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Juza R, Musilek K, Mezeiova E, Soukup O, Korabecny J. Recent advances in dopamine D 2 receptor ligands in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:55-211. [PMID: 36111795 DOI: 10.1002/med.21923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is a biologically active amine synthesized in the central and peripheral nervous system. This biogenic monoamine acts by activating five types of dopamine receptors (D1-5 Rs), which belong to the G protein-coupled receptor family. Antagonists and partial agonists of D2 Rs are used to treat schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, depression, and anxiety. The typical pharmacophore with high D2 R affinity comprises four main areas, namely aromatic moiety, cyclic amine, central linker and aromatic/heteroaromatic lipophilic fragment. From the literature reviewed herein, we can conclude that 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl), 4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-, 4-(benzo[b]thiophen-4-yl)-1-substituted piperazine, and 4-(6-fluorobenzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)piperidine moieties are critical for high D2 R affinity. Four to six atoms chains are optimal for D2 R affinity with 4-butoxyl as the most pronounced one. The bicyclic aromatic/heteroaromatic systems are most frequently occurring as lipophilic appendages to retain high D2 R affinity. In this review, we provide a thorough overview of the therapeutic potential of D2 R modulators in the treatment of the aforementioned disorders. In addition, this review summarizes current knowledge about these diseases, with a focus on the dopaminergic pathway underlying these pathologies. Major attention is paid to the structure, function, and pharmacology of novel D2 R ligands, which have been developed in the last decade (2010-2021), and belong to the 1,4-disubstituted aromatic cyclic amine group. Due to the abundance of data, allosteric D2 R ligands and D2 R modulators from patents are not discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radomir Juza
- Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Mezeiova
- Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Bono F, Mutti V, Tomasoni Z, Sbrini G, Missale C, Fiorentini C. Recent Advances in Dopamine D3 Receptor Heterodimers: Focus on Dopamine D3 and D1 Receptor-Receptor Interaction and Striatal Function. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 60:47-72. [PMID: 35505059 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) heterodimers represent new entities with unique pharmacological, signalling, and trafficking properties, with specific distribution restricted to those cells where the two interacting receptors are co-expressed. Like other GPCR, dopamine D3 receptors (D3R) directly interact with various receptors to form heterodimers: data showing the D3R physical interaction with both GPCR and non-GPCR receptors have been provided including D3R interaction with other dopamine receptors. The aim of this chapter is to summarize current knowledge of the distinct roles of heterodimers involving D3R, focusing on the D3R interaction with the dopamine D1 receptor (D1R): the D1R-D3R heteromer, in fact, has been postulated in both ventral and motor striatum. Interestingly, since both D1R and D3R have been implicated in several pathological conditions, including schizophrenia, motor dysfunctions, and substance use disorders, the D1R-D3R heteromer may represent a potential drug target for the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bono
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Veronica Mutti
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Zaira Tomasoni
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giulia Sbrini
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristina Missale
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Fiorentini
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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Newman AH, Battiti FO, Bonifazi A. 2016 Philip S. Portoghese Medicinal Chemistry Lectureship: Designing Bivalent or Bitopic Molecules for G-Protein Coupled Receptors. The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts. J Med Chem 2019; 63:1779-1797. [PMID: 31499001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The genesis of designing bivalent or bitopic molecules that engender unique pharmacological properties began with Portoghese's work directed toward opioid receptors, in the early 1980s. This strategy has evolved as an attractive way to engineer highly selective compounds for targeted G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) with optimized efficacies and/or signaling bias. The emergence of X-ray crystal structures of many GPCRs and the identification of both orthosteric and allosteric binding sites have provided further guidance to ligand drug design that includes a primary pharmacophore (PP), a secondary pharmacophore (SP), and a linker between them. It is critical to note the synergistic relationship among all three of these components as they contribute to the overall interaction of these molecules with their receptor proteins and that strategically designed combinations have and will continue to provide the GPCR molecular tools of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Francisco O Battiti
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Alessandro Bonifazi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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Perez de la Mora M, Hernandez-Mondragon C, Crespo-Ramirez M, Rejon-Orantes J, Borroto-Escuela DO, Fuxe K. Conventional and Novel Pharmacological Approaches to Treat Dopamine-Related Disorders: Focus on Parkinson's Disease and Schizophrenia. Neuroscience 2019; 439:301-318. [PMID: 31349007 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The dopaminergic system integrated by cell groups distributed in several brain regions exerts a modulatory role in brain. Particularly important for this task are the mesencephalic dopamine neurons, which from the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area project to the dorsal striatum and the cortical/subcortical limbic systems, respectively. Dopamine released from these neurons operates mainly via the short distance extrasynaptic volume transmission and activates five different dopaminergic receptor subtypes modulating synaptic GABA and glutamate transmission. To accomplish this task dopaminergic neurons keep mutual modulating interactions with neurons of other neurotransmitter systems, including allosteric receptor-receptor interactions in heteroreceptor complexes. As a result of its modulatory role dopaminergic mechanisms are involved in either the etiology or physiopathology of many brain diseases such as Parkinsońs disease and schizophrenia. The aim of this work is to review some novel and conventional approaches that either have been used or are currently employed to treat these diseases. Particular attention is paid to the approaches derived from the knowledge recently acquired in the realm of receptor-receptor interactions taking place through multiple dopamine heteroreceptor complexes in the plasma membrane. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Honoring Ricardo Miledi - outstanding neuroscientist of XX-XXI centuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Perez de la Mora
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | - Minerva Crespo-Ramirez
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Rejon-Orantes
- Pharmacobiology Experimental laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas
| | | | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Carli M, Kolachalam S, Aringhieri S, Rossi M, Giovannini L, Maggio R, Scarselli M. Dopamine D2 Receptors Dimers: How can we Pharmacologically Target Them? Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:222-230. [PMID: 28521704 PMCID: PMC5883381 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170518151127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopamine D2 and D3 receptors can form homo- and heterodimers and are important targets in Schizophrenia and Parkinson's. Recently, many efforts have been made to pharmacologically target these receptor complexes. This review focuses on various strategies to act specifically on dopamine receptor dimers, that are transiently formed. METHODS Various binding and functional assays were reviewed to study the properties of bivalent ligands, particularly for the dualsteric compound SB269,652. The dimerization of D2 and D3 receptors were analyzed by using single particle tracking microscopy. RESULTS The specific targeting of dopamine D2 and D3 dimers can be achieved with bifunctional ligands, composed of two pharmacophores binding the two orthosteric sites of the dimeric complex. If the target is a homodimer, then the ligand is homobivalent. Instead, if the target is a heterodimer, then the ligand is heterobivalent. However, there is some concern regarding pharmacokinetics and binding properties of such drugs. Recently, a new generation of bitopic compounds with dualsteric properties have been discovered that bind to the orthosteric and the allosteric sites in one monomeric receptor. Regarding dopamine D2 and D3 receptors, a new dualsteric molecule SB269,652 was shown to have selective negative allosteric properties across D2 and D3 homodimers, but it behaves as an orthosteric antagonist on receptor monomer. Targeting dimers is also complicated as they are transiently formed with varying monomer/dimer ratio. Furthermore, this ratio can be altered by administering an agonist or a bifunctional antagonist. CONCLUSION Last 15 years have witnessed an explosive amount of work aimed at generating bifunctional compounds as a novel strategy to target GPCR homo- and heterodimers, including dopamine receptors. Their clinical use is far from trivial, but, at least, they have been used to validate the existence of receptor dimers in-vitro and in-vivo. The dualsteric compound SB269, 652, with its peculiar pharmacological profile, may offer therapeutic advantages and a better tolerability in comparison with pure antagonists at D2 and D3 receptors and pave the way for a new generation of antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Shivakumar Kolachalam
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Aringhieri
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Rossi
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD. United States
| | - Luca Giovannini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Maggio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Scarselli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Morales P, Reggio PH. An Update on Non-CB 1, Non-CB 2 Cannabinoid Related G-Protein-Coupled Receptors. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2017; 2:265-273. [PMID: 29098189 PMCID: PMC5665501 DOI: 10.1089/can.2017.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been shown to be of great importance in the regulation of numerous physiological and pathological processes. To date, two Class A G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been discovered and validated as the main therapeutic targets of this system: the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), which is the most abundant neuromodulatory receptor in the brain, and the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2), predominantly found in the immune system among other organs and tissues. Endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligands (endocannabinoids) and the enzymes involved in their synthesis, cell uptake, and degradation have also been identified as part of the ECS. However, its complex pharmacology suggests that other GPCRs may also play physiologically relevant roles in this therapeutically promising system. In the last years, GPCRs such as GPR18 and GPR55 have emerged as possible missing members of the cannabinoid family. This categorization still stimulates strong debate due to the lack of pharmacological tools to validate it. Because of their close phylogenetic relationship, the Class A orphan GPCRs, GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12, have also been associated with the cannabinoids. Moreover, certain endo-, phyto-, and synthetic cannabinoid ligands have displayed activity at other well-established GPCRs, including the opioid, adenosine, serotonin, and dopamine receptor families. In addition, the cannabinoid receptors have also been shown to form dimers with other GPCRs triggering cross-talk signaling under specific conditions. In this mini review, we aim to provide insight into the non-CB1, non-CB2 cannabinoid-related GPCRs that have been reported thus far. We consider the physiological relevance of these molecular targets in modulating the ECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Morales
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, UNC Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | - Patricia H. Reggio
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, UNC Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
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Borroto-Escuela DO, Carlsson J, Ambrogini P, Narváez M, Wydra K, Tarakanov AO, Li X, Millón C, Ferraro L, Cuppini R, Tanganelli S, Liu F, Filip M, Diaz-Cabiale Z, Fuxe K. Understanding the Role of GPCR Heteroreceptor Complexes in Modulating the Brain Networks in Health and Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:37. [PMID: 28270751 PMCID: PMC5318393 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of allosteric receptor-receptor interactions in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) heteroreceptor complexes of the central nervous system (CNS) gave a new dimension to brain integration and neuropsychopharmacology. The molecular basis of learning and memory was proposed to be based on the reorganization of the homo- and heteroreceptor complexes in the postjunctional membrane of synapses. Long-term memory may be created by the transformation of parts of the heteroreceptor complexes into unique transcription factors which can lead to the formation of specific adapter proteins. The observation of the GPCR heterodimer network (GPCR-HetNet) indicated that the allosteric receptor-receptor interactions dramatically increase GPCR diversity and biased recognition and signaling leading to enhanced specificity in signaling. Dysfunction of the GPCR heteroreceptor complexes can lead to brain disease. The findings of serotonin (5-HT) hetero and isoreceptor complexes in the brain over the last decade give new targets for drug development in major depression. Neuromodulation of neuronal networks in depression via 5-HT, galanin peptides and zinc involve a number of GPCR heteroreceptor complexes in the raphe-hippocampal system: GalR1-5-HT1A, GalR1-5-HT1A-GPR39, GalR1-GalR2, and putative GalR1-GalR2-5-HT1A heteroreceptor complexes. The 5-HT1A receptor protomer remains a receptor enhancing antidepressant actions through its participation in hetero- and homoreceptor complexes listed above in balance with each other. In depression, neuromodulation of neuronal networks in the raphe-hippocampal system and the cortical regions via 5-HT and fibroblast growth factor 2 involves either FGFR1-5-HT1A heteroreceptor complexes or the 5-HT isoreceptor complexes such as 5-HT1A-5-HT7 and 5-HT1A-5-HT2A. Neuromodulation of neuronal networks in cocaine use disorder via dopamine (DA) and adenosine signals involve A2AR-D2R and A2AR-D2R-Sigma1R heteroreceptor complexes in the dorsal and ventral striatum. The excitatory modulation by A2AR agonists of the ventral striato-pallidal GABA anti-reward system via targeting the A2AR-D2R and A2AR-D2R-Sigma1R heteroreceptor complex holds high promise as a new way to treat cocaine use disorders. Neuromodulation of neuronal networks in schizophrenia via DA, adenosine, glutamate, 5-HT and neurotensin peptides and oxytocin, involving A2AR-D2R, D2R-NMDAR, A2AR-D2R-mGluR5, D2R-5-HT2A and D2R-oxytocinR heteroreceptor complexes opens up a new world of D2R protomer targets in the listed heterocomplexes for treatment of positive, negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel O Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden; Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Physiology, University of UrbinoUrbino, Italy; Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Grupo Bohío-EstudioYaguajay, Cuba
| | - Jens Carlsson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patricia Ambrogini
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Physiology, University of Urbino Urbino, Italy
| | - Manuel Narváez
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Karolina Wydra
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków, Poland
| | - Alexander O Tarakanov
- St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation, Russian Academy of Sciences Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carmelo Millón
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara Ferrara, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cuppini
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Physiology, University of Urbino Urbino, Italy
| | - Sergio Tanganelli
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fang Liu
- Campbell Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Malgorzata Filip
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków, Poland
| | - Zaida Diaz-Cabiale
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
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Fronik P, Gaiser BI, Sejer Pedersen D. Bitopic Ligands and Metastable Binding Sites: Opportunities for G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Medicinal Chemistry. J Med Chem 2017; 60:4126-4134. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Fronik
- Department of Drug Design
and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgit I. Gaiser
- Department of Drug Design
and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design
and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kaczor AA, Jörg M, Capuano B. The dopamine D2 receptor dimer and its interaction with homobivalent antagonists: homology modeling, docking and molecular dynamics. J Mol Model 2016; 22:203. [PMID: 27491852 PMCID: PMC5023759 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-3065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to apply structure-based drug design techniques to G protein-coupled receptor complexes, it is essential to model their 3D structure and to identify regions that are suitable for selective drug binding. For this purpose, we have developed and tested a multi-component protocol to model the inactive conformation of the dopamine D2 receptor dimer, suitable for interaction with homobivalent antagonists. Our approach was based on protein-protein docking, applying the Rosetta software to obtain populations of dimers as present in membranes with all the main possible interfaces. Consensus scoring based on the values and frequencies of best interfaces regarding four scoring parameters, Rosetta interface score, interface area, free energy of binding and energy of hydrogen bond interactions indicated that the best scored dimer model possesses a TM4-TM5-TM7-TM1 interface, which is in agreement with experimental data. This model was used to study interactions of the previously published dopamine D2 receptor homobivalent antagonists based on clozapine,1,4-disubstituted aromatic piperidines/piperazines and arylamidoalkyl substituted phenylpiperazine pharmacophores. It was found that the homobivalent antagonists stabilize the receptor-inactive conformation by maintaining the ionic lock interaction, and change the dimer interface by disrupting a set of hydrogen bonds and maintaining water- and ligand-mediated hydrogen bonds in the extracellular and intracellular part of the interface. Graphical Abstract Structure of the final model of the dopamine D2 receptor homodimer, indicating the distancebetween Tyr37 and Tyr 5.42 in the apo form (left) and in the complex with the ligand (right).
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka A Kaczor
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division for Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki St., 20059, Lublin, Poland.
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, PO Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Manuela Jörg
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Ben Capuano
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
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Multivalent approaches and beyond: novel tools for the investigation of dopamine D2 receptor pharmacology. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:1349-72. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) has been implicated in the symptomology of disorders such as schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Multivalent ligands provide useful tools to investigate emerging concepts of G protein-coupled receptor drug action such as allostery, bitopic binding and receptor dimerization. This review focuses on the approaches taken toward the development of multivalent ligands for the D2R recently and highlights the challenges associated with each approach, their utility in probing D2R function and approaches to develop new D2R-targeting drugs. Furthermore, we extend our discussion to the possibility of designing multitarget ligands. The insights gained from such studies may provide the basis for improved therapeutic targeting of the D2R.
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Huang G, Nimczick M, Decker M. Rational Modification of the Biological Profile of GPCR Ligands through Combination with Other Biologically Active Moieties. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2015; 348:531-40. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201500079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guozheng Huang
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie; Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Martin Nimczick
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie; Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie; Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
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12
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Nimczick M, Decker M. New Approaches in the Design and Development of Cannabinoid Receptor Ligands: Multifunctional and Bivalent Compounds. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:773-86. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Synthesis and binding profile of haloperidol-based bivalent ligands targeting dopamine D(2)-like receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3753-6. [PMID: 25047579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Homodimers of dopamine D2-like receptors are suggested to be of particular importance in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and, thus, serve as promising targets for the discovery of atypical antipsychotics. This study describes the development of a series of novel bivalent molecules with a pharmacophore derived from the dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol. These dimers were investigated in comparison to their monomeric analogues for their D2long, D2short, D3, and D4 receptor binding and the ability to bridge two neighboring receptor protomers. Radioligand binding studies provided diagnostic insights when Hill slopes close to two for the bivalent ligand 13 incorporating 22 spacer atoms and a comparative analysis with monovalent control ligands indicated a bivalent binding mode with a simultaneous occupancy of two neighboring binding sites.
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14
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Nimczick M, Pemp D, Darras FH, Chen X, Heilmann J, Decker M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of bivalent cannabinoid receptor ligands based on hCB₂R selective benzimidazoles reveal unexpected intrinsic properties. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:3938-46. [PMID: 24984935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The design of bivalent ligands targeting G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) often leads to the development of new, highly selective and potent compounds. To date, no bivalent ligands for the human cannabinoid receptor type 2 (hCB₂R) of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) are described. Therefore, two sets of homobivalent ligands containing as parent structure the hCB2R selective agonist 13a and coupled at different attachment positions were synthesized. Changes of the parent structure at these positions have a crucial effect on the potency and efficacy of the ligands. However, we discovered that bivalency has an influence on the effect at both cannabinoid receptors. Moreover, we found out that the spacer length and the attachment position altered the efficacy of the bivalent ligands at the receptors by turning agonists into antagonists and inverse agonists.
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MESH Headings
- Benzimidazoles/chemical synthesis
- Benzimidazoles/chemistry
- Benzimidazoles/metabolism
- Drug Design
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Ligands
- Protein Binding
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Nimczick
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Chemie I, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Pemp
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Fouad H Darras
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Chemie I, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Chemie I, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Heilmann
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Decker
- Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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15
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Regio and stereoselective catalytic five-component cascades of diverse heterocyclic bisallenes: tri-directional exploration of biochemical space. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Jörg M, Kaczor AA, Mak FS, Lee KCK, Poso A, Miller ND, Scammells PJ, Capuano B. Investigation of novel ropinirole analogues: synthesis, pharmacological evaluation and computational analysis of dopamine D2 receptor functionalized congeners and homobivalent ligands. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00066h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study includes the synthesis, pharmacological evaluation and molecular modeling study of novel ropinirole-based monovalent and homobivalent ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Jörg
- Medicinal Chemistry
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Australia
| | - Agnieszka A. Kaczor
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Lab
- Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics
- Medical University of Lublin
- Lublin
- Poland
| | - Frankie S. Mak
- GSK R&D
- Neural Pathways DPU
- Neurosciences TAU
- Singapore 138667
- Singapore
| | - Kiew Ching K. Lee
- GSK R&D
- Neural Pathways DPU
- Neurosciences TAU
- Singapore 138667
- Singapore
| | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy
- University of Eastern Finland
- Kuopio
- Finland
| | - Neil D. Miller
- GSK R&D
- Neural Pathways DPU
- Neurosciences TAU
- Singapore 138667
- Singapore
| | | | - Ben Capuano
- Medicinal Chemistry
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Australia
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17
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Barlow N, Baker SP, Scammells PJ. Effect of Linker Length and Composition on Heterobivalent Ligand-Mediated Receptor Cross-Talk between the A1Adenosine and β2Adrenergic Receptors. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:2036-46. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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18
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Hiller C, Kühhorn J, Gmeiner P. Class A G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Dimers and Bivalent Ligands. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6542-59. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4004335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hiller
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy,
Emil Fischer
Center, Friedrich Alexander University,
Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Kühhorn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy,
Emil Fischer
Center, Friedrich Alexander University,
Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy,
Emil Fischer
Center, Friedrich Alexander University,
Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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19
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Shen J, Zhang L, Song WL, Meng T, Wang X, Chen L, Feng LY, Xu YC, Shen JK. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of bivalent ligands against A(1)-D(1) receptor heteromers. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:441-52. [PMID: 23334237 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To design and synthesize bivalent ligands for adenosine A1-dopamine D1 receptor heteromers (A1-D1R), and evaluate their pharmacological activities. METHODS Bivalent ligands and their corresponding A1R monovalent ligands were designed and synthesized. The affinities of the bivalent ligands for A1R and D1R in rat brain membrane preparation were examined using radiolabeled binding assays. To demonstrate the formation of A1-D1R, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) was conducted in HEK293 cells transfected with D1-CFP and A1-YFP. Molecular modeling was used to analyze the possible mode of protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions. RESULTS Two bivalent ligands for A1R and D1R (20a, 20b), as well as the corresponding A1R monovalent ligands (21a, 21b) were synthesized. In radiolabeled binding assays, the bivalent ligands showed affinities for A1R 10-100 times higher than those of the corresponding monovalent ligands. In FRET experiments, the bivalent ligands significantly increased the heterodimerization of A1R and D1R compared with the corresponding monovalent ligands. A heterodimer model with the interface of helixes 3, 4, 5 of A1R and helixes 1, 6, 7 from D1R was established with molecular modeling. The distance between the two ligand binding sites in the heterodimer model was approximately 48.4 Å, which was shorter than the length of the bivalent ligands. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the existence of A1-D1R in situ and a simultaneous interaction of bivalent ligands with both the receptors.
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20
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Shonberg J, Lane JR, Scammells PJ, Capuano B. Synthesis, functional and binding profile of (R)-apomorphine based homobivalent ligands targeting the dopamine D2 receptor. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00154g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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21
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Phenytoin-based bivalent ligands: design, synthesis and anticonvulsant activity. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:2105-16. [PMID: 23263804 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-1207-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis, characterization and anticonvulsant properties of new bivalent ligands derived from phenytoin were described. Initial anticonvulsant screening was performed using maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) screens in mice. The neurotoxicity for compounds that showed significant anticonvulsant activity was determined applying the rotorod test. Most of the test compounds were found to be effective in at least one seizure model in a dose of 100 mg/kg. Compound 5e exhibited marked anticonvulsant activity in both MES and PTZ screens. The computer-aided prediction of biological activity was carried out.
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22
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Gogoi S, Biswas S, Modi G, Antonio T, Reith MEA, Dutta AK. Novel bivalent ligands for D2/D3 dopamine receptors: Significant co-operative gain in D2 affinity and potency. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:991-996. [PMID: 23275802 DOI: 10.1021/ml3002117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes development of a series of novel bivalent molecules with a pharmacophore derived from the D2/D3 agonist 5-OH-DPAT. Spacer length in the bivalent compounds had a pronounced influence on affinity for D2 receptors. A 23-fold increase of D2 affinity was observed at a spacer length of 9 or 10 (compounds 11d and 14b) compared to monovalent 5-OH-DPAT (Ki; 2.5 and 2.0 vs. 59 nM for 11d and 14b vs. 5-OH-DPAT, respectively). Functional potency of 11d and 14b indicated a 24- and 94-fold increase in potency at the D2 receptor compared to 5-OH-DPAT (EC50; 1.7 and 0.44 vs. 41 nM for 11d and 14b vs. 5-OH-DPAT, respectively). These are the most potent bivalent agonists for D2 receptor known to date. This synergism is consonant with cooperative interaction at the two orthosteric binding sites in the homodimeric receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Gogoi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Swati Biswas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Gyan Modi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | | | | | - Aloke K. Dutta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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