounds down-shift the cocaine self-administration dose-effect function, the findings support the idea that D3R-selective compounds may be useful for cocaine dependence medications development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Nolan
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287
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40
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Mach RH, Zeng C, Hawkins WG. The σ2 receptor: a novel protein for the imaging and treatment of cancer. J Med Chem 2013; 56:7137-60. [PMID: 23734634 DOI: 10.1021/jm301545c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The σ2 receptor is an important target for the development of molecular probes in oncology because of its 10-fold higher density in proliferating tumor cells compared with that in quiescent tumor cells and because of the observation that σ2 receptor agonists are able to kill tumor cells via apoptotic and nonapoptotic mechanisms. Although recent evidence indicates that the σ2 receptor binding site is localized within the progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1), most information regarding this protein has been obtained using either radiolabeled or fluorescent receptor-based probes and from biochemical analysis of the effect of σ2 selective ligands on cells grown in culture. This article reviews the development of σ2 receptor ligands and presents an overview of how they have been used in vitro and in vivo to increase our understanding of the role of the σ2 receptor in cancer and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Mach
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology and ‡Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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41
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Ye N, Neumeyer JL, Baldessarini RJ, Zhen X, Zhang A. Update 1 of: Recent Progress in Development of Dopamine Receptor Subtype-Selective Agents: Potential Therapeutics for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. Chem Rev 2013; 113:PR123-78. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300113a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (SOMCL), Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
| | - John L. Neumeyer
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory,
McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts 02478, United States
| | | | - Xuechu Zhen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China 215123
| | - Ao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (SOMCL), Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
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42
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Li A, Mishra Y, Malik M, Wang Q, Li S, Taylor M, Reichert DE, Luedtke RR, Mach RH. Evaluation of N-phenyl homopiperazine analogs as potential dopamine D3 receptor selective ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2988-98. [PMID: 23618707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-(2-methoxyphenyl)homopiperazine analogs was prepared and their affinities for dopamine D2, D3, and D4 receptors were measured using competitive radioligand binding assays. Several ligands exhibited high binding affinity and selectivity for the D3 dopamine receptor compared to the D2 receptor subtype. Compounds 11a, 11b, 11c, 11f, 11j and 11k had K(i) values ranging from 0.7 to 3.9 nM for the D3 receptor with 30- to 170-fold selectivity for the D3 versus D2 receptor. Calculated logP values (logP=2.6-3.6) are within the desired range for passive transport across the blood-brain barrier. When the binding and the intrinsic efficacy of these phenylhomopiperazines was compared to those of previously published phenylpiperazine analogues, it was found that (a) affinity at D2 and D3 dopamine receptors generally decreased, (b) the D3 receptor binding selectivity (D2:D3 K(i) value ratio) decreased and, (c) the intrinsic efficacy, measured using a forskolin-dependent adenylyl cyclase inhibition assay, generally increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixiao Li
- Department of Radiology, Division of Radiological Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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43
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Xu J, Vangveravong S, Li S, Fan J, Jones LA, Cui J, Wang R, Tu Z, Chu W, Perlmutter JS, Mach RH. Positron emission tomography imaging of dopamine D2 receptors using a highly selective radiolabeled D2 receptor partial agonist. Neuroimage 2013; 71:168-74. [PMID: 23333701 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of microPET imaging studies were conducted in anesthetized rhesus monkeys using the dopamine D2-selective partial agonist, [(11)C]SV-III-130. There was a high uptake in regions of brain known to express a high density of D2 receptors under baseline conditions. Rapid displacement in the caudate and putamen, but not in the cerebellum, was observed after injection of the dopamine D2/3 receptor nonselective ligand S(-)-eticlopride at a low dosage (0.025mg/kg/i.v.); no obvious displacement in the caudate, putamen and cerebellum was observed after the treatment with a dopamine D3 receptor selective ligand WC-34 (0.1mg/kg/i.v.). Pretreatment with lorazepam (1mg/kg, i.v. 30min) to reduce endogenous dopamine prior to tracer injection resulted in unchanged binding potential (BP) values, a measure of D2 receptor binding in vivo, in the caudate and putamen. d-Amphetamine challenge studies indicate that there is a significant displacement of [(11)C]SV-III-130 by d-Amphetamine-induced increases in synaptic dopamine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbin Xu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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44
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Oh YN, Kwak J, Koh HY, Jung SH. Isoxazolylpyrrolidinylpiperazine Ligands, a New Class for Dopamine D3and D4Receptor Antagonists. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.12.4227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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45
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Luedtke RR, Mishra Y, Wang Q, Griffin SA, Bell-Horner C, Taylor M, Vangveravong S, Dillon GH, Huang RQ, Reichert DE, Mach RH. Comparison of the binding and functional properties of two structurally different D2 dopamine receptor subtype selective compounds. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:1050-62. [PMID: 23259040 DOI: 10.1021/cn300142q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported on the synthesis of substituted phenyl-4-hydroxy-1-piperidyl indole analogues with nanomolar affinity at D2 dopamine receptors, ranging from 10- to 100-fold selective for D2 compared to the D3 dopamine receptor subtype. More recently, we evaluated a panel of aripiprazole analogues, identifying several analogues that also exhibit D2 vs D3 dopamine receptor binding selectivity. These studies further characterize the intrinsic efficacy of the compound with the greatest binding selectivity from each chemical class, 1-((5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)-4-(4-(methylthio)phenyl)piperidin-4-ol (SV 293) and 7-(4-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one (SV-III-130s), using an adenylyl cyclase inhibition assay, a G-protein-coupled inward-rectifying potassium (GIRK) channel activation assay, and a cell based phospho-MAPK (pERK1/2) assay. SV 293 was found to be a neutral antagonist at D2 dopamine receptors using all three assays. SV-III-130s is a partial agonist using an adenylyl cyclase inhibition assay but an antagonist in the GIRK and phospho ERK1/2 assays. To define the molecular basis for the binding selectivity, the affinity of these two compounds was evaluated using (a) wild type human D2 and D3 receptors and (b) a panel of chimeric D2/D3 dopamine receptors. Computer-assisted modeling techniques were used to dock these compounds to the human D2 and D3 dopamine receptor subtypes. It is hoped that these studies on D2 receptor selective ligands will be useful in the future design of (a) receptor selective ligands used to define the function of D2-like receptor subtypes, (b) novel pharmacotherapeutic agents, and/or (c) in vitro and in vivo imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R. Luedtke
- The Department of Pharmacology
and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, Texas
76107, United States
| | - Yogesh Mishra
- The Department of Pharmacology
and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, Texas
76107, United States
| | - Qi Wang
- Division
of Radiological Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt
Institute of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway, St. Louis, Missouri 63110,
United States
| | - Suzy A. Griffin
- The Department of Pharmacology
and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, Texas
76107, United States
| | - Cathy Bell-Horner
- The Department of Pharmacology
and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, Texas
76107, United States
| | - Michelle Taylor
- The Department of Pharmacology
and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, Texas
76107, United States
| | - Suwanna Vangveravong
- Division
of Radiological Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt
Institute of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway, St. Louis, Missouri 63110,
United States
| | - Glenn H. Dillon
- The Department of Pharmacology
and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, Texas
76107, United States
| | - Ren-Qi Huang
- The Department of Pharmacology
and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, Texas
76107, United States
| | - David E. Reichert
- Division
of Radiological Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt
Institute of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway, St. Louis, Missouri 63110,
United States
| | - Robert H. Mach
- Division
of Radiological Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt
Institute of Radiology, 510 S. Kingshighway, St. Louis, Missouri 63110,
United States
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Sun J, Xu J, Cairns NJ, Perlmutter JS, Mach RH. Dopamine D1, D2, D3 receptors, vesicular monoamine transporter type-2 (VMAT2) and dopamine transporter (DAT) densities in aged human brain. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49483. [PMID: 23185343 PMCID: PMC3504049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopamine D(1), D(2), D(3) receptors, vesicular monoamine transporter type-2 (VMAT2), and dopamine transporter (DAT) densities were measured in 11 aged human brains (aged 77-107.8, mean: 91 years) by quantitative autoradiography. The density of D(1) receptors, VMAT2, and DAT was measured using [(3)H]SCH23390, [(3)H]dihydrotetrabenazine, and [(3)H]WIN35428, respectively. The density of D(2) and D(3) receptors was calculated using the D(3)-preferring radioligand, [(3)H]WC-10 and the D(2)-preferring radioligand [(3)H]raclopride using a mathematical model developed previously by our group. Dopamine D(1), D(2), and D(3) receptors are extensively distributed throughout striatum; the highest density of D(3) receptors occurred in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The density of the DAT is 10-20-fold lower than that of VMAT2 in striatal regions. Dopamine D(3) receptor density exceeded D(2) receptor densities in extrastriatal regions, and thalamus contained a high level of D(3) receptors with negligible D(2) receptors. The density of dopamine D(1) linearly correlated with D(3) receptor density in the thalamus. The density of the DAT was negligible in the extrastriatal regions whereas the VMAT2 was expressed in moderate density. D(3) receptor and VMAT2 densities were in similar level between the aged human and aged rhesus brain samples, whereas aged human brain samples had lower range of densities of D(1) and D(2) receptors and DAT compared with the aged rhesus monkey brain. The differential density of D(3) and D(2) receptors in human brain will be useful in the interpretation of PET imaging studies in human subjects with existing radiotracers, and assist in the validation of newer PET radiotracers having a higher selectivity for dopamine D(2) or D(3) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Sun
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jinbin Xu
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nigel J. Cairns
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joel S. Perlmutter
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Mach
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology amd Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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47
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Phenylpiperazine derivatives with selectivity for dopamine D3 receptors modulate cocaine self-administration in rats. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:1346-59. [PMID: 22960444 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examined cocaine self-administration after pretreatments with three structurally related compounds that bind selectively to dopamine D3 receptors (D3Rs) relative to the D2 receptor subtype (D2Rs) and exhibit varying intrinsic activities in the forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase assay. The compounds are: a) WC10, a D3R weak partial agonist/antagonist with 42-fold D3R:D2R selectivity, b) WC26, a 51-fold selective D3R partial agonist, c) WC44, a 23-fold selective D3R agonist. Rats were stabilized on a multiple variable-interval 60-s (VI60) schedule with alternating components of sucrose (45 mg pellets) or cocaine reinforcement (0.375 mg/kg, IV) and then tested for effects of the WC compounds (0.0, 1.0, 3.0, 5.6, or 10.0 mg/kg, IP). Another cohort was trained to self-administer cocaine (0.75 mg/kg, IV) on a VI60 schedule then tested with various doses of cocaine available (0.0-1.5 mg/kg, IV) following pretreatment with WC10 (5.6 or 10.0 mg/kg) or WC44 (10.0 mg/kg). WC10 and WC26 decreased both cocaine and sucrose reinforcement rates at the 10.0 mg/kg dose, whereas WC44 decreased only cocaine reinforcement rate at this dose. Furthermore, WC26 and WC44 increased response latency for cocaine but not sucrose. In the cocaine dose-response experiment, WC10 and WC44 flattened the dose-effect function of cocaine reinforcement rate. All compounds decreased spontaneous locomotion. WC10 and WC26 also reduced cocaine-induced locomotion. These results support the targeting of D3Rs for treatments for cocaine dependence. WC26 and WC44, in particular, show promise as they increased the latency to respond for cocaine but not sucrose, suggesting selective reduction of the motivation for cocaine.
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48
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Noguchi T, Tehara N, Uesugi Y, Jung S, Imai N. Convenient Peptide Synthesis without Protection of C-Terminals. CHEM LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2012.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuki Uesugi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science
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49
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Abstract
The effects of sleep deprivation on dopaminergic systems remain elusive, in part due to the lack of selective ligands for dopamine receptor subtypes. We examined D1, D2, and D3 receptor density in the mouse brain after sleep deprivation by receptor autoradiography using [H]SCH 23390 for D1R, [H]raclopride for D2R, and [H]WC-10 for D3R (a novel D3R-selective compound developed in our laboratory, not previously reported in mouse). Sleep-deprived mice showed a significant decrease in D1R, no change in D2R, and a significant increase in D3R binding in striatum. This pattern of dopamine receptor changes was not seen in mice subjected to restraint stress, suggesting specificity to sleep. These data provide evidence that brain dopaminergic circuits are remodeled after sleep deprivation.
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50
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Landge KP, Oh JS, Pae AN, Park WK, Gong JY, Koh HY, Jung SH. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Focused Isoxazolylpiperidinylpiperazine Library for Dopamine D 3and D 4Receptor Antagonists. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.7.2449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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