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Benesch MG, Tang X, Brindley DN, Takabe K. Autotaxin and Lysophosphatidate Signaling: Prime Targets for Mitigating Therapy Resistance in Breast Cancer. World J Oncol 2024; 15:1-13. [PMID: 38274724 PMCID: PMC10807915 DOI: 10.14740/wjon1762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Overcoming and preventing cancer therapy resistance is the most pressing challenge in modern breast cancer management. Consequently, most modern breast cancer research is aimed at understanding and blocking these therapy resistance mechanisms. One increasingly promising therapeutic target is the autotaxin (ATX)-lysophosphatidate (LPA)-lipid phosphate phosphatase (LPP) axis. Extracellular LPA, produced from albumin-bound lysophosphatidylcholine by ATX and degraded by the ecto-activity of the LPPs, is a potent cell-signaling mediator of tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and resistance to cancer treatment modalities. LPA signaling in the post-natal organism has central roles in physiological wound healing, but these mechanisms are subverted to fuel pathogenesis in diseases that arise from chronic inflammatory processes, including cancer. Over the last 10 years, our understanding of the role of LPA signaling in the breast tumor microenvironment has begun to mature. Tumor-promoting inflammation in breast cancer leads to increased ATX production within the tumor microenvironment. This results in increased local concentrations of LPA that are maintained in part by decreased overall cancer cell LPP expression that would otherwise more rapidly break it down. LPA signaling through six G-protein-coupled LPA receptors expressed by cancer cells can then activate virtually every known tumorigenic pathway. Consequently, to target therapy resistance and tumor growth mediated by LPA signaling, multiple inhibitors against the LPA signaling axis are entering clinical trials. In this review, we summarize recent developments in LPA breast cancer biology, and illustrate how these novel therapeutics against the LPA signaling pathway may be excellent adjuncts to extend the efficacy of evolving breast cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G.K. Benesch
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - David N. Brindley
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Dobersalske C, Grundmann M, Timmermann A, Theisen L, Kölling F, Harris RC, Fuerstner C, Becker MS, Wunder F. Establishment of a novel, cell-based autotaxin assay. Anal Biochem 2021; 630:114322. [PMID: 34343482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) plays an important role in (patho-)physiological lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling. Here we describe the establishment of novel cell-based ATX assay formats. ATX-mediated LPA generation is detected by using a stable LPA receptor reporter cell line. In a first assay variant, ATX-mediated LPA generation is started in the absence of cells and the reaction mix is transferred to the reporter cells after stopping the reaction (two-tube assay). In a second assay variant, ATX is added to the reporter cells expressing the known autotaxin binding partners integrin β1, integrin β3 and the LPA receptor 1. LPA generation is started in the presence of cells and is detected in real-time (one-tube assay). Structurally diverse ATX inhibitors with different binding modes were characterized in both cell-based assay variants and were also tested in the well-established biochemical choline release assay. ATX inhibitors displayed similar potencies, regardless if the assay was performed in the absence or presence of cells, and comparable results were obtained in all three assay formats. In summary, our novel cell-based ATX assay formats are well-suited for sensitive detection of enzyme activity as well as for the characterization of ATX inhibitors in the presence and absence of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Dobersalske
- Lead Discovery, Bayer AG, Pharma Research and Development Center, Aprather Weg 18a, D-42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Manuel Grundmann
- Cardiovascular Research, Bayer AG, Pharma Research and Development Center, Aprather Weg 18a, D-42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Andreas Timmermann
- Lead Discovery, Bayer AG, Pharma Research and Development Center, Aprather Weg 18a, D-42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Laura Theisen
- Lead Discovery, Bayer AG, Pharma Research and Development Center, Aprather Weg 18a, D-42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Florian Kölling
- Computational Molecular Design. Bayer AG, Pharma Research and Development Center, Aprather Weg 18a, D-42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Chantal Fuerstner
- Medicinal Chemistry, Bayer AG, Pharma Research and Development Center, Aprather Weg 18a, D-42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Michael S Becker
- Cardiovascular Research, Bayer AG, Pharma Research and Development Center, Aprather Weg 18a, D-42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Frank Wunder
- Lead Discovery, Bayer AG, Pharma Research and Development Center, Aprather Weg 18a, D-42096, Wuppertal, Germany.
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Structure-Based Discovery of Novel Chemical Classes of Autotaxin Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197002. [PMID: 32977539 PMCID: PMC7582705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted glycoprotein, widely present in biological fluids, largely responsible for extracellular lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) production. LPA is a bioactive growth-factor-like lysophospholipid that exerts pleiotropic effects in almost all cell types, exerted through at least six G-protein-coupled receptors (LPAR1-6). Increased ATX expression has been detected in different chronic inflammatory diseases, while genetic or pharmacological studies have established ATX as a promising therapeutic target, exemplified by the ongoing phase III clinical trial for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In this report, we employed an in silico drug discovery workflow, aiming at the identification of structurally novel series of ATX inhibitors that would be amenable to further optimization. Towards this end, a virtual screening protocol was applied involving the search into molecular databases for new small molecules potentially binding to ATX. The crystal structure of ATX in complex with a known inhibitor (HA-155) was used as a molecular model docking reference, yielding a priority list of 30 small molecule ATX inhibitors, validated by a well-established enzymatic assay of ATX activity. The two most potent, novel and structurally different compounds were further structurally optimized by deploying further in silico tools, resulting to the overall identification of six new ATX inhibitors that belong to distinct chemical classes than existing inhibitors, expanding the arsenal of chemical scaffolds and allowing further rational design.
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Strumwasser A, Cohan CM, Beattie G, Chong V, Victorino GP. Autotaxin inhibition attenuates endothelial permeability after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 75:399-407. [PMID: 32390607 DOI: 10.3233/ch-190732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autotaxin (ATX-secretory lysophospholipase D) is the primary lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) producing enzyme. LPA promotes endothelial hyper-permeability and microvascular dysfunction following cellular stress. OBJECTIVE We sought to assess whether ATX inhibition would attenuate endothelial monolayer permeability after anoxia-reoxygenation (A-R) in vitro and attenuate the increase in hydraulic permeability observed after ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in vivo. METHODS A permeability assay assessed bovine endothelial monolayer permeability during anoxia-reoxygenation with/without administration of pipedimic acid, a specific inhibitor of ATX, administered either pre-anoxia or post-anoxia. Hydraulic permeability (Lp) of rat mesenteric post-capillary venules was evaluated after IRI, with and without ATX inhibition. Lastly, Lp was evaluated after the administration of ATX alone. RESULTS Anoxia-reoxygenation increased monolayer permeability 4-fold (p < 0.01). Monolayer permeability was reduced to baseline similarly in both the pre-anoxia and post-anoxia ATX inhibition groups (each p < 0.01, respectively). Lp was attenuated by 24% with ATX inhibition (p < 0.01). ATX increased Lp from baseline in a dose dependent manner (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Autotaxin inhibition attenuated increases in endothelial monolayer permeability during A-R in vitro and hydraulic permeability during IRI in vivo. Targeting ATX may be especially beneficial by limiting its downstream mediators that contribute to mechanisms associated with endothelial permeability. ATX inhibitors may therefore have potential for pharmacotherapy during IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Strumwasser
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco East Bay, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Caitlin M Cohan
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco East Bay, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Genna Beattie
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco East Bay, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Chong
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco East Bay, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Gregory P Victorino
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco East Bay, Oakland, CA, USA
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5
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Nikolaou A, Kokotou MG, Limnios D, Psarra A, Kokotos G. Autotaxin inhibitors: a patent review (2012-2016). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 27:815-829. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1323331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Nikolaou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maroula G. Kokotou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Limnios
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Psarra
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Discovery and synthetic optimization of a novel scaffold for hydrophobic tunnel-targeted autotaxin inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4660-4674. [PMID: 27544588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a ubiquitous ectoenzyme that hydrolyzes lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to form the bioactive lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). LPA activates specific G-protein coupled receptors to elicit downstream effects leading to cellular motility, survival, and invasion. Through these pathways, upregulation of ATX is linked to diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. Recent crystal structures confirm that the catalytic domain of ATX contains multiple binding regions including a polar active site, hydrophobic tunnel, and a hydrophobic pocket. This finding is consistent with the promiscuous nature of ATX hydrolysis of multiple and diverse substrates and prior investigations of inhibitor impacts on ATX enzyme kinetics. The current study used virtual screening methods to guide experimental identification and characterization of inhibitors targeting the hydrophobic region of ATX. An initially discovered inhibitor, GRI392104 (IC50 4μM) was used as a lead for synthetic optimization. In total twelve newly synthesized inhibitors of ATX were more potent than GRI392104 and were selective for ATX as they had no effect on other LPC-specific NPP family members or on LPA1-5 GPCR.
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7
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Castagna D, Budd DC, Macdonald SJF, Jamieson C, Watson AJB. Development of Autotaxin Inhibitors: An Overview of the Patent and Primary Literature. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5604-21. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Castagna
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K
| | - David C. Budd
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnel
Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Simon J. F. Macdonald
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnel
Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Craig Jamieson
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Allan J. B. Watson
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K
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8
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Barbayianni E, Kaffe E, Aidinis V, Kokotos G. Autotaxin, a secreted lysophospholipase D, as a promising therapeutic target in chronic inflammation and cancer. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 58:76-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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al-Rashida M, Iqbal J. Therapeutic potentials of ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase, ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase, ecto-5'-nucleotidase, and alkaline phosphatase inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2013; 34:703-43. [PMID: 24115166 DOI: 10.1002/med.21302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The modulatory role of extracellular nucleotides and adenosine in relevance to purinergic cell signaling mechanisms has long been known and is an object of much research worldwide. These extracellular nucleotides are released by a variety of cell types either innately or as a response to patho-physiological stress or injury. A variety of surface-located ecto-nucleotidases (of four major types; nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases or NTPDases, nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases or NPPs, alkaline phosphatases APs or ALPs, and ecto-5'-nucleotidase or e5NT) are responsible for meticulously controlling the availability of these important signaling molecules (at their respective receptors) in extracellular environment and are therefore crucial for maintaining the integrity of normal cell functioning. Overexpression of many of these ubiquitous ecto-enzymes has been implicated in a variety of disorders including cell adhesion, activation, proliferation, apoptosis, and degenerative neurological and immunological responses. Selective inhibition of these ecto-enzymes is an area that is currently being explored with great interest and hopes remain high that development of selective ecto-nucleotidase inhibitors will prove to have many beneficial therapeutic implications. The aim of this review is to emphasize and focus on recent developments made in the field of inhibitors of ecto-nucleotidases and to highlight their structure activity relationships wherever possible. Most recent and significant advances in field of NTPDase, NPP, AP, and e5NT inhibitors is being discussed in detail in anticipation of providing prolific leads and relevant background for research groups interested in synthesis of selective ecto-nucleotidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya al-Rashida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, 22060, Pakistan
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10
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Norman DD, Ibezim A, Scott WE, White S, Parrill AL, Baker DL. Autotaxin inhibition: development and application of computational tools to identify site-selective lead compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5548-60. [PMID: 23816044 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) catalyzes the conversion of lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC) to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Both ATX and LPA have been linked to pathophysiologies ranging from cancer to neuropathic pain. Inhibition of LPA production by ATX is therefore of therapeutic interest. Here we report the application of previously-developed, subsite-targeted pharmacophore models in a screening workflow that involves either docking or binary QSAR as secondary filters to identify ATX inhibitors from previously unreported structural types, four of which have sub-micromolar inhibition constants. Cell-based assays demonstrate that ATX inhibition and cytotoxicity structure-activity-relationships (SAR) exhibit selectivity cliffs, characterized by structurally similar compounds exhibiting similar biological activities with respect to ATX inhibition but very different biological activities with respect to cytotoxicity. Thus, general cytotoxicity should not be used as an early filter to eliminate candidate ATX inhibitor scaffolds from further SAR studies. Assays using two substrates of vastly different sizes demonstrate that the tools developed to identify compounds binding outside the central core of the active site did identify compounds acting at an allosteric site. In contrast, tools developed to identify active-site directed compounds did not identify active-site directed compounds. The stronger volume overlap imposed when selecting screening candidates expected to bind outside the active site is likely responsible for the stronger match between intended and actual target site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek D Norman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, United States
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Barbayianni E, Magrioti V, Moutevelis-Minakakis P, Kokotos G. Autotaxin inhibitors: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:1123-32. [PMID: 23641951 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.796364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autotaxin (ATX) is a lysophospholipase D enzyme that hydrolyzes lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and choline. LPA is a bioactive lipid mediator that activates several transduction pathways, and is involved in migration, proliferation and survival of various cells. Thus, ATX is an attractive medicinal target. AREAS COVERED The aim of this review is to summarize ATX inhibitors, reported in patents from 2006 up to now, describing their discovery and biological evaluation. EXPERT OPINION ATX has been implicated in various pathological conditions, such as cancer, chronic inflammation, neuropathic pain, fibrotic diseases, etc. Although there is an intensive effort on the discovery of potent and selective ATX inhibitors in order to identify novel medicinal agents, up to now, no ATX inhibitor has reached clinical trials. However, the use of ATX inhibitors seems an attractive strategy for the development of novel medicinal agents, for example anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrosini Barbayianni
- University of Athens, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
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12
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Lee SY, Lévesque SA, Sévigny J, Müller CE. A highly sensitive capillary electrophoresis method using p-nitrophenyl 5'-thymidine monophosphate as a substrate for the monitoring of nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase activities. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 911:162-9. [PMID: 23217320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive capillary electrophoresis method has been developed to monitor the activity of nucleotide pyrophosphatases/phosphodiesterases (NPPs) and screen for NPP inhibitors. In this method, p-nitrophenyl 5'-thymidine monophosphate (p-Nph-5'-TMP) was used as an artificial substrate, and separation of reaction products was performed on a dynamically coated capillary. We found that the optimal capillary electrophoresis (CE) conditions were as follows: fused-silica capillary (20cm effective length×75.5μm (id)), electrokinetic injection for 60s, 70mM phosphate buffer containing polybrene 0.002%, pH 9.2, constant current of -80μA, constant capillary temperature of 15°C and detection at 400nm. To allow precise quantification, 2-methyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinitrocresol) was applied as an internal standard. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were 137 and 415nM, respectively. This new method was shown to be over 8-fold more sensitive than the conventional spectrophotometric assays and 16-fold more than the previously reported CE procedure, and the results (K(m) values for NPP1 and NPP3, K(i) values for standard inhibitors) obtained were in accordance with previous literature data. Therefore, this new method is an improvement of actual techniques and could be used as a quick and standard analytical technique for the identification and characterization of NPP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yong Lee
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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Gubler H, Schopfer U, Jacoby E. Theoretical and experimental relationships between percent inhibition and IC50 data observed in high-throughput screening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 18:1-13. [PMID: 22853931 DOI: 10.1177/1087057112455219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The four-parameter logistic Hill equation models the theoretical relationship between inhibitor concentration and response and is used to derive IC(50) values as a measure of compound potency. This relationship is the basis for screening strategies that first measure percent inhibition at a single, uniform concentration and then determine IC(50) values for compounds above a threshold. In screening practice, however, a "good" correlation between percent inhibition values and IC(50) values is not always observed, and in the literature, there seems confusion about what correlation even to expect. We examined the relationship between percent inhibition data and IC(50) data in HDAC4 and ENPP2 high-throughput screening (HTS) data sets and compared our findings with a series of numerical simulations that allowed the investigation of the influence of parameters representing different types of uncertainties: variability in the screening concentration (related to solution library and compound characteristics, liquid handling), variations in Hill model parameters (related to interaction of compounds with target, type of assay), and influences of assay data quality parameters (related to assay and experimental design, liquid handling). In the different sensitivity analyses, we found that the typical variations of the actual compound concentrations in existing screening libraries generate the largest contributions to imperfect correlations. Excess variability in the ENPP2 assay above the values of the simulation model can be explained by compound aggregation artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanspeter Gubler
- Informatics and Technology, Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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14
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Mize CD, Abbott AM, Gacasan SB, Parrill AL, Baker DL. Ligand-based autotaxin pharmacophore models reflect structure-based docking results. J Mol Graph Model 2011; 31:76-86. [PMID: 21967734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The autotaxin (ATX) enzyme exhibits lysophospholipase D activity responsible for the conversion of lysophosphatidyl choline to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). ATX and LPA have been linked to the initiation of atherosclerosis, cancer invasiveness, and neuropathic pain. ATX inhibition therefore offers currently unexploited therapeutic potential, and substantial interest in the development of ATX inhibitors is evident in the recent literature. Here we report the performance-based comparison of ligand-based pharmacophores developed on the basis of different combinations of ATX inhibitors in the training sets against an extensive database of compounds tested for ATX inhibitory activity, as well as with docking results of the actives against a recently reported ATX crystal structure. In general, pharmacophore models show better ability to select active ATX inhibitors binding in a common location when the ligand-based superposition shows a good match to the superposition of actives based on docking results. Two pharmacophore models developed on the basis of competitive inhibitors in combination with the single inhibitor crystallized to date in the active site of ATX were able to identify actives at rates over 40%, a substantial improvement over the <10% representation of active site-directed actives in the test set database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catrina D Mize
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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15
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Gupte R, Patil R, Liu J, Wang Y, Lee SC, Fujiwara Y, Fells J, Bolen AL, Emmons-Thompson K, Yates CR, Siddam A, Panupinthu N, Pham TCT, Baker DL, Parrill AL, Mills GB, Tigyi G, Miller DD. Benzyl and naphthalene methylphosphonic acid inhibitors of autotaxin with anti-invasive and anti-metastatic activity. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:922-35. [PMID: 21465666 PMCID: PMC3517046 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX, NPP2) is a member of the nucleotide pyrophosphate phosphodiesterase enzyme family. ATX catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) by lysophospholipase D activity, which leads to generation of the growth-factor-like lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). ATX is highly upregulated in metastatic and chemotherapy-resistant carcinomas and represents a potential target to mediate cancer invasion and metastasis. Herein we report the synthesis and pharmacological characterization of ATX inhibitors based on the 4-tetradecanoylaminobenzylphosphonic acid scaffold, which was previously found to lack sufficient stability in cellular systems. The new 4-substituted benzylphosphonic acid and 6-substituted naphthalen-2-ylmethylphosphonic acid analogues block ATX activity with K(i) values in the low micromolar to nanomolar range against FS3, LPC, and nucleotide substrates through a mixed-mode inhibition mechanism. None of the compounds tested inhibit the activity of related enzymes (NPP6 and NPP7). In addition, the compounds were evaluated as agonists or antagonists of seven LPA receptor (LPAR) subtypes. Analogues 22 and 30 b, the two most potent ATX inhibitors, inhibit the invasion of MM1 hepatoma cells across murine mesothelial and human vascular endothelial monolayers in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. The average terminal half-life for compound 22 is 10±5.4 h and it causes a long-lasting decrease in plasma LPA levels. Compounds 22 and 30 b significantly decrease lung metastasis of B16-F10 syngeneic mouse melanoma in a post-inoculation treatment paradigm. The 4-substituted benzylphosphonic acids and 6-substituted naphthalen-2-ylmethylphosphonic acids described herein represent new lead compounds that effectively inhibit the ATX-LPA-LPAR axis both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Gupte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA) Fax: (+1) 901 448 3446
| | - Renukadevi Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA) Fax: (+1) 901 448 3446
| | - Jianxiong Liu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA)
| | - Yaohong Wang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA)
| | - Sue C. Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA)
| | - Yuko Fujiwara
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA)
| | - James Fells
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA)
| | - Alyssa L. Bolen
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA)
| | - Karin Emmons-Thompson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA) Fax: (+1) 901 448 3446
| | - C. Ryan Yates
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA) Fax: (+1) 901 448 3446
| | - Anjaih Siddam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA) Fax: (+1) 901 448 3446
| | - Nattapon Panupinthu
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054 (USA)
| | | | - Daniel L. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, TN 38152 (USA)
| | - Abby L. Parrill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, TN 38152 (USA),Computational Research on Materials Institute, University of Memphis, TN 38152 (USA)
| | - Gordon B. Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054 (USA)
| | - Gabor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA)
| | - Duane D. Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (USA) Fax: (+1) 901 448 3446
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16
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Jankowski M. Autotaxin: its role in biology of melanoma cells and as a pharmacological target. Enzyme Res 2011; 2011:194857. [PMID: 21423677 PMCID: PMC3057024 DOI: 10.4061/2011/194857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is an extracellular lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) released from normal cells and cancer cells. Activity of ATX is detected in various biological fluids. The lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is the main product of ATX. LPA acting through specific G protein-coupled receptors (LPA1-LPA6) affects immunological response, normal development, and malignant tumors' formation and progression. In this review, the impact of autotoxin on biology of melanoma cells and potential treatment is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Jankowski
- Department of Therapy Monitoring and Pharmacogenetics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Debinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
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17
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Parrill AL, Baker DL. Autotaxin inhibitors: a perspective on initial medicinal chemistry efforts. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:1619-25. [PMID: 21047298 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2010.533658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The lysophospholipase D enzyme, autotaxin (ATX), has been linked to numerous human diseases including cancer, neurophatic pain, obesity and Alzheimer's disease. Although the ATX protein was initially purified and characterized in 1992, a link to bioactive lipid metabolism was not made until 2002. In the past decade, metal chelators, lysophospholipid product analogs, and more recently, small non-lipid inhibitors of the enzyme were successfully identified. The majority of these inhibitors have been characterized using recombinant purified ATX in vitro, with very few examples studied in more complex systems. Translation of ATX inhibitors from the hands of medicinal chemists to clinical use will require substantially expanded characterization of ATX inhibitors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby L Parrill
- The University of Memphis, Department of Chemistry, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
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18
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Valentine WJ, Kiss GN, Liu J, E S, Gotoh M, Murakami-Murofushi K, Pham TC, Baker DL, Parrill AL, Lu X, Sun C, Bittman R, Pyne NJ, Tigyi G. (S)-FTY720-vinylphosphonate, an analogue of the immunosuppressive agent FTY720, is a pan-antagonist of sphingosine 1-phosphate GPCR signaling and inhibits autotaxin activity. Cell Signal 2010; 22:1543-53. [PMID: 20566326 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
FTY720 (Fingolimod), a synthetic analogue of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), activates four of the five EDG-family S1P receptors and is in a phase-III clinical study for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. (S)-FTY720-phosphate (FTY720-P) causes S1P(1) receptor internalization and targeting to the proteasomal degradative pathway, and thus functions as an antagonist of S1P(1) by depleting the functional S1P(1) receptor from the plasma membrane. Here we describe the pharmacological characterization of two unsaturated phosphonate enantiomers of FTY720, (R)- and (S)-FTY720-vinylphosphonate. (R)-FTY720-vinylphosphonate was a full agonist of S1P(1) (EC(50) 20+/-3 nM). In contrast, the (S) enantiomer failed to activate any of the five S1P GPCRs and was a full antagonist of S1P(1,3,4) (K(i) 384 nM, 39 nM, and 1190 nM, respectively) and a partial antagonist of S1P(2), and S1P(5). Both enantiomers dose-dependently inhibited lysophospholipase D (recombinant autotaxin) with K(i) values in the low micromolar range, although with different enzyme kinetic mechanisms. When injected into mice, both enantiomers caused transient peripheral lymphopenia. (R)- and (S)-FTY720-vinylphosphonates activated ERK1/2, AKT, and exerted an antiapoptotic effect in camptothecin-treated IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cells, which primarily express S1P(2) transcripts and traces of S1P(5). (S)-FTY720-vinylphosphonate is the first pan-antagonist of S1P receptors and offers utility in probing S1P responses in vitro and in vivo. The biological effects of the (R)- and (S)-FTY720-vinylphosphonate analogues underscore the complexity of FTY720 cellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Valentine
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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