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Yamamoto K, Tanikawa T, Tomita J, Ishida Y, Nakata D, Terao K, Inoue Y. Characterization, Preparation, and Promotion of Plant Growth of 1,3-Diphenylurea/β-Cyclodextrin Derivatives Inclusion Complexes. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:34972-34981. [PMID: 37779935 PMCID: PMC10536069 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to prepare inclusion complexes of 1,3-diphenylurea (DPU) with β-cyclodextrin (βCD) and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-βCD) using a three-dimensional ground mixture (3DGM). Their physicochemical properties, intermolecular interactions, solubilities, and plant growth-promoting activities were investigated on broccoli sprouts. Phase-solubility diagrams indicated the stability constant (Ks) and complexation efficiency (CE) of βCD/DPU were found to be K1/1 = 250 M-1, CE = 2.48× 10-3. The Ks and CEs of HP-βCD/DPU were found to be K1/1 = 427 M-1, CE = 3.93 × 10-3 and K2/1 = 196 M-1, CE = 1.93 × 10-3 respectively. The powder X-ray diffraction results of 3DGM (βCD/DPU = 2/1, HP-βCD/DPU = 2/1) showed that the diffraction peaks originating from the DPU and βCD disappeared, indicating a halo pattern. Differential scanning calorimetry results showed an endothermic peak at 244 °C derived from the melting point of DPU, but the endothermic peak disappeared in the 3DGM (βCD/DPU = 2/1, HP-βCD/DPU = 2/1). Near-infrared absorption spectra showed peak shifts in 3DGM (βCD/DPU and HP-βCD/DPU) at the -CH and -NH groups of DPU and the -OH groups of βCDs and free water. In the dissolution test (after 5 min), the concentration of intact DPU was 0.083 μg/mL. However, the dissolution concentrations of DPU in the 3DGM (βCD/DPU = 1/1), 3DGM (βCD/DPU = 2/1), 3DGM (HP-βCD/DPU = 1/1), and 3DGM (HP-βCD/DPU = 2/1) were 3.27, 3.64, 5.70, and 7.03 μg/mL, respectively, indicating higher solubility than that of the intact DPU. Further, 1H-1H NOESY NMR spectroscopic measurements showed cross-peaks between H-A (7.32 ppm) and H-B (7.12 ppm) of DPU and H-6 (3.79 ppm) in the βCD cavity of the 3DGM (βCD/DPU = 2/1). A cross-peak was also observed among DPU H-A (7.32 ppm), H-B (7.11 ppm), and H-6 (3.78 ppm) in the βCD cavity. The results of the broccoli sprout cultivation experiment showed that 3DGM (βCD/DPU = 1/1), 3DGM (βCD/DPU = 2/1), 3DGM (HP-βCD/DPU = 1/1), and 3DGM (HP-βCD/DPU = 2/1) increased the stem thickness compared with that of the control group (DPU). These results indicated that the βCD/DPU and HP-βCD/DPU inclusion complexes were formed by the three-dimensional mixing and milling method, which enhanced the solubility and plant growth-promoting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Yamamoto
- Laboratory
of Nutri-Pharmacotherapeutics Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama3500295, Japan
| | - Takashi Tanikawa
- Laboratory
of Nutri-Pharmacotherapeutics Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama3500295, Japan
| | - Junki Tomita
- Instrument
Analysis Center, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama3500295, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Ishida
- CycloChem
Bio Co., Ltd., 7-4-5
minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 6500047, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakata
- CycloChem
Bio Co., Ltd., 7-4-5
minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 6500047, Japan
| | - Keiji Terao
- CycloChem
Bio Co., Ltd., 7-4-5
minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 6500047, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inoue
- Laboratory
of Nutri-Pharmacotherapeutics Management, Faculty of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama3500295, Japan
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2
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Olmedo P, Núñez-Lillo G, Vidal J, Leiva C, Rojas B, Sagredo K, Arriagada C, Defilippi BG, Pérez-Donoso AG, Meneses C, Carpentier S, Pedreschi R, Campos-Vargas R. Proteomic and metabolomic integration reveals the effects of pre-flowering cytokinin applications on central carbon metabolism in table grape berries. Food Chem 2023; 411:135498. [PMID: 36696718 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Consumers around the world prefer high quality table grapes. To achieve higher quality traits at ripening, grapevine producers apply different plant growth regulators. The synthetic cytokinin forchlorfenuron N-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)-N'-phenylurea (CPPU) is widely used, its effect on grape quality is poorly understood. We hypothesized that the use of CPPU in pre-flowering can lead to changes in the metabolism that affects grape quality at harvest. Therefore, we investigated the role of CPPU applications on the quality of grapes by integrating proteomics and metabolomics. CPPU-treated grapevines showed a significant increase in berry size and firmness. Proteomic analyses indicated that CPPU-treated berries accumulated enzymes associated with carbohydrate metabolism, glycolysis, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle at harvest. Metabolomic analyses showed shifts in the abundance of compounds associated with carbohydrate metabolism and TCA cycle in CPPU-treated grapes. These findings suggest that CPPU applications modulate central carbon metabolism, improving grape berry quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Olmedo
- Centro de Estudios Postcosecha, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gerardo Núñez-Lillo
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile
| | - Juan Vidal
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile
| | - Carol Leiva
- Centro de Estudios Postcosecha, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bárbara Rojas
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Karen Sagredo
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - César Arriagada
- Laboratorio Biorremediación, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Bruno G Defilippi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA) La Platina, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alonso G Pérez-Donoso
- Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago, Chile.
| | - Sebastien Carpentier
- Facility for Systems Biology based Mass Spectrometry SYBIOMA, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture, Biodiversity International, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Romina Pedreschi
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile; Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation (CRG), Santiago, Chile.
| | - Reinaldo Campos-Vargas
- Centro de Estudios Postcosecha, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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3
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Wei X, Moreno-Hagelsieb G, Glick BR, Doxey AC. Comparative analysis of adenylate isopentenyl transferase genes in plant growth-promoting bacteria and plant pathogenic bacteria. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13955. [PMID: 36938451 PMCID: PMC10018469 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinin is a major phytohormone that has been used in agriculture as a plant-growth stimulating compound since its initial discovery in the 1960s. Isopentenyl transferase (IPT) is a rate-limiting enzyme for cytokinin biosynthesis, which is produced by plants as well as bacteria including both plant pathogenic species and plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). It has been hypothesized that there may be differences in IPT function between plant pathogens and PGPB. However, a comprehensive comparison of IPT genes between plant pathogenic and PGPB species has not been performed. Here, we performed a global comparison of IPT genes across bacteria, analyzing their DNA sequences, codon usage, phyletic distribution, promoter structure and genomic context. We found that adenylate type IPT genes are highly specific to plant-associated bacteria and subdivide into two major clades: clade A, largely composed of proteobacterial plant pathogens; and clade B, largely composed of actinomycete PGPB species. Besides these phylogenetic differences, we identified several genomic features that suggest differences in IPT regulation between pathogens and PGPB. Pathogen-associated IPTs tended to occur in predicted virulence loci, whereas PGPB-associated IPTs tended to co-occur with other genes involved in cytokinin metabolism and degradation. Pathogen-associated IPTs also showed elevated gene copy numbers, significant deviation in codon usage patterns, and extended promoters, suggesting differences in regulation and activity levels. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that differences in IPT regulation and activity exist between plant pathogens and PGPB, which determine their effect on plant host phenotypes through the control of cytokinin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | | - Bernard R. Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Andrew C. Doxey
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Corresponding author.
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4
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Hudeček M, Nožková V, Plíhalová L, Plíhal O. Plant hormone cytokinin at the crossroads of stress priming and control of photosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1103088. [PMID: 36743569 PMCID: PMC9889983 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1103088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To cope with biotic and abiotic stress conditions, land plants have evolved several levels of protection, including delicate defense mechanisms to respond to changes in the environment. The benefits of inducible defense responses can be further augmented by defense priming, which allows plants to respond to a mild stimulus faster and more robustly than plants in the naïve (non-primed) state. Priming provides a low-cost protection of agriculturally important plants in a relatively safe and effective manner. Many different organic and inorganic compounds have been successfully tested to induce resistance in plants. Among the plethora of commonly used physicochemical techniques, priming by plant growth regulators (phytohormones and their derivatives) appears to be a viable approach with a wide range of applications. While several classes of plant hormones have been exploited in agriculture with promising results, much less attention has been paid to cytokinin, a major plant hormone involved in many biological processes including the regulation of photosynthesis. Cytokinins have been long known to be involved in the regulation of chlorophyll metabolism, among other functions, and are responsible for delaying the onset of senescence. A comprehensive overview of the possible mechanisms of the cytokinin-primed defense or stress-related responses, especially those related to photosynthesis, should provide better insight into some of the less understood aspects of this important group of plant growth regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hudeček
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science of Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Vladimíra Nožková
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Lucie Plíhalová
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Ondřej Plíhal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science of Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
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5
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Huang P, Zhao J, Hong J, Zhu B, Xia S, Zhu E, Han P, Zhang K. Cytokinins regulate rice lamina joint development and leaf angle. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:56-69. [PMID: 36031806 PMCID: PMC9806582 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leaf angle is determined by lamina joint inclination and is an important agronomic trait that determines plant architecture, photosynthetic efficiency, and crop yield. Cytokinins (CKs) are phytohormones involved in shaping rice (Oryza sativa L.) architecture, but their role in leaf angle remains unknown. Here, we report that CK accumulation mediated by rice CK OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE3 (OsCKX3) controls lamina joint development and negatively regulates leaf angle. Phenotypic analysis showed that rice osckx3 mutants had smaller leaf angles, while the overexpression lines (OsCKX3-OE) had larger leaf angles. Histological sections indicated that the leaf inclination changes in the osckx3 and OsCKX3-OE lines resulted from asymmetric proliferation of the cells and vascular bundles in the lamina joint. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR, promoter-fused β-glucuronidase expression, and subcellular localization assays indicated that OsCKX3 was highly expressed in the lamina joint, and OsCKX3-GFP fusion protein localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. The enzyme assays using recombinant protein OsCKX3 revealed that OsCKX3 prefers trans-zeatin (tZ) and isopentenyladenine (iP). Consistently, tZ and iP levels increased in the osckx3 mutants but decreased in the OsCKX3 overexpression lines. Interestingly, agronomic trait analysis of the rice grown in the paddy field indicated that osckx3 displayed a smaller leaf angle and enhanced primary branch number, grain size, 1,000-grain weight, and flag leaf size. Collectively, our results revealed that enhancing CK levels in the lamina joint by disrupting OsCKX3 negatively regulates leaf angle, highlighting that the CK pathway can be engineered to reduce leaf angle in rice and possibly in other cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Huang
- Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Department of Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Jiangzhe Zhao
- Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Department of Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Jiale Hong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Department of Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Bao Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Department of Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Shuai Xia
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Department of Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Engao Zhu
- Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Department of Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Pingfei Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Department of Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Department of Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
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6
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Liu C, Bai L, Cao P, Li S, Huang SX, Wang J, Li L, Zhang J, Zhao J, Song J, Sun P, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Guo X, Yang X, Tan X, Liu W, Wang X, Xiang W. Novel Plant Growth Regulator Guvermectin from Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Boosts Biomass and Grain Yield in Rice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:16229-16240. [PMID: 36515163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Food is a fundamental human right, and global food security is threatened by crop production. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) play an essential role in improving crop yield and quality, and this study reports on a novel PGR, termed guvermectin (GV), isolated from plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, which can promote root and coleoptile growth, tillering, and early maturing in rice. GV is a nucleoside analogue like cytokinin (CK), but it was found that GV significantly promoted root and hypocotyl growth, which is different from the function of CK in Arabidopsis. The Arabidopsis CK receptor triple mutant ahk2-2 ahk3-3 cre1-12 still showed a GV response. Moreover, GV led different growth-promoting traits from auxin, gibberellin (GA), and brassinosteroid (BR) in Arabidopsis and rice. The results from a four-year field trial involving 28 rice varieties showed that seed-soaking treatment with GV increased the yields by 6.2 to 19.6%, outperforming the 4.0 to 10.8% for CK, 1.6 to 16.9% for BR, and 2.2 to 7.1% for GA-auxin-BR mixture. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that GV induced different transcriptome patterns from CK, auxin, BR, and GA, and SAUR genes may regulate GV-mediated plant growth and development. This study suggests that GV represents a novel PGR with a unique signal perception and transduction pathway in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lu Bai
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sheng-Xiong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jidong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Junwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jia Song
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaowei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xilang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xinqiu Tan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wensheng Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Savelieva EM, Zenchenko AA, Drenichev MS, Kozlova AA, Kurochkin NN, Arkhipov DV, Chizhov AO, Oslovsky VE, Romanov GA. In Planta, In Vitro and In Silico Studies of Chiral N6-Benzyladenine Derivatives: Discovery of Receptor-Specific S-Enantiomers with Cytokinin or Anticytokinin Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911334. [PMID: 36232653 PMCID: PMC9569578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins, classical phytohormones, affect all stages of plant ontogenesis, but their application in agriculture is limited because of the lack of appropriate ligands, including those specific for individual cytokinin receptors. In this work, a series of chiral N6-benzyladenine derivatives were studied as potential cytokinins or anticytokinins. All compounds contained a methyl group at the α-carbon atom of the benzyl moiety, making them R- or S-enantiomers. Four pairs of chiral nucleobases and corresponding ribonucleosides containing various substituents at the C2 position of adenine heterocycle were synthesized. A nucleophilic substitution reaction by secondary optically active amines was used. A strong influence of the chirality of studied compounds on their interaction with individual cytokinin receptors of Arabidopsis thaliana was uncovered in in vivo and in vitro assays. The AHK2 and CRE1/AHK4 receptors were shown to have low affinity for the studied S-nucleobases while the AHK3 receptor exhibited significant affinity for most of them. Thereby, three synthetic AHK3-specific cytokinins were discovered: N6-((S)-α-methylbenzyl)adenine (S-MBA), 2-fluoro,N6-((S)-α-methylbenzyl)adenine (S-FMBA) and 2-chloro,N6-((S)-α-methylbenzyl)adenine (S-CMBA). Interaction patterns between individual receptors and specific enantiomers were rationalized by structure analysis and molecular docking. Two other S-enantiomers (N6-((S)-α-methylbenzyl)adenosine, 2-amino,N6-((S)-α-methylbenzyl)adenosine) were found to exhibit receptor-specific and chirality-dependent anticytokinin properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina M. Savelieva
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya str. 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia A. Zenchenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail S. Drenichev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A. Kozlova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay N. Kurochkin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Arkhipov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya str. 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander O. Chizhov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Leninsky pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir E. Oslovsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgy A. Romanov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya str. 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: or
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8
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Klos D, Dušek M, Samol'ová E, Zatloukal M, Nožková V, Nesnas N, Plačková L, Koprna R, Spíšek Z, Vylíčilová H, Plíhal O, Doležal K, Voller J, Kadlecová A, Strnad M, Plíhalová L. New Water-Soluble Cytokinin Derivatives and Their Beneficial Impact on Barley Yield and Photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:7288-7301. [PMID: 35658447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solubility of growth regulators is essential for their use in agriculture. Four new cytokinin salts─6-benzylaminopurine mesylate (1), 6-(2-hydroxybenzylamino)purine mesylate (2), 6-(3-hydroxybenzylamino)purine mesylate (3), and 6-(3-methoxybenzylamino)purine mesylate (4)─were synthesized, and their crystal structures were determined to clarify structural influence on water solubility. The mesylates were several orders of magnitude more water-soluble than the parent CKs. The new salts significantly reduced chlorophyll degradation and impairment of photosystem II functionality in barley leaf segments undergoing artificial senescence and had pronounced effects on the leaves' endogenous CK pools, maintaining high concentrations of functional metabolites for several days, unlike canonical CKs. A foliar treatment with 1 and 3 increased the harvest yield of spring barley by up to 8% when compared to treatment with the parent CKs while also increasing the number of productive tillers. This effect was attributed to the higher bioavailability of the mesylate salts and the avoidance of dimethyl sulfoxide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dardan Klos
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Dušek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, CZ-182 21 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Erika Samol'ová
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, CZ-182 21 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Zatloukal
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimíra Nožková
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Nasri Nesnas
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Lenka Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radoslav Koprna
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Spíšek
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Vylíčilová
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Plíhal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Doležal
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Voller
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 5, CZ-77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Kadlecová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 5, CZ-77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Plíhalová
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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9
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Mandal S, Ghorai M, Anand U, Roy D, Kant N, Mishra T, Mane AB, Jha NK, Lal MK, Tiwari RK, Kumar M, Radha, Ghosh A, Bhattacharjee R, Proćków J, Dey A. Cytokinins: A Genetic Target for Increasing Yield Potential in the CRISPR Era. Front Genet 2022; 13:883930. [PMID: 35559022 PMCID: PMC9086551 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.883930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, remarkable progress has been made in our understanding the phytohormones, cytokinin's (CKs) biosynthesis, perception, and signalling pathways. Additionally, it became apparent that interfering with any of these steps has a significant effect on all stages of plant growth and development. As a result of their complex regulatory and cross-talk interactions with other hormones and signalling networks, they influence and control a wide range of biological activities, from cellular to organismal levels. In agriculture, CKs are extensively used for yield improvement and management because of their wide-ranging effects on plant growth, development and physiology. One of the primary targets in this regard is cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKO/CKX), which is encoded by CKX gene, which catalyses the irreversible degradation of cytokinin. The previous studies on various agronomically important crops indicated that plant breeders have targeted CKX directly. In recent years, prokaryotic clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system has been increasingly used in editing the CKO/CKX gene and phenomenal results have been achieved. This review provides an updated information on the applications of CRISPR-based gene-editing tools in manipulating cytokinin metabolism at the genetic level for yield improvement. Furthermore, we summarized the current developments of RNP-mediated DNA/transgene-free genomic editing of plants which would broaden the application of this technology. The current review will advance our understanding of cytokinins and their role in sustainably increase crop production through CRISPR/Cas genome editing tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayanti Mandal
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Mimosa Ghorai
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - Uttpal Anand
- CytoGene Research & Development LLP, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Debleena Roy
- PG Department of Botany, Lady Brabourne College, Kolkata, India
| | - Nishi Kant
- Department of Biotechnology, ARKA Jain University, Jamshedpur, India
| | - Tulika Mishra
- Department of Botany, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India
| | - Abhijit Bhagwan Mane
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Patangrao Kadam Mahavidhyalaya, Ramanandnagar (Burli), Sangli, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | | | | | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Radha
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Arabinda Ghosh
- Microbiology Division, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India
| | - Rahul Bhattacharjee
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Jarosław Proćków
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
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10
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Arora K, Sen S. Cytokinin Oxygenase/Dehydrogenase Inhibitors: An Emerging Tool in Stress Biotechnology Employed for Crop Improvement. Front Genet 2022; 13:877510. [PMID: 35401687 PMCID: PMC8987495 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.877510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to meet the global challenges of food security, one of the foremost solutions lies in enhancing the crop productivity. This can be attained by considering key plant hormones such as cytokinins as agrochemicals as cytokinins in particular are known to control the essential processes of the plants. Even though, it has already been established since 1980s that the enzyme, cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKO/CKX) deactivates cytokinins; the potential applications of manipulating these enzymes have mostly been speculated to have a high potential in the biotechnology industry and spreads to agriculture, horticulture and agroforestry. The enzyme is critical in maintaining a balanced level of cytokinins in plants. However, it is yet to be fully established that inhibiting this enzyme can be the constant source of improvement in the productivity of plants, even though success has been obtained in some economically important plant species. Furthermore, the impact efficiency of this enzyme may vary from plant to plant, which needs to be evaluated employing tissue culture and other extrinsic applications. This review intends to cover the relevant studies addressing any biological activity of this enzyme in the current context and any associated biotechnological applications specific to enhanced grain yield, abiotic stress tolerance, delayed senescence and in vitro organogenesis among various plants and not only cereals. Moreover, our study will identify the present gaps in research with respect to many important food crops, which will be useful for researchers who are actively involved in providing a foundation for a variety of genetically improved plants achieved through this manner. In addition to this, other ways of engineering the amount of cytokinin levels appropriate for signaling also needs to be analyzed in order to extend the benefits of cytokinin biology to other crops too. The application of these inhibitors can be considered among the best alternates as well as addition to genetically modified plants for overcoming the gaps in crop demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Arora
- Department of Botany, National P.G. College, Lucknow, India
- *Correspondence: Kavita Arora, ; Sangeeta Sen,
| | - Sangeeta Sen
- Bangalore, India
- *Correspondence: Kavita Arora, ; Sangeeta Sen,
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11
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Rojas B, Suárez-Vega F, Saez-Aguayo S, Olmedo P, Zepeda B, Delgado-Rioseco J, Defilippi BG, Pedreschi R, Meneses C, Pérez-Donoso AG, Campos-Vargas R. Pre-Anthesis Cytokinin Applications Increase Table Grape Berry Firmness by Modulating Cell Wall Polysaccharides. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122642. [PMID: 34961114 PMCID: PMC8708260 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) is widespread in commercial table grape vineyards. The synthetic cytokinin CPPU is a PGR that is extensively used to obtain higher quality grapes. However, the effect of CPPU on berry firmness is not clear. The current study investigated the effects of pre-anthesis applications (BBCH15 and BBCH55 stages) of CPPU on 'Thompson Seedless' berry firmness at harvest through a combination of cytological, morphological, and biochemical analyses. Ovaries in CPPU-treated plants presented morphological changes related to cell division and cell wall modification at the anthesis stage (BBCH65). Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis with monoclonal antibodies 2F4 and LM15 against pectin and xyloglucan demonstrated that CPPU treatment resulted in cell wall modifications at anthesis. These early changes have major repercussions regarding the hemicellulose and pectin cell wall composition of mature fruits, and are associated with increased calcium content and a higher berry firmness at harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Rojas
- Centro de Estudios Postcosecha, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8831314, Chile; (B.R.); (P.O.)
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (S.S.-A.); (J.D.-R.); (C.M.)
| | - Felipe Suárez-Vega
- Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - Susana Saez-Aguayo
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (S.S.-A.); (J.D.-R.); (C.M.)
| | - Patricio Olmedo
- Centro de Estudios Postcosecha, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8831314, Chile; (B.R.); (P.O.)
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (S.S.-A.); (J.D.-R.); (C.M.)
| | - Baltasar Zepeda
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Joaquín Delgado-Rioseco
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (S.S.-A.); (J.D.-R.); (C.M.)
| | - Bruno G. Defilippi
- INIA La Platina, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Santiago 8831314, Chile;
| | - Romina Pedreschi
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota 2260000, Chile;
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (S.S.-A.); (J.D.-R.); (C.M.)
| | - Alonso G. Pérez-Donoso
- Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - Reinaldo Campos-Vargas
- Centro de Estudios Postcosecha, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8831314, Chile; (B.R.); (P.O.)
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12
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van Voorthuizen MJ, Song J, Novák O, Jameson PE. Plant Growth Regulators INCYDE and TD-K Underperform in Cereal Field Trials. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112309. [PMID: 34834672 PMCID: PMC8618831 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Using plant growth regulators to alter cytokinin homeostasis with the aim of enhancing endogenous cytokinin levels has been proposed as a strategy to increase yields in wheat and barley. The plant growth regulators INCYDE and CPPU inhibit the cytokinin degrading enzyme cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX), while TD-K inhibits the process of senescence. We report that the application of these plant growth regulators in wheat and barley field trials failed to enhance yields, or change the components of yields. Analyses of the endogenous cytokinin content showed a high concentration of trans-zeatin (tZ) in both wheat and barley grains at four days after anthesis, and statistically significant, but probably biologically insignificant, increases in cisZ-O-glucoside, along with small decreases in cZ riboside (cZR), dihydro Z (DHZ), and DHZR and DHZOG cytokinins, following INCYDE application to barley at anthesis. We discuss possible reasons for the lack of efficacy of the three plant growth regulators under field conditions and comment on future approaches to manipulating yield in the light of the strong homeostatic mechanisms controlling endogenous cytokinin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. van Voorthuizen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; (M.J.v.V.); (J.S.)
| | - Jiancheng Song
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; (M.J.v.V.); (J.S.)
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Paula E. Jameson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; (M.J.v.V.); (J.S.)
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
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13
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Baroja-Fernández E, Almagro G, Sánchez-López ÁM, Bahaji A, Gámez-Arcas S, De Diego N, Dolezal K, Muñoz FJ, Climent Sanz E, Pozueta-Romero J. Enhanced Yield of Pepper Plants Promoted by Soil Application of Volatiles From Cell-Free Fungal Culture Filtrates Is Associated With Activation of the Beneficial Soil Microbiota. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:752653. [PMID: 34745186 PMCID: PMC8566893 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.752653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants communicate with microorganisms by exchanging chemical signals throughout the phytosphere. Such interactions are important not only for plant productivity and fitness, but also for terrestrial ecosystem functioning. It is known that beneficial microorganisms emit diffusible substances including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that promote growth. Consistently, soil application of cell-free culture filtrates (CF) of beneficial soil and plant-associated microorganisms enhances plant growth and yield. However, how this treatment acts in plants and whether it alters the resident soil microbiota, are largely unknown. In this work we characterized the responses of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants cultured under both greenhouse and open field conditions and of soil microbiota to soil application of CFs of beneficial and phytopathogenic fungi. To evaluate the contribution of VOCs occurring in the CFs to these responses, we characterized the responses of plants and of soil microbiota to application of distillates (DE) of the fungal CFs. CFs and their respective DEs contained the same potentially biogenic VOCs, and application of these extracts enhanced root growth and fruit yield, and altered the nutritional characteristics of fruits. High-throughput amplicon sequencing of bacterial 16S and fungal ITS rRNA genes of the soil microbiota revealed that the CF and DE treatments altered the microbial community compositions, and led to strong enrichment of the populations of the same beneficial bacterial and fungal taxa. Our findings show that CFs of both beneficial and phytopathogenic fungi can be used as biostimulants, and provide evidence that VOCs occurring in the fungal CFs act as mediators of the plants' responses to soil application of fungal CFs through stimulation of the beneficial soil microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/Gobierno de Navarra), Nafarroa, Spain
| | | | - Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/Gobierno de Navarra), Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Samuel Gámez-Arcas
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/Gobierno de Navarra), Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Nuria De Diego
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Karel Dolezal
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | | | | | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/Gobierno de Navarra), Nafarroa, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM-UMA-CSIC) Campus de Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
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14
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Aremu AO, Plačková L, Egbewale SO, Doležal K, Magadlela A. Soil nutrient status of KwaZulu-Natal savanna and grassland biomes causes variation in cytokinin functional groups and their levels in above-ground and underground parts of three legumes. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:1337-1351. [PMID: 34220044 PMCID: PMC8212235 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cytokinins (CKs) are involved in several developmental stages in the life-cycle of plants. The CK content in plants and their respective organs are susceptible to changes under different environmental conditions. In the current study, we profiled the CK content in the above and underground organs of three legumes (Lessertia frutescens, Mucuna pruriens and Pisum sativum) grown in soils collected from four locations (Ashburton, Bergville, Hluhluwe and Izingolweni) in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. The quantified CK contents in the three legumes were categorized on the basis of their side chains (isoprenoid, aromatic and furfural) and modifications (e.g. free bases and glucosides). Legume and soil types as well as their interaction significantly influenced the concentrations of CKs. Lessertia frutescens, Mucuna pruriens and Pisum sativum had CK content that ranged from 124-653, 170-670 and 69-595 pmol/g DW, respectively. Substantial quantity (> 600 pmol/g DW) of CK were observed in plants grown in Bergville (above-ground part of Lessertia frutescens) and Izingolweni (underground part of Mucuna pruriens) soils. A total of 28 CK derivatives observed in the legumes comprised of isoprenoid (22), aromatic (5) and furfural (1) side-chain CKs. However, the 16 CK derivatives in Mucuna pruriens were isoprenoid-type based on the side-chain. Generally, a higher ratio of cis-zeatin (cZ) relative to the trans-zeatin (tZ) was evident in the above-ground part of Lessertia frutescens and Pisum sativum for the four soil treatments. In terms of functional and physiological importance of the CKs, the free bases (active form) and ribosides (translocation form) were the most abundant CK in Lessertia frutescens and Pisum sativum. However, N-glucoside, a deactivation/detoxicification product was the most dominant CK in Mucuna pruriens from Hluhluwe and Izingolweni soils. The total CKs in the underground parts of the legumes had a positive significant correlation with the total phosphorus and nitrogen content in the plant as well as the soil nitrogen. Overall, the CK profiles of the legumes were strongly influenced by the soil types. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-01021-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeyemi Oladapo Aremu
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000 South Africa
- Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2790 South Africa
| | - Lenka Plačková
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc-Holice, Czech Republic
| | - Samson Olufemi Egbewale
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000 South Africa
| | - Karel Doležal
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc-Holice, Czech Republic
| | - Anathi Magadlela
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000 South Africa
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15
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Beznec A, Faccio P, Miralles DJ, Abeledo LG, Oneto CD, Garibotto MDB, Gonzalez G, Moreyra F, Elizondo M, Ruíz M, Lewi D, Blumwald E, Llorente B, Paleo AD, Bossio E. Stress-induced expression of IPT gene in transgenic wheat reduces grain yield penalty under drought. JOURNAL OF GENETIC ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 19:67. [PMID: 33970377 PMCID: PMC8110665 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00171-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The heterologous expression of isopentenyl transferase (IPT) under the transcriptional control of the senescence-associated receptor-like kinase (SARK) promoter delayed cellular senescence and, through it, increased drought tolerance in plants. To evaluate the effect of pSARK::IPT expression in bread wheat, six independent transgenic events were obtained through the biolistic method and evaluated transgene expression, phenology, grain yield and physiological biomass components in plants grown under both drought and well-irrigating conditions. Experiments were performed at different levels: (i) pots and (ii) microplots inside a biosafety greenhouse, as well as under (iii) field conditions. Results Two transgenic events, called TR1 and TR4, outperformed the wild-type control under drought conditions. Transgenic plants showed higher yield under both greenhouse and field conditions, which was positively correlated to grain number (given by more spikes and grains per spike) than wild type. Interestingly, this yield advantage of the transgenic events was observed under both drought and well-watered conditions. Conclusions The results obtained allow us to conclude that the SARK promoter-regulated expression of the IPT gene in bread wheat not only reduced the yield penalty produced by water stress but also led to improved productivity under well-watered conditions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43141-021-00171-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Beznec
- Instituto de Genética, "Edwald A. Favret", Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Paula Faccio
- Instituto de Genética, "Edwald A. Favret", Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel J Miralles
- Cátedra de Cerealicultura, Facultad de Agronomía de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,IFEVA, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonor G Abeledo
- Cátedra de Cerealicultura, Facultad de Agronomía de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Decima Oneto
- Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, EEA Balcarce, INTA, Ruta 226, Km 73.5, B7620, Balcarce, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1425FQB, Godoy Cruz 2290, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María de Belén Garibotto
- Instituto de Genética, "Edwald A. Favret", Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1425FQB, Godoy Cruz 2290, CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Matías Elizondo
- EEA San Juan, INTA, San Juan, Argentina.,Unidad Integrada INTA-UNSJ Dpto. Ing., San Juan, Argentina
| | - Mónica Ruíz
- EEA San Juan, INTA, San Juan, Argentina.,Unidad Integrada INTA-UNSJ Dpto. Ing., San Juan, Argentina
| | - Dalia Lewi
- Instituto de Genética, "Edwald A. Favret", Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Berta Llorente
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Ezequiel Bossio
- Instituto de Genética, "Edwald A. Favret", Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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16
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Nisler J, Kopečný D, Pěkná Z, Končitíková R, Koprna R, Murvanidze N, Werbrouck SPO, Havlíček L, De Diego N, Kopečná M, Wimmer Z, Briozzo P, Moréra S, Zalabák D, Spíchal L, Strnad M. Diphenylurea-derived cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase inhibitors for biotechnology and agriculture. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:355-370. [PMID: 32945834 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing crop productivity is our major challenge if we are to meet global needs for food, fodder and fuel. Controlling the content of the plant hormone cytokinin is a method of improving plant productivity. Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKO/CKX) is a major target in this regard because it degrades cytokinins. Here, we describe the synthesis and biological activities of new CKX inhibitors derived mainly from diphenylurea. They were tested on four CKX isoforms from maize and Arabidopsis, where the best compounds showed IC50 values in the 10-8 M concentration range. The binding mode of the most efficient inhibitors was characterized from high-resolution crystal complexed structures. Although these compounds do not possess intrinsic cytokinin activity, we have demonstrated their tremendous potential for use in the plant tissue culture industry as well as in agriculture. We have identified a key substance, compound 19, which not only increases stress resistance and seed yield in Arabidopsis, but also improves the yield of wheat, barley and rapeseed grains under field conditions. Our findings reveal that modulation of cytokinin levels via CKX inhibition can positively affect plant growth, development and yield, and prove that CKX inhibitors can be an attractive target in plant biotechnology and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Nisler
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - David Kopečný
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Pěkná
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Končitíková
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radoslav Koprna
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Nino Murvanidze
- Department Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan P O Werbrouck
- Department Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Libor Havlíček
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nuria De Diego
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Kopečná
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Wimmer
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, Prague, Czech Republic
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pierre Briozzo
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de Saint-Cyr, Versailles, France
| | - Solange Moréra
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David Zalabák
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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17
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Zhang W, Peng K, Cui F, Wang D, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Yu N, Wang Y, Zeng D, Wang Y, Cheng Z, Zhang K. Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase OsCKX11 coordinates source and sink relationship in rice by simultaneous regulation of leaf senescence and grain number. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:335-350. [PMID: 33448635 PMCID: PMC7868977 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The flag leaf and grain belong to the source and sink, respectively, of cereals, and both have a bearing on final yield. Premature leaf senescence significantly reduces the photosynthetic rate and severely lowers crop yield. Cytokinins play important roles in leaf senescence and determine grain number. Here, we characterized the roles of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase OsCKX11 in delaying leaf senescence, increasing grain number, and coordinately regulating source and sink. OsCKX11 was predominantly expressed in the roots, leaves, and panicles and was strongly induced by abscisic acid and leaf senescence. Recombinant OsCKX11 protein catalysed the degradation of various types of cytokinins but showed preference for trans-zeatin and cis-zeatin. Cytokinin levels were significantly increased in the flag leaves of osckx11 mutant compared to those of the wild type (WT). In the osckx11 mutant, the ABA-biosynthesizing genes were down-regulated and the ABA-degrading genes were up-regulated, thereby reducing the ABA levels relative to the WT. Thus, OsCKX11 functions antagonistically between cytokinins and ABA in leaf senescence. Moreover, osckx11 presented with significantly increased branch, tiller, and grain number compared with the WT. Collectively, our findings reveal that OsCKX11 simultaneously regulates photosynthesis and grain number, which may provide new insights into leaf senescence and crop molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of BiologyZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic PlantsCollege of Chemistry and Life SciencesZhejiang Normal UniversityJinhuaZhejiangChina
| | - Kaixuan Peng
- Department of BiologyZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic PlantsCollege of Chemistry and Life SciencesZhejiang Normal UniversityJinhuaZhejiangChina
| | - Fubin Cui
- Department of BiologyZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic PlantsCollege of Chemistry and Life SciencesZhejiang Normal UniversityJinhuaZhejiangChina
| | - Dongling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene ResearchInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jiangzhe Zhao
- Department of BiologyZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic PlantsCollege of Chemistry and Life SciencesZhejiang Normal UniversityJinhuaZhejiangChina
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Department of BiologyZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic PlantsCollege of Chemistry and Life SciencesZhejiang Normal UniversityJinhuaZhejiangChina
| | - Ningning Yu
- Department of BiologyZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic PlantsCollege of Chemistry and Life SciencesZhejiang Normal UniversityJinhuaZhejiangChina
| | - Yuyang Wang
- Department of BiologyZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic PlantsCollege of Chemistry and Life SciencesZhejiang Normal UniversityJinhuaZhejiangChina
| | - Dali Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyChina National Rice Research InstituteHangzhouChina
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene ResearchInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianShandongChina
| | - Zhukuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene ResearchInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Department of BiologyZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic PlantsCollege of Chemistry and Life SciencesZhejiang Normal UniversityJinhuaZhejiangChina
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18
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Schwarz I, Scheirlinck MT, Otto E, Bartrina I, Schmidt RC, Schmülling T. Cytokinin regulates the activity of the inflorescence meristem and components of seed yield in oilseed rape. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:7146-7159. [PMID: 32911544 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The number of flowers and seed-bearing structures formed by the inflorescence meristem and the formation of ovules in the female reproductive part of the flowers are important yield-related traits of crop plants. It has been shown that cytokinin is a pivotal factor regulating these traits. Here, we explore the impact of mutation of CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE (CKX) genes encoding cytokinin-degrading enzymes on these yield-related traits in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). We describe the identification of four BnCKX3 and two BnCKX5 genes as regulators of reproductive development in the allotetraploid B. napus. RNA-seq analysis and in situ hybridization showed expression of these genes in reproductive organs. Loss-of-function mutants for each of these CKX gene copies were identified by targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING) and combined by crossing. Sextuple ckx3 ckx5 mutants showed an increased cytokinin concentration and larger and more active inflorescence meristems. They also produced up to 72% more flowers with gynoecia containing 32% more ovules and up to 54% more pods on the main stem. The weight of seeds harvested from the main stem of plants grown in the greenhouse or in the field was increased by 20-32%. Our results show that cytokinin regulates inflorescence meristem and placenta activity in oilseed rape. The work demonstrates the potential to achieve yield enhancement in a dicot crop plant by modulating the cytokinin status through mutagenesis of specific CKX genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireen Schwarz
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Elisabeth Otto
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabel Bartrina
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Schmülling
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Targeting Cytokinin Homeostasis in Rapid Cycling Brassica rapa with Plant Growth Regulators INCYDE and TD-K. PLANTS 2020; 10:plants10010039. [PMID: 33375745 PMCID: PMC7824111 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Modifying the cytokinin content in plants is a means of improving plant productivity. Here, we report the development and biological activity of compound TD-K (1-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-3-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl)urea)which is related to thidiazuron. TD-K—which exhibited extremely high antisenescence activity in the wheat leaf bioassay—and INCYDE (2-chloro-6-(3-methoxyphenyl)aminopurine)—a plant growth regulator reported to inhibit cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX), an enzyme involved in the degradation of the plant hormone cytokinin—were selected for investigation of their effects on the model plant Rapid Cycling Brassica rapa (RCBr). We monitored the expression of BrCKX and isopentenyl transferase (BrIPT), which codes for the key cytokinin biosynthesis enzyme, in developing leaves following INCYDE and TD-K application. Growth room experiments revealed that INCYDE increased RCBr seed yield per plant, but only when applied multiple times and when grown in 5 mM KNO3. Expression in control leaves showed transient, high levels of expression of BrCKX and BrIPT at true leaf appearance. Following INCYDE application, there was a rapid and strong upregulation of BrCKX3, and a transient downregulation of BrIPT1 and BrIPT3. Interestingly, the upregulation of BrCKX3 persisted in a milder form throughout the course of the experiment (16 days). TD-K also upregulated BrCKX3. However, in contrast to INCYDE, this effect disappeared after two days. These results suggest that both compounds (CKX inhibitor and cytokinin TD-K) influenced cytokinin homeostasis in RCBr leaves, but with different mechanisms.
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20
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Berková V, Kameniarová M, Ondrisková V, Berka M, Menšíková S, Kopecká R, Luklová M, Novák J, Spíchal L, Rashotte AM, Brzobohatý B, Černý M. Arabidopsis Response to Inhibitor of Cytokinin Degradation INCYDE: Modulations of Cytokinin Signaling and Plant Proteome. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1563. [PMID: 33202776 PMCID: PMC7698199 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinins are multifaceted plant hormones that play crucial roles in plant interactions with the environment. Modulations in cytokinin metabolism and signaling have been successfully used for elevating plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stressors. Here, we analyzed Arabidopsis thaliana response to INhibitor of CYtokinin DEgradation (INCYDE), a potent inhibitor of cytokinin dehydrogenase. We found that at low nanomolar concentration, the effect of INCYCE on seedling growth and development was not significantly different from that of trans-Zeatin treatment. However, an alteration in the spatial distribution of cytokinin signaling was found at low micromolar concentrations, and proteomics analysis revealed a significant impact on the molecular level. An in-depth proteome analysis of an early (24 h) response and a dose-dependent response after 168 h highlighted the effects on primary and secondary metabolism, including alterations in ribosomal subunits, RNA metabolism, modulations of proteins associated with chromatin, and the flavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway. The observed attenuation in stress-response mechanisms, including abscisic acid signaling and the metabolism of jasmonates, could explain previously reported positive effects of INCYDE under mild stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Berková
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (M.K.); (V.O.); (M.B.); (S.M.); (R.K.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (B.B.)
| | - Michaela Kameniarová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (M.K.); (V.O.); (M.B.); (S.M.); (R.K.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (B.B.)
| | - Vladěna Ondrisková
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (M.K.); (V.O.); (M.B.); (S.M.); (R.K.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (B.B.)
| | - Miroslav Berka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (M.K.); (V.O.); (M.B.); (S.M.); (R.K.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (B.B.)
| | - Simona Menšíková
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (M.K.); (V.O.); (M.B.); (S.M.); (R.K.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (B.B.)
| | - Romana Kopecká
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (M.K.); (V.O.); (M.B.); (S.M.); (R.K.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (B.B.)
| | - Markéta Luklová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (M.K.); (V.O.); (M.B.); (S.M.); (R.K.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (B.B.)
| | - Jan Novák
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (M.K.); (V.O.); (M.B.); (S.M.); (R.K.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (B.B.)
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 77200 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Aaron M. Rashotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 811, USA;
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (M.K.); (V.O.); (M.B.); (S.M.); (R.K.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (B.B.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.B.); (M.K.); (V.O.); (M.B.); (S.M.); (R.K.); (M.L.); (J.N.); (B.B.)
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21
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Wang JY, Jamil M, Lin PY, Ota T, Fiorilli V, Novero M, Zarban RA, Kountche BA, Takahashi I, Martínez C, Lanfranco L, Bonfante P, de Lera AR, Asami T, Al-Babili S. Efficient Mimics for Elucidating Zaxinone Biology and Promoting Agricultural Applications. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1654-1661. [PMID: 32835886 PMCID: PMC7656291 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Zaxinone is an apocarotenoid regulatory metabolite required for normal rice growth and development. In addition, zaxinone has a large application potential in agriculture, due to its growth-promoting activity and capability to alleviate infestation by the root parasitic plant Striga through decreasing strigolactone (SL) production. However, zaxinone is poorly accessible to the scientific community because of its laborious organic synthesis that impedes its further investigation and utilization. In this study, we developed easy-to-synthesize and highly efficient mimics of zaxinone (MiZax). We performed a structure-activity relationship study using a series of apocarotenoids distinguished from zaxinone by different structural features. Using the obtained results, we designed several phenyl-based compounds synthesized with a high-yield through a simple method. Activity tests showed that MiZax3 and MiZax5 exert zaxinone activity in rescuing root growth of a zaxinone-deficient rice mutant, promoting growth, and reducing SL content in roots and root exudates of wild-type plants. Moreover, these compounds were at least as efficient as zaxinone in suppressing transcript level of SL biosynthesis genes and in alleviating Striga infestation under greenhouse conditions, and did not negatively impact mycorrhization. Taken together, MiZax are a promising tool for elucidating zaxinone biology and investigating rice development, and suitable candidates for combating Striga and increasing crop growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian You Wang
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, the BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Jamil
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, the BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pei-Yu Lin
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, the BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tsuyoshi Ota
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Valentina Fiorilli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Mara Novero
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Randa A Zarban
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, the BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Boubacar A Kountche
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, the BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ikuo Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Claudio Martínez
- Universidade de Vigo, Facultade de Química and CINBIO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Luisa Lanfranco
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Universidade de Vigo, Facultade de Química and CINBIO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Tadao Asami
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, the BioActives Lab, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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22
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The Anti-Senescence Activity of Cytokinin Arabinosides in Wheat and Arabidopsis Is Negatively Correlated with Ethylene Production. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218109. [PMID: 33143091 PMCID: PMC7662598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf senescence, accompanied by chlorophyll breakdown, chloroplast degradation and inhibition of photosynthesis, can be suppressed by an exogenous application of cytokinins. Two aromatic cytokinin arabinosides (6-benzylamino-9-β-d-arabinofuranosylpurines; BAPAs), 3-hydroxy- (3OHBAPA) and 3-methoxy- (3MeOBAPA) derivatives, have recently been found to possess high anti-senescence activity. Interestingly, their effect on the maintenance of chlorophyll content and maximal quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) in detached dark-adapted leaves differed quantitatively in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Aranka) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsisthaliana L. (Col-0)). In this work, we have found that the anti-senescence effects of 3OHBAPA and 3MeOBAPA in wheat and Arabidopsis also differ in other parameters, including the maintenance of carotenoid content and chloroplasts, rate of reduction of primary electron acceptor of PSII (QA) as well as electron transport behind QA, and partitioning of absorbed light energy in light-adapted leaves. In wheat, 3OHBAPA had a higher protective effect than 3MeOBAPA, whereas in Arabidopsis, 3MeOBAPA was the more efficient derivative. We have found that the different anti-senescent activity of 3OHBAPA and 3MeOBAPA was coupled to different ethylene production in the treated leaves: the lower the ethylene production, the higher the anti-senescence activity. 3OHBAPA and 3MeOBAPA also efficiently protected the senescing leaves of wheat and Arabidopsis against oxidative damage induced by both H2O2 and high-light treatment, which could also be connected with the low level of ethylene production.
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23
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Aremu AO, Fawole OA, Makunga NP, Masondo NA, Moyo M, Buthelezi NMD, Amoo SO, Spíchal L, Doležal K. Applications of Cytokinins in Horticultural Fruit Crops: Trends and Future Prospects. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091222. [PMID: 32842660 PMCID: PMC7563339 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are a chemically diverse class of plant growth regulators, exhibiting wide-ranging actions on plant growth and development, hence their exploitation in agriculture for crop improvement and management. Their coordinated regulatory effects and cross-talk interactions with other phytohormones and signaling networks are highly sophisticated, eliciting and controlling varied biological processes at the cellular to organismal levels. In this review, we briefly introduce the mode of action and general molecular biological effects of naturally occurring CKs before highlighting the great variability in the response of fruit crops to CK-based innovations. We present a comprehensive compilation of research linked to the application of CKs in non-model crop species in different phases of fruit production and management. By doing so, it is clear that the effects of CKs on fruit set, development, maturation, and ripening are not necessarily generic, even for cultivars within the same species, illustrating the magnitude of yet unknown intricate biochemical and genetic mechanisms regulating these processes in different fruit crops. Current approaches using genomic-to-metabolomic analysis are providing new insights into the in planta mechanisms of CKs, pinpointing the underlying CK-derived actions that may serve as potential targets for improving crop-specific traits and the development of new solutions for the preharvest and postharvest management of fruit crops. Where information is available, CK molecular biology is discussed in the context of its present and future implications in the applications of CKs to fruits of horticultural significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeyemi O. Aremu
- Indigenous Knowledge Systems Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa;
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa
- Correspondence: (A.O.A.); (O.A.F.); (N.P.M.); Tel.: +27-18-389-2573 (A.O.A.); +27-11-559-7237 (O.A.F.); +27-21-808-3061 (N.P.M.)
| | - Olaniyi A. Fawole
- Postharvest Research Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa;
- Correspondence: (A.O.A.); (O.A.F.); (N.P.M.); Tel.: +27-18-389-2573 (A.O.A.); +27-11-559-7237 (O.A.F.); +27-21-808-3061 (N.P.M.)
| | - Nokwanda P. Makunga
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa;
- Correspondence: (A.O.A.); (O.A.F.); (N.P.M.); Tel.: +27-18-389-2573 (A.O.A.); +27-11-559-7237 (O.A.F.); +27-21-808-3061 (N.P.M.)
| | - Nqobile A. Masondo
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa;
| | - Mack Moyo
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa;
| | - Nana M. D. Buthelezi
- Postharvest Research Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa;
| | - Stephen O. Amoo
- Indigenous Knowledge Systems Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa;
- Postharvest Research Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa;
- Agricultural Research Council, Roodeplaat Vegetable and Ornamental Plants, Private Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (K.D.)
| | - Karel Doležal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Oshchepkov MS, Kalistratova AV, Savelieva EM, Romanov GA, Bystrova NA, Kochetkov KA. Natural and synthetic cytokinins and their applications in biotechnology, agrochemistry and medicine. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The review is devoted to cytokinins — classical plant hormones known for more than six decades. Nevertheless, different aspects of the action of cytokinins are still being investigated. Relevant studies produced interesting, often unexpected, results, which cast doubt on the old paradigms and open new prospects for the use of these phytohormones. Particular attention is given to recent advances in the applications of natural cytokinins and their synthetic analogues in biotechnology, agriculture, medicine and cosmetics. The chemical synthesis, properties and the possible use of artificial cytokinins are considered in detail. The review is aimed at researchers interested in the development and applications of new biologically active compounds with a wide spectrum of action on diverse biological objects, from plants to humans.
The bibliography includes 233 references.
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Hönig M, Plíhalová L, Husičková A, Nisler J, Doležal K. Role of Cytokinins in Senescence, Antioxidant Defence and Photosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E4045. [PMID: 30558142 PMCID: PMC6321018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins modulate a number of important developmental processes, including the last phase of leaf development, known as senescence, which is associated with chlorophyll breakdown, photosynthetic apparatus disintegration and oxidative damage. There is ample evidence that cytokinins can slow down all these senescence-accompanying changes. Here, we review relationships between the various mechanisms of action of these regulatory molecules. We highlight their connection to photosynthesis, the pivotal process that generates assimilates, however may also lead to oxidative damage. Thus, we also focus on cytokinin induction of protective responses against oxidative damage. Activation of antioxidative enzymes in senescing tissues is described as well as changes in the levels of naturally occurring antioxidative compounds, such as phenolic acids and flavonoids, in plant explants. The main goal of this review is to show how the biological activities of cytokinins may be related to their chemical structure. New links between molecular aspects of natural cytokinins and their synthetic derivatives with antisenescent properties are described. Structural motifs in cytokinin molecules that may explain why these molecules play such a significant regulatory role are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hönig
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Plíhalová
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Alexandra Husičková
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaroslav Nisler
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Doležal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Klimeš P, Turek D, Mazura P, Gallová L, Spíchal L, Brzobohatý B. High Throughput Screening Method for Identifying Potential Agonists and Antagonists of Arabidopsis thaliana Cytokinin Receptor CRE1/AHK4. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017. [PMID: 28642766 PMCID: PMC5463364 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The CRE1/AHK4 cytokinin receptor is an important component of plants' hormone signaling systems, and compounds that can alter its activity have potential utility for studying the receptor's functions and/or developing new plant growth regulators. A high throughput method was developed for screening compounds with agonist or antagonist properties toward the CRE1/AHK4 cytokinin receptor in a single experiment using the Nanodrop II liquid handling system and 384-well plates. Potential ligands are screened directly, using a reporter system in which receptor signaling activity triggers expression of β-galactosidase in Escherichia coli. This enzyme generates a fluorescent product from a non-fluorescent substrate, allowing the agonistic/antagonistic behavior of tested compounds to be assayed in relation to that of an internal standard (here the natural ligand, trans-zeatin). The method includes a robust control procedure to determine false positive or false negative effects of the tested compounds arising from their fluorescent or fluorescent-quenching properties. The presented method enables robust, automated screening of large libraries of compounds for ability to activate or inhibit the Arabidopsis thaliana cytokinin receptor CRE1/AHK4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Klimeš
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR v.v.i. and Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in BrnoBrno, Czechia
| | - Dušan Turek
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR v.v.i. and Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in BrnoBrno, Czechia
| | - Pavel Mazura
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR v.v.i. and Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in BrnoBrno, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Pavel Mazura,
| | - Lucia Gallová
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, OlomoucOlomouc, Czechia
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, OlomoucOlomouc, Czechia
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR v.v.i. and Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in BrnoBrno, Czechia
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