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Ciuffreda P, Xynomilakis O, Casati S, Ottria R. Fluorescence-Based Enzyme Activity Assay: Ascertaining the Activity and Inhibition of Endocannabinoid Hydrolytic Enzymes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7693. [PMID: 39062935 PMCID: PMC11276806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system, known for its regulatory role in various physiological processes, relies on the activities of several hydrolytic enzymes, such as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA), monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), and α/β-hydrolase domains 6 (ABHD6) and 12 (ABHD12), to maintain homeostasis. Accurate measurement of these enzymes' activities is crucial for understanding their function and for the development of potential therapeutic agents. Fluorometric assays, which offer high sensitivity, specificity, and real-time monitoring capabilities, have become essential tools in enzymatic studies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the principles behind these assays, the various substrates and fluorophores used, and advances in assay techniques used not only for the determination of the kinetic mechanisms of enzyme reactions but also for setting up kinetic assays for the high-throughput screening of each critical enzyme involved in endocannabinoid degradation. Through this comprehensive review, we aim to highlight the strengths and limitations of current fluorometric assays and suggest future directions for improving the measurement of enzyme activity in the endocannabinoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Roberta Ottria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy; (P.C.); (O.X.); (S.C.)
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Piomelli D, Scalvini L, Fotio Y, Lodola A, Spadoni G, Tarzia G, Mor M. N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase (NAAA): Structure, Function, and Inhibition. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7475-7490. [PMID: 32191459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) is an N-terminal cysteine hydrolase primarily found in the endosomal-lysosomal compartment of innate and adaptive immune cells. NAAA catalyzes the hydrolytic deactivation of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), a lipid-derived peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) agonist that exerts profound anti-inflammatory effects in animal models. Emerging evidence points to NAAA-regulated PEA signaling at PPAR-α as a critical control point for the induction and the resolution of inflammation and to NAAA itself as a target for anti-inflammatory medicines. The present Perspective discusses three key aspects of this hypothesis: the role of NAAA in controlling the signaling activity of PEA; the structural bases for NAAA function and inhibition by covalent and noncovalent agents; and finally, the potential value of NAAA-targeting drugs in the treatment of human inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4625, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4625, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4625, United States
| | - Laura Scalvini
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I- 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Yannick Fotio
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4625, United States
| | - Alessio Lodola
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I- 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Gilberto Spadoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Tarzia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I- 43124 Parma, Italy
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Impellizzeri D, Siracusa R, Cordaro M, Crupi R, Peritore AF, Gugliandolo E, D'Amico R, Petrosino S, Evangelista M, Di Paola R, Cuzzocrea S. N-Palmitoylethanolamine-oxazoline (PEA-OXA): A new therapeutic strategy to reduce neuroinflammation, oxidative stress associated to vascular dementia in an experimental model of repeated bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 125:77-91. [PMID: 30660740 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Recent studies revealed that pharmacological modulation of NAE-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA) can be achieved with PEA oxazoline (PEA-OXA). Hence, the aim of the present work was to thoroughly evaluate the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of PEA-OXA in an experimental model of vascular dementia (VaD) induced by bilateral carotid arteries occlusion. At 24 h after VaD induction, animals were orally administered with 10 mg/kg of PEA-OXA daily for 15 days. RESULTS Brain tissues were handled for histological, immunohistochemical, western blot, and immunofluorescence analysis. PEA-OXA treatment evidently reduced the histological alterations and neuronal death induced by VaD and additionally improved behavioral deficits. Further, PEA-OXA decreased GFAP and Iba-1, markers of astrocytes, and microglia activation, as well as increased MAP-2, a marker of neuron development. Moreover, PEA-OXA reduced oxidative stress, modulated Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response, and inhibited the apoptotic process. INNOVATION Some drugs may demonstrate their healing potential by regulating neuroinflammation, rather than by their habitually attributed actions only. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a prototype ALIAmide, well-known for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. The inhibition of PEA degradation by targeting NAAA, its catabolic enzyme, is a different approach for treating neuroinflammation. This research offers new insight into the mechanism of PEA-OXA-induced neuroprotection. CONCLUSION Thus, the modulation of intracellular NAAA by PEA-OXA could offer a novel means of controlling neuroinflammatory conditions associated with VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio Filippo Peritore
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ramona D'Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrosino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy; Epitech Group SpA, Via Einaudi 13, 35030, Saccolongo, Padova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Evangelista
- Institute of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine,Saint Louis, USA.
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4
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Molecular mechanism of activation of the immunoregulatory amidase NAAA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E10032-E10040. [PMID: 30301806 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811759115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylethanolamide is a bioactive lipid that strongly alleviates pain and inflammation in animal models and in humans. Its signaling activity is terminated through degradation by N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA), a cysteine hydrolase expressed at high levels in immune cells. Pharmacological inhibitors of NAAA activity exert profound analgesic and antiinflammatory effects in rodent models, pointing to this protein as a potential target for therapeutic drug discovery. To facilitate these efforts and to better understand the molecular mechanism of action of NAAA, we determined crystal structures of this enzyme in various activation states and in complex with several ligands, including both a covalent and a reversible inhibitor. Self-proteolysis exposes the otherwise buried active site of NAAA to allow catalysis. Formation of a stable substrate- or inhibitor-binding site appears to be conformationally coupled to the interaction of a pair of hydrophobic helices in the enzyme with lipid membranes, resulting in the creation of a linear hydrophobic cavity near the active site that accommodates the ligand's acyl chain.
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Bottemanne P, Muccioli GG, Alhouayek M. N-acylethanolamine hydrolyzing acid amidase inhibition: tools and potential therapeutic opportunities. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1520-1529. [PMID: 29567427 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) (e.g., N-palmitoylethanolamine, N-arachidonoylethanolamine, N-oleoylethanolamine) are bioactive lipids involved in many physiological processes including pain, inflammation, anxiety, cognition and food intake. Two enzymes are responsible for the hydrolysis of NAEs and therefore regulate their endogenous levels and effects: fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA). As discussed here, extensive biochemical characterization of NAAA was carried out over the years that contributed to a better understanding of NAAA enzymology. An increasing number of studies describe the synthesis and pharmacological characterization of NAAA inhibitors. Recent medicinal chemistry efforts have led to the development of potent and stable inhibitors that enable studying the effects of NAAA inhibition in preclinical disease models, notably in the context of pain and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Bottemanne
- BPBL Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier 72, B1.72.01, B-1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- BPBL Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier 72, B1.72.01, B-1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Mireille Alhouayek
- BPBL Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier 72, B1.72.01, B-1200 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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Impellizzeri D, Cordaro M, Bruschetta G, Siracusa R, Crupi R, Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S. N-Palmitoylethanolamine-Oxazoline as a New Therapeutic Strategy to Control Neuroinflammation: Neuroprotective Effects in Experimental Models of Spinal Cord and Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:2609-2623. [PMID: 28095731 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA) represents a potential alternative strategy in the treatment of neuroinflammation. Recent studies showed that pharmacological modulation of NAAA could be achieved with the oxazoline of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA; PEA-OXA). The aim of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of PEA-OXA in the secondary neuroinflammatory events induced by spinal and brain trauma in mice. Animals were subjected to spinal cord and brain injury models and PEA-OXA (10 mg/kg) was administered both intraperitoneally and orally 1 h and 6 h after trauma. PEA-OXA treatment markedly reduced the histological alterations induced by spinal cord injury (SCI) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) and ameliorated the motor function and behavioral deficits, as well. In addition, the expression of neurotrophic factors, such as glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neurotrophin-3 were increased by PEA-OXA treatment. Moreover, PEA-OXA also significantly decreased glial fibrillary acidic protein hyperexpression, the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, phosphorylation of Ser536 on the NF-κB subunit p65, and degradation of IκB-α, as well as diminished the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β. The modulation of intracellular NAAA by PEA-OXA treatment could thus represent a novel therapy to control neuroinflammatory conditions associated with SCI and TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Impellizzeri
- 1 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- 1 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bruschetta
- 1 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- 1 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- 1 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- 1 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- 1 Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Messina, Italy .,2 Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Manchester , United Kingdom
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Petrosino S, Campolo M, Impellizzeri D, Paterniti I, Allarà M, Gugliandolo E, D'Amico R, Siracusa R, Cordaro M, Esposito E, Di Marzo V, Cuzzocrea S. 2-Pentadecyl-2-Oxazoline, the Oxazoline of Pea, Modulates Carrageenan-Induced Acute Inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:308. [PMID: 28611664 PMCID: PMC5448350 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) involve a family of lipid molecules existent in animal and plant, with N-palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) that arouses great attention owing to its anti-inflammatory, analgesic and neuroprotective activities. Because PEA is produced on demand and exerts pleiotropic effects, the modulation of specific amidases for NAEs (and in particular NAE-hydrolyzing acid amidase NAAA, which is more selective for PEA) could be a condition to preserve its levels. Here we investigate the effect of 2-Pentadecyl-2-oxazoline (PEA-OXA) the oxazoline of PEA, on human recombinant NAAA in vitro and in an established model of Carrageenan (CAR)-induced rat paw inflammation. PEA-OXA dose-dependently significantly inhibited recombinant NAAA and, orally administered to rats (10 mg/kg), limiting histological damage, thermal hyperalgesia and the increase of infiltrating inflammatory cells after CAR injection in the rat right hindpaw, compared to ultramicronized PEA given orally at the same dose (10 mg/kg). These effects were accompanied by elevation of paw PEA levels. Moreover, PEA-OXA markedly reduced neutrophil infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokine release and prevented CAR-induced IκB-α degradation, nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, the increase of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and mast cell activation. Experiments in PPAR-α knockout mice showed that the anti-inflammatory effects of PEA-OXA were not dependent on the presence of PPAR-α receptors. In conclusion, NAAA modulators as PEA-OXA could help to maximize the tissue availability of PEA by increasing its levels and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Petrosino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicerchePozzuoli, Italy.,Epitech Group SpASaccolongo, Italy
| | - Michela Campolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
| | - Marco Allarà
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicerchePozzuoli, Italy.,Epitech Group SpASaccolongo, Italy
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
| | - Ramona D'Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicerchePozzuoli, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
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8
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Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant and Crystallographic Studies of N-Palmitoyl-ethanol Amine (PEA) Derivatives. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040616. [PMID: 28398240 PMCID: PMC6154659 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Palmitoyl-ethanolamine (PEA) is an anti-inflammatory component of egg yolk that is usually employed for the prevention of respiratory apparatus virus infection and then frequently used for its efficient anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in experimental models of visceral, neuropathic, and inflammatory diseases. Nevertheless, data of its use in animal or human therapy are still scarce and further studies are needed. Herein, we report the biological evaluation of a small library of N-palmitoyl-ethanolamine analogues or derivatives, characterized by a protected acid function (either as palmitoyl amides or hexadecyl esters), useful to decrease their hydrolysis rate in vitro and prolong their biological activity. Two of these compounds—namely phenyl-carbamic acid hexadecyl ester (4) and 2-methyl-pentadecanoic acid (4-nitro-phenyl)-amide (5)—have shown good anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, without affecting the viability of J774A.1 macrophages. Finally, crystals suitable for X-ray analysis of compound 4 have been obtained, and its solved crystal structure is here reported. Our outcomes may be helpful for a rational drug design based on new PEA analogues/derivatives with improved biological properties.
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9
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Vago R, Bettiga A, Salonia A, Ciuffreda P, Ottria R. Development of new inhibitors for N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase as promising tool against bladder cancer. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 25:1242-1249. [PMID: 28062195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is a signaling system involved in a wide range of biological effects. Literature strongly suggests the endocannabinoid system role in the pathogenesis of cancer and that its pharmacological activation produces therapeutic benefits. Last research promotes the endocannabinoid system modulation by inhibition of endocannabinoids hydrolytic enzymes instead of direct activation of endocannabinoid receptors to avoid detrimental effects on cognition and motor control. Here we report the identification of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA) inhibitors able to reduce cell proliferation and migration and cause cell death on different bladder cancer cell lines. These molecules were designed, synthesized and characterized and active compounds were selected by a fluorescence high-throughput screening method set-up on human recombinant NAAA that also allows to characterize the mechanism of inhibition. Together our results suggest an important role for NAAA in cell migration and in inducing tumor cell death promoting this enzyme as pharmacological target against bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Vago
- Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, Milan, Italy; Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, Milano, Italy.
| | - Arianna Bettiga
- Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Salonia
- Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, Milan, Italy; Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, Milano, Italy.
| | - Pierangela Ciuffreda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "Luigi Sacco", Via G.B. Grassi 74, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.
| | - Roberta Ottria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "Luigi Sacco", Via G.B. Grassi 74, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.
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10
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Tuo W, Leleu-Chavain N, Spencer J, Sansook S, Millet R, Chavatte P. Therapeutic Potential of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase, Monoacylglycerol Lipase, and N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 60:4-46. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tuo
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Natascha Leleu-Chavain
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - John Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Supojjanee Sansook
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Régis Millet
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Chavatte
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
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11
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Herrera MI, Kölliker-Frers R, Barreto G, Blanco E, Capani F. Glial Modulation by N-acylethanolamides in Brain Injury and Neurodegeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:81. [PMID: 27199733 PMCID: PMC4844606 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation involves the activation of glial cells and represents a key element in normal aging and pathophysiology of brain damage. N-acylethanolamides (NAEs), naturally occurring amides, are known for their pro-homeostatic effects. An increase in NAEs has been reported in vivo and in vitro in the aging brain and in brain injury. Treatment with NAEs may promote neuroprotection and exert anti-inflammatory actions via PPARα activation and/or by counteracting gliosis. This review aims to provide an overview of endogenous and exogenous properties of NAEs in neuroinflammation and to discuss their interaction with glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- María I Herrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones en Psicología y Psicopedagogía, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Católica ArgentinaBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo Kölliker-Frers
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - George Barreto
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Eduardo Blanco
- Departament de Pedagogia i Psicologia, Facultat d'Educació, Psicologia i Treball Social, Universitat de Lleida Lleida, Spain
| | - Francisco Capani
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Católica ArgentinaBuenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Universidad Argentina John F. KennedyBuenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de ChileSantiago, Chile
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12
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Iannotti FA, Di Marzo V, Petrosino S. Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-related mediators: Targets, metabolism and role in neurological disorders. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 62:107-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Pontis S, Ribeiro A, Sasso O, Piomelli D. Macrophage-derived lipid agonists of PPAR-αas intrinsic controllers of inflammation. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 51:7-14. [DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2015.1092944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Petrosino S, Puigdemont A, Della Valle MF, Fusco M, Verde R, Allarà M, Aveta T, Orlando P, Di Marzo V. Adelmidrol increases the endogenous concentrations of palmitoylethanolamide in canine keratinocytes and down-regulates an inflammatory reaction in an in vitro model of contact allergic dermatitis. Vet J 2015; 207:85-91. [PMID: 26639824 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate potential new target(s)/mechanism(s) for the palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) analogue, adelmidrol, and its role in an in vitro model of contact allergic dermatitis. Freshly isolated canine keratinocytes, human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells and human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells, wild-type or transfected with cDNA encoding for N-acylethanolamine-hydrolysing acid amidase (NAAA), were treated with adelmidrol or azelaic acid, and the concentrations of endocannabinoids (anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol) and related mediators (PEA and oleoylethanolamide) were measured. The mRNA expression of PEA catabolic enzymes (NAAA and fatty acid amide hydrolase, FAAH), and biosynthetic enzymes (N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase D, NAPE-PLD) and glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase 1, was also measured. Brain or HEK-293 cell membrane fractions were used to assess the ability of adelmidrol to inhibit FAAH and NAAA activity, respectively. HaCaT cells were stimulated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid and the release of the pro-inflammatory chemokine, monocyte chemotactic protein-2 (MCP-2), was measured in the presence of adelmidrol. Adelmidrol increased PEA concentrations in canine keratinocytes and in the other cellular systems studied. It did not inhibit the activity of PEA catabolic enzymes, although it reduced their mRNA expression in some cell types. Adelmidrol modulated the expression of PEA biosynthetic enzyme, NAPE-PLD, in HaCaT cells, and inhibited the release of the pro-inflammatory chemokine MCP-2 from stimulated HaCaT cells. This study demonstrates for the first time an 'entourage effect' of adelmidrol on PEA concentrations in keratinocytes and suggests that this effect might mediate, at least in part, the anti-inflammatory effects of this compound in veterinary practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Petrosino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy; Epitech Group s.r.l., Saccolongo (Padova), Italy
| | - A Puigdemont
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | | | - M Fusco
- Epitech Group s.r.l., Saccolongo (Padova), Italy
| | - R Verde
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy; Epitech Group s.r.l., Saccolongo (Padova), Italy
| | - M Allarà
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy; Epitech Group s.r.l., Saccolongo (Padova), Italy
| | - T Aveta
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - P Orlando
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy; Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Napoli, Italy; National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - V Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy.
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15
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Romeo E, Ponzano S, Armirotti A, Summa M, Bertozzi F, Garau G, Bandiera T, Piomelli D. Activity-Based Probe for N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:2057-2064. [PMID: 26102511 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) is a lysosomal cysteine hydrolase involved in the degradation of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid ethanolamides (FAEs), a family of endogenous lipid signaling molecules that includes oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA). Among the reported NAAA inhibitors, α-amino-β-lactone (3-aminooxetan-2-one) derivatives have been shown to prevent FAE hydrolysis in innate-immune and neural cells and to reduce reactions to inflammatory stimuli. Recently, we disclosed two potent and selective NAAA inhibitors, the compounds ARN077 (5-phenylpentyl-N-[(2S,3R)-2-methyl-4-oxo-oxetan-3-yl]carbamate) and ARN726 (4-cyclohexylbutyl-N-[(S)-2-oxoazetidin-3-yl]carbamate). The former is active in vivo by topical administration in rodent models of hyperalgesia and allodynia, while the latter exerts systemic anti-inflammatory effects in mouse models of lung inflammation. In the present study, we designed and validated a derivative of ARN726 as the first activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) probe for the in vivo detection of NAAA. The newly synthesized molecule 1 is an effective in vitro and in vivo click-chemistry activity based probe (ABP), which is able to capture the catalytically active form of NAAA in Human Embryonic Kidney 293 (HEK293) cells overexpressing human NAAA as well as in rat lung tissue. Competitive ABPP with 1 confirmed that ARN726 and ARN077 inhibit NAAA in vitro and in vivo. Compound 1 is a useful new tool to identify activated NAAA both in vitro and in vivo and to investigate the physiological and pathological roles of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Romeo
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Stefano Ponzano
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Summa
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Bertozzi
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Garau
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bandiera
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
- Departments
of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Biological Chemistry, University of California, 3216 Gillespie Neuroscience Facility, Irvine, California 92697-4621, United States
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16
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Kim HJ, Kim B, Park BM, Jeon JE, Lee SH, Mann S, Ahn SK, Hong SP, Jeong SK. Topical cannabinoid receptor 1 agonist attenuates the cutaneous inflammatory responses in oxazolone-induced atopic dermatitis model. Int J Dermatol 2015; 54:e401-8. [PMID: 26095080 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even with the widespread clinical use of cannabinoid receptor (CBR) stimulating compounds, such as palmitoylethanolamine, the role of CBR agonists on inflammatory skin diseases is not yet fully understood. This study was performed to investigate the effects of CBR agonists on skin inflammation, using acute and chronic inflammation animal models. METHODS The effectiveness of the newly synthesized cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) agonists was determined using in vitro assays. Markers for epidermal permeability barrier function and skin inflammation were measured, and histological assessments were performed for evaluation. RESULTS Topical application of CB1R-specific agonist significantly accelerated the recovery of epidermal permeability barrier function and showed anti-inflammatory activity in both acute and chronic inflammation models. Histological assessments also confirmed the anti-inflammatory effects, which is consistent with previous reports. CONCLUSIONS All of the results suggest that topical application of CB1R-specific agonist can be beneficial for alleviating the inflammatory symptoms in chronic skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jong Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Atopy Clinic, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bongwoo Kim
- CRID Center, NeoPharm Co., Ltd., Daejeon, Korea
| | - Bu Man Park
- CRID Center, NeoPharm Co., Ltd., Daejeon, Korea
| | | | - Sin Hee Lee
- CRID Center, NeoPharm Co., Ltd., Daejeon, Korea
| | - Shivtaj Mann
- College of Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Sung Ku Ahn
- Department of Dermatology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Kangwon, Korea
| | - Seung-Phil Hong
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Se Kyoo Jeong
- CRID Center, NeoPharm Co., Ltd., Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Chungbook National University, Chungbook, Korea
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17
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Skaper SD, Facci L, Barbierato M, Zusso M, Bruschetta G, Impellizzeri D, Cuzzocrea S, Giusti P. N-Palmitoylethanolamine and Neuroinflammation: a Novel Therapeutic Strategy of Resolution. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 52:1034-42. [PMID: 26055231 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9253-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is fundamentally a protective cellular response aimed at removing injurious stimuli and initiating the healing process. However, when prolonged, it can override the bounds of physiological control and becomes destructive. Inflammation is a key element in the pathobiology of chronic pain, neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, spinal cord injury, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Glia, key players in such nervous system disorders, are not only capable of expressing a pro-inflammatory phenotype but respond also to inflammatory signals released from cells of immune origin such as mast cells. Chronic inflammatory processes may be counteracted by a program of resolution that includes the production of lipid mediators endowed with the capacity to switch off inflammation. These naturally occurring lipid signaling molecules include the N-acylethanolamines, N-arachidonoylethanolamine (an endocannabinoid), and its congener N-palmitoylethanolamine (palmitoylethanolamide or PEA). PEA may play a role in maintaining cellular homeostasis when faced with external stressors provoking, for example, inflammation. PEA is efficacious in mast cell-mediated models of neurogenic inflammation and neuropathic pain and is neuroprotective in models of stroke, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, and Parkinson disease. PEA in micronized/ultramicronized form shows superior oral efficacy in inflammatory pain models when compared to naïve PEA. Intriguingly, while PEA has no antioxidant effects per se, its co-ultramicronization with the flavonoid luteolin is more efficacious than either molecule alone. Inhibiting or modulating the enzymatic breakdown of PEA represents a complementary therapeutic approach to treat neuroinflammation. This review is intended to discuss the role of mast cells and glia in neuroinflammation and strategies to modulate their activation based on leveraging natural mechanisms with the capacity for self-defense against inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Skaper
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Largo "Egidio Meneghetti" 2, 35131, Padua, Italy,
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18
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Ponzano S, Berteotti A, Petracca R, Vitale R, Mengatto L, Bandiera T, Cavalli A, Piomelli D, Bertozzi F, Bottegoni G. Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and 3D QSAR Study of 2-Methyl-4-oxo-3-oxetanylcarbamic Acid Esters as N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase (NAAA) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:10101-11. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501455s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ponzano
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Berteotti
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Rita Petracca
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Romina Vitale
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Luisa Mengatto
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bandiera
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro
6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
- Department
of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Department of
Pharmacology, and Department of Biological
Chemistry, University of California—Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-4621, United States
| | - Fabio Bertozzi
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bottegoni
- Drug
Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
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19
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Diacerein is a potent and selective inhibitor of palmitoylethanolamide inactivation with analgesic activity in a rat model of acute inflammatory pain. Pharmacol Res 2014; 91:9-14. [PMID: 25447594 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is produced by mammalian cells from its biosynthetic precursor, N-palmitoyl-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, and inactivated by enzymatic hydrolysis to palmitic acid and ethanolamine. Apart from fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA), a lysosomal enzyme, was also shown to catalyze the hydrolysis of PEA and to limit its analgesic and anti-inflammatory action. Here we report the finding of a new potential inhibitor of NAAA, EPT4900 (4,5-diacetyloxy-9,10-dioxo-anthracene-2-carboxylic acid, diacerein). EPT4900 exhibited a high inhibitory activity on human recombinant NAAA over-expressed in HEK293 cells (HEK-NAAA cells). EPT4900 selectively increased the levels of PEA in intact HEK-NAAA cells, and inhibited inflammation as well as hyperalgesia in rats treated with an intraplantar injection of carrageenan. This latter effect was accompanied by elevation of PEA endogenous levels in the paw skin.
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20
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Fiasella A, Nuzzi A, Summa M, Armirotti A, Tarozzo G, Tarzia G, Mor M, Bertozzi F, Bandiera T, Piomelli D. 3-Aminoazetidin-2-one derivatives as N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) inhibitors suitable for systemic administration. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:1602-14. [PMID: 24828120 PMCID: PMC4224963 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) is a cysteine hydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of endogenous lipid mediators such as palmitoylethanolamide (PEA). PEA has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects in animals by engaging peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR-α). Thus, preventing PEA degradation by inhibiting NAAA may provide a novel approach for the treatment of pain and inflammatory states. Recently, 3-aminooxetan-2-one compounds were identified as a class of highly potent NAAA inhibitors. The utility of these compounds is limited, however, by their low chemical and plasma stabilities. In the present study, we synthesized and tested a series of N-(2-oxoazetidin-3-yl)amides as a novel class of NAAA inhibitors with good potency and improved physicochemical properties, suitable for systemic administration. Moreover, we elucidated the main structural features of 3-aminoazetidin-2-one derivatives that are critical for NAAA inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Fiasella
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I–16163 Genova (Italy), Fax: +39–010–71781228
| | - Andrea Nuzzi
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I–16163 Genova (Italy), Fax: +39–010–71781228
| | - Maria Summa
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I–16163 Genova (Italy), Fax: +39–010–71781228
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I–16163 Genova (Italy), Fax: +39–010–71781228
| | - Glauco Tarozzo
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I–16163 Genova (Italy), Fax: +39–010–71781228
| | - Giorgio Tarzia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino „Carlo Bo“, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino (Italy)
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale della Scienze 27/A, I-43124 Parma (Italy)
| | - Fabio Bertozzi
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I–16163 Genova (Italy), Fax: +39–010–71781228
| | - Tiziano Bandiera
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I–16163 Genova (Italy), Fax: +39–010–71781228
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I–16163 Genova (Italy), Fax: +39–010–71781228
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of California, 3216 Gillespie Neuroscience Facility Irvine, California 92697–4621 (United States)
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21
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Dev D, Palakurthy NB, Thalluri K, Chandra J, Mandal B. Ethyl 2-Cyano-2-(2-nitrobenzenesulfonyloxyimino)acetate (o-NosylOXY): A Recyclable Coupling Reagent for Racemization-Free Synthesis of Peptide, Amide, Hydroxamate, and Ester. J Org Chem 2014; 79:5420-31. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500292m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dharm Dev
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Nani Babu Palakurthy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Kishore Thalluri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Jyoti Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Bhubaneswar Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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22
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Bandiera T, Ponzano S, Piomelli D. Advances in the discovery of N-acylethanolamine acid amidase inhibitors. Pharmacol Res 2014; 86:11-7. [PMID: 24798679 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) is a cysteine amidase that hydrolyzes saturated or monounsaturated fatty acid ethanolamides, such as palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA). PEA has been shown to exert analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects by engaging peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α. Like other fatty acid ethanolamides, PEA is not stored in cells, but produced on demand from cell membrane precursors, and its actions are terminated by intracellular hydrolysis by either fatty acid amide hydrolase or NAAA. Endogenous levels of PEA and OEA have been shown to decrease during inflammation. Modulation of the tissue levels of PEA by inhibition of enzymes responsible for the breakdown of this lipid mediator may represent therefore a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of pain and inflammation. While a large number of inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase have been discovered, few compounds have been reported to inhibit NAAA activity. Here, we describe the most representative NAAA inhibitors and briefly highlight their pharmacological profile. A recent study has shown that a NAAA inhibitor attenuated heat hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia caused by local inflammation or nerve damage in animal models of pain and inflammation. This finding encourages further exploration of the pharmacology of NAAA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Bandiera
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Stefano Ponzano
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy; Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697-4625, USA.
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23
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Rahman IAS, Tsuboi K, Uyama T, Ueda N. New players in the fatty acyl ethanolamide metabolism. Pharmacol Res 2014; 86:1-10. [PMID: 24747663 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acyl ethanolamides represent a class of endogenous bioactive lipid molecules and are generally referred to as N-acylethanolamines (NAEs). NAEs include palmitoylethanolamide (anti-inflammatory and analgesic substance), oleoylethanolamide (anorexic substance), and anandamide (endocannabinoid). The endogenous levels of NAEs are mainly regulated by enzymes responsible for their biosynthesis and degradation. In mammalian tissues, the major biosynthetic pathway starts from glycerophospholipids and is composed of two enzyme reactions. The first step is N-acylation of ethanolamine phospholipids catalyzed by Ca(2+)-dependent N-acyltransferase and the second step is the release of NAEs from N-acylated ethanolamine phospholipids by N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE)-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD). As for the degradation of NAEs, fatty acid amide hydrolase plays the central role. However, recent studies strongly suggest the involvement of other enzymes in the NAE metabolism. These enzymes include members of the HRAS-like suppressor family (also called phospholipase A/acyltransferase family), which were originally discovered as tumor suppressors but can function as Ca(2+)-independent NAPE-forming N-acyltransferases; multiple enzymes involved in the NAPE-PLD-independent multi-step pathways to generate NAE from NAPE, which came to light by the analysis of NAPE-PLD-deficient mice; and a lysosomal NAE-hydrolyzing acid amidase as a second NAE hydrolase. These newly recognized enzymes may become the targets for the development of new therapeutic drugs. Here, we focus on recent enzymological findings in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iffat Ara Sonia Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tsuboi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Toru Uyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Natsuo Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
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24
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Vitale R, Ottonello G, Petracca R, Bertozzi SM, Ponzano S, Armirotti A, Berteotti A, Dionisi M, Cavalli A, Piomelli D, Bandiera T, Bertozzi F. Synthesis, Structure-Activity, and Structure-Stability Relationships of 2-Substituted-N-(4-oxo-3-oxetanyl)N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase (NAAA) Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:323-36. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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25
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Ponzano S, Bertozzi F, Mengatto L, Dionisi M, Armirotti A, Romeo E, Berteotti A, Fiorelli C, Tarozzo G, Reggiani A, Duranti A, Tarzia G, Mor M, Cavalli A, Piomelli D, Bandiera T. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of 2-methyl-4-oxo-3-oxetanylcarbamic acid esters, a class of potent N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6917-34. [PMID: 23991897 DOI: 10.1021/jm400739u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) is a lysosomal cysteine hydrolase involved in the degradation of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid ethanolamides (FAEs), a family of endogenous lipid agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α, which include oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA). The β-lactone derivatives (S)-N-(2-oxo-3-oxetanyl)-3-phenylpropionamide (2) and (S)-N-(2-oxo-3-oxetanyl)-biphenyl-4-carboxamide (3) inhibit NAAA, prevent FAE hydrolysis in activated inflammatory cells, and reduce tissue reactions to pro-inflammatory stimuli. Recently, our group disclosed ARN077 (4), a potent NAAA inhibitor that is active in vivo by topical administration in rodent models of hyperalgesia and allodynia. In the present study, we investigated the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of threonine-derived β-lactone analogues of compound 4. The main results of this work were an enhancement of the inhibitory potency of β-lactone carbamate derivatives for NAAA and the identification of (4-phenylphenyl)-methyl-N-[(2S,3R)-2-methyl-4-oxo-oxetan-3-yl]carbamate (14q) as the first single-digit nanomolar inhibitor of intracellular NAAA activity (IC50 = 7 nM on both rat NAAA and human NAAA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ponzano
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
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Skaper SD, Facci L, Giusti P. Glia and mast cells as targets for palmitoylethanolamide, an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective lipid mediator. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 48:340-52. [PMID: 23813098 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glia are key players in a number of nervous system disorders. Besides releasing glial and neuronal signaling molecules directed to cellular homeostasis, glia respond also to pro-inflammatory signals released from immune-related cells, with the mast cell being of particular interest. A proposed mast cell-glia communication may open new perspectives for designing therapies to target neuroinflammation by differentially modulating activation of non-neuronal cells normally controlling neuronal sensitization-both peripherally and centrally. Mast cells and glia possess endogenous homeostatic mechanisms/molecules that can be upregulated as a result of tissue damage or stimulation of inflammatory responses. Such molecules include the N-acylethanolamines, whose principal family members are the endocannabinoid N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide), and its congeners N-stearoylethanolamine, N-oleoylethanolamine, and N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA). A key role of PEA may be to maintain cellular homeostasis when faced with external stressors provoking, for example, inflammation: PEA is produced and hydrolyzed by microglia, it downmodulates mast cell activation, it increases in glutamate-treated neocortical neurons ex vivo and in injured cortex, and PEA levels increase in the spinal cord of mice with chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Applied exogenously, PEA has proven efficacious in mast cell-mediated experimental models of acute and neurogenic inflammation. This fatty acid amide possesses also neuroprotective effects, for example, in a model of spinal cord trauma, in a delayed post-glutamate paradigm of excitotoxic death, and against amyloid β-peptide-induced learning and memory impairment in mice. These actions may be mediated by PEA acting through "receptor pleiotropism," i.e., both direct and indirect interactions of PEA with different receptor targets, e.g., cannabinoid CB2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Skaper
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, Largo "Egidio Meneghetti" 2, 35131, Padova, Italy,
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Skaper SD, Facci L. Mast cell-glia axis in neuroinflammation and therapeutic potential of the anandamide congener palmitoylethanolamide. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 367:3312-25. [PMID: 23108549 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between the immune and nervous systems depends a great deal on pro-inflammatory cytokines. Both astroglia and microglia, in particular, constitute an important source of inflammatory mediators and may have fundamental roles in central nervous system (CNS) disorders from neuropathic pain and epilepsy to neurodegenerative diseases. Glial cells respond also to pro-inflammatory signals released from cells of immune origin. In this context, mast cells are of particular relevance. These immune-related cells, while resident in the CNS, are able to cross a compromised blood-spinal cord and blood-brain barrier in cases of CNS pathology. Emerging evidence suggests the possibility of mast cell-glia communication, and opens exciting new perspectives for designing therapies to target neuroinflammation by differentially modulating the activation of non-neuronal cells normally controlling neuronal sensitization-both peripherally and centrally. This review aims to provide an overview of recent progress relating to the pathobiology of neuroinflammation, the role of glia, neuro-immune interactions involving mast cells and the possibility that glia-mast cell interactions contribute to exacerbation of acute symptoms of chronic neurodegenerative disease and accelerated disease progression, as well as promotion of pain transmission pathways. Using this background as a starting point for discussion, we will consider the therapeutic potential of naturally occurring fatty acid ethanolamides, such as palmitoylethanolamide in treating systemic inflammation or blockade of signalling pathways from the periphery to the brain in such settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Skaper
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, Largo 'Egidio Meneghetti' 2, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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Maione S, Costa B, Di Marzo V. Endocannabinoids: a unique opportunity to develop multitarget analgesics. Pain 2013; 154 Suppl 1:S87-S93. [PMID: 23623250 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
After 4 millennia of more or less documented history of cannabis use, the identification of cannabinoids, and of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in particular, occurred only during the early 1960s, and the cloning of cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, as well as the discovery of endocannabinoids and their metabolic enzymes, in the 1990s. Despite this initial relatively slow progress of cannabinoid research, the turn of the century marked an incredible acceleration in discoveries on the "endocannabinoid signaling system," its role in physiological and pathological conditions, and pain in particular, its pharmacological targeting with selective agonists, antagonists, and inhibitors of metabolism, and its previously unsuspected complexity. The way researchers look at this system has thus rapidly evolved towards the idea of the "endocannabinoidome," that is, a complex system including also several endocannabinoid-like mediators and their often redundant metabolic enzymes and "promiscuous" molecular targets. These peculiar complications of endocannabinoid signaling have not discouraged efforts aiming at its pharmacological manipulation, which, nevertheless, now seems to require the development of multitarget drugs, or the re-visitation of naturally occurring compounds with more than one mechanism of action. In fact, these molecules, as compared to "magic bullets," seem to offer the advantage of modulating the "endocannabinoidome" in a safer and more therapeutically efficacious way. This approach has provided so far promising preclinical results potentially useful for the future efficacious and safe treatment of chronic pain and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabatino Maione
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Department of Experimental Medicine - Division of Pharmacology 'L. Donatelli', Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry - C.N.R., Pozzuoli, Italy
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Ueda N, Tsuboi K, Uyama T. Metabolism of endocannabinoids and related N-acylethanolamines: canonical and alternative pathways. FEBS J 2013; 280:1874-94. [PMID: 23425575 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are endogenous ligands of the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. Two arachidonic acid derivatives, arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, are considered to be physiologically important endocannabinoids. In the known metabolic pathway in mammals, anandamide and other bioactive N-acylethanolamines, such as palmitoylethanolamide and oleoylethanolamide, are biosynthesized from glycerophospholipids by a combination of Ca(2+)-dependent N-acyltransferase and N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D, and are degraded by fatty acid amide hydrolase. However, recent studies have shown the involvement of other enzymes and pathways, which include the members of the tumor suppressor HRASLS family (the phospholipase A/acyltransferase family) functioning as Ca(2+)-independent N-acyltransferases, N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipaseD-independent multistep pathways via N-acylated lysophospholipid, and N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase, a lysosomal enzyme that preferentially hydrolyzes palmitoylethanolamide. Although their physiological significance is poorly understood, these new enzymes/pathways may serve as novel targets for the development of therapeutic drugs. For example, selective N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase inhibitors are expected to be new anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs. In this minireview, we focus on advances in the understanding of these enzymes/pathways. In addition, recent findings on 2-arachidonoylglycerol metabolism are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuo Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan.
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Westerbeek A, van Leeuwen JG, Szymański W, Feringa BL, Janssen DB. Haloalkane dehalogenase catalysed desymmetrisation and tandem kinetic resolution for the preparation of chiral haloalcohols. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Biochemical and mass spectrometric characterization of human N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase inhibition. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43877. [PMID: 22952796 PMCID: PMC3432061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of inactivation of human enzyme N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (hNAAA), with selected inhibitors identified in a novel fluorescent based assay developed for characterization of both reversible and irreversible inhibitors, was investigated kinetically and using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). 1-Isothiocyanatopentadecane (AM9023) was found to be a potent, selective and reversible hNAAA inhibitor, while two others, 5-((biphenyl-4-yl)methyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2H-tetrazole-2-carboxamide (AM6701) and N-Benzyloxycarbonyl-L-serine β-lactone (N-Cbz-serine β-lactone), inhibited hNAAA in a covalent and irreversible manner. MS analysis of the hNAAA/covalent inhibitor complexes identified modification only of the N-terminal cysteine (Cys126) of the β-subunit, confirming a suggested mechanism of hNAAA inactivation by the β-lactone containing inhibitors. These experiments provide direct evidence of the key role of Cys126 in hNAAA inactivation by different classes of covalent inhibitors, confirming the essential role of cysteine for catalysis and inhibition in this cysteine N-terminal nucleophile hydrolase enzyme. They also provide a methodology for the rapid screening and characterization of large libraries of compounds as potential inhibitors of NAAA, and subsequent characterization or their mechanism through MALDI-TOF MS based bottom up-proteomics.
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Li Y, Yang L, Chen L, Zhu C, Huang R, Zheng X, Qiu Y, Fu J. Design and synthesis of potent N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA) inhibitor as anti-inflammatory compounds. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43023. [PMID: 22916199 PMCID: PMC3423427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA) is a lysosomal enzyme involved in biological deactivation of N-palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), which exerts anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects through the activation of nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α). To develop selective and potent NAAA inhibitors, we designed and synthesized a series of derivatives of 1-pentadecanyl-carbonyl pyrrolidine (compound 1), a general amidase inhibitor. Structure activity relationship (SAR) studies have identified a compound 16, 1-(2-Biphenyl-4-yl)ethyl-carbonyl pyrrolidine, which has shown the highest inhibition on NAAA activity (IC50 = 2.12±0.41 µM) and is characterized as a reversible and competitive NAAA inhibitor. Computational docking analysis and mutagenesis study revealed that compound 16 interacted with Asparagine 209 (Asn209) residue flanking the catalytic pocket of NAAA so as to block the substrate entrance. In vitro pharmacological studies demonstrated that compound 16 dose-dependently reduced mRNA expression levels of iNOS and IL-6, along with an increase of intracellular PEA levels, in mouse macrophages with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced inflammation. Our study discovered a novel NAAA inhibitor, compound 16, that could serve as a potential anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Li
- Department of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Department of Chemistry and The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Longhe Yang
- Department of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Department of Chemistry and The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Chenggang Zhu
- Department of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yan Qiu
- Department of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- * E-mail: (JF); (YQ)
| | - Jin Fu
- Department of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy
- * E-mail: (JF); (YQ)
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Lipophilic amines as potent inhibitors of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:3658-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Tai T, Tsuboi K, Uyama T, Masuda K, Cravatt BF, Houchi H, Ueda N. Endogenous molecules stimulating N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA). ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:379-85. [PMID: 22860206 DOI: 10.1021/cn300007s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) plays the central role in the degradation of bioactive N-acylethanolamines such as the endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) in brain and peripheral tissues. A lysosomal enzyme referred to as N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA) catalyzes the same reaction with preference to palmitoylethanolamide, an endogenous analgesic and neuroprotective substance, and is therefore expected as a potential target of therapeutic drugs. In the in vitro assays thus far performed, the maximal activity of NAAA was achieved in the presence of both nonionic detergent (Triton X-100 or Nonidet P-40) and the SH reagent dithiothreitol. However, endogenous molecules that might substitute for these synthetic compounds remain poorly understood. Here, we examined stimulatory effects of endogenous phospholipids and thiol compounds on recombinant NAAA. Among different phospholipids tested, choline- or ethanolamine-containing phospholipids showed potent effects, and 1 mM phosphatidylcholine increased NAAA activity by 6.6-fold. Concerning endogenous thiol compounds, dihydrolipoic acid at 0.1-1 mM was the most active, causing 8.5-9.0-fold stimulation. These results suggest that endogenous phospholipids and dihydrolipoic acid may contribute in keeping NAAA active in lysosomes. Even in the presence of phosphatidylcholine and dihydrolipoic acid, however, the preferential hydrolysis of palmitoylethanolamide was unaltered. We also investigated a possible compensatory induction of NAAA mRNA in brain and other tissues of FAAH-deficient mice. However, NAAA expression levels in all the tissues examined were not significantly altered from those in wild-type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Tai
- Department
of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa
761-0793, Japan
- Department
of Pharmacy, Kagawa University Hospital, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793,
Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tsuboi
- Department
of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa
761-0793, Japan
| | - Toru Uyama
- Department
of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa
761-0793, Japan
| | - Kim Masuda
- Department of Chemical
Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
92037, United States
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical
Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
92037, United States
| | - Hitoshi Houchi
- Department
of Pharmacy, Kagawa University Hospital, Miki, Kagawa 761-0793,
Japan
| | - Natsuo Ueda
- Department
of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa
761-0793, Japan
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Duranti A, Tontini A, Antonietti F, Vacondio F, Fioni A, Silva C, Lodola A, Rivara S, Solorzano C, Piomelli D, Tarzia G, Mor M. N-(2-Oxo-3-oxetanyl)carbamic Acid Esters as N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase Inhibitors: Synthesis and Structure–Activity and Structure–Property Relationships. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4824-36. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300349j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Duranti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento
6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Andrea Tontini
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento
6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Francesca Antonietti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento
6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Federica Vacondio
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P.
Usberti 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fioni
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P.
Usberti 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Claudia Silva
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P.
Usberti 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessio Lodola
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P.
Usberti 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P.
Usberti 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Carlos Solorzano
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, 360 MSRII, California
92697-4625, United States
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, 360 MSRII, California
92697-4625, United States
- Department of Drug Discovery
and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Tarzia
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento
6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale G. P.
Usberti 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
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De Petrocellis L, Ligresti A, Moriello AS, Allarà M, Bisogno T, Petrosino S, Stott CG, Di Marzo V. Effects of cannabinoids and cannabinoid-enriched Cannabis extracts on TRP channels and endocannabinoid metabolic enzymes. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 163:1479-94. [PMID: 21175579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 610] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) interact with transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and enzymes of the endocannabinoid system. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of 11 pure cannabinoids and botanical extracts [botanical drug substance (BDS)] from Cannabis varieties selected to contain a more abundant cannabinoid, on TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPM8, TRPA1, human recombinant diacylglycerol lipase α (DAGLα), rat brain fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), COS cell monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), human recombinant N-acylethanolamine acid amide hydrolase (NAAA) and anandamide cellular uptake (ACU) by RBL-2H3 cells, were studied using fluorescence-based calcium assays in transfected cells and radiolabelled substrate-based enzymatic assays. Cannabinol (CBN), cannabichromene (CBC), the acids (CBDA, CBGA, THCA) and propyl homologues (CBDV, CBGV, THCV) of CBD, cannabigerol (CBG) and THC, and tetrahydrocannabivarin acid (THCVA) were also tested. KEY RESULTS CBD, CBG, CBGV and THCV stimulated and desensitized human TRPV1. CBC, CBD and CBN were potent rat TRPA1 agonists and desensitizers, but THCV-BDS was the most potent compound at this target. CBG-BDS and THCV-BDS were the most potent rat TRPM8 antagonists. All non-acid cannabinoids, except CBC and CBN, potently activated and desensitized rat TRPV2. CBDV and all the acids inhibited DAGLα. Some BDS, but not the pure compounds, inhibited MAGL. CBD was the only compound to inhibit FAAH, whereas the BDS of CBC > CBG > CBGV inhibited NAAA. CBC = CBG > CBD inhibited ACU, as did the BDS of THCVA, CBGV, CBDA and THCA, but the latter extracts were more potent inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results are relevant to the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects of cannabinoids and Cannabis extracts.
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West JM, Zvonok N, Whitten KM, Wood JT, Makriyannis A. Mass spectrometric characterization of human N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:972-81. [PMID: 22040171 DOI: 10.1021/pr200735a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA) is a lysosomal enzyme that primarily degrades palmitoylethanolamine (PEA), a lipid amide that inhibits inflammatory responses. We developed a HEK293 cell line stably expressing the NAAA pro-enzyme (zymogen) and a single step chromatographic purification of the protein from the media. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF MS analysis of the zymogen (47.7 kDa) treated with peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) identified 4 glycosylation sites, and acid cleavage of the zymogen into α- and β-subunits (14.6 and 33.3 kDa) activated the enzyme. Size exclusion chromatography estimated the mass of the active enzyme as 45 ± 3 kDa, suggesting formation of an α/β heterodimer. MALDI-TOF MS fingerprinting covered more than 80% of the amino acid sequence, including the N-terminal peptides, and evidence for the lack of a disulfide bond between subunits. The significance of the cysteine residues was established by their selective alkylation resulting in almost complete loss of activity. The purified enzyme was kinetically characterized with PEA and a novel fluorogenic substrate, N-(4-methyl coumarin) palmitamide (PAMCA). The production of sufficient quantities of NAAA and a high throughput assay could be useful in discovering novel inhibitors and determining the structure and function of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay M West
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Tsuboi K, Ueda N. [Enzymes involved in the degradation of N-acylethanolamines functioning as lipid mediators]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2011; 138:8-12. [PMID: 21747202 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.138.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Abstract
N-acylethanolamides (NAEs) are naturally occurring signaling lipids consisting of amides and esters of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Usually they are present in a very small amounts in many mammalian tissues and cells, including human reproductive tracts and fluids. Recently, the presence of N-arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide, AEA), the most characterised member of endocannabinoids, and its congeners palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleylethanolamide (OEA) in seminal plasma, oviductal fluid, and follicular fluids was demonstrated. AEA has been shown to bind not only type-1 (CB1) and type-2 (CB2) cannabinoid receptors, but also type-1 vanilloid receptor (TRPV1), while PEA and OEA are inactive with respect to classical cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 but activate TRPV1 or peroxisome proliferator activate receptors (PPARs). This review concerns the most recent experimental data on PEA and OEA, endocannabinoid-like molecules which appear to exert their action exclusively on sperm cells with altered features, such as membrane characteristics and kinematic parameters. Their beneficial effects on these cells could suggest a possible pharmacological use of PEA and OEA on patients affected by some forms of idiopathic infertility.
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Solorzano C, Antonietti F, Duranti A, Tontini A, Rivara S, Lodola A, Vacondio F, Tarzia G, Piomelli D, Mor M. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-(2-oxo-3-oxetanyl)amides as N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5770-81. [PMID: 20604568 PMCID: PMC2932887 DOI: 10.1021/jm100582w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The fatty acid ethanolamides (FAEs) are a family of bioactive lipid mediators that include the endogenous agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA). FAEs are hydrolyzed intracellularly by either fatty acid amide hydrolase or N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA). Selective inhibition of NAAA by (S)-N-(2-oxo-3-oxetanyl)-3-phenylpropionamide [(S)-OOPP, 7a] prevents PEA degradation in mouse leukocytes and attenuates responses to proinflammatory stimuli. Starting from the structure of 7a, a series of beta-lactones was prepared and tested on recombinant rat NAAA to explore structure-activity relationships (SARs) for this class of inhibitors and improve their in vitro potency. Following the hypothesis that these compounds inhibit NAAA by acylation of the catalytic cysteine, we identified several requirements for recognition at the active site and obtained new potent inhibitors. In particular, (S)-N-(2-oxo-3-oxetanyl)biphenyl-4-carboxamide (7h) was more potent than 7a at inhibiting recombinant rat NAAA activity (7a, IC(50) = 420 nM; 7h, IC(50) = 115 nM) in vitro and at reducing carrageenan-induced leukocyte infiltration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Solorzano
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, 360 MSRII, Irvine CA 92697-4625, USA
| | - Francesca Antonietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Andrea Duranti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Andrea Tontini
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, viale G. P. Usberti 27/A I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessio Lodola
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, viale G. P. Usberti 27/A I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Vacondio
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, viale G. P. Usberti 27/A I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Tarzia
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Piazza del Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, 360 MSRII, Irvine CA 92697-4625, USA
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, viale G. P. Usberti 27/A I-43124 Parma, Italy
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Ueda N, Tsuboi K, Uyama T. N-acylethanolamine metabolism with special reference to N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA). Prog Lipid Res 2010; 49:299-315. [PMID: 20152858 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) constitute a class of bioactive lipid molecules present in animal and plant tissues. Among the NAEs, N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide), N-palmitoylethanolamine, and N-oleoylethanolamine attract much attention due to cannabimimetic activity as an endocannabinoid, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, and anorexic activity, respectively. In mammalian tissues, NAEs are formed from glycerophospholipids through the phosphodiesterase-transacylation pathway consisting of Ca(2+)-dependent N-acyltransferase and N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D. Recent studies revealed the presence of alternative pathways and enzymes responsible for the NAE formation. As for the degradation of NAEs, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which hydrolyzes NAEs to fatty acids and ethanolamine, plays a central role. However, a lysosomal enzyme referred to as NAE-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA) also catalyzes the same reaction and may be a new target for the development of therapeutic drugs. In this article we discuss recent progress in the studies on the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of NAEs with special reference to NAAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuo Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
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N-palmitoyl-ethanolamine: Biochemistry and new therapeutic opportunities. Biochimie 2010; 92:724-7. [PMID: 20096327 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although its presence in mammalian tissues has been known since the 1960s, N-palmitoyl-ethanolamine (PEA) has emerged only recently among other bioactive N-acylethanolamines as an important local pro-homeostatic mediator which, due to its chemical stability, can be also administered exogenously as the active principle of current anti-inflammatory and analgesic preparations (e.g. Normast, Pelvilen). Much progress has been made towards the understanding of the mechanisms regulating both the tissue levels of PEA under physiological and pathological conditions, and its pharmacological actions. Here we review these new developments in PEA biochemistry and pharmacology, and discuss novel potential indications for the therapeutic use of this compound and of synthetic tools that selectively retard its catabolism, such as the inhibitors of the recently cloned N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase.
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