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Brennan-Ing M, Haberlen S, Ware D, Meanley S, Palella FJ, Bolan R, Cook JA, Okafor CN, Friedman MR, Plankey MW. Does Resilience Mediate the Relationship Between Negative Self-Image and Psychological Distress in Middle-Aged and Older Gay and Bisexual Men? Res Aging 2024:1640275241261414. [PMID: 38886913 DOI: 10.1177/01640275241261414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Aging gay and bisexual men may have negative self-images due to body image dissatisfaction and internalized ageism, resulting in psychological distress. Gay and bisexual men with HIV may be at greater risk for distress because of research linking HIV to accelerated aging. We examined associations between self-image and psychological distress, and potential mediating effects (resilience, fitness engagement), and whether these relationships were moderated by HIV serostatus. We tested our hypotheses with structural equation modeling using data from gay and bisexual men with HIV (n = 525, Mage = 57.6) and without HIV (n = 501, Mage = 62.2). We observed significant positive associations between self-image and distress and significant mediation effects (resilience, fitness engagement) that were moderated by HIV serostatus (resilience was only significant for men with HIV). We conclude that resilience interventions may be beneficial in alleviating distress from negative self-image among aging gay and bisexual men with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Brennan-Ing
- Brookdale Center for Healthy Aging, Hunter College, the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sabina Haberlen
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deanna Ware
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Steven Meanley
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frank J Palella
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert Bolan
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Judith A Cook
- Center on Mental Health Services Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chukwuemeka N Okafor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - M Reuel Friedman
- School of Public Health, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Michael W Plankey
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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2
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Bosbach K, Martin A, Stricker J, Schoenenberg K. Enhancing self-esteem in adults with body dysmorphic symptoms: experimental testing and initial evaluation of a brief internet-based training. Behav Cogn Psychother 2024; 52:226-242. [PMID: 38407138 DOI: 10.1017/s1352465824000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low self-esteem is an important factor associated with body dysmorphic concerns. In treatment, self-esteem cannot always be adequately addressed. Internet-based interventions offer a low-threshold and cost-efficient possibility for treating body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). AIMS For this reason, we conducted two studies to explore the effectiveness of an internet-based intervention targeting improving self-esteem in adults with BDD symptoms. METHOD The first study investigated the differential effects of a 1-week self-esteem training compared with a 1-week attention-focus training. Two hundred twenty adults with elevated body dysmorphic symptoms were randomly assigned to one of the two trainings. Our second study (n = 58 adults with body dysmorphic symptoms) evaluated an extended 2-week stand-alone self-esteem training. RESULTS In the first study, self-esteem in different domains (appearance, performance and social), self-focused attention, and BDD symptom severity improved in both groups. Other-focused attention only increased in the attention training group. Participants' overall adherence was high. In the second study we observed significant improvements in self-esteem, BDD symptom severity, and other secondary outcomes, with additional improvements in most outcomes in the second week. Adherence was again high. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings show that a brief internet-based intervention may be a highly accepted and effective way of improving self-esteem in people suffering from BDD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bosbach
- University of Wuppertal, School of Human and Social Sciences, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Alexandra Martin
- University of Wuppertal, School of Human and Social Sciences, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Johannes Stricker
- University of Wuppertal, School of Human and Social Sciences, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Katrin Schoenenberg
- University of Wuppertal, School of Human and Social Sciences, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Wuppertal, Germany
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3
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Campbell JT, Bennett-Brown M, Kaufman EM, Gesselman AN, Frederick DA, Garcia JR, Mark KP. Women Who Experience More Affectionate Touch Report Better Body Satisfaction and Relationship Outcomes. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38363343 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2024.2310705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Affectionate touch (e.g. hugging, handholding) is an essential component of many intimate relationships and is a primary contributor to overall relationship satisfaction as well as sexual satisfaction. Affectionate touch is understood to be a form of non-verbal communication in which the giver is expressing positive feelings toward the receiver. Here, we propose that affectionate touch also positively impacts receivers' body satisfaction, because affectionate touch is a positive message communicated toward the receiver's body. In a cross-sectional sample of romantically partnered women (N = 1,156), we assessed the association between affectionate touch frequency and body satisfaction. We also investigated whether affectionate touch is associated with relationship/sexual satisfaction in part because touch helps to improve women's evaluations of their own bodies. Our results showed that body satisfaction was a significant, partial mediator and a valid path through which affectionate touch shapes relationship quality. Receiving affectionate touch could bolster relationship satisfaction and self-perceptions among women. Given the prevalence of body dissatisfaction amongst women, these results suggest that the underexplored associations between affectionate touch and body satisfaction may have significant impacts on a wide array of future empirical and applied research trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret Bennett-Brown
- The Kinsey Institute, Indiana University
- Department of Communication Studies, Texas Tech University
| | - Ellen M Kaufman
- The Kinsey Institute, Indiana University
- Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University
| | | | | | - Justin R Garcia
- The Kinsey Institute, Indiana University
- Department of Gender Studies, Indiana University
| | - Kristen P Mark
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota
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4
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Reynolds TA, Maner JK, Frederick DA, Forney KJ, Garcia JR. A Slim Majority: The Influence of Sex Ratio on Women's Body Dissatisfaction and Weight Loss Motivations. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:3043-3062. [PMID: 37407892 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02644-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The current investigation examined whether women's perceptions of the sex ratio (ratio of women to men) in the local population influence their body dissatisfaction and weight loss motivations. A higher ratio of women to men in a given population signifies a relative abundance of same-sex mating competitors, intensifying female intrasexual competition. Five studies (N = 1,776) tested the hypotheses that women's perceptions of a female-skewed sex ratio would correspond to increased feelings of intrasexual competitiveness and perceptions of unfavorable mating prospects, which would, in turn, be associated with heightened body dissatisfaction and weight loss motivations. Among university and community women (Studies 1and 2), perceptions of a female-skewed sex ratio corresponded to greater intrasexual competitiveness, increased body dissatisfaction, and increased dieting inclinations. Among single women, assessments of a female-skewed sex ratio corresponded to perceptions of unfavorable mating prospects, increased romantic pressure to alter their appearance, and higher body dissatisfaction (Study 3). Studies 4 and 5 experimentally manipulated perceived sex ratio. Women in the female-skewed condition felt less satisfied with their weights and shapes, but only if they believed the manipulation (Study 4). In Study 5, using a within-subjects design, women who evaluated a male-skewed (vs. female-skewed) dating profile array subsequently desired to lose less weight. Findings suggest women's perceptions of their social environments may contribute to body image and dieting motivations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania A Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, The University of New Mexico, 2001 Redondo S. Dr., Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA.
- The Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
| | - Jon K Maner
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - David A Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - K Jean Forney
- Psychology Department, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Justin R Garcia
- The Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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5
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Ekinci N, Akat M. The Relationship between Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment and Social Appearance Anxiety in Adolescents: The Serial Mediation of Positive Youth Development and Instagram Addiction. Psychol Rep 2023; 126:2465-2488. [PMID: 36854386 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231159600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of social appearance anxiety among adolescents has increased in recent years. It can be said that one of the reasons for this situation is appearance-oriented social media applications. Attachment styles in adolescents may play a role in social appearance anxiety, as in many types of anxiety. However, adolescents' positive youth development levels may have a protective role against social appearance anxiety. Therefore, this study investigated the serial mediator roles of Instagram addiction and positive youth development in the relationship between anxious-avoidant attachment style and social appearance anxiety in adolescents. The research was carried out with 508 high school students. As a result of the research, it was determined that anxious-avoidant attachment and Instagram addiction predicted social appearance anxiety positively. It was determined that positive youth development predicted social appearance anxiety negatively. In addition, mediating roles in the relationship between positive youth development and Instagram addiction, anxious-avoidant attachment and social appearance anxiety were found significant in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nezir Ekinci
- Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
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6
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Frederick DA, Murray SB. The U.S. Body Project I: Inspirations and Lessons Learned. Body Image 2023; 46:223-229. [PMID: 37354878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. Body Project I examined predictors and prevalence of body image concerns among 11,620 adults recruited via Mechanical Turk. Researchers were invited to propose hypotheses or conduct secondary data analysis on the anonymized dataset. This resulted in 11 papers for this special issue. The first four papers examined the demographic predictors and prevalence of (1) body satisfaction, (2) objectification and tripartite model constructs, (3) sexuality-related body image concerns, and (4) face image satisfaction. The next four papers tested different structural equation models linking objectification and tripartite constructs to outcomes among women (5) and men (6) varying in body mass, and across racial (7) and sexual orientation (8) groups. We then tested measurement invariance of the scales (9) and introduced an abbreviated measure (10), and applied machine learning to examine associations among variables (11). Here we reflect on our personal and academic journeys leading to this project, and lessons learned.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA.
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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7
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Fischer N. Singles Not Sexually Satisfied? Prevalence and Predictors of Sexual Satisfaction in Single versus Partnered Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SEXUAL HEALTH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEXUAL HEALTH 2023; 35:515-528. [PMID: 38596451 PMCID: PMC10903649 DOI: 10.1080/19317611.2023.2241849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Objective The present study assesses the importance of individual, sexual behavioral, and evaluative factors on sexual satisfaction among single and partnered adults. Method Using data from a large web-sample of single (n = 1,075) and partnered (n = 3,063) individuals aged 18-89 from Norway. Results Higher contentment with sexual activity, sexual intercourse frequency, satisfaction with singlehood, and relationship satisfaction predicted higher sexual satisfaction, across relationship status and sex. Conclusions To tackle singlism and stereotypes about singles' sex lives, there is a need to further examine sexuality in singlehood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nantje Fischer
- Department of Psychology, National Research Centre on Sexual Health and Wellbeing (NaRSex), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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8
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Cowles E, Guest E, Slater A. Imagery versus captions: The effect of body positive Instagram content on young women's mood and body image. Body Image 2023; 44:120-130. [PMID: 36563473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Body positive social media content aims to positively impact young women's body image and mood by challenging traditionally narrow beauty ideals. This online experiment investigated the effect of viewing body positive Instagram posts on young women's body image and mood, whilst focusing on understanding the impact of the images and captions in the posts. Overall, 195 young women (18-30 years old) were randomly assigned to view either body positive (consisting of images and captions), body positive captions only, body positive images only, or thin-ideal Instagram posts. Positive mood increased in all conditions pre to post exposure. Further, body satisfaction and negative mood improved pre-post exposure for all body positive conditions. However, when controlling for trait body appreciation significant effects only remained for the combined image and caption body positive condition. There were no significant differences in positive mood, state body appreciation, self-objectification, or broad conceptualisations of beauty between the three body positive exposure conditions. Therefore, to improve body satisfaction and mood, body positive content should include a combination of images and captions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Cowles
- Centre of Appearance Research, University of the West of England, UK
| | - Ella Guest
- Centre of Appearance Research, University of the West of England, UK.
| | - Amy Slater
- Centre of Appearance Research, University of the West of England, UK
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9
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Deniz ME, Yıldırım Kurtuluş H. Self-Efficacy, Self-Love, and Fear of Compassion Mediate the Effect of Attachment Styles on Life Satisfaction: A Serial Mediation Analysis. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231156809. [PMID: 36775900 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231156809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of attachment styles on the life satisfaction of adults and the serial mediating effect of self-efficacy, self-love, and fear of compassion in this effect for the first time in the literature to the best of our knowledge. The study group consisted of a total of 639 adults. As a result of the study, it is seen that secure attachment affects life satisfaction positively. This process is mediated by the variables of high self-efficacy, high self-love, and low fear of compassion. However, avoidant attachment seems to negatively affect life satisfaction. This process is mediated by low self-efficacy, low self-love, and high fear of compassion variables. Apart from these results, it was observed that anxious-ambivalent attachment negatively affected life satisfaction, but this relationship was not mediated by self-efficacy, self-love, and fear of compassion. This result may be due to the fact that people with anxious-ambivalent attachment style perceive others positively despite seeing themselves as worthless and inadequate. These people may not want to show compassion for themselves because they have low self-worth, but they may show compassion for others because they find them valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Engin Deniz
- Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, 52999Yıldız Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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10
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Campos LA, Campos JADB, da Silva WR, Peltomäki T, Pinto ADS, Marôco J. Impact of body and orofacial appearance on life satisfaction among Brazilian adults. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275728. [PMID: 36331912 PMCID: PMC9635715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS 1. to elaborate a general model of physical appearance taking into account body image (BI) and orofacial appearance (OA) components; and 2. to evaluate the impact of BI and OA on life satisfaction among Brazilian adults. METHODS This is a cross-sectional observational study. The cognitive, behavioral, affective, and satisfaction/dissatisfaction aspects of BI, the satisfaction and psychosocial impact of OA, and life satisfaction were evaluated by self-reported psychometric scales. Principal Component Analysis and Parallel Analysis were performed. Structural equation models were elaborated to estimate the impact of BI and OA on life satisfaction. The fit of the models was verified and the significance of the path estimates (β) was evaluated using z-tests (α = 5%). RESULTS A total of 1,940 individuals participated in the study (age: mean = 24.8, standard deviation = 5.7 years; females = 70.1%). In the male sample, three physical appearance factors were retained (OA, cognitive and behavioral components of BI, and affective and satisfaction/dissatisfaction components of BI). In the female sample, two factors were retained (OA and all components of BI). All factors had significant impact on life satisfaction (β = |0.26|-|0.48|, p<0.001) in both samples. Individuals dissatisfied with BI and OA had lower levels of life satisfaction. For men, the affective and satisfaction components of BI had a greater impact on life satisfaction (β = 0.48, p<0.001) than the other factors (β =] -0.30;-0.25[, p<0.001). For women, both BI and OA had a similar impact (BI: β = -0.30, p<0.001; OA: β = -0.32, p<0.001). CONCLUSION BI and OA formed distinct clusters in the physical appearance evaluation. Physical appearance was perceived differently by men and women, fostering discussion about the sociocultural construction of the body. BI and OA had a significant impact on life satisfaction and should be considered in assessment and treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Arrais Campos
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Ear and Oral Diseases, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- School of Dentistry, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Wanderson Roberto da Silva
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Longevity, Alfenas Federal University, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Timo Peltomäki
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Ear and Oral Diseases, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ary dos Santos Pinto
- School of Dentistry, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Marôco
- William James Center for Research (WJCR), ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal
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11
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Træen B, Kvalem IL. Gender Differences in Sending Nude Pictures and Videos Across Multiple Relationship Contexts in the Adult Norwegian Population. SEXUALITY & CULTURE 2022; 27:570-590. [PMID: 36211529 PMCID: PMC9526388 DOI: 10.1007/s12119-022-10028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This article aims to determine the prevalence of sending nude pictures/videos in the Norwegian population and investigates gender differences regarding consensual, unsolicited, and coerced experiences. Data were obtained from a probability-based web survey of 2181 men and 1967 women between 18 and 89 years old. The majority of participants expressed relatively accepting attitudes toward sending nude pictures/videos, and men expressed more positive attitudes than women. Twenty-nine percent of participants reported having lifetime experience with sending nude pictures/videos, and sending nude pictures/videos was more common in younger individuals than older individuals. More women than men claimed that they sent their most recent nude picture to a committed partner, and twice as many men than women had sent a nude picture to a stranger or a person they only had contact with on the Internet. In addition, more than twice as many women than men reported consensual sending nude pictures/videos, and more men than women sent unsolicited pictures/videos. Consensual sending nude pictures/videos was characterized by the presence of men and women within committed relationships. In Norway, sending nude pictures/videos seems to be a way of being sexual in the context of committed relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Træen
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Box 1094 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingela Lundin Kvalem
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Box 1094 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
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12
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Body Dissatisfaction, Eating Styles, Weight-Related Behaviors, and Health among Young Women in the United States. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183876. [PMID: 36145252 PMCID: PMC9505776 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Body dissatisfaction is a common condition that poses health behavior risks, such as the use of maladaptive eating styles instead of adaptive eating styles. Few studies have simultaneously examined both adaptive and maladaptive eating styles and their association with body dissatisfaction in a comprehensive manner. To address this gap, this study examined how body dissatisfaction is related to an array of adaptive and maladaptive eating styles, weight-related behaviors, and health status as well as the associations of health status, BMI, and weight-related behaviors with body dissatisfaction in 261 young adult women. Maladaptive eating styles, such as emotional eating, tended to rise in tandem with body dissatisfaction, differing significantly among body-dissatisfaction levels with medium to large effect sizes. For adaptive eating styles, as body dissatisfaction increased, compensatory restraint increased, intuitive eating declined, and mindful eating did not differ. Weight-related dietary, physical activity, and sleep behaviors did not differ by body dissatisfaction level. BMI increased and health status decreased as body dissatisfaction increased. Binary logistic regression revealed those who were body-dissatisfied had significantly lower health status, higher BMIs, and did not differ on weight-related behaviors. Study findings suggest strategies to improve health-promotion interventions aiming to increase body satisfaction.
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13
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Chan J, Hurst M. South Asian women in the United Kingdom: The role of skin colour dissatisfaction in acculturation experiences and body dissatisfaction. Body Image 2022; 42:413-418. [PMID: 35930876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
South Asian women living in Western cultures may experience skin colour dissatisfaction, as fair skin is an important South Asian appearance ideal, whilst visible ethnic differences in their skin colour may lead to appearance-related ethnic teasing from members from the mainstream culture. This study investigates whether appearance-related ethnic teasing is indirectly associated with body dissatisfaction via skin colour dissatisfaction and explores the relationship between appearance-related ethnic teasing, cultural identification and skin colour dissatisfaction amongst first-generation South Asian women living in the United Kingdom. South Asian women (N = 98; 18-55 years, M = 24.60) completed an online questionnaire that measured appearance-related ethnic teasing, skin colour dissatisfaction, cultural identification, and body dissatisfaction. Appearance-related ethnic teasing was indirectly linked with greater body dissatisfaction via greater skin colour dissatisfaction. Appearance-related ethnic teasing was linked with stronger British identification, a greater sense of having an integrated identity and greater skin colour dissatisfaction. South Asian identification was associated with greater skin colour dissatisfaction. These findings suggest that skin colour dissatisfaction is an important link between appearance-related ethnic teasing and acculturating South Asian women's body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Chan
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, UK.
| | - Megan Hurst
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, UK
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14
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Fischer N, Træen B. A Seemingly Paradoxical Relationship Between Masturbation Frequency and Sexual Satisfaction. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:3151-3167. [PMID: 35790612 PMCID: PMC9255456 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02305-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite many benefits related to masturbation, we know surprisingly little about how solo sex is associated with sexual satisfaction. Using questionnaire data from a probability-based sample of 4,160 Norwegians aged 18-89 years, we explored subgroups of women and men that differed in their masturbation-sexual satisfaction typology and examined whether sociodemographic, psychological, and sexual behavioral characteristics were associated with distinct masturbation-satisfaction patterns. A cluster analysis revealed four similar groupings for women and men, reflecting sex lives characterized by high masturbation/sexual satisfaction, low masturbation/sexual satisfaction, high masturbation/sexual dissatisfaction, or low masturbation/sexual dissatisfaction. While being younger, higher pornography consumption, and sexual variety were primarily associated with increased masturbation frequency, sexual distress and a negative body and genital self-image were more clearly associated with sexual dissatisfaction. Predicting different masturbation-satisfaction groupings also revealed some gender-specific findings in the use of pornography, and in the association between masturbation and intercourse frequency, which suggested a complementary pattern for women and a compensatory pattern for men. Our findings emphasize that the linkage between masturbation and sexual satisfaction warrants closer focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nantje Fischer
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Gaustadalleén 30, 0373, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Bente Træen
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Gaustadalleén 30, 0373, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Pathways from sociocultural and objectification constructs to body satisfaction among women: The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 41:195-208. [PMID: 35299008 PMCID: PMC9764838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Objectification theory proposes that widespread sexualization causes women to engage in surveillance of their appearance. We integrated this concept into a model with constructs from the tripartite influence model, which proposes that body dissatisfaction is a result of internalizing cultural notions of thin ideal beauty that stem from family, peer, and media appearance-related pressures. We tested this model with an online sample of 6327 adult women. Specifically, we tested whether these pressures predicted increased thin-ideal and muscular-ideal internalization, leading to greater body surveillance, and in turn lower appearance evaluation and body image quality of life. Structural equation modeling supported many aspects of the model. Family, peer, and media pressures related to higher thin-ideal internalization, which related to higher body surveillance and lower appearance evaluation. Peer and media pressures related to higher muscular-ideal internalization, which related to lower appearance evaluation. However, muscular-ideal internalization was not related to body image quality of life. An indirect relationship emerged between thin-ideal internalization and body image outcomes via body surveillance. Body mass index (BMI) moderated several of these model paths. Findings highlight the value of this integrated sociocultural model, and of BMI as an important moderating factor when examining objectification and tripartite influence models.
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16
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Frederick DA, Tylka TL, Rodgers RF, Convertino L, Pennesi JL, Parent MC, Brown TA, Compte EJ, Cook-Cottone CP, Crerand CE, Malcarne VL, Nagata JM, Perez M, Pila E, Schaefer LM, Thompson JK, Murray SB. Pathways from sociocultural and objectification constructs to body satisfaction among men: The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 41:84-96. [PMID: 35247867 PMCID: PMC9812655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
According to the tripartite influence model, body dissatisfaction is shaped by internalizing cultural appearance ideals stemming from appearance-related family, peer, and media pressures. This model was developed for women, but emerging evidence points to its relevance for men's body image. This study advanced this budding research by (a) integrating muscular-ideal internalization alongside lean-ideal internalization and body surveillance into the model, (b) examining two positive dimensions of body image as outcomes (body image quality of life and appearance evaluation), and (c) testing this model in national online sample of 5293 men. Structural equation modeling supported the model. Family, peer, and media pressures related to higher lean-ideal internalization, which related to higher body surveillance and poorer body image outcomes. Peer and media pressures related to higher muscular-ideal internalization, which related to higher body surveillance but more adaptive body image outcomes. We further examined whether model variables and paths differed based on men's body mass index (BMI). Men with higher BMIs evidenced a stronger path between body surveillance and body image outcomes. These findings highlight the usefulness of sociocultural models for understanding men's body image experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA,Corresponding authors. (D.A. Frederick), (T.L. Tylka)
| | - Tracy L. Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Corresponding authors. (D.A. Frederick), (T.L. Tylka)
| | - Rachel F. Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lexie Convertino
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jamie-Lee Pennesi
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael C. Parent
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Tiffany A. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Emilio J. Compte
- School of Psychology, Adolfo Ibáñez University, Santiago, Chile,Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Catherine P. Cook-Cottone
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Canice E. Crerand
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Jason M. Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marisol Perez
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Eva Pila
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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17
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Hazzard VM, Schaefer LM, Thompson JK, Murray SB, Frederick DA. Measurement invariance of body image measures by age, gender, sexual orientation, race, weight status, and age: The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 41:97-108. [PMID: 35247868 PMCID: PMC9167237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing interest in comparing body image experiences across diverse groups, limited work has examined whether body image measures operate similarly across different populations, raising important questions about the appropriateness of comparing scale means across demographic groups. This study employed measurement invariance testing to evaluate whether such comparisons are appropriate with existing body image measures. Specifically, multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using a community sample of 11,620 men and women to test increasing levels of invariance (configural, metric, scalar) across five key demographic variables (age group, gender, sexual orientation, race, weight status) for five commonly used body image measures (the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-4, the Body Surveillance subscale of the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale, the Appearance Evaluation and Overweight Preoccupation subscales of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire, and the Body Image Quality of Life Inventory). Results provided evidence of scalar (i.e., strong) invariance for all five measures across age, gender, sexual orientation, race, and weight status groups, indicating that the latent factors captured by these measures have the same meaning across demographic groups. Findings therefore support the comparison of scale/subscale means across multiple demographic groups for these body image measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David A. Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
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18
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Frederick DA, Gordon AR, Cook-Cottone CP, Brady JP, Reynolds TA, Alley J, Garcia JR, Brown TA, Compte EJ, Convertino L, Crerand CE, Malcarne VL, Nagata JM, Parent MC, Pennesi JL, Perez M, Pila E, Rodgers RF, Schaefer LM, Thompson JK, Tylka TL, Murray SB. Demographic and sociocultural predictors of sexuality-related body image and sexual frequency: The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 41:109-127. [PMID: 35247866 PMCID: PMC9729002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Body image is a critical component of an individual's sexual experiences. This makes it critical to identify demographic and sociocultural correlates of sexuality-related body image: the subjective feelings, cognitions, and evaluations related to one's body in the context of sexual experience. We examined how sexuality-related body image differed by gender, sexual orientation, race, age, and BMI. Four items assessing sexuality-related body image were completed by 11,620 U.S. adults: self-perceived sex appeal of their body, nude appearance satisfaction, and the extent to which they believed that body image positively or negatively affected their sexual enjoyment and feelings of sexual acceptability as a partner. Men reported slightly less nude appearance dissatisfaction and fewer negative effects of body image on sexual enjoyment and sexual acceptability than women, but did not differ in reported sex appeal. Poorer sexuality-related body image was reported by people with higher BMIs, not in relationships, who had sex less frequently, among White compared to Black women and men, and among gay compared to heterosexual men. Data also revealed a subgroup of respondents who reported that their body image had a positive impact on their sex lives. The findings highlight a need for interventions addressing sexuality-related body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA.
| | - Allegra R Gordon
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine P Cook-Cottone
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - John P Brady
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tania A Reynolds
- Psychology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; The Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Jenna Alley
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Justin R Garcia
- The Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Gender Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Tiffany A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Emilio J Compte
- School of Psychology, Adolfo Ibáñez University, Santiago, Chile; Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Lexie Convertino
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Canice E Crerand
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vanessa L Malcarne
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Parent
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jamie-Lee Pennesi
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marisol Perez
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Eva Pila
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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19
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Frederick DA, Hazzard VM, Schaefer LM, Rodgers RF, Gordon AR, Tylka TL, Pennesi JL, Convertino L, Parent MC, Brown TA, Compte EJ, Cook-Cottone CP, Crerand CE, Malcarne VL, Nagata JM, Perez M, Pila E, Thompson JK, Murray SB. Sexual orientation differences in pathways from sociocultural and objectification constructs to body satisfaction: The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 41:181-194. [PMID: 35272100 PMCID: PMC9812653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectification theory and the tripartite influence model provide useful frameworks for understanding the body image experiences of men and women. However, there is little systematic investigation of how sexual orientation moderates the links between these constructs and body image satisfaction. It has been hypothesized, for example, that the associations of surveillance (i.e., monitoring of one's appearance due to objectification by others) would be strongest for groups targeted by the male gaze (e.g., gay men, lesbian women, and bisexual men and women). Here we proposed an integrated sociocultural model and examined these pathways in multigroup structural equation models in a national sample of heterosexual, bisexual, and lesbian women (ns = 5395; 598; 213, respectively), and heterosexual, bisexual, and gay men (4869; 194; and 194, respectively) aged 18-65 years. Sexual orientation moderated some of these pathways. The most consistent pattern was that appearance pressures were internalized to a greater extent among bisexual participants. The pathways to poorer body image were generally similar among heterosexual and gay/lesbian men and women. These findings highlight the importance of examining sexual orientation-specific influences on body image across diverse groups, as well as the commonalities in the experiences of men and women across sexual orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA,Corresponding authors. (D.A. Frederick), (V.M. Hazzard)
| | - Vivienne M. Hazzard
- Sanford Center for Bio-behavioral Research, Fargo, ND, USA,Corresponding authors. (D.A. Frederick), (V.M. Hazzard)
| | | | - Rachel F. Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allegra R. Gordon
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tracy L. Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jamie-Lee Pennesi
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lexie Convertino
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael C. Parent
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Tiffany A. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Emilio J. Compte
- School of Psychology, Adolfo Ibáñez University, Santiago, Chile,Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Catherine P. Cook-Cottone
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Canice E. Crerand
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Jason M. Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marisol Perez
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, USA
| | - Eva Pila
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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20
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Frederick DA, Reynolds TA, Barrera CA, Murray SB. Demographic and sociocultural predictors of face image satisfaction: The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 41:1-16. [PMID: 35228101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite substantial literature surrounding how people process and perceive faces, there is very little research investigating how people evaluate their own faces. We examined how gender, body mass, race, age, and sexual orientation were linked to people's satisfaction with the appearance of their eyes, nose, facial shape, and face overall among 11,620 adults recruited via Mechanical Turk. Most people mostly or definitely agreed they were happy with their facial appearance. There were notable racial differences, with Asian participants tending to report greater dissatisfaction. For example, only 66% of Asian women and 60% of Asian men mostly or definitely agreed that they were happy with the appearance of their eyes, which was lower than other racial groups. BMI and age were not strongly associated with face satisfaction. Sexual minority men were less satisfied than heterosexual men. About one in four gay and bisexual men, compared to only one in seven heterosexual men, reported dissatisfaction with their overall facial appearance. Men and women with poorer face image engaged in more appearance surveillance, more strongly internalized the thin-ideal, and perceived stronger sociocultural pressures from peers, parents, and media. The current study highlights important sociocultural and demographic factors tied to poorer face image.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA.
| | - Tania A Reynolds
- Psychology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; The Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Carlos A Barrera
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stuart B Murray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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21
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Frederick DA, Crerand CE, Brown TA, Perez M, Best CR, Cook-Cottone CP, Compte EJ, Convertino L, Gordon AR, Malcarne VL, Nagata JM, Parent MC, Pennesi JL, Pila E, Rodgers RF, Schaefer LM, Thompson JK, Tylka TL, Murray SB. Demographic predictors of body image satisfaction: The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 41:17-31. [PMID: 35220024 PMCID: PMC9744633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We examined how gender, body mass, race, age, and sexual orientation were linked to appearance evaluation, overweight preoccupation, and body image-related quality of life among 11,620 adults recruited via Mechanical Turk. Men were less likely than women to report low appearance evaluation, high overweight preoccupation, negative effects of body image on their quality of life, being on a weight-loss diet, and trying to lose weight with crash diets/fasting. Racial differences were generally small, but greater appearance evaluation was reported by Black men versus other groups and Black women versus White women. Across all measures, gay and bisexual men reported poorer body image than heterosexual men, with only small effect sizes observed for sexual orientation differences among women. Body mass, but not age, was strongly associated with body image. The prevalence of poor body image highlights the need for interventions. On the positive side, half of men and women reported high appearance evaluation. Examination of this group could identify factors promoting positive body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA,Corresponding author. (D.A. Frederick)
| | - Canice E. Crerand
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA,Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Tiffany A. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marisol Perez
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Cassidy R. Best
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Catherine P. Cook-Cottone
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Emilio J. Compte
- School of Psychology, Adolfo Ibáñez University, Santiago, Chile,Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Lexie Convertino
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Allegra R. Gordon
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA,Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jason M. Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael C. Parent
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jamie-Lee Pennesi
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eva Pila
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel F. Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Tracy L. Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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22
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Liang D, Frederick DA, Lledo EE, Rosenfield N, Berardi V, Linstead E, Maoz U. Examining the utility of nonlinear machine learning approaches versus linear regression for predicting body image outcomes: The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 41:32-45. [PMID: 35228102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Most body image studies assess only linear relations between predictors and outcome variables, relying on techniques such as multiple Linear Regression. These predictor variables are often validated multi-item measures that aggregate individual items into a single scale. The advent of machine learning has made it possible to apply Nonlinear Regression algorithms-such as Random Forest and Deep Neural Networks-to identify potentially complex linear and nonlinear connections between a multitude of predictors (e.g., all individual items from a scale) and outcome (output) variables. Using a national dataset, we tested the extent to which these techniques allowed us to explain a greater share of the variance in body-image outcomes (adjusted R2) than possible with Linear Regression. We examined how well the connections between body dissatisfaction and dieting behavior could be predicted from demographic factors and measures derived from objectification theory and the tripartite-influence model. In this particular case, although Random Forest analyses sometimes provided greater predictive power than Linear Regression models, the advantages were small. More generally, however, this paper demonstrates how body image researchers might harness the power of machine learning techniques to identify previously undiscovered relations among body image variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Liang
- Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA; Schmid College of Sciences and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - David A Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA.
| | - Elia E Lledo
- Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | | | - Vincent Berardi
- Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA; Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Erik Linstead
- Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Uri Maoz
- Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA; Schmid College of Sciences and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA; Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA; Institute for Interdisciplinary Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
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23
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Tang L, Rifas-Shiman SL, Field AE, Austin SB, Haines J. Self-Reported Total Screen Time and Viewing Modes Are Associated with Body Dissatisfaction, Disordered Eating, and Cosmetic Surgery Intentions among Young Adults. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102027. [PMID: 35631168 PMCID: PMC9145134 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While numerous studies have shown that media exposure is linked to body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behavior, limited research has examined these associations by screen-viewing mode. This study examined associations of total screen-time and screen-viewing modes with body dissatisfaction, disordered eating, and cosmetic surgery intention among young adults. Men (n = 3466) and women (n = 7300), aged 19 to 34 years, self-reported their screen-time on various TV viewing modes, and their body dissatisfaction, overeating, disordered weight control behaviors, and cosmetic surgery intentions. We fit linear, logistic, and multivariate models to examine cross-sectional associations between total screen-time and screen-viewing modes and body dissatisfaction, disordered eating, and cosmetic surgery intention. Handheld viewing was associated with body dissatisfaction for women only, and online viewing was associated with greater body dissatisfaction among both men (βˆ = 0.40; 95% CI, 0.15 to 0.65) and women (βˆ = 0.25; 95% CI, 0.10 to 0.40). Downloaded viewing was associated with higher odds of overeating behaviors among both men (OR = 1.24; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.40) and women (OR = 1.21; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.32), respectively. Although total screen time was associated with greater cosmetic surgery intention for both men (βˆ = 0.24; 95% CI, 0.09 to 0.39) and women (βˆ = 0.43; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.58), sex differences were found for the viewing modes. Our results suggest that different viewing modes may be differently associated with men and women’s body image, disordered eating behavior, and cosmetic surgery intention. Future research should consider all modes of screen-viewing in our media environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Tang
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Alison E. Field
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA;
| | - S. Bryn Austin
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jess Haines
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
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24
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Usage Patterns and Self-Esteem of Female Consumers of Antiaging Cosmetic Products. COSMETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics9030049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is an irreversible process of the human body, resulting from a progressive decrease in the biological functions of the organs, including the skin. This study analyzed the relationship between usage patterns of different types of anti-aging cosmetic products, sociodemographic variables, appearance schemes, psychological morbidity, perfectionism, and aging perception of aging with self-esteem. This cross-sectional study included a sample of 260 women, aged between 25 and 64 years, who are users of anti-aging cosmetics and/or aesthetic treatments. Participants were assessed on psychological morbidity (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), appearance schemes (Appearance Schemas Inventory—Revised), perfectionism (Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale), aging perceptions (Brief Aging Perceptions Questionnaire), and self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale). The use of facial-firming cosmetics positively correlated with self-esteem. The results of regression analysis revealed that psychological morbidity and perfectionism contribute negatively to self-esteem, while marital status, professional status, and aging perceptions (positive consequences) contribute positively. According to the results, intervention programs to promote women’s self-esteem should focus on the reduction in psychological morbidity and the promotion of adaptive patterns of perfectionism and address aging perceptions. Longitudinal studies might help explain the complex relationship between the use of anti-aging cosmetic products and psychological variables, particularly self-esteem in women.
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25
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Associations between Leisure Preferences, Mindfulness, Psychological Capital, and Life Satisfaction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074121. [PMID: 35409804 PMCID: PMC8998282 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study intended to explore which leisure preferences contribute to mindfulness, psychological capital, and life satisfaction and assess whether mindfulness, psychological capital, and life satisfaction are associated with different leisure preferences. This study applied the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ-12), the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), and the instrument to evaluate the prevalence of leisure preferences. A sample consisted of 586 participants, 104 males and 478 females. The mean age of participants was 42.06, SD = 13.29. The results show that respondents who did not spend free time watching television scored higher on life satisfaction, mindfulness, and psychological capital. Participants who preferred attending events scored higher on life satisfaction and psychological capital. Participants who preferred spending time with family as a leisure preference scored significantly higher on life satisfaction, mindfulness, and psychological capital, including PsyCap overall, PsyCap work, PsyCap relationship, and PsyCap health. The findings also reveal that time spent with family is significantly associated with life satisfaction. Besides, males’ life satisfaction was significantly associated with time spent in nature, while females’ satisfaction was associated with spending time with family and participating in events. Males’ mindfulness was significantly associated with book reading, and females’ mindfulness was associated with not watching television. Males’ psychological capital was significantly associated with spending time with family and book reading, and females’ psychological capital was associated with not watching television but spending time with family, participating in events, and spending time in nature. The findings also showed that mindfulness mediated the link between watching television and life satisfaction, and psychological capital mediated links between spending time with family, participating in events, and life satisfaction. The findings demonstrate that life satisfaction is also significantly associated with spending time with family as a leisure preference. This study also revealed a significant negative association between age and spending time with friends or family, evidencing the possible loneliness of elderly respondents. Due to limitations of this study, including sample size and characteristics, cultural context, and research design, the research findings would preferably be regarded thoughtfully.
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Ku L, Newby C, Moldes O, Zaroff CM, Wu AMS. The values you endorse set the body you see: The protective effect of intrinsic life goals on men's body dissatisfaction. Scand J Psychol 2022; 63:393-404. [PMID: 35353913 PMCID: PMC9545441 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mass media portrayal of a muscular body type ideal has been increasingly tied to men's body image dissatisfaction. We examined the role of self-determination theory's intrinsic life goals within this body image ideal and its potential as a moderator of this dissatisfaction. We first tested the moderating effect of intrinsic life goals on the link between magazine consumption and body image dissatisfaction via an online questionnaire (Study 1; N = 826), then experimentally manipulated these goals and exposure to images of muscular male models (Study 2; N = 150). A robust protective effect of intrinsic goals on body image satisfaction was observed - the relationship between magazine consumption and body image dissatisfaction was only significant among individuals with a lower level of intrinsic life goal orientation. When participants' intrinsic goals were momentarily heightened, they reported significantly less body image dissatisfaction, compared to those not receiving a strengthening of these goals. The results are the first to find a protective effect of intrinsic life goals on men's body image, and have important implications for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Ku
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Charis Newby
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Olaya Moldes
- Department of Marketing and Strategy, Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Anise M S Wu
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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27
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Hazzard VM, Schaefer LM, Thompson JK, Rodgers RF, Frederick DA. An abbreviated 10-item, two-factor version of the Body Image Quality of Life Inventory (BIQLI-10): The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 40:285-294. [PMID: 35085864 PMCID: PMC8891083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to re-examine the factor structure of the Body Image Quality of Life Inventory (BIQLI), a measure that quantifies perceived effects of one's body image on various aspects of psychosocial functioning. Data on the 19-item BIQLI from a community sample of 11,620 U.S. men and women were split into cross-validation samples and underwent exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. An abbreviated 10-item, two-factor version of the BIQLI (BIQLI-10) was identified. The BIQLI-10 measures Social Relations & Psychological Well-Being with one subscale and Appearance & Body Management Activities with the other. Internal consistency was high for each subscale. The BIQLI-10 largely retained the convergent validity of the original 19-item BIQLI, as evidenced by nearly identical correlations with appearance evaluation, overweight preoccupation, body surveillance, appearance pressures, and appearance ideal internalization. Results also supported strong measurement invariance for the BIQLI-10 by age group, gender, sexual orientation, racial group, and weight status. Findings from this study suggest researchers may use this abbreviated version to increase nuance in the measurement of body image quality of life and reduce participant burden without compromising the psychometric integrity of the BIQLI. Further, results support the comparison of BIQLI-10 subscale scores across diverse groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J Kevin Thompson
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, France
| | - David A Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA.
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28
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Frederick DA, Pila E, Malcarne VL, Compte EJ, Nagata JM, Best CR, Cook-Cottone CP, Brown TA, Convertino L, Crerand CE, Parent MC, Pennesi JL, Perez M, Rodgers RF, Schaefer LM, Thompson JK, Tylka TL, Murray SB. Demographic predictors of objectification theory and tripartite influence model constructs: The U.S. Body Project I. Body Image 2022; 40:182-199. [PMID: 34972020 PMCID: PMC9750803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined how demographic factors (gender, sexual orientation, racial group, age, body mass) were linked to measures of sociocultural appearance concerns derived from objectification theory and the tripartite influence model (McKinley & Hyde, 1996; Schaefer et al., 2015) among 11,620 adults. Men were less likely than women to report high body surveillance, thin-ideal internalization, appearance-related media pressures, and family pressures; did not differ in peer pressures; and reported greater muscle/athletic internalization. Both men and women expressed greater desire for their bodies to look "very lean" than to look "very thin". Compared to gay men, heterosexual men reported lower body surveillance, thin-ideal internalization, peer pressures, and media pressures. Black women reported lower thin-ideal internalization than White, Hispanic, and Asian women, whereas Asian women reported greater family pressures. Being younger and having higher BMIs were associated with greater sociocultural appearance concerns across most measures. The variation in prevalence of sociocultural appearance concerns across these demographic groups highlights the need for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA,Correspondence to: 1 University Drive, Orange, CA 92860, USA. , (D.A. Frederick).
| | - Eva Pila
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Emilio J. Compte
- School of Psychology, Adolfo Ibáñez University, Santiago, Chile,Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Jason M. Nagata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cassidy R. Best
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Catherine P. Cook-Cottone
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Tiffany A. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lexie Convertino
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Canice E. Crerand
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA,Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael C. Parent
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jamie-Lee Pennesi
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marisol Perez
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Rachel F. Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Tracy L. Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stuart B. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Frederick DA, Reynolds TA. The Value of Integrating Evolutionary and Sociocultural Perspectives on Body Image. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:57-66. [PMID: 33751287 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-01947-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David A Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, 92866, USA.
| | - Tania A Reynolds
- Psychology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- The Kinsey Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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30
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Hai R, Yang Y. Social Network Site Appearance Comparison's Prediction of Anxiety Among Chinese Females: The Mediation Effect of Body Area Satisfaction, Overweight Preoccupation, and Self-Esteem. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:775782. [PMID: 35321227 PMCID: PMC8936083 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.775782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Social network site appearance comparison refers to a tendency to compare the body image of one-self to others when using social network sites. It was found to be associated with negative emotions, for example, depression, among young females, and this association was mediated by body image and self-esteem. However, researches on the chain-mediating role of body image and self-esteem in anxiety had been limited. Therefore, the current study examined the chain-mediating role between social network site comparison and anxiety among 320 Chinese females, using the Social Network Site Appearance Comparison Scale (SNSACS), Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ), Self-esteem Scale (SES), and the anxiety subscale of Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale (DASS). Results revealed that (1) SNSACS, SES, and DASS anxiety scores were significantly correlated with each other, and the scores of two MBSRQ subscale, that is, body area satisfaction and overweight preoccupation, were significantly correlated with SNSACS, SES, and DASS anxiety scores; (2) body area satisfaction and self-esteem played a chain-mediating role in the effect of social network site appearance comparison on anxiety; (3) overweight preoccupation and self-esteem played a chain-mediating role in the effect of social network site appearance comparison on anxiety. The findings may inspire new ideas for understanding how social comparison triggers anxiety and for developing methods to reduce anxiety derived from appearance comparison among Chinese females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri Hai
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Yang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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31
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Frederick DA, Gillespie BJ, Lever J, Berardi V, Garcia JR. Debunking Lesbian Bed Death: Using Coarsened Exact Matching to Compare Sexual Practices and Satisfaction of Lesbian and Heterosexual Women. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:3601-3619. [PMID: 34725751 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02096-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The current study examined the prevalence and correlates of over 50 sexual practices in a national survey of heterosexual and lesbian women in relationships. Coarsened exact matching was used to create comparable samples of heterosexual (n = 2510) and lesbian (n = 283) women on six demographic factors, including relationship length. Heterosexual and lesbian women were equally likely to be sexually satisfied (66% heterosexual women vs. 68% lesbian women). Compared to heterosexuals, lesbians were more likely to report having sex 0-1 times per month (11% vs. 23%) and were less likely to report having sex greater than once per month (89% vs. 77%). Among women who had been in relationships for longer than 5 years, heterosexual women were less likely than lesbian women to report having sex 0-1 times per month (15%; 42%). This steeper drop in sexual frequency among lesbian women than heterosexual women has pejoratively been labeled lesbian bed death. Rather than accept the label "lesbian bed death" as characterizing these sexual relationships, we turn our attention to what we call lesbian bed intimacies: the myriad ways that lesbian women incorporate behaviors promoting emotional connection, romance, and mood setting, as well as relying on a wide variety of specific sexual acts (e.g., use of sex toys) and sexual communication. Compared to heterosexual women, lesbian women were more likely to usually to always receive oral sex during sex in the past month (28%; 47%) and to use sex toys in the past year (40%; 62%). In their last sexual encounter, lesbian women were more likely to say "I love you" (67%; 80%), have sex longer than 30 min (48%; 72%), and engage in gentle kissing (80%; 92%). These intimacies likely help explain why sexual satisfaction was similar in these groups despite notable differences in sexual frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA, 92866, USA.
| | | | - Janet Lever
- Department of Sociology, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Berardi
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA, 92866, USA
| | - Justin R Garcia
- Department of Gender Studies, The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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32
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Geller S, Handelzalts JE, Levy S, Barron D, Swami V. Self-compassion mediates the relationship between attachment anxiety and body appreciation in women and men: Evidence from Israel. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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33
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Lyons S, Lorigan P, Green AC, Ferguson A, Epton T. Reasons for indoor tanning use and the acceptability of alternatives: A qualitative study. Soc Sci Med 2021; 286:114331. [PMID: 34438184 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Using indoor tanning devices is associated with substantial health consequences, such as an increased risk of melanoma and other skin cancers. Many people including minors and some at high risk of skin cancer continue to use these devices. In the absence of effective restrictions on use, it is important that behaviour change interventions are designed to reduce indoor tanning. OBJECTIVE To explore reasons for use of indoor tanning devices and the acceptability of alternatives in adult users residing in North-West England. METHODS Participants were required to be current indoor tanners aged 18 years and above and were recruited online. Twenty-one participants took part in either a focus group or semi-structured interview. An inductive thematic analysis was conducted. RESULTS Six themes were identified: psychological benefits; improving physical health; denial of health risks; alternatives do not meet psychological needs; alternatives do not meet physical needs; and perceived side-effects. Participants used indoor tanning devices to improve their self-esteem and to prevent sun damage to their skin (by gaining a 'base tan'). Participants appeared to justify their usage by responding defensively to avoid accepting they were at risk, exaggerating the benefits of indoor tanning, and discounting alternatives to indoor tanning. Alternatives to indoor tanning were perceived as risky for health, inadequate to provide the desired aesthetic, and incapable of meeting their self-esteem needs. CONCLUSIONS Interventions to reduce indoor tanning behaviour should increase sources of self-esteem other than appearance, increase media literacy and address defensive responses to information around indoor tanning and alternatives. Further research is needed to develop these interventions and assess their feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Lyons
- Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Paul Lorigan
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, UK; Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Adele C Green
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, UK; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Australia
| | - Ashley Ferguson
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Tracy Epton
- Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, UK.
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Liang Z, Lingting S, Ying C, Xiaoyan L, Yan Z, Ronghua Y, Dan B, Yanqiang T. Focus on the Beauty of Body: The Mediation Role of Body Appreciation Between Perfectionism and Body-Related Shame and Body-Related Guilt. Front Psychol 2021; 12:638641. [PMID: 34408691 PMCID: PMC8366495 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.638641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: According to traditional views, perfectionists are prone to experience shame and guilt. As a relative part of negative body image, body appreciation reflects an appreciation attitude toward physical characteristics, functionality, and health, accepting and appreciating all parts and functions of the body, predicting body-related shame and guilt. Methods: Therefore, body appreciation was examined for its potential mediating role in the relationship between two dimensions of perfectionism (e.g., healthy perfectionism and unhealthy perfectionism) and body-related shame and body-related guilt among 514 females. Results: The results highlight that body appreciation partially mediated the relationship between perfectionism and body-related shame and body-related guilt. Implications for enhancing body appreciation among females between experiencing healthy or unhealthy perfectionism and body-related shame and body-related guilt feelings are discussed. Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of considering body appreciation in addressing perfectionism dimensions and body-related shame and body-related guilt. Research and clinical implications are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Liang
- Student Mental Health Education Center, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shen Lingting
- School of International Studies, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cai Ying
- Student Development Guidance Center, Student Affairs Office, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
| | - Liu Xiaoyan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Yan
- College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Ronghua
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bi Dan
- College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
- Yichun 1st high school, Yichun, China
| | - Tao Yanqiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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35
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The Mediating Effect of Life Satisfaction on Relation between Perceived Physical Attractiveness and Health-Promoting Lifestyle in Korean Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18157784. [PMID: 34360074 PMCID: PMC8345598 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18157784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Physical attraction, perceived in terms of satisfaction with body image and interpersonal relationships, can be an essential factor in an individual's emotional and social well-being. However, empirical studies that link physical attraction to health are limited. This study explores the mediating effect of life satisfaction on the relation between perceived physical attractiveness and lifestyle of health, making an effort to reach an optimal state in physical, emotional, social, spiritual, and intellectual domains in Korean adults. Four hundred fifty-nine adults in a community setting participated in this cross-sectional study. The results showed positive associations among physical attractiveness, life satisfaction, and health-promoting lifestyle after adjusting for age, gender, marital status, education, and job status. Life satisfaction partially mediated the relationship between perceived physical attractiveness and a higher lifestyle of health (z = 2.80, p = 0.005). For health promotion and disease prevention, positive psychology can be a suitable strategy. Physical attractiveness and life satisfaction can be important keys to maintain health-promoting lifestyle behavior.
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Troisi A, Nanni RC, Giunta A, Manfreda V, Del Duca E, Criscuolo S, Bianchi L, Esposito M. Cutaneous body image in psoriasis: The role of attachment style and alexithymia. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this study was to estimate the contribution of adult attachment style and alexithymia to cutaneous body image in patients with psoriasis while controlling for the confounding effects of disease severity and depressive symptoms. Participants were 107 consecutive patients (60% women) with a diagnosis of plaque-type psoriasis. Cutaneous body dissatisfaction was measured with the Cutaneous Body Image Scale (CBIS) and disease severity with the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI). Depressive symptoms, attachment style and alexithymia were assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ) and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), respectively. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that, independently from the severity of skin disease and depressive symptoms, patients with an insecure-avoidant attachment style and higher levels of alexithymia reported greater cutaneous body dissatisfaction. Because of the cross-sectional design, the causal relationship between avoidant attachment, alexithymia and cutaneous body image cannot be determined. There was no control group. Clinical assessment of patients with psoriasis should include attachment style and alexithymia among the psychological variables related to cutaneous body dissatisfaction.
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Nagata JM, Compte EJ, Cattle CJ, Lavender JM, Brown TA, Murray SB, Flentje A, Capriotti MR, Lubensky ME, Obedin-Maliver J, Lunn MR. Community norms of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) among cisgender sexual minority men and women. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:297. [PMID: 34103034 PMCID: PMC8186088 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Representing the pathological extreme pursuit of muscularity, muscle dysmorphia (MD) is characterized by a pervasive belief or fear around insufficient muscularity and an elevated drive for muscularity. Despite evidence of elevated body image-related concerns among sexual minority populations, little is known about the degree of muscle dysmorphia (MD) symptoms among sexual minorities, particularly based on Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) scores. The objective of this study was to examine the nature and severity of MD symptoms in cisgender sexual minority men and women and provide community norms of the MDDI for these populations. METHODS Data from participants in The PRIDE Study, an existing study of health outcomes in sexual and gender minority people from the United States, were examined. Participants included cisgender gay men (N = 1090), cisgender bisexual plus (bisexual, pansexual, and/or polysexual) men (N = 100), cisgender lesbian women (N = 563), and cisgender bisexual plus women (N = 507). We calculated means, standard deviations (SD), and percentiles for the MDDI total and subscale scores for cisgender sexual minority men and women. We compared MDDI scores by sexual orientation using linear regression models, both unadjusted and adjusted for sociodemographics. RESULTS Overall, the sample was 85.2% White, 3.0% Asian or Pacific Islander, 2.0% Black, 0.5% Native American, 3.9% multiracial, and 6.6% Hispanic/Latino/a. The mean age was 38.6 (SD = 14.3) and 69.4% had a college degree or higher. Means (SD) for the MDDI total score were 27.4 (7.7) for cisgender gay men, 26.4 (6.4) for cisgender bisexual plus men, 24.3 (6.1) for cisgender lesbian women, and 24.6 (5.5) for cisgender bisexual plus women. There were no significant differences in MDDI scores between cisgender gay and bisexual plus men, or between cisgender lesbian women and bisexual plus women in unadjusted or adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS These normative data provide insights into the experience of MD symptoms among cisgender sexual minority men and women and can aid researchers and clinicians in the evaluation of MD symptoms and interpretation of MDDI scores in sexual minority populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Nagata
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0110, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Emilio J. Compte
- grid.440617.00000 0001 2162 5606Eating Behavior Research Center, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile ,Research Department, Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Chloe J. Cattle
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0110, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Jason M. Lavender
- grid.265436.00000 0001 0421 5525Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Program (MiCOR), Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD USA ,The Metis Foundation, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Tiffany A. Brown
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA USA ,grid.263081.e0000 0001 0790 1491San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Stuart B. Murray
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Annesa Flentje
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA ,grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Alliance Health Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Matthew R. Capriotti
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.186587.50000 0001 0722 3678Department of Psychology, San José State University, San Jose, CA USA
| | - Micah E. Lubensky
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Juno Obedin-Maliver
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Mitchell R. Lunn
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
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Atkinson MJ, Diedrichs PC. Assessing the impact of body image concerns on functioning across life domains: Development and validation of the Body Image Life Disengagement Questionnaire (BILD-Q) among British adolescents. Body Image 2021; 37:63-73. [PMID: 33581387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Assessing the impact of body image on engagement in a range of life domains is important; however, there is a lack of validated measures for adolescents. The current research developed the Body Image Life Disengagement Questionnaire (BILD-Q) and validated it among four samples of British adolescents. Study 1 (N = 1707; 11-13 years) indicated a 9-item unidimensional scale based on Exploratory Factory Analysis. In Study 2 (N = 1403; 11-13 years), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) showed an acceptable fit overall, but better among girls than boys. Further exploration with CFA in Study 3 (N = 2034; 13-14 years) showed a good to excellent fit overall, and acceptable among both boys and girls. The scale showed good internal consistency and test-retest reliability, and gender invariance indicated the scale can be used comparatively. In Study 4 (N = 288; 13-14 years), convergent validity was supported via expected relationships with body image and related constructs. Concurrent and predictive incremental validity were also evidenced via explaining significant unique variance in well-being. These studies provide support for the BILD-Q as a reliable and valid measure of broader impacts of body image among adolescents, which may benefit intervention evaluation and policy change efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Atkinson
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, UK; Centre for Appearance Research, University of the West of England, UK.
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Koletić G, Štulhofer A, Hald GM, Træen B. Self-Assessed Effects of Pornography Use on Personal Sex Life: Results from a Large-Scale Study of Norwegian Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SEXUAL HEALTH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEXUAL HEALTH 2021; 33:342-356. [PMID: 38595747 PMCID: PMC10903670 DOI: 10.1080/19317611.2021.1918310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Objectives: The study explored characteristics associated with the self-assessed effects of pornography use on one's personal sex life. Methods: Data were collected in a probability-based sample of Norwegian adults (n = 4,160). Results: Most participants (41.3%) did not believe that pornography affected their sex life. More participants reported positive (33.2%) than mixed/negative (25.5%) effects of pornography use. Sociodemographic and sexual characteristics that predicted these self-assessments were examined. Among participants in a steady relationship, emotional intimacy and relationship satisfaction were unrelated to the self-assessed effects. Conclusions: The current study findings add to scant literature about the self-assessed effects of pornography usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Koletić
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Sociology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Štulhofer
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Sociology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gert Martin Hald
- School of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Træen
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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40
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Brennan-Ing M, Haberlen S, Ware D, Egan JE, Brown AL, Meanley S, Palella FJ, Bolan R, Cook JA, Okafor CN, Friedman MR, Plankey MW. Psychological Connection to the Gay Community and Negative Self-Appraisals in Middle-Aged and Older Men Who Have Sex With Men: The Mediating Effects of Fitness Engagement. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 77:39-49. [PMID: 33945614 PMCID: PMC8755915 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Connections to the gay community may elicit negative self-appraisals among men who have sex with men (MSM), which may be exacerbated for people with HIV (PWH). Fitness engagement may mediate self-appraisals by maintaining or improving appearance and health. We hypothesized that gay community connections would be positively related to negative self-appraisal and explored whether this association would be mediated by fitness engagement and moderated by HIV status. METHOD Data were obtained from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Healthy Aging study (N = 1,026; PWH n = 525; people without HIV [PWOH] n = 501). Structural equation modeling (SEM) examined associations between gay community connections, negative self-appraisal (body image dissatisfaction, self-perception of aging), and fitness engagement (physical activity, motivation to be fit). Multiple-group SEM tested the moderating effects of HIV serostatus. RESULTS The SEM fit the data well (root mean square error of approximation = 0.056; 90% CI: 0.046, 0.066). Connection to the gay community was inversely related to negative self-appraisals and positively related to fitness engagement. Fitness engagement mediated the association between community connections and negative self-appraisal and was inversely related to negative self-appraisals. Among PWH, the association between community connections and self-appraisal was weaker and the effect of fitness engagement on negative self-appraisal was stronger compared to PWOH. DISCUSSION Connection to the gay community may be a source of resilience for aging MSM by lessening negative self-appraisals and promoting strategies that address body image dissatisfaction and self-perceptions of aging. Interventions facilitating connections to the gay community may support healthy aging in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Brennan-Ing
- Brookdale Center for Healthy Aging, Hunter College, The City University of New York, USA,Address correspondence to: Mark Brennan-Ing, PhD, Brookdale Center for Healthy Aging, Hunter College, the City University of New York, 2180 Third Avenue, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10035, USA. E-mail:
| | - Sabina Haberlen
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Deanna Ware
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James E Egan
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andre L Brown
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven Meanley
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Frank J Palella
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert Bolan
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Judith A Cook
- Center on Mental Health Services Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
| | - Chukwuemeka N Okafor
- Department of Public Health, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - M Reuel Friedman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael W Plankey
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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41
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Frederick D, Gillespie BJ, Lever J, Berardi V, Garcia JR. Sexual Practices and Satisfaction among Gay and Heterosexual Men in Romantic Relationships: A Comparison Using Coarsened Exact Matching in a U.S. National Sample. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2021; 58:545-559. [PMID: 33428466 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2020.1861424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gay men are underrepresented in research on sexual satisfaction. We examined sexual satisfaction and over 50 sexual practices in an online U.S. national survey of men in relationships. Coarsened exact matching created comparable samples of heterosexual (n = 3527) and gay (n = 452) men on six demographic factors, including relationship length. Results identified many similarities between the groups, including sexual frequency, orgasm frequency, duration of sex, and sexual satisfaction. The majority of heterosexual and gay men expressed physical or emotional affection during their last sexual encounter, reporting that they or their partner said "I love you" (66%; 57%) and engaged in deep kissing (69%; 75%) or gentle kissing (82%; 72%). Heterosexual men were less likely than gay men to usually-always receive (27%; 61%) or give (37%; 68%) oral sex when intimate in the past month; were less likely to view pornography with their partner (35%; 61%); but were more likely to give their partner massages in the past year to improve their sex lives (71%; 58%). Number of sexual communication behaviors was a strong predictor of sexual satisfaction, particularly for gay men (β =.36). These findings enhance our understanding of heterosexual and gay men's sexual lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University
| | | | - Janet Lever
- Department of Sociology, California State University
| | - Vincent Berardi
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University
| | - Justin R Garcia
- The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction and Department of Gender Studies, Indiana University
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42
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Video chat usage and the Big Five in women during the COVID-19 pandemic. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021; 171:110537. [PMID: 35502305 PMCID: PMC9045806 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic has led to an exchange of face-to-face interactions for virtual meetings across many circumstances, research is needed to understand how individuals differentially respond to the increase in video chatting. The current study evaluated how the Big Five traits were associated with video chat usage, such as use of video chat services prior to and following the beginning of the pandemic, contexts in which participants used these services (i.e. social, family, work/school), and whether people engaged in appearance comparison when video chatting. Participants were recruited through Prolific and responded to a cross-sectional online survey (n = 438; Mage = 31.3; 100% women) assessing video chat usage and the Big Five personality traits. Higher extraversion was associated with greater video chat usage prior to and following the beginning of the pandemic, while neuroticism predicted more frequent video chat appearance comparisons when accounting for age and the other Big Five traits. Findings are discussed regarding the implications of these associations, as well as future research opportunities to extend current findings.
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43
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Pahlevan Sharif S, Amiri M, Allen KA, Sharif Nia H, Khoshnavay Fomani F, Hatef Matbue Y, Goudarzian AH, Arefi S, Yaghoobzadeh A, Waheed H. Attachment: the mediating role of hope, religiosity, and life satisfaction in older adults. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2021; 19:57. [PMID: 33588858 PMCID: PMC7885200 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-021-01695-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attachment and support from family and friends are core to the experiences of ageing for older adults. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between attachment styles and hope, religiosity, and life satisfaction and provide new knowledge that may assist future planning for a rapidly ageing global population. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 504 Iranian older adult participants from Qazvin province were recruited between December 2015 and April 2016. They completed a questionnaire that included the Revised Adult Attachment Scale, the Life Satisfaction Index-Z, and the Herth Hope Index. RESULTS Participants in the study had a mean age of 66.20 years (SD: 5.76) and most of them were women (57.5%). A mediation model testing the direct relationships between attachment, hope, religiosity, and life satisfaction showed a positive relationship between close attachment and religiosity (β = .226, p < .001) and a negative relationship between anxiety attachment and religiosity (β = - .229, p < .001). Religiosity was positively related to hope (β = .384, p < .01) and hope was related to life satisfaction (β = .448, p < .001). Religiosity and hope mediated the relationship between close attachment (β = .119, p < .001) and anxiety attachment (β = - .056, p < .01) with life satisfaction. More specifically, while religiosity and hope fully mediated the relationship between close attachment and life satisfaction, they partially mediated the attachment anxiety-life satisfaction link. CONCLUSIONS Findings of the study provide insight into only a narrow perspective of life satisfaction and attachment given the many and varied variables that influence these constructs. Future research is needed whereby other related variables are introduced into the model to be examined further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Pahlevan Sharif
- Taylor's Business School, Taylor's University, No.1, Jalan Taylor's, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammadreza Amiri
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kelly-Ann Allen
- The Faculty of Education, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,The Centre for Positive Psychology, Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Hamid Sharif Nia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery Amol, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Sedigheh Arefi
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hassam Waheed
- Faculty of Business and Law, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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44
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An JH, Han KD, Jung JH, Yoo J, Fava M, Mischoulon D, Jung SM, Shin DW, Hur KY, Jeon HJ. High Bodyweight Variability Increases Depression Risk in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:765129. [PMID: 34955919 PMCID: PMC8702997 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.765129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Although obesity is associated with increased risk for depression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), the relationship between body weight variability (BWV) and depression remains poorly studied. This study was to investigate the incidence of depression in patients with type 2 DM according to their BWV. Methods: Intraindividual variation in body weight were measured in the nationwide, population-based retrospective cohort of 540,293 patients with type 2 DM from the Korean national health insurance system between 2009 and 2010. The diagnoses of new-onset depression occurring until the end of 2017 were ascertained. Risk of new-onset depression was examined using multivariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression analysis by BWV quartile. Results: 93,149 (17.2%) patients developed new-onset depression for the follow up. BWV was significantly associated with an increased risk of depression after adjusting for confounding factors. The highest BWV quartile group had a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.17 (95% CI 1.15-1.19) compared to the lowest BWV quartile group as a reference. Obese patients in the highest BWV quartile group showed 12% increased risk of depression (HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.09-1.15) while non-obese patients in the highest BWV quartile group showed 20% increased risk of depression (HR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.17-1.23) compared to their respective lowest BWV quartile groups. Conclusion: A higher BWV was significantly associated with an increased risk of depression in patients with type 2 DM. Thus, BWV may serve as an indicator for early detection of depression in type 2 DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun An
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-do Han
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hyung Jung
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Juhwan Yoo
- Department of Biostatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David Mischoulon
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Su-Min Jung
- Department of Family Medicine/Supportive Care Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Wook Shin
- Department of Family Medicine/Supportive Care Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyu Yeon Hur
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hong Jin Jeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Medical Device Management and Research, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
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45
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Embodiment: Cultural and gender differences and associations with life satisfaction. Body Image 2020; 35:1-10. [PMID: 32877841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although cultural factors have an important impact on individuals' experiences of living in their bodies, to date no studies have examined cross-cultural or gender differences in individuals' experience of embodiment. This study compared Swedish and Canadian women's experience of embodiment (and other body image related constructs), as well as Swedish men and women's experience of embodiment. Associations between embodiment, body esteem, and life satisfaction in men and women were also examined. Participants were 302 Swedish women, 242 Swedish men, and 216 Canadian women. Results showed that Swedish women had overall more positive experience of embodiment, more positive body esteem, lower thin-ideal internalization and lower levels of disordered eating than Canadian women. In comparison to Swedish men, however, Swedish women had more negative experience of embodiment in some ways, but similar experience of embodiment in other ways. Although associations between embodiment, body esteem, and life satisfaction were strong, embodiment was a better predictor of life satisfaction than body esteem for both men and women. Results are interpreted through the lens of the developmental theory of embodiment and consider cultural differences between Sweden and Canada, as well as Swedish society's both progress and problems in promoting gender equity.
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46
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Body image disturbance and sexual orientation: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Body Image 2020; 35:126-141. [PMID: 32987246 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Negative body image, or body image disturbance (BID) has been associated with depression, low self-esteem, and the development of eating disorders. Furthermore, BID may affect an individual regardless of gender or sexual orientation. To synthesise the current literature, we conducted a meta-analysis of 48 studies to determine if BID differed between lesbian versus heterosexual women, lesbian women versus gay men, and gay versus heterosexual men. Body image measures were grouped according to similarities in constructs measured, resulting in five different categories (global satisfaction, figural-rating scales, cognitive measures, affect measures, and male body image). The results indicated that lesbian women reported experiencing less BID compared to heterosexual women on measures of global satisfaction, but more compared to gay men, and gay men reported experiencing greater BID compared to heterosexual men on three out of five analyses. Moderation analyses indicated that the study quality was not a statistically significant moderator of the effect sizes. Results from this updated meta-analysis indicate that, to some degree, BIDs affect individuals regardless of gender and sexual orientation; however, there is some variability associated with sexual orientation.
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47
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Allen MS, Celestino S. Body image mediates an association between personality and mental health. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ajpy.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Allen
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia,
| | - Serena Celestino
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia,
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48
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Samdal GB, Bezuijen P, Mongstad ØN, Eide GE, Abildsnes E, Mildestvedt T, Meland E. How are body mass and body attitude impacted by a behaviour change intervention in primary care? A pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Scand J Public Health 2020; 49:393-401. [PMID: 32791888 DOI: 10.1177/1403494820939027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aims:This study evaluated the effect of behaviour change interventions at Norwegian Healthy Life Centres on change in body mass index (BMI) and body attitude, and explored the predictors for change after 6 months. Methods: We randomised 118 participants to either an intervention or a control group. Eligible participants: ⩾18 years and able to take part in group-based interventions. Body attitude, weight, and height were assessed at inclusion and after 6 months. We analysed the data using simple and multiple regression. Results: Eighty-six participants completed 6-month follow-up. The study found no intervention effect on BMI or body attitude across the two groups. However, an interaction effect indicated that the leaner participants in the intervention group reduced their weight significantly (b 0.94, p < 0.001). BMI reduction was predicted by self-efficacy for physical activity and autonomous motivation for change. Weight loss was associated with impaired body attitude, body shape concern, impaired weight-related self-esteem, weight cycling, and controlled motivation for change. Improvement in body attitude was positively impacted by self-rated health, the experience of childhood respect, life satisfaction, and self-efficacy for physical activity. Impaired body attitude was predicted by body shape concern, impaired weight-related self-esteem, and controlled motivation. Conclusions: The interventions did not affect body mass on average, but promoted weight loss among the leaner participants. Because weight reduction was associated body shape concern and impaired body attitude, the study supports the claim that interventions should be weight neutral and aim to improve body image and psychological well-being rather than weight reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pieter Bezuijen
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Geir Egil Eide
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Clinical Research, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Thomas Mildestvedt
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Eivind Meland
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway
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49
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Guasp Coll M, Navarro-Mateu D, Giménez-Espert MDC, Prado-Gascó VJ. Emotional Intelligence, Empathy, Self-Esteem, and Life Satisfaction in Spanish Adolescents: Regression vs. QCA Models. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1629. [PMID: 32765370 PMCID: PMC7380108 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a complex period, in which the individual is subject to profound emotional, physical, and psychological changes. Healthy development during adolescence is crucial for future positive development; self-esteem and life satisfaction are fundamental. The importance of sociodemographic variables (sex and age), empathy, and emotional intelligence (EI) on self-esteem and life satisfaction was studied, comparing complementary methodologies, regression models, and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) models. This is a cross-sectional design in a convenience sample of 991 adolescents (528 females, 53.3%; aged between 12 and 19 years; M = 14.01, SD = 1.40) from Spanish schools. Data were collected using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), the Basic Empathy Scale (BES), and Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS)24. The results of the regression models suggest that cognitive empathy, emotional clarity, and emotional repair are the main predictor variables for self-esteem. Meanwhile, the results of the fsQCA suggest that being older and low levels of cognitive empathy, emotional clarity, and emotional repair predict higher levels of self-esteem. On the other hand, life satisfaction in regression models is significantly predicted by the emotional clarity and emotional repair dimensions of the TMMS24 and self-esteem. Meanwhile, in the prediction of life satisfaction, the results of the fsQCA suggest that the most important interactions were high emotional clarity, emotional repair, and low self-esteem. As research has already shown, promoting empathy and EI leads to higher levels of self-esteem and life satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Guasp Coll
- Faculty of Teaching and Educational Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Diego Navarro-Mateu
- Faculty of Teaching and Educational Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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50
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Personality and body dissatisfaction: An updated systematic review with meta-analysis. Body Image 2020; 33:77-89. [PMID: 32113010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This research synthesis explored whether major personality dimensions relate to body dissatisfaction. A comprehensive literature search identified 26 studies (37 independent samples) that met inclusion criteria (364 effect sizes; n = 39,109). Data were analyzed using inverse-variance weighted random effects meta-analysis. Mean effect sizes from 30 individual meta-analyses provided evidence that neuroticism (r = .30), extraversion (r = -.17) and conscientiousness (r = -.16), and to a lesser extent openness (r = -.10) and agreeableness (r = -.08), relate to body dissatisfaction. Effect sizes were smaller in models that controlled for body mass index, with non-significant effects for openness and agreeableness. There was some evidence of publication bias and substantial heterogeneity in computed averages. Random effects meta-regression showed that the association between neuroticism and body dissatisfaction decreased as the sample age increased. Measurement was the most important moderator across personality dimensions, with measures of appearance evaluation and body appreciation often showing smaller associations than other measures of body dissatisfaction. Effect sizes were not moderated by sample sex or world-region. Overall, findings show that higher levels of neuroticism, and lower levels of extraversion and conscientiousness, are associated with a greater risk of body dissatisfaction in men and women irrespective of actual body weight.
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