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Agnes RS, Traughber BJ, Muzic RF. Development of a selective novel fluorescent substrate for sodium-dependent transporters. Life Sci 2024; 351:122847. [PMID: 38880166 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
AIM To synthesize, characterize, and validate 6FGA, a fluorescent glucose modified with a Cyanine5.5 at carbon-6 position, for probing the function of sodium-dependent glucose transporters, SGLT1 and SGLT2. MAIN METHODS The synthesis of fluorescent glucose analogue was achieved through "click chemistry" of Cyanine5.5-alkyne and 6-azido-6-deoxy-d-glucose. Cell system studies were conducted to characterize the in vivo transport properties. KEY FINDINGS Optical analyses revealed that 6FGA displayed similar spectral profiles to Cyanine5.5 in DMSO, allowing for concentration determination, thus supporting its utility in quantitative kinetic studies within biological assays. Uptake studies in cell system SGLT models, LLC-PK1 and HEK293 cells, exhibited concentration and time-dependent behavior, indicating saturation at specific concentrations and durations which are hallmarks of transported-mediated uptake. The results of cytotoxicity assays suggested cell viability at micromolar concentrations, enabling usage in assays for at least 1 h without significant toxicity. The dependence of 6FGA uptake on sodium, the co-transported cation, was demonstrated in LLC-PK1 and HEK293 cells. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed intracellular localization of 6FGA, particularly near the nucleus. Competition studies revealed that glucose tends to weakly reduce 6FGA uptake, although the effect did not achieve statistical significance. Assessments using standard SGLT and GLUT inhibitors highlighted 6FGA's sensitivity for probing SGLT-mediated transport. SIGNIFICANCE 6FGA is a new fluorescent glucose analog offering advantages over existing probes due to its improved photophysical properties, greater sensitivity, enabling subcellular resolution and efficient tissue penetration in near-infrared imaging. 6FGA presents practicality and cost-effectiveness, making it a promising tool for nonradioactive, microplate-based assays at investigating SGLT-mediated glucose transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Agnes
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Bryan J Traughber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Raymond F Muzic
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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2
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Yanagida M, Nakano H, Ueno H. Bioimaging of glucose analogs labeled at the C-1 or C-2 position with a fluorescent dansylamino group. Microscopy (Oxf) 2024; 73:47-54. [PMID: 37421144 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose is the most important energy source in all organisms; however, our understanding of the pathways and mechanisms underlying glucose transportation and localization in living cells is incomplete. Here, we prepared two glucose analogs labeled with a dansylamino group at the C-1 (1-Dansyl) or C-2 (2-Dansyl) position; the dansyl group is a highly fluorescent moiety that is characterized by a large Stokes shift between its excitation and emission wavelengths. We then examined the cytotoxicity of the two glucose analogs in mammalian fibroblast cells and in the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila. In both cell types, 2-Dansyl had no negative effects on cell growth. The specificity of cellular uptake of glucose analogs was confirmed using an inhibitor of glucose transporter in NIH3T3 cells. In NIH3T3 cells and T. thermophila, fluorescence microscopy revealed that the glucose analogs localized throughout the cytoplasm, but especially at the periphery of the nucleus. In T. thermophila, we also found that swimming speed was comparable in media containing non-labeled glucose or one of the glucose analogs, which provided more evidence not only that the analogs were not cytotoxic in these cells but also that the analogs had no negative effect on the ciliary motion. Together, the present results suggest that the glucose analogs have low toxicity and will be useful for bioimaging of glucose-related systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Yanagida
- Graduate School of Education, Aichi University of Education, 1 Hirosawa, Igaya-chou, Kariya, Aichi 448-8542, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakano
- Graduate School of Education, Aichi University of Education, 1 Hirosawa, Igaya-chou, Kariya, Aichi 448-8542, Japan
| | - Hironori Ueno
- Graduate School of Education, Aichi University of Education, 1 Hirosawa, Igaya-chou, Kariya, Aichi 448-8542, Japan
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3
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Soma Nyansa M, Oronova A, Gora N, Geborkoff MR, Ostlund NR, Fritz DR, Werner T, Tanasova M. Turn-on Rhodamine Glycoconjugates Enable Real-Time GLUT Activity Monitoring in Live Cells and In Vivo. CHEMICAL & BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2023; 1:637-647. [PMID: 37873027 PMCID: PMC10593130 DOI: 10.1021/cbmi.3c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The direct relationship between facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs) and metabolic diseases opens new avenues for sensing metabolic deregulations and drives the development of molecular probes for GLUT-targeted detection of metabolic diseases. Radiotracer-based molecular imaging probes have been effectively utilized in reporting alterations in sugar uptake as an indication of metabolic deregulations, cancer development, or inflammation. Progress in developing fluorophore-based tools facilitated GLUT-specific analyses using more accessible fluorescence-based instrumentation. However, restrictions on the emission range of fluorophores and the requirement for substantial post-treatments to reduce background fluorescence have brought to light the critical directions for improvement of the technology for broader use in screening applications. Here we present turn-on GLUT activity reporters activated upon cells' internalization. We demonstrate a specific delivery of a sizable rhodamine B fluorophore through GLUT5 and showcase a stringent requirement in conjugate structure for maintaining a GLUT-specific uptake. With the turn-on GLUT probes, we demonstrate the feasibility of high-throughput fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry-based GLUT activity screening in live cells and the probes' applicability for assessing sugar uptake alterations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica
Mame Soma Nyansa
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University,1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Adelina Oronova
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University,1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
- Health
Research Institute, Michigan Technological
University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Nazar Gora
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University,1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
- Health
Research Institute, Michigan Technological
University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Micaela Rayne Geborkoff
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological
University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Nathan Randal Ostlund
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological
University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Delaney Raine Fritz
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological
University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Thomas Werner
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological
University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
- Health
Research Institute, Michigan Technological
University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Marina Tanasova
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University,1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
- Health
Research Institute, Michigan Technological
University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
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4
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Bian Y, Hou W, Chen X, Fang J, Xu N, Ruan BH. Glutamate Dehydrogenase as a Promising Target for Hyperinsulinism Hyperammonemia Syndrome Therapy. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2652-2672. [PMID: 34525914 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210825105342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome (HHS) is a rare disease characterized by recurrent hypoglycemia and persistent elevation of plasma ammonia, and it can lead to severe epilepsy and permanent brain damage. It has been demonstrated that functional mutations of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), an enzyme in the mitochondrial matrix, are responsible for the HHS. Thus, GDH has become a promising target for the small molecule therapeutic intervention of HHS. Several medicinal chemistry studies are currently aimed at GDH, however, to date, none of the compounds reported has been entered clinical trials. This perspective summarizes the progress in the discovery and development of GDH inhibitors, including the pathogenesis of HHS, potential binding sites, screening methods, and research models. Future therapeutic perspectives are offered to provide a reference for discovering potent GDH modulators and encourage additional research that will provide more comprehensive guidance for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Bian
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hantgzhou 310014. China
| | - Wei Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hantgzhou 310014. China
| | - Xinrou Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hantgzhou 310014. China
| | - Jinzhang Fang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hantgzhou 310014. China
| | - Ning Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hantgzhou 310014. China
| | - Benfang Helen Ruan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hantgzhou 310014. China
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5
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Zhang Y, Warden AR, Ahmad KZ, Liu Y, He X, Zheng M, Huo X, Zhi X, Ke Y, Li H, Yan S, Su W, Cai D, Ding X. Single-Cell Microwell Platform Reveals Circulating Neural Cells as a Clinical Indicator for Patients with Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown. RESEARCH 2021; 2021:9873545. [PMID: 34327332 PMCID: PMC8285994 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9873545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system diseases commonly occur with the destruction of the blood-brain barrier. As a primary cause of morbidity and mortality, stroke remains unpredictable and lacks cellular biomarkers that accurately quantify its occurrence and development. Here, we identify NeuN+/CD45−/DAPI+ phenotype nonblood cells in the peripheral blood of mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and stroke patients. Since NeuN is a specific marker of neural cells, we term these newly identified cells as circulating neural cells (CNCs). We find that the enumeration of CNCs in the blood is significantly associated with the severity of brain damage in MCAO mice (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the number of CNCs is significantly higher in stroke patients than in negative subjects (p < 0.0001). These findings suggest that the amount of CNCs in circulation may serve as a clinical indicator for the real-time prognosis and progression monitor of the occurrence and development of ischemic stroke and other nervous system disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Antony R Warden
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Khan Zara Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yanlei Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xijun He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wenling Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Chuan'an Nan Road, Chengxi Subdistrict, Wenling, 317500 Zhejiang, China
| | - Minqiao Zheng
- Central Laboratory, Wenling Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Chuan'an Nan Road, Chengxi Subdistrict, Wenling, 317500 Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinlong Huo
- Department of Neurology, Wenling Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Chuan'an Nan Road, Chengxi Subdistrict, Wenling, 317500 Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yuqing Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Sijia Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Wenqiong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Deng Cai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 241 West Huaihai Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xianting Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
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6
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Wu Y, Wu J, Shen Q, Zheng X, Chen Y. Anaerobic fermentation metabolism of Moorella thermoacetica inhibited by copper nanoparticles: Comprehensive analyses of transcriptional response and enzyme activity. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 197:117081. [PMID: 33813170 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanoparticles are observed to be released into the environment and ended up in wastewater treatment plants. It has been reported that these nanoparticles in sewage might have a toxic effect on microorganisms, and thus affect anaerobic microbial fermentation. However, the mechanisms involved in nanoparticles-induced effects on the anaerobic acidification process and its related bacterial metabolism are still unclear. This work indicated that copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) were able to cause cell membrane oxidative damage and inhibit the growth and metabolism of Moorella thermoacetica (a model acetogen). The OD600 and acetic acid production of M. thermoacetica in the presence of 1 mg/L of Cu NPs were decreased to 29.2% and 40.7% of the control, respectively. The key mechanism of the inhibitory effect was governed by the fact that Cu NPs significantly reduced the glucose consumption, and led to the decreased pyruvate metabolism levels. Additionally, Cu NPs inhibited the gene expressions and catalytic activities of the key enzymes related to acetic acid production. It was identified that the relative activities of phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, phosphotransacetylase, and acetate kinase of M. thermoacetica in the presence of 1 mg/L of Cu NPs decreased to only 70.1%, 69.3%, 50.1%, and 65.2% of the control, respectively. These results demonstrated that the release of Cu NPs in the environment could pose risks to anaerobic fermentation processes via regulating microbial transcriptional response and enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qiuting Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yinguang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
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7
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Ogawa T, Sasaki A, Ono K, Ohshika S, Ishibashi Y, Yamada K. Uptake of fluorescent D- and L-glucose analogues, 2-NBDG and 2-NBDLG, into human osteosarcoma U2OS cells in a phloretin-inhibitable manner. Hum Cell 2021; 34:634-643. [PMID: 33454890 PMCID: PMC7900340 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-020-00483-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells take in d-glucose as an essential fuel as well as a carbon source. In contrast, l-glucose, the mirror image isomer of d-glucose, has been considered merely as a non-transportable/non-metabolizable control for d-glucose. We have shown that 2-[N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-NBDG), a d-glucose analogue combining a fluorophore NBD at the C-2 position, is useful as a tracer for monitoring d-glucose uptake through glucose transporters (GLUTs) into mammalian cells. To more precisely evaluate the stereoselectivity of 2-NBDG uptake, we developed an l-glucose analogue 2-NBDLG, the mirror-image isomer of 2-NBDG. Interestingly, 2-NBDLG was taken up into mouse insulinoma MIN6 cells showing nuclear heterogeneity, a cytological feature of malignancy, while remaining MIN6 cells only exhibited a trace amount of 2-NBDLG uptake. The 2-NBDLG uptake into MIN6 cells was abolished by phloretin, but persisted under blockade of major mammalian glucose transporters. Unfortunately, however, no such uptake could be detected in other tumor cell lines. Here we demonstrate that human osteosarcoma U2OS cells take in 2-NBDLG in a phloretin-inhibitable manner. The uptake of 2-NBDG, and not that of 2-NBDLG, into U2OS cells was significantly inhibited by cytochalasin B, a potent GLUT inhibitor. Phloretin, but neither phlorizin, an inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT), nor a large amount of d/l-glucose, blocked the 2-NBDLG uptake. These results suggest that a phloretin-inhibitable, non-GLUT/non-SGLT, possibly non-transporter-mediated yet unidentified mechanism participates in the uptake of the fluorescent l-glucose analogue in two very different tumor cells, the mouse insulinoma and the human osteosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ogawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Ayako Sasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Koki Ono
- Department of Physiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Shusa Ohshika
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ishibashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Katsuya Yamada
- Department of Physiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan.
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L-Glucose: Another Path to Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040850. [PMID: 32244695 PMCID: PMC7225996 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancerous tumors comprise cells showing metabolic heterogeneity. Among numerous efforts to understand this property, little attention has been paid to the possibility that cancer cells take up and utilize otherwise unusable substrates as fuel. Here we discuss this issue by focusing on l-glucose, the mirror image isomer of naturally occurring d-glucose; l-glucose is an unmetabolizable sugar except in some bacteria. By combining relatively small fluorophores with l-glucose, we generated fluorescence-emitting l-glucose tracers (fLGs). To our surprise, 2-NBDLG, one of these fLGs, which we thought to be merely a control substrate for the fluorescent d-glucose tracer 2-NBDG, was specifically taken up into tumor cell aggregates (spheroids) that exhibited nuclear heterogeneity, a major cytological feature of malignancy in cancer diagnosis. Changes in mitochondrial activity were also associated with the spheroids taking up fLG. To better understand these phenomena, we review here the Warburg effect as well as key studies regarding glucose uptake. We also discuss tumor heterogeneity involving aberrant uptake of glucose and mitochondrial changes based on the data obtained by fLG. We then consider the use of fLGs as novel markers for visualization and characterization of malignant tumor cells.
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Yamada K. Aberrant Uptake of a Fluorescent L-Glucose Analogue (fLG) into Tumor Cells Expressing Malignant Phenotypes. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 41:1508-1516. [PMID: 30270319 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucose, one of the most fundamental sugar elements, has either D- or L-conformation. Of these, most cells preferentially take up D-glucose as an essential energy/carbon source. Such stereoselective uptake of glucose has been explored by fluorophore-bearing D- and L-glucose analogues. 2-[N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-NBDG), the most widely used fluorescent D-glucose analogue, was abundantly taken up into living Escherichia coli cells, whereas no detectable uptake was obtained for 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-L-glucose (2-NBDLG), the antipode of 2-NBDG developed as a fluorescent L-glucose analogue (fLG). Interestingly, we found three-dimensionally accumulating tumor cell aggregates taking up 2-NBDLG when they expressed nuclear heterogeneity, one of the major cytological criteria for cells suspected of high-grade malignancy in clinical diagnosis. 2-NBDLG uptake was not detected in aggregates consisting of homogeneous cells and was specifically abolished by phloretin, a broad-spectrum inhibitor against transporters/channels. Preliminary studies have suggested that a combined use of 2-NBDLG, which emits green fluorescence, with 13-[4-[(2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose-2-yl)aminosulfonyl]-2-sulfonatophenyl]-4,5-trimethylene-7,8-trimethylene-1,2,3,4,6,9,10,11-octahydro-4-aza-6-oxa-8-azoniapentacene (2-TRLG), a membrane-impermeable fLG bearing a large red fluorophore, is effective for discriminating malignant tumor from benign cells both in living biopsy specimens endoscopically dissected from patients with early-stage gastric cancer and in ascites fluid of patients with gynecological cancers. Confocal endomicroscopic imaging of a carcinogen-induced cancer in bile duct of hamsters indicated that the fLG uptake pattern well correlated with pathological diagnosis for carcinoma. Safety tests according to Good Laboratory Practice regulations have been successfully completed so far. fLGs are unique fluorescent glucose analogues for identifying and characterizing living cancer cells based on derangements in their transport function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Yamada
- Department of Physiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine
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10
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Su L, Wu R, Chen X, Hou W, Ruan BH. FITC-labeled d-glucose analog is suitable as a probe for detecting insulin-dependent glucose uptake. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3560-3563. [PMID: 30293953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The detection of the insulin-dependent glucose uptake is a vital part in the research of diabetes. To establish a sensitive assay for measuring glucose uptake in living cells, we synthesized a FITC linked d-glucosamine 2 as a probe. 2 was obtained by the reaction of commercially available d-glucosamine hydrochloride and FITC and was determined as a single anomeric form by 1H NMR and 13C NMR. 2 exhibited good water solubility and stability. An uptake assay in HepG2 cells with or without insulin demonstrated that FITC showed strong cellular uptake, whereas uptake of 2 is much less but is insulin dependent. This suggests that 2 is specifically transported into cells through a receptor that is regulated by insulin and has potential application in screening of compounds or genes that regulate the insulin-dependence in cell-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Su
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology (IDD & CB), Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Rui Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology (IDD & CB), Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Xinrou Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology (IDD & CB), Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Wei Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology (IDD & CB), Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Benfang Helen Ruan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology (IDD & CB), Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
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11
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Yamada K, Sato D, Nakamura T, Amano H, Morimoto Y. Unknown biological effects of L-glucose, ALA, and PUFA. J Physiol Sci 2017; 67:539-548. [PMID: 28560575 PMCID: PMC10717498 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-017-0544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Key substrates including glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids play core roles in nutrient metabolism. In this review, we describe phenomena observed when key substrates are applied to cells. We focused on three promising substrates: L-glucose derivatives, 5-aminolevulinic acid, and polyunsaturated fatty acid. Since they are assumed to give a specific reaction when they are transported into cells or metabolized in cells, they are expected to be applied in a clinical setting. We provide the latest knowledge regarding their behaviors and effects on cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Yamada
- Department of Physiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Sato
- Department of Biomedical Information Engineering, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Takao Nakamura
- Department of Biomedical Information Engineering, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Hizuru Amano
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Morimoto
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan.
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12
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Otsuka Y, Yamamoto T, Fukase K. Syntheses of N -aryl-protected glucosamines and their stereoselectivity in chemical glycosylations. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Otsuka Y, Sasaki A, Teshima T, Yamada K, Yamamoto T. Syntheses of D-Glucose Derivatives Emitting Blue Fluorescence through Pd-Catalyzed C-N Coupling. Org Lett 2016; 18:1338-41. [PMID: 26987885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Green fluorescence-emitting D-glucose derivatives such as 2-NBDG have been effectively used to monitor D-glucose uptake through glucose transporters GLUTs at the single cell level. By contrast, GLUT-permeable D-glucose derivatives emitting blue fluorescence have been long awaited. A glucose tracer, 2-deoxy-2-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl)amino-D-glucose (CDG) (1), together with related compounds have been synthesized by Pd-catalyzed C-N coupling. Of these, CDG (1) is a promising blue fluorescence-emitting candidate molecule that may enter into mammalian cells through GLUTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Otsuka
- Peptide Institute, Inc., Saito Research Center , Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Ayako Sasaki
- Department of Physiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine , Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Tadashi Teshima
- Peptide Institute, Inc., Saito Research Center , Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Katsuya Yamada
- Department of Physiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine , Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Yamamoto
- Peptide Institute, Inc., Saito Research Center , Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.,Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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14
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Yokoyama H, Sasaki A, Yoshizawa T, Kijima H, Hakamada K, Yamada K. Imaging hamster model of bile duct cancer in vivo using fluorescent L-glucose derivatives. Hum Cell 2016; 29:111-21. [PMID: 26842558 PMCID: PMC4930486 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-015-0131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Extrahepatic bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma) has a poor prognosis. Since surgical resection is the only way to prolong the patient’s life, it is of critical importance to correctly determine the extent of lesions. However, conventional pre-operative assessments have insufficient spatial resolution for determining the surgical margin. A fluorescent contrast agent might provide a more precise measure to identify anomalies in biliary surface, when combined with probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE). We have previously shown that 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-l-glucose (2-NBDLG), a fluorescent derivative of l-glucose (fLG), is specifically taken up into spheroids consisting of cells showing heterogeneous nuclear-cytoplasm ratio, a feature of malignant cells in clinical settings. In addition, a combined use of 2-TRLG, a membrane-impermeable fLG, with 2-NBDLG visualized membrane integrity as well. We therefore explored in the present study the availability of the fLGs in vivo as a contrast agent for pCLE by using a hamster model of cholangiocarcinoma. Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma developed in mid common duct in ~20 % of the animals subjected to cholecystoduodenostomy with the ligation at the distal end of the common duct followed by injection of a carcinogen N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine. After infusing bile duct with a solution containing 2-NBDLG and 2-TRLG, the lumen was surgically exposed and examined by pCLE. Fluorescence pattern characterized by bright spots and dark clumps was detected in the areas diagnosed with cholangiocarcinoma in later histopathology, whereas no such pattern was detected in control animals. These findings may form a basis for elucidating a potential availability of fLGs in imaging cholangiocarcinoma by pCLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yokoyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Ayako Sasaki
- Department of Physiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yoshizawa
- Department of Pathology and Bioscience, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kijima
- Department of Pathology and Bioscience, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kenichi Hakamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Katsuya Yamada
- Department of Physiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan.
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15
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Sasaki A, Nagatomo K, Ono K, Yamamoto T, Otsuka Y, Teshima T, Yamada K. Uptake of a fluorescent L-glucose derivative 2-NBDLG into three-dimensionally accumulating insulinoma cells in a phloretin-sensitive manner. Hum Cell 2015; 29:37-45. [PMID: 26553070 PMCID: PMC4705143 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-015-0125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Of two stereoisomers of glucose, only d- and not l-glucose is abundantly found in nature, being utilized as an essential fuel by most organisms. The uptake of d-glucose into mammalian cells occurs through glucose transporters such as GLUTs, and this process has been effectively monitored by a fluorescent d-glucose derivative 2-[N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-NBDG) at the single cell level. However, since fluorescence is an arbitrary measure, we have developed a fluorescent analog of l-glucose 2-[N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-l-glucose (2-NBDLG), as a negative control substrate for more accurately identifying the stereoselectivity of the uptake. Interestingly, a small portion of mouse insulinoma cells MIN6 abundantly took up 2-NBDLG at a late culture stage (≳10 days in vitro, DIV) when multi-cellular spheroids exhibiting heterogeneous nuclei were formed, whereas no such uptake was detected at an early culture stage (≲6 DIV). The 2-NBDLG uptake was persistently observed in the presence of a GLUT inhibitor cytochalasin B. Neither d- nor l-glucose in 50 mM abolished the uptake. No significant inhibition was detected by inactivating sodium/glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) with Na+-free condition. To our surprise, the 2-NBDLG uptake was totally inhibited by phloretin, a broad spectrum inhibitor against transporters/channels including GLUTs and aquaporins. From these, a question might be raised if non-GLUT/non-SGLT pathways participate in the 2-NBDLG uptake into spheroid-forming MIN6 insulinoma. It might also be worthwhile investigating whether 2-NBDLG can be used as a functional probe for detecting cancer, since the nuclear heterogeneity is among critical features of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Sasaki
- Department of Physiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Nagatomo
- Department of Physiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Koki Ono
- Department of Physiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Yamamoto
- Peptide Institute, Inc., Saito Research Center, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan.,Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuji Otsuka
- Peptide Institute, Inc., Saito Research Center, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Tadashi Teshima
- Peptide Institute, Inc., Saito Research Center, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Katsuya Yamada
- Department of Physiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan.
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16
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Allaman I, Bélanger M, Magistretti PJ. Methylglyoxal, the dark side of glycolysis. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:23. [PMID: 25709564 PMCID: PMC4321437 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is the main energy substrate for the brain. There is now extensive evidence indicating that the metabolic profile of neural cells with regard to glucose utilization and glycolysis rate is not homogenous, with a marked propensity for glycolytic glucose processing in astrocytes compared to neurons. Methylglyoxal, a highly reactive dicarbonyl compound, is inevitably formed as a by-product of glycolysis. Methylglyoxal is a major cell-permeant precursor of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which are associated with several pathologies including diabetes, aging and neurodegenerative diseases. In normal situations, cells are protected against methylglyoxal toxicity by different mechanisms and in particular the glyoxalase system, which represents the most important pathway for the detoxification of methylglyoxal. While the neurotoxic effects of methylglyoxal and AGEs are well characterized, our understanding the glyoxalase system in the brain is more scattered. Considering the high energy requirements (i.e., glucose) of the brain, one should expect that the cerebral glyoxalase system is adequately fitted to handle methylglyoxal toxicity. This review focuses on our actual knowledge on the cellular aspects of the glyoxalase system in brain cells, in particular with regard to its activity in astrocytes and neurons. A main emerging concept is that these two neural cell types have different and energetically adapted glyoxalase defense mechanisms which may serve as protective mechanism against methylglyoxal-induced cellular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Allaman
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Cellular Dynamics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mireille Bélanger
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Cellular Dynamics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre J Magistretti
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal, Saudi Arabia ; Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Cellular Dynamics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Komatsu T, Takeda A, Hanaoka K, Terai T, Ueno T, Tada Y, Nagano T, Urano Y. Fluorometric assay of integrin activity with a small-molecular probe that senses the binding site microenvironment. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:15894-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc05591h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a small-molecular probe, consisting of cyclic RGD pentapeptide bearing a nitrobenzoxadiazole fluorophore at the 4′-residue, which detects integrin αVβ3 activity in terms of fluorescence intensity decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Komatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO)
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
| | - Aoi Takeda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Hanaoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Terai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tasuku Ueno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Tada
- Open Innovation Center for Drug Discovery
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nagano
- Open Innovation Center for Drug Discovery
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Urano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo, Japan
- School of Medicine
- The University of Tokyo
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