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Huguenin FM, de Almeida VAR, Rodrigues MVF, Ferreira MEC, Morgado FFDR. Body image of university students: a systematic review of the characteristics of interventions. PSICOLOGIA-REFLEXAO E CRITICA 2024; 37:22. [PMID: 38913140 PMCID: PMC11196468 DOI: 10.1186/s41155-024-00307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body image is the mental representation of the body and can be influenced by cognitive, biological, behavioral, sociocultural, and environmental factors. University students often encounter challenges related to it. OBJECTIVE This systematic review examined interventions aimed at holistically developing a positive body image within this population. METHODS The PRISMA 2020 guidelines and the PICO method were employed to identify, select, assess, and synthesize studies. The consulted databases included Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO, with inclusion criteria targeting body image interventions for university students aged 18 to 39. Study quality was evaluated using the QATSDD tool. RESULTS Twenty-one relevant studies were identified, primarily from the United States, mostly employing quantitative methods, with a focus on female participants. Various intervention strategies were utilized, including cognitive-behavioral approaches, media literacy, and physical/resistance training, with a growing use of technology like mobile applications. The majority of studies reported effective outcomes, such as reduced body dissatisfaction and increased self-esteem following interventions. Nevertheless, literature gaps were identified, such as the scarcity of formative interventions and limited use of qualitative approaches. CONCLUSION While technology in interventions offers promising opportunities, careful assessments and judicious selection of evaluation instruments are fundamental for reliable results. Future research should focus on addressing identified gaps, such as exploring more formative interventions and incorporating qualitative methodologies to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of body image interventions among university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Machado Huguenin
- Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, BR-465 Road, Km 7, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23890-000, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Maria Elisa Caputo Ferreira
- Federal University of Juiz de Fora, José Lourenço Kelmer Street, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36036-900, Brazil
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2
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Podvin C, Morrison T, Dabis J, McGinley JJ, Ellis HB, Wilson PL, Ulman S. Trends in Nutrition-Related Risk Factors Identified Post-Operatively in Patients Treated for a Lower-Extremity Injury. Nutrients 2024; 16:1847. [PMID: 38931202 PMCID: PMC11206554 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated trends within a custom Sports Nutrition Assessment for Consultation (SNAC) survey designed to identify nutrition-related risk factors among post-operative lower-extremity youth athletes. Athletes aged 8-18 years who completed the SNAC at a sports medicine institution after lower-extremity surgery were reviewed for associations between SNAC questions and age/sex differences. Of 477 patients (15.0 ± 2.0 years; 47.8% female), 319 (66.9%) answered 'yes' to at least one question and were identified for a consult, though 216 (64.3%) declined. The most frequent questions to prompt a consult were a desire to better understand nutrition for recovery (41.5%) and regularly skipping at least one meal a day (29.8%). Inter-question responses were often significantly related, especially regarding appetite changes, weight changes, and/or meal-skipping. While consult acceptance was not significantly different between sex/age, males were more likely to report a desire to better understand nutrition (p = 0.004) and a weight change (p = 0.019), and females were more likely to report struggling with dizziness/fatigue (p < 0.001). Additionally, older athletes reported an appetite change (p = 0.022), meal-skipping (p = 0.002), a desire to better understand nutrition (p < 0.001), a weight change (p < 0.001), and an effort/recommendation to change their body composition/weight (p = 0.005). These findings demonstrate a link between risky nutrition behaviors and physical detriments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Podvin
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for Children, 5700 Dallas Parkway, Frisco, TX 75034, USA; (C.P.); (T.M.); (J.D.); (J.J.M.); (H.B.E.); (P.L.W.)
| | - Taylor Morrison
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for Children, 5700 Dallas Parkway, Frisco, TX 75034, USA; (C.P.); (T.M.); (J.D.); (J.J.M.); (H.B.E.); (P.L.W.)
| | - Jessica Dabis
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for Children, 5700 Dallas Parkway, Frisco, TX 75034, USA; (C.P.); (T.M.); (J.D.); (J.J.M.); (H.B.E.); (P.L.W.)
| | - James J. McGinley
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for Children, 5700 Dallas Parkway, Frisco, TX 75034, USA; (C.P.); (T.M.); (J.D.); (J.J.M.); (H.B.E.); (P.L.W.)
| | - Henry B. Ellis
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for Children, 5700 Dallas Parkway, Frisco, TX 75034, USA; (C.P.); (T.M.); (J.D.); (J.J.M.); (H.B.E.); (P.L.W.)
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 1801 Inwood Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Philip L. Wilson
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for Children, 5700 Dallas Parkway, Frisco, TX 75034, USA; (C.P.); (T.M.); (J.D.); (J.J.M.); (H.B.E.); (P.L.W.)
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 1801 Inwood Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sophia Ulman
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for Children, 5700 Dallas Parkway, Frisco, TX 75034, USA; (C.P.); (T.M.); (J.D.); (J.J.M.); (H.B.E.); (P.L.W.)
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 1801 Inwood Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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3
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Rodgers RF, Nowicki GP. #Thisis40: Body image among adult women who post selfies. J Women Aging 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38824660 DOI: 10.1080/08952841.2024.2347712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Prior research suggests that using photo-based social media may increase body image concerns among young women. Consumption of versus contribution to social media may moderate this relationship, and the type of content contributed (e.g., self-images or "selfies") may further account for variations. A critical limitation of the extant scholarship is a lack of attention to understudied groups, such as older women. Using a cross-sectional sample of 238 midlife women (Mage = 50.92), this study investigated the relationship between social media behavior, perceived effects of social media use, and body image indices. Results indicated that our sample of midlife women contributed mainly photos of their current setting and family, contrasting with prior work among younger women. Results suggested that the type of content contributed may be more pertinent to body image than social media behavior generally, and highlighted complex relationships. Posting photos broadly was associated only with lower drive for youthfulness. However, selfie posting specifically was associated with greater facial satisfaction as well as greater positive (e.g., connectedness) and negative (e.g., appearance concerns) perceived effects of social media, but not drive for youthfulness. Results suggest that the type of content contributed to social media may be a particularly important factor for body image, and highlight complex relationships potentially influenced by unmeasured factors such as social media use motivations. Together, these findings contribute to a fuller understanding of social media and body image and call for further theoretically-driven work in this area to guide effective prevention resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel F Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Genevieve P Nowicki
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Kharkwal A, Clayton RB, Park J, Ridgway JL, Merle P. Are Instagram Gym Advertisements Working Out? An Experimental Study of Model Body-Size and Slogan-Type. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38683111 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2024.2342489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Previous health communication research has demonstrated the negative psychological and health effects of depicting thin-sized models in mass media advertisements including on social media sites such as Instagram. However, gym advertisements are one common source for the presentation of lean and thin-sized models on Instagram. Therefore, the current study guided by social comparison theory and signaling theory aimed to experimentally examine the effect of thin-sized models relative to plus-sized models as well as slogan-type (health and wellness versus physique-based) on women's appearance comparison, body satisfaction, perceived gym fit, and intentions to join the gym. A sample of 217 undergraduate students who identified as women were randomly assigned to one of four Instagram gym advertisement conditions varying in model body-size and slogan-type. Appearance comparisons, perceived gym fit, and intentions to join the gym were measured post advertisement exposure and body satisfaction was measured pre-and-post advertisement exposure. As expected, exposure to Instagram gym advertisements featuring thin-sized models resulted in greater appearance comparisons and lower body satisfaction than exposure to Instagram gym advertisements featuring plus-sized models. Moreover, the combination of plus-sized models with health and wellness slogans in Instagram gym advertisements resulted in greater gym fit perceptions although there was no effect of model body-size and slogan-type on intentions to join the gym. This study supports social comparison theory, signaling theory, and practically the findings indicate that Instagram gym advertisements that depict plus-sized models (versus thin) with health-and-wellness slogans (versus physique) generate fewer body image concerns and lead to greater gym fit perceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Junho Park
- School of Communication, Florida State University
| | - Jessica L Ridgway
- Retail Entrepreneurship, Jim Moran College of Entrepreneurship, Florida State University
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5
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Marashi M, Lucibello KM, Sabiston CM. The female athletic ideal - Friend or foe? Fit, thin, and athletic body ideals and their associations with women's body image. Body Image 2024; 48:101672. [PMID: 38113660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The internalization of body ideals is a critical predictor of body image and health behaviors. Thin and athletic ideal internalization in women need to be elucidated. The aims of the current study included: (i) describing the endorsement of thin and athletic body ideals among women and (ii) examining group differences in negative and positive self-conscious emotions and body image. Participants (N = 392 women; Mage = 25.6, SD = 5.3 years) were assigned to Fit Ideal (n = 110), Thin Ideal (n = 83), Athletic Ideal (n = 55), and Low Internalization (n = 144) groups based on scores for thin and athletic internalization. Three multivariate analyses of variance were conducted to examine Body Ideal group differences on negative appearance and fitness self-conscious emotions, and positive self-conscious emotions and body image. The Athletic Ideal and Low Internalization groups generally scored lower on negative self-conscious emotions and higher on positive self-conscious emotions and body image in comparison to the Fit and Thin Ideal groups (Cohen's d =.35 to 1.15). Results suggest that differing levels of thin and athletic internalization may intersect uniquely with women's body-related self-conscious emotions and positive body image and thus may have distinct effects on women's health and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Marashi
- Department of Kinesiology & Physical Education, Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Activity, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Kristen M Lucibello
- Department of Health Sciences in the Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, Canada
| | - Catherine M Sabiston
- Department of Kinesiology & Physical Education, Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Activity, University of Toronto, Canada
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6
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Samson L, Zaitsoff SL. Appearance comparison on Instagram: The impact of fitspiration and transformation imagery on young women's body satisfaction. Eat Behav 2023; 51:101812. [PMID: 37708721 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Fitspiration, or imagery of thin muscular individuals that displays their physiques while posing or exercising, is a popular type of content on Instagram which ostensibly exists to encourage individuals to engage in a healthy lifestyle. A subtype of fitspiration imagery, "transformation" imagery, depicts physical changes following a "lifestyle change" involving diet and exercise. Despite its intentions, fitspiration imagery largely promotes one idealized body type (the fit ideal) and can be accompanied by messages encouraging restrained eating. Viewing fitspiration imagery has been associated with body dissatisfaction and appearance comparison in women, but the impact of transformation imagery specifically on women's body image has not yet been studied, nor has the impact of the broader fitspiration category and the transformation subtype on women's body image been compared. The current study aimed to clarify the relations between fitspiration and transformation imagery, appearance comparison, and body satisfaction using an experimental design. Female participants (N = 161) completed a measure of body satisfaction and then were randomly assigned to view one of three types of images: fit ideal only, body transformation, or travel (control). Participants then completed measures of appearance comparison and body satisfaction. Viewing fit ideal only and body transformation imagery was associated with lower body satisfaction and higher appearance comparison. The relation between image type and changes in body satisfaction was mediated by appearance comparison. Findings suggest that individuals may benefit from limiting exposure to fit ideal and body transformation imagery, particularly if they are vulnerable to engaging in appearance comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Samson
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Shannon L Zaitsoff
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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Gahler H, Zeng J, Yan K, Terán L, Dajches L, Aubrey JS. Birds of a feather flocking together on Instagram: How racially similar followers and followings on Instagram are linked to young women's body image. Body Image 2023; 47:101626. [PMID: 37751661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
In light of recent studies demonstrating the detrimental effects of social media use on young women's body image, we examined the racial composition of young women's Instagram followers, as well as the racial composition of the individuals in young women's followed Instagram accounts, in relation to their appearance ideals and body image. Based on social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979), we tested two main propositions. First, women who have racially similar followers and followed accounts will be more likely to internalize body ideal preferences that are relevant to their in-group (i.e., thinness for Asian-American and White women; curviness for Black and Latina women). Second, following and being followed by people of one's racial identity in-group will have ameliorative effects on young women's body image (i.e., more body appreciation; less body dissatisfaction). Our sample included 533 U.S. women who identified as Asian-American (n = 97), Black (n = 101), Latina (n = 98), or White (n = 237). The results provided more support for the notion that racially similar followers and accounts followed are related to better body image outcomes rather than to the internalization of body ideals. Specifically, following a higher percentage of racially similar accounts was positively associated with body appreciation among Asian-American and White participants and negatively associated with body dissatisfaction among Asian-American participants. Likewise, being followed by a higher percentage of racially similar others was positively associated with body appreciation among Asian-American, Black, and White participants, and negatively associated with body dissatisfaction among Latina participants. The findings are discussed in light of social identity theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Gahler
- Department of Communication, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.
| | - Jiaqi Zeng
- Department of Communication, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kun Yan
- Department of Communication, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Larissa Terán
- Geena Davis Institute on Gender in Media, PO Box 9615, Rancho Cucamonga, CA, United States
| | - Leah Dajches
- Department of Communication Arts and Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
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8
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Hasbani EC, Félix PV, Sauan PK, Maximino P, Machado RHV, Ferrari G, Fisberg M. How parents' feeding styles, attitudes, and multifactorial aspects are associated with feeding difficulties in children. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:543. [PMID: 37898797 PMCID: PMC10612164 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04369-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parental complaints about feeding difficulties (FD) during childhood are frequent in pediatrics. Behavioral factors about children's feeding and parental aspects are fundamental in solving these problems, but research in this area lacks information considering the joint presence of fathers and mothers. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the features of children, parents and mealtime practices related to FD reported by fathers and mothers and to identify parenting styles, mealtime actions, practices and factors associated with FD in children. METHODS 323 parents (226 mothers and 97 fathers) of children aged 1 to 7 years were recruited in the emergency waiting room at Sabará Hospital Infantil, in São Paulo, Brazil, and self-completed electronic questionnaires on parenting style (Caregiver's Feeding Styles Questionnaire), parents' mealtime actions (Parent Mealtime Action Scale), socioeconomic information, personal and children's health data and routine meal practices. RESULTS The prevalence of FD in children was 26.6%. Indulgent parenting style was the most frequent (44.2%), followed by authoritarian (25.1%), authoritative (23.8%), and uninvolved (6.9%) styles. Most parents (75.8%) reported presence during meals, and 83.6% used distractions. Regression analyses after adjustments showed, as factors associated with FD, female children (OR: 2.06; 95%CI: 1.19-3.58), parents' FD history (OR: 3.16; 95%CI: 1.77-5.64), and greater frequency of parents' behavior of offering many food options (OR: 2.69; 95%CI: 1.18-6.14). Parents with indulgent styles had decreased chances of reporting FD in their children (OR: 0.13; 95%CI: 0.06-0.27). Furthermore, the practice of children sharing the family menu (OR: 0.43; 95%CI: 0.18-0.99) and higher frequency of parents' behavior of setting snack limits (OR: 0.44; 95%CI: 0.23-0.85) were inversely associated with FD. CONCLUSIONS This study reinforces the multifactorial aspects involved in the feeding difficulties context. It points out the importance of expanding knowledge of the individual role of fathers and mothers to compose a scenario that can guide future studies and interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION CAAE #99221318.1.0000.5567 with registration number 2,961,598.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Czarny Hasbani
- Sciences Applied to Pediatrics Postgraduate Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 598, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, 04023-062, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paula Victória Félix
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, 01246-904, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Kawai Sauan
- Consulting and Training, Rua José Maria Lisboa, 586, São Paulo, 01423-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscila Maximino
- CENDA (Excellency Center for Nutrition and Feeding Difficulties), Instituto PENSI-Jose Luiz E. Setubal Foundation, Av Angelica 2071, CEP 01227-200, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gerson Ferrari
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Providencia, Chile
| | - Mauro Fisberg
- Sciences Applied to Pediatrics Postgraduate Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 598, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, 04023-062, SP, Brazil
- CENDA (Excellency Center for Nutrition and Feeding Difficulties), Instituto PENSI-Jose Luiz E. Setubal Foundation, Av Angelica 2071, CEP 01227-200, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rozgonjuk D, Ignell J, Mech F, Rothermund E, Gündel H, Montag C. Smartphone and Instagram use, body dissatisfaction, and eating disorders: investigating the associations using self-report and tracked data. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:149. [PMID: 37667321 PMCID: PMC10478361 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has linked smartphone and Instagram use to higher body dissatisfaction (BD) as well as eating disorder (ED) symptomatology. However, these studies have typically been limited to using self-report measures for technology use which, as shown by scientific literature, might not be reliable. In the present work, we combine self-reported assessments as well as tracked smartphone and Instagram use. METHODS The effective sample comprised N = 119 women (34 with ED diagnosis history) who were queried about BD and ED symptomatology, and who provided the data about their smartphone and Instagram use duration for each day of the previous week. RESULTS The study results show that women with an ED diagnosis history scored higher on both BD as well as ED scales. Although women with an ED diagnosis history had higher smartphone screen time, there were no statistically significant differences in Instagram screen time. Tracked smartphone use duration was positively correlated with both BD and ED symptomatology, but the role of Instagram use needs to be further elucidated. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that while BD and ED symptomatology are correlated with smartphone use, it may be that Instagram use is not the main contributor to that relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Rozgonjuk
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Johanna Ignell
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Franziska Mech
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Eva Rothermund
- Ulm University Medical Center, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Harald Gündel
- Ulm University Medical Center, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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10
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Huellemann KL, Tremblay PF, Calogero RM. Effects of online self-compassionate writing on stigmatizing and affirming self-perceptions: Potential boundary conditions in undergraduate women. Body Image 2023; 46:406-418. [PMID: 37556910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of an online self-compassionate writing intervention on stigmatizing and affirming self-views toward the body in a sample of college women (N = 254). Participants were randomly assigned to a self-compassionate writing, attentional-control writing, or wait-list control condition for one week, and completed measures of self-compassion, affirming self-perceptions, and stigmatizing self-perceptions at baseline, one-week post intervention, and one-month post intervention. A series of mixed AN(C)OVAs revealed no significant effects by condition or time on stigmatizing or affirming self-views toward the body when controlling for self-esteem, internalized weight stigma, and eating disorder symptomatology. Follow-up exploratory analyses demonstrated no significant effects by condition on the six facets of self-compassion. Notably, participants were significantly more likely to drop out from the study over time if they were lower in self-compassion and self-esteem, and higher in internalized weight stigma at baseline. These results suggest that online self-compassion writing interventions may need to be longer and more potent, especially for women with more entrenched and stigmatized views about their bodies, as well as potential boundary conditions of cultivating self-compassion in a short-term online intervention.
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11
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Ferdousi JS, Bradley GL, Carlini J. Through Thick and Thin: Exposure to Instagram Advertisements and Willingness to Engage in Appearance-Altering Practices. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 157:367-388. [PMID: 37437163 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2023.2221014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Instagram is increasingly used in advertising, yet little is known about the unintended consequences of Instagram advertising on women's and girls' body image. Also largely unexplored is if and how curvy models (large breasts and buttocks, wide hips, and small waist) used in this advertising affect women's and girls' body image. We drew on social comparison and cultivation theories to explore if exposure to thin and curvy models through Instagram advertising is associated with late-adolescent girls' willingness to take action to be thinner or curvier, respectively. Two mediation models examined the mechanisms through which any such effects occur. A sample of 284 17-19 year old girls completed self-administered online questionnaires. Results revealed that exposure to thin and curvy models was positively associated with willingness to take action to be thinner and curvier, respectively. These associations were mediated by thin/curvy body preference (model 1), and by thin/curvy body preference, upward physical appearance comparisons, and body dissatisfaction (model 2). Results suggest that although exposure to different body types may be associated with different types of unhealthy (body-altering) actions, the processes underlying these effects are similar. This research highlights possible cultural shifts toward more diverse body ideals and informs tailored body concern interventions and media literacy programs.
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12
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Lawal OA, Duma SE. An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of the lived experience of sensuality expression among women over 50 years of age in Nigeria. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285362. [PMID: 37262071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sensuality, an essential component of sexuality, is the enjoyment, expression, or pursuit of physical and sexual pleasure or satisfaction. Sensuality expression of women over 50 is under-researched and often ignored, making it difficult to have a scientific basis to develop age-appropriate healthy-ageing programmes for this group in Nigeria. An exploratory study was conducted to explore the lived experiences of the expression of sensuality of Nigerian women over 50 and the meaning they attach thereto. METHODOLOGY An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis approach was used to collect and analyze data from 17 female teachers from three public secondary schools in Osun state, Nigeria, to represent a homogenous group of professional women over the age of 50. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain qualitative data that was thematically analyzed. FINDINGS Four superordinate themes emerged: 'Self-reinvention to camouflage ageing realities for sensuality expression'; 'Embracing own sensuality'; 'Yearning for old self'; and 'Loss of interest in romantic relationships', with various subordinate themes. CONCLUSION These finding provide the basis to develop age-appropriate healthy-ageing programmes for this group, and a baseline for further sexual health research among this group of women in Nigeria, who are often overlooked or considered asexual due to their being beyond the reproductive age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olubunmi Adeduntan Lawal
- Discipline of Nursing, School of Nursing & Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sinegugu Evidence Duma
- Discipline of Nursing, School of Nursing & Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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13
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Coelho C, Machado P, Machado BC, Gonçalves S. Appearance Comparisons, Affect, Body Dissatisfaction and Eating Pathology in Portuguese Female University Students. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112484. [PMID: 37299448 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical appearance comparisons have been theorized to be associated with negative indicators of body image. This study aimed to study appearance comparisons and their association to affect, body dissatisfaction, and eating pathology. Three hundred and ten female university students with ages between 17 and 25 years (M = 20.2, SD = 1.9) completed sociodemographic and clinical data, self-reported questionnaires, and questions about appearance comparisons. Among the participants, 98.71% reported making appearance comparisons, and 42.15% of these reported making them frequently or always. Higher reported frequencies of appearance comparisons were related to higher levels of body dissatisfaction, negative affect, and eating pathology. Appearance comparisons to acquaintances were the most frequent. Comparisons in person and through media were reported in similar proportions. Upward comparisons were more frequent than lateral and downward comparisons and were related to higher levels of body dissatisfaction than downward comparisons and to higher levels of body dissatisfaction, negative affect, and eating pathology than lateral comparisons. Upward comparisons to close peers were associated with higher body dissatisfaction as opposed to models/celebrities. Results, limitations, and implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Coelho
- Psychology School, University of Minho, 4704-553 Braga, Portugal
| | - Paulo Machado
- Psychology School, University of Minho, 4704-553 Braga, Portugal
| | - Bárbara César Machado
- CEDH-Research Centre for Human Development, Faculdade de Educação e Psicologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia Gonçalves
- Psychology School, University of Minho, 4704-553 Braga, Portugal
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14
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Demaria F, Vicari S. Adolescent Distress: Is There a Vaccine? Social and Cultural Considerations during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1819. [PMID: 36767187 PMCID: PMC9914691 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic had an unprecedented impact on mental health. In particular, the impact on adolescents was likely significant due to vulnerability factors linked to this developmental stage and pre-existing conditions of hardship. The present work aimed at grasping the particular effects of the pandemic on social and cultural aspects of adolescence, providing a cross-sectional picture of this historical moment of contemporary youth culture. Further research is needed to verify the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Demaria
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale Ferdinando Baldelli 41, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Viale Ferdinando Baldelli 41, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Catholic University, 00168 Rome, Italy
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15
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Di Michele D, Guizzo F, Canale N, Fasoli F, Carotta F, Pollini A, Cadinu M. #SexyBodyPositive: When Sexualization Does Not Undermine Young Women's Body Image. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:991. [PMID: 36673746 PMCID: PMC9858851 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20020991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that exposure to social networking sites portraying a thin and often sexualized beauty ideal reduces young women's body satisfaction, while exposure to body-positive content improves it. However, it is unclear whether sexualization could impair the beneficial effects of body-positivity messages. Young Italian women were exposed to one of three experimental conditions showing sexualized beauty ideals, sexualized body positivity, or non-sexualized body positivity that appeared either on Instagram (Study 1, N = 356) or TikTok (Study 2, N = 316). Across the two studies, results showed that, regardless of sexualization, exposure to body positivity increased body satisfaction and positive mood compared with pre-exposure measures, while exposure to sexualized beauty ideals reduced it. Participants in the sexualized beauty ideal condition also engaged in upward appearance social comparison whereas body positivity elicited downward comparison. Problematic social networking sites' use moderated the effects of condition on body satisfaction, appearance social comparison, and positive mood, while downward comparison mediated the relation between condition and body satisfaction and positive mood. Our results highlight both beneficial and critical aspects of body positivity that should be taken into consideration when designing body image interventions and policymaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Di Michele
- Department of Developmental and Socialization Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Guizzo
- School of Psychology, Stag Hill Campus, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7HX, UK
| | - Natale Canale
- Department of Developmental and Socialization Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Fabio Fasoli
- School of Psychology, Stag Hill Campus, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7HX, UK
| | - Francesca Carotta
- Department of Developmental and Socialization Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Arianna Pollini
- Department of Developmental and Socialization Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Mara Cadinu
- Department of Developmental and Socialization Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
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16
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Pan W, Mu Z, Zhao Z, Tang Z. Female Users' TikTok Use and Body Image: Active Versus Passive Use and Social Comparison Processes. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2023; 26:3-10. [PMID: 36454251 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2022.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This study examined two ways of using the TikTok application (active vs. passive use), and their association with female users' self-esteem pertaining to appearance and weight. By adopting a cross-sectional online survey design, this study recruited 7,750 adult female TikTok users from China (Douyin), and acquired self-reported data on 2 ways of using TikTok, state-level social comparison, appearance-esteem, weight-esteem, body mass index, and age. The results indicated that passive and active TikTok uses were negatively and positively associated with participants' appearance- and weight-esteem, respectively. A mediation analysis revealed that the participants' state-level social comparison while using TikTok mediated the association between two ways of TikTok use, and their effects on appearance- and weight-esteem. These results help us understand the complicated impact of TikTok use on body image, and design campaigns for promoting body acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Pan
- School of Journalism and Communication, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Mu
- School of Journalism and Communication, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zexuan Zhao
- School of Journalism and Communication, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Tang
- School of Journalism and Communication, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
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17
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Sagrera CE, Magner J, Temple J, Lawrence R, Magner TJ, Avila-Quintero VJ, McPherson P, Alderman LL, Bhuiyan MAN, Patterson JC, Murnane KS. Social media use and body image issues among adolescents in a vulnerable Louisiana community. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1001336. [PMID: 36405904 PMCID: PMC9669337 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1001336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread concern has been expressed regarding unrealistic body image and adolescent eating disorder promoting content on social media (SM) platforms. Numerous research studies have examined the impact of SM on body image as well as social vulnerability on negative mental health outcomes. Despite this, few previous studies have examined the impact of SM on body image specifically in vulnerable, underserved, or predominantly minority communities. This study examines the impact of SM on body image issues (BII) in adolescents in a public school system where greater than 50% of the students live in impoverished households. In late 2019, high school student leaders in Northwest Louisiana developed a survey alongside Step Forward, a collective impact initiative. Questions investigated adolescent SM use and mental health in Caddo Parish, namely BII. Teachers within Caddo Parish Public School System administered the survey. Out of the 11,248 total high school students in the school system, nearly 50% were sampled for a sample size of 5,070. Hypotheses included: (1) females were more likely to use SM than males, (2) increasing time spent on SM would correlate with females reporting BII, with males remaining largely unaffected, and (3) highly visual social media (HVSM) platforms would be associated with greater reports of BII than non-HVSM platforms. Results showed females were more likely to use SM (p < 0.001) and report BII (p < 0.001) compared to males, while both sexes reported BII with increasing time spent on SM (p < 0.001). A diversity of platforms were associated with increased BII among SM users compared to non-users (p < 0.001): Pinterest, Reddit, Snapchat, TikTok, Twitter, and YouTube. This conclusion is tempered by the omission of race as a variable in the study design, the use of self-report, and the use of an unvalidated instrument. These findings suggest that the harmful association between SM use and BII may transcend culture and socioeconomic status for a broadly deleterious effect on adolescent mental wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E. Sagrera
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Louisiana Addiction Research Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Johnette Magner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Louisiana Addiction Research Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
- School of Communication and Media Studies, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, United States
| | - Jazzlynn Temple
- Caddo Parish Magnet High School, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Robert Lawrence
- Caddo Parish Magnet High School, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | | | | | - Pamela McPherson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Louisiana Addiction Research Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Laura Lane Alderman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Louisiana Addiction Research Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Mohammad Alfrad Nobel Bhuiyan
- Division of Clinical Informatics, Department of Internal Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - James C. Patterson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Louisiana Addiction Research Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, School of Graduate Studies, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Kevin S. Murnane
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Louisiana Addiction Research Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, School of Graduate Studies, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
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18
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Wallner C, Kruber S, Adebayo SO, Ayandele O, Namatame H, Olonisakin TT, O. Olapegba P, Sawamiya Y, Suzuki T, Yamamiya Y, Wagner MJ, Drysch M, Lehnhardt M, Behr B. Interethnic Influencing Factors Regarding Buttocks Body Image in Women from Nigeria, Germany, USA and Japan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13212. [PMID: 36293797 PMCID: PMC9602659 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body image research deals a lot with awareness of the body as an entity. Studies that consider individual anatomical aspects and place them in an intercultural context are rarely present. METHODS For this purpose, general data, body perception and judgment of body images from 2163 (48% female and 52% male) participants from Germany, Nigeria, the USA and Japan were evaluated as part of a survey. RESULTS There were clear differences in the personal body image of the participants' own buttocks, the buttocks as a beauty ideal and the way in which dissatisfaction was dealt with in different countries. In addition to sexual well-being (importance score: 0.405 a.u.), the country of origin (0.353), media consumption (0.042) and one's own weight (0.069) were also identified as influencing factors for satisfaction with one's own buttocks. A clear evolution could be derived regarding a WHR (waist-to-hip ratio) of well below 0.7, which was consistently favored by the participants but also propagated by influencers through images (p < 0.001). In this context, participants who indicated celebrities as role models for the buttocks showed a correspondingly high level of dissatisfaction with their own buttocks (R = -0.207, p < 0.001, ρ = -0.218). CONCLUSION Overall, a highly significant correlation was shown between the consumption frequency of Instagram, TikTok and pornography with the negative perception of women's own buttocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wallner
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Svenja Kruber
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Olusola Ayandele
- Department of Psychology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria
- Department of General Studies, The Polytechnic, Ibadan 200285, Nigeria
| | - Hikari Namatame
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | | | - Peter O. Olapegba
- Department of Psychology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria
| | - Yoko Sawamiya
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Suzuki
- Department of Child Psychology, Tokyo Future University, Tokyo 120-0023, Japan
| | - Yuko Yamamiya
- Department of Undergraduate Studies, Temple University, Japan Campus, Tokyo 154-0004, Japan
| | - Maximilian Johannes Wagner
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Marius Drysch
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Marcus Lehnhardt
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Björn Behr
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
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19
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McComb SE, Mills JS. Eating and body image characteristics of those who aspire to the slim-thick, thin, or fit ideal and their impact on state body image. Body Image 2022; 42:375-384. [PMID: 35930873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The slim-thick ideal is characterized by a small waist and flat stomach, but large hips, thighs, and butt. Little research to date has examined the impact of this body-ideal on women's body image. The purpose of the current study was to investigate: 1) the impact of slim-thick, thin-, and fit-ideal imagery on women's body image, 2) the body ideals women most aspire to, and 3) eating and body image characteristics of women who aspire to each ideal. Participants were 123 female undergraduate students. Results revealed that experimental exposure to slim-thick- and fit-ideal imagery resulted in lower body satisfaction. Participants reported aspiring more to the fit and slim-thick-ideal than to the thin-ideal, and rated the slim-thick-ideal as the most attractive and desirable. Women who aspired to the thin- or slim-thick-ideal reported the greatest overall disordered eating. Women who aspired to the slim-thick-ideal reported greater dietary restraint, eating, shape and weight concerns, appearance ideal internalization, body image investment, and physical appearance perfectionism than those who aspired to the fit-ideal. Findings show that beauty ideals are shifting away from the thin-ideal toward a slim-thick-ideal. Slim-thick internalization may be harmful to women's well-being and should be addressed in body image and eating disorders interventions.
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20
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Bennett BL, Wagner AF, Latner JD. Body Checking and Body Image Avoidance as Partial Mediators of the Relationship between Internalized Weight Bias and Body Dissatisfaction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9785. [PMID: 36011420 PMCID: PMC9408144 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19169785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Internalized weight bias is associated with body image disturbances and the development of disordered eating. The association between weight bias internalization and body dissatisfaction has proven difficult to disrupt. In order to develop more effective interventions, we must identify the behavioral targets which account for this robust association. The present study sought to examine whether body checking and body image avoidance mediate the relationship between weight bias internalization and body dissatisfaction. In total, 279 female undergraduates (Mage = 20.13, SD = 4.10) were administered a battery of survey measures. Results demonstrated that body checking partially mediates the relationship between weight bias internalization and body dissatisfaction, Z = 7.42, p < 0.001. Body image avoidance was also found to partially mediate the relationship between weight bias internalization and body dissatisfaction, Z = 70.03, p < 0.001. These findings suggest that body checking and body image avoidance may both partially account for the association between weight bias internalization and body dissatisfaction. These findings extend the existing literature on weight bias internalization by highlighting two behavioral targets for prevention and intervention efforts. Understanding these relationships has important implications for both reducing weight bias internalization and improving body dissatisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L. Bennett
- Rudd Center for Food Policy & Health, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT 06103, USA
| | - Allison F. Wagner
- Counseling and Psychological Services, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Janet D. Latner
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822-2294, USA
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21
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Am I thin enough? Social media use and the ideal body stereotype: The mediating role of perceived socio-cultural pressure and the moderating role of cognitive fusion. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02938-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Mikhaylova O, Dokuka S. Anorexia and Young Womens' Personal Networks: Size, Structure, and Kinship. Front Psychol 2022; 13:848774. [PMID: 35519652 PMCID: PMC9063839 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.848774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia is a serious threat to young women's wellbeing worldwide. The effectiveness of mental health intervention and treatment is often evaluated on the basis of changes in the personal networks; however, the development of such measures for young women with anorexia is constrained due to the lack of quantitative descriptions of their social networks. We aim to fill this substantial gap. In this paper, we identify the basic properties of these women's personal networks such as size, structure, and proportion of kin connections. The empirical analysis, using a concentric circles methodology, is based on 50 ego networks constructed on data drawn from interviews with Russian-speaking bloggers who have been diagnosed with anorexia and write about this condition. We conclude that young women with anorexia tend to support a limited number of social ties; they are prone to select women as alters, but do not have a preference to connect to their relatives. Further research is needed to elucidate whether these personal network characteristics are similar among women with anorexia who belong to different age, ethnic, cultural, and income groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofia Dokuka
- Institute of Education, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
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23
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Pan W, Mu Z, Tang Z. Social Media Influencer Viewing and Intentions to Change Appearance: A Large Scale Cross-Sectional Survey on Female Social Media Users in China. Front Psychol 2022; 13:846390. [PMID: 35465502 PMCID: PMC9024235 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.846390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that general or photo-specific social media use was associated with women’s body dissatisfaction and body image disturbance. The current study replicated and expanded upon these findings by identifying the positive association between social media influencer viewing and intentions to change appearance. This study surveyed a sample of 7,015 adult female TikTok users in China regarding their social media influencer viewing frequency, self-objectification, social comparison tendencies when watching short videos, intentions to change appearance, and demographics. The results showed that female TikTok users’ self-objectification mediated the association between their influencer viewing frequency and their intentions to change appearance. Furthermore, social comparison tendencies moderated the association between influencer viewing and intentions to change appearance in that the proposed association was stronger for female TikTok users who had lower social comparison tendencies when watching short videos, compared to female TikTok users who had higher social comparison tendencies. The counter-intuitive finding on social comparison tendencies indicated that women who have higher social comparison tendencies may be more aware of the negative influences and adjust their expectations. The observed association between social media influencer viewing and intentions to change appearance was statistically significant but trivial in terms of effect size. Although the result could warn policymakers and practitioners to design media and health literacy campaigns to cultivate body positivity, caution should be exercised when evaluating the practical implications.
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24
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Bruchmann K, Thai CL, Wingard B. One size does not fit all: Implicit theories of body weight and body mass index interact to predict body image disturbances. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Bruchmann
- Department of Psychology Santa Clara University Santa Clara California USA
| | - Chan L. Thai
- Department of Communication Santa Clara University Santa Clara California USA
| | - Brianna Wingard
- Department of Psychology Santa Clara University Santa Clara California USA
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25
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McComb SE, Mills JS. The effect of physical appearance perfectionism and social comparison to thin-, slim-thick-, and fit-ideal Instagram imagery on young women's body image. Body Image 2022; 40:165-175. [PMID: 34968854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Body image research to date has examined the impact of thin- and fit-ideal media on women's body image, however cultural trends in Western media have recently shifted towards a curvier body type called slim-thick, which is characterized by a large butt and thighs and small waist and flat stomach. We experimentally examined the impact of forced social comparison to slim-thick-, thin-, and fit-ideal imagery on women's body image relative to a control condition, and whether physical appearance perfectionism moderated these findings. Participants were 402 female undergraduate students. Results revealed that comparison to body-ideal imagery resulted in greater weight and appearance dissatisfaction and less overall body satisfaction, relative to the control condition. Those exposed to slim-thick imagery experienced more weight and appearance dissatisfaction and less body satisfaction than those in the thin-ideal condition. Physical appearance perfectionism moderated these results, such that women who reported moderate or high levels of physical appearance perfectionism experienced greater weight and appearance dissatisfaction and lower body satisfaction in the slim-thick condition, than in the thin-ideal, fit-ideal, or control conditions. It was concluded that drive to achieve body ideals is shifting to a slim-thick body, which maybe more detrimental to women's body image than thin-ideal imagery.
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26
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Pérez-Mármol M, Chacón-Cuberos R, García-Mármol E, Castro-Sánchez M. Relationships among Physical Self-Concept, Physical Activity and Mediterranean Diet in Adolescents from the Province of Granada. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8100901. [PMID: 34682166 PMCID: PMC8534763 DOI: 10.3390/children8100901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present research was to analyse the relationships among physical self-concept, physical activity engagement and Mediterranean diet adherence in a sample of 1650 secondary school students from the province of Granada. The study design was descriptive-exploratory, cross-sectional and ex post facto. Measurements were taken from a single group. The PSQ, PAQ-A and KIDMED questionnaires were used to measure diet quality. Results showed the presence of a positive relationship among all dimensions of physical self-concept and physical activity engagement, with better outcomes being achieved in this self-perception with increasing engagement in sport. With regard to diet quality and its repercussions on physical self-concept, it was highlighted that the dimensions of the general self-concept, physical attractiveness and strength tended to be more positive as quality improved. In contrast, worse outcomes were produced in those with a low-quality diet. In this way, it was deemed necessary to continue investigating psychosocial factors with the aim of clarifying the relationships with psychological factors and health indicators. This would enable the development of prevention and intervention programs focused on promoting wellbeing in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pérez-Mármol
- Department of Research Methods and Diagnosis in Education, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Ramón Chacón-Cuberos
- Department of Research Methods and Diagnosis in Education, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Eduardo García-Mármol
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Manuel Castro-Sánchez
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
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27
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Claumann GS, Laus MF, Folle A, Silva DAS, Pelegrini A. Translation and validation of the Brazilian version of the Physical Appearance Comparison Scale-Revised in college women. Body Image 2021; 38:157-161. [PMID: 33892439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Brazilian women are known to present high levels of physical appearance concerns, and data suggest they often compare themselves with others. Nevertheless, there is no validated instrument to systematically assess appearance comparisons in the Brazilian population. Thus, this study aimed to translate the Physical Appearance Comparison Scale-Revised (PACS-R) into Brazilian Portuguese and evaluate its factor structure, internal consistency, and convergent validity in Brazilian college women. The translated version into Brazilian Portuguese of the PACS-R was completed by 832 Brazilian college women and its factor structure was examined through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, internal consistency through McDonald's omega, and convergent validity through its associations with measures of eating disorder symptoms, internalization of appearance ideals, appearance-related sociocultural pressures, body satisfaction, and self-esteem. The results suggested an 11-item single-factor scale. The Brazilian Portuguese PACS-R showed adequate internal consistency and was significantly associated with all measures of convergent validity in the expected direction, indicating its adequate convergent validity. The Brazilian Portuguese PACS-R might be useful in the investigation of the appearance comparison among women in Brazil, as also in the study of body image and eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexandra Folle
- State University of Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | | | - Andreia Pelegrini
- State University of Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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Bruchmann K, Osa ML, Wong K, Baerg L. Construal level moderates a local dominance effect of appearance comparisons in undergraduate women. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Bruchmann
- Department of Psychology Santa Clara University Santa Clara California USA
| | - Maggie L. Osa
- Prevention Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA
| | - Kahana Wong
- Department of Psychology Santa Clara University Santa Clara California USA
| | - Lindsay Baerg
- Department of Psychology Santa Clara University Santa Clara California USA
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Christensen KA, Forbush KT, Cushing CC, Lejuez CW, Fleming KK, Swinburne Romine RE. Evaluating associations between fitspiration and thinspiration content on Instagram and disordered-eating behaviors using ecological momentary assessment: A registered report. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54:1307-1315. [PMID: 33836098 PMCID: PMC9434495 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Greater use of appearance-focused social media, such as Instagram, is associated with increased body dissatisfaction and eating disorder (ED) symptoms; however, questions remain about the mechanism connecting social media use to disordered-eating behaviors (DEBs). The proposed study evaluates how and for whom exposure to fitspiration or thinspiration on Instagram is associated with DEBs. METHODS We will evaluate a hypothesized pathway from Instagram use to disordered-eating mediated by negative affect. We will test how individual differences in internalized weight stigma, trait self-esteem, and trait self-comparison moderate the pathway from social media use to negative affect. We will recruit 175 undergraduate women who report engaging in DEBs on average at least once per week over the past 3 months. Participants will complete a 7-day ecological momentary assessment protocol, during which they will report their Instagram use, affect, and engagement in DEBs. RESULTS Multi-level modeling will be used to assess moderated mediation. Results from this study will provide increased specificity about how Instagram usage is linked to eating pathology and who may be most vulnerable to experiencing distress. DISCUSSION Information about negative affect from Instagram and engagement in DEBs could contribute to the development of Just-In-Time Interventions for problematic social media use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelsie T. Forbush
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - Christopher C. Cushing
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA,Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - Carl W. Lejuez
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 USA
| | - Kandace K. Fleming
- Research Design and Analysis Unit, Lifespan Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
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Junqueira ACP, Tylka TL, Almeida SDS, Costa TMB, Laus MF. Translation and Validation of the Brazilian Portuguese Version of the Broad Conceptualization of Beauty Scale With Brazilian Women. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/03616843211013459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In many countries, women are socialized to adopt a narrow definition of beauty. Research has revealed that, in the United States and China, the ability to broadly conceptualize beauty (perceive beauty in diverse body sizes, shapes, and appearances) is linked to women’s lower anti-fat attitudes, higher body appreciation, and higher well-being. In this study, we translated an existing measure of this construct, the Broad Conceptualization of Beauty Scale (BCBS), into Brazilian Portuguese and evaluated the factor structure and reliability and validity of its scores with a diverse sample of 563 Portuguese women. Findings revealed that the Brazilian Portuguese BCBS contains two factors—external/appearance features of beauty (BCBS-E) and internal features of beauty (BCBS-I)—contrary to the unidimensional factor structure found in previous studies. Support for internal consistency and 3-week test–retest reliability was garnered. Total BCBS and BCBS-E scores evidenced convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity, whereas the BCBS-I did not accrue substantial convergent or incremental validity support beyond its inverse bivariate association with anti-fat attitudes. We recommend the use of the Brazilian Portuguese BCBS in body image research programs as well as clinical practice and prevention programs with Brazilian women seeking support for body dissatisfaction and disordered eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Costa Pereira Junqueira
- Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tracy L. Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Maria Fernanda Laus
- Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hill EM, Nolan MT. Examining eating disorder-related social comparison orientation and body dissatisfaction in the relationship between fit ideal internalization and drunkorexia engagement. Eat Behav 2021; 41:101480. [PMID: 33631489 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between fit ideal internalization and drunkorexia engagement in women. Specifically, in line with the Tripartite Influence Model, we examined the indirect effect of fit ideal internalization on drunkorexia through eating disorder-related social comparison orientation and body dissatisfaction. Data were collected from two samples of women-college undergraduate students (n = 198) and women recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk (n = 324)-in order to test the model across the two groups. All participants completed the consent forms and then questionnaires via Qualtrics between March and June 2020. The results suggest that fit ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, and eating disorder-related social comparison orientation are linked to drunkorexia. More specifically, multigroup path analyses indicated that there was an indirect effect of fit ideal internalization on drunkorexia via eating disorder-related social comparison orientation but not through body dissatisfaction. In examining the role of different types of eating disorder-related social comparison orientation (body, eating, exercise) in the model, more nuanced patterns emerged across the samples. Future research examining potential mediators and moderators of the relationship between eating disorder-related social comparison orientation and drunkorexia would be beneficial in expanding this area of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Hill
- Department of Psychology, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19383, United States of America.
| | - Megan T Nolan
- Department of Psychology, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19383, United States of America
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32
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Lee M, Lee HH. Social media photo activity, internalization, appearance comparison, and body satisfaction: The moderating role of photo-editing behavior. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Schmalbach I, Schmalbach B, Zenger M, Berth H, Albani C, Petrowski K, Brähler E. A Brief Assessment of Body Image Perception: Norm Values and Factorial Structure of the Short Version of the FKB-20. Front Psychol 2020; 11:579783. [PMID: 33335498 PMCID: PMC7736636 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Body Image Questionnaire-20 (FKB-20) is one of the most applied self-report measures in the context of body image assessment in German-speaking regions. A version of the FKB-20 capturing an ideal concept of body image is also available. A special property of the scale is its high sensitivity for individuals suffering from anorexia nervosa. The present research provided a short version of this scale (for both variants) and examined its validity in a representative sample (N = 2,347) of the German population. We utilized factor analysis methods to identify the optimal short scale of the measure, finding excellent model fit and reliability for a two-factor model (FKB-6) for both real and ideal body image. Both versions of the FKB-6 can be considered invariant across sex and age groups. Good reliability indices were shown for both versions of the FKB-6. The reliability indices were similar to those mentioned in previous studies. Our study also revealed, that large discrepancies between the real and an ideal body image are correlated with somatic and body dysmorphic symptoms. Finally, we provided norm values for comparisons of individual scores with the general population. The FKB-6 is a valid and a reliable measure that economizes assessments by clinicians and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Schmalbach
- Technische Universität Dresden, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Research Group Applied Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bjarne Schmalbach
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Zenger
- Department of Applied Human Studies, University of Applied Sciences Magdeburg and Stendal, Stendal, Germany
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases – Behavioral Medicine, Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hendrik Berth
- Technische Universität Dresden, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Research Group Applied Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cornelia Albani
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Petrowski
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elmar Brähler
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases – Behavioral Medicine, Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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34
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Russo LX. [Association of victimization from bullying with body mass index in schoolchildren]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2020; 36:e00182819. [PMID: 33084832 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00182819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many schoolchildren report bullying by their classmates because of their physical appearance. Teenagers' body weight is one of the main reasons for this victimization. The current study aims to investigate the association between victimization from bullying and body mass index (BMI) in Brazilian schoolchildren. This was a cross-sectional study using data from the Brazilian National School Health Survey (PeNSE) in 2015 for students from 11 to 15 years of age. The analysis used the Probit model. The probability of victimization from bullying was 46% in Brazilian schoolchildren in this age bracket. There was a significant non-linear association between BMI and bullying. Both underweight and overweight/obese schoolchildren were more likely to suffer bullying, compared to their peers with adequate weight for age. The association was found in both sexes, and the U-shaped curve was more accentuated in girls. Risk factors included feeling misunderstood by parents, dissatisfaction with one's own body, and enrollment in public schools. Living with the mother, mother's schooling, and a proxy for family income were neither risk factors nor protective factors for bullying. The results show that overweight/obese and underweight students should be considered a risk group for bullying.
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35
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Sidi Y, Geller S, Abu Sinni A, Levy S, Handelzalts JE. Body image among Muslim women in Israel: exploring religion and sociocultural pressures. Women Health 2020; 60:1095-1108. [PMID: 32752948 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2020.1802399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the association of the Muslim religion, as a multidimensional factor, with social pressures related to body image concerns, among Muslim women in Israel. Four hundred and Seventy-five Israeli Muslim women ages between 18 and 30 years completed questionnaire measures of strength of religious faith, wearing a traditional head cover (the Hijab), positive and negative body image, media exposure, societal pressures to conform to Western body ideals and its internalization, from 2016 to 2018. Strength of religious faith and wearing the Hijab were positively associated with positive aspects of body image, while only strength of religious faith negatively correlated with body dissatisfaction. Further, mediation analyses revealed that the relationship between the strength of religious faith and both positive body image and body dissatisfaction was mediated by media pressures. Notably, reduced peer pressures had more influence on positive body image, while reduced family pressures were more influential for negative body image. These results are discussed with regard to promoting a more intricate and multicultural understanding of body image concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Sidi
- Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University of Israel , Ra'anana, Israel
| | - Shulamit Geller
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel-Aviv Yaffo , Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Aline Abu Sinni
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel-Aviv Yaffo , Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Sigal Levy
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel-Aviv Yaffo , Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Jonathan E Handelzalts
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel-Aviv Yaffo , Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Psychiatry Department, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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36
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Body image is a crucial part of adolescent development for teens all over the world. Studies show that negative body image impacts many aspects of adolescent health and that anticipatory guidance about body image is important at the annual health maintenance exam visit. Weight bias is closely tied to body image and is associated with negative health effects as well; research shows weight bias is a problem throughout healthcare. The purpose of this review is to discuss influencing factors on adolescent body image and to explore interventions to promote positive body image. RECENT FINDINGS Research shows that adolescent body image is shaped by media influence, athletics and personal relationships. Studies have also begun to show that negative and positive body image are separate entities, and that overall health outcomes seem to be better in adolescents with positive body image. In thinking about intervention, there are ways to promote positive body image in the provider--patient interaction, within the school and community, in healthcare education, and at the societal level. SUMMARY Body image is an incredibly important aspect of adolescent health, and clinicians should be aware of ways to help promote positive body image in adolescents.
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Wayment HA, Eiler BA, Cavolo K. Self-Evaluation Strategies in College Women Trying to Lose Weight: The Relative Use of Objective and Social Comparison Information. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1254. [PMID: 32587554 PMCID: PMC7298133 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined patterns of self-evaluative information use in a sample of college women who were trying to lose weight (N = 306). Participants described their weight loss experiences and answered questions about their self-evaluative activity via an online survey. The analysis strategy examined the relative use of four types of self-evaluative information (objective, upward social comparison, lateral social comparison, and downward social comparison) to meet three basic self-evaluative motives (accurate self-assessment, self-enhancement, and self-improvement). We also examined the role that dissatisfaction, uncertainty, importance, and self-esteem played in the relative use of information and the relationship of these factors on weight loss success. Our findings support previous research showing the primacy of accurate and self-improvement motives in the domain of weight loss and the usefulness of lateral social comparison information for meeting all three motives. Women evaluating their weight reported using upward social comparison information most often, followed by objective information. Lateral and upward social comparison information were rated as more useful than downward social comparison information for meeting accuracy and self-improvement motives. Both lateral and downward social comparison information were reported as especially useful for self-enhancement, with upward social comparison information rated as least useful. Our study utilized an integrative approach for understanding self-evaluative processes in the area of college women's weight loss. We found general support for our hypotheses regarding well-documented patterns of social comparison information usefulness for meeting three self-evaluative motives. Our data also support earlier research arguing that it is important to view information use in the context of multiple self-evaluative motives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A Wayment
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Brian A Eiler
- Department of Psychology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC, United States
| | - Keragan Cavolo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
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Couture Bue AC, Harrison K. Visual and cognitive processing of thin-ideal Instagram images containing idealized or disclaimer comments. Body Image 2020; 33:152-163. [PMID: 32193169 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that exposure to thin-ideal social media content is associated with decreased body satisfaction, and disclaimer comments have been a proposed intervention. This experiment uses eye-tracking methods to explore the effect of disclaimer comments on participants' processing of thin-ideal Instagram images. Women ages 18-35 (N = 181) were randomly assigned to view thin-ideal Instagram images paired with one of two caption types: traditional comments that idealized the images, or disclaimer comments that critiqued the images as unrealistic. Participants' eye movements were tracked during viewing. Following exposure, participants reported their anxiety about specific body regions, as well as their perceptions of social pressure for thinness. Post-test body anxiety and perceived pressure for thinness did not differ based on experimental condition. Results indicated some differences in message processing, with similar visual attention to the model across conditions but greater attention to the comment in the disclaimer condition. Attention to the model's thighs was associated with increased body anxiety about the thighs in both conditions, whereas attention to the model's waist was associated with increased body anxiety about the waist only in the Idealized Comment condition. This indicates that the disclaimer comments were somewhat, but not entirely, effective.
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Seekis V, Bradley GL, Duffy AL. Appearance-Related Social Networking Sites and Body Image in Young Women: Testing an Objectification-Social Comparison Model. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0361684320920826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we drew on an integrated model of objectification and social comparison theories to test the associations between young women’s use of social networking sites and their body image concerns. A sample of 338 undergraduate women, aged 17–25 years, completed online questionnaire measures of engagement in three social networking site activities (browsing or following celebrity, fashion, and beauty sites, browsing or following fitspiration-related content, and placing importance on online “likes” and comments). Also assessed were upward appearance comparison, body surveillance, social appearance anxiety, and two indices of body image concerns (drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction). Structural equation modeling was used to test two competing models, both of which posited social appearance anxiety as the immediate precursor to body image concerns. In line with the integrated objectification-social comparison model, results supported a serial mediation model that comprised significant paths from two of the social networking site activities (browsing or following celebrity, fashion, and beauty sites, and placing importance on online “likes” and comments) through, in turn, upward appearance comparison, body surveillance, and social appearance anxiety, to drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction. Viewing fitspiration-related content was associated with body image concerns directly, rather than indirectly. Findings highlight objectification and appearance comparison factors as targets for future interventions regarding appearance-related social networking site use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veya Seekis
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Graham L. Bradley
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Amanda L. Duffy
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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40
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The effect of thin and average-sized models on women's appearance and functionality satisfaction: Does pose matter? Body Image 2020; 32:128-135. [PMID: 31887639 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Idealised imagery depicting the functionality of a model's body (e.g., in fitness contexts) can trigger negative effects in viewers similar to, or worse than, traditionally posed images of models. Thus far, most of this research has been conducted on images of thin models. Building upon previous research, we examined the effect of pose (active versus posed) and body size (thin versus average-sized) on women's body satisfaction. In an online study, 379 women aged 17-30 years completed pre-test measures of appearance and functionality satisfaction before viewing models across one of five conditions: Thin Posed, Thin Active, Average Posed, Average Active, or Scenery images. Post-test measures were taken of body satisfaction and social comparison across appearance and functionality domains. Planned contrasts showed that exposure to thin models produced poorer appearance and functionality satisfaction and more upward comparison than exposure to average-sized models or scenery. Model pose was important only when the model had an average body size. Images of active average-sized models produced poorer appearance satisfaction and triggered more upward functionality-based comparison than when the average-sized models were posed. These findings suggest that although the thinness of the model is influential, how the body is presented can also affect satisfaction and comparison.
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41
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Siegel JA, Huellemann KL, Hillier CC, Campbell L. The protective role of self-compassion for women's positive body image: an open replication and extension. Body Image 2020; 32:136-144. [PMID: 31887640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The development and maintenance of positive body image in women may be disrupted by sociocultural appearance-related pressures. Therefore, it is critical to explore factors that may safeguard women's positive body image. A recent study by Homan and Tylka (2015) found that in a large sample (N = 263) of female MTurk workers and university-aged women, both appearance-contingent self-worth and body-based social comparisons were linked to less positive body image, but these links were attenuated in the face of high self-compassion. This research, an independent direct replication of the original study, supported the original findings. In a new, larger sample (N = 363 female-identified MTurk workers), signals were detected that were similar in size and magnitude to the original study. Specifically, while appearance-contingent self-worth and body-based social comparisons were negatively linked to body appreciation, those who endorsed higher levels of self-compassion reported a more positive body image, even in the presence of these potential threats. Findings are extended to eating- and exercise-based social comparisons. All materials, including the replication protocol, data management plan, dataset, SPSS syntax, and output are publicly available on the Open Science Framework at: https://osf.io/r274y/. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
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42
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Frederick DA, Garcia JR, Gesselman AN, Mark KP, Hatfield E, Bohrnstedt G. The Happy American Body 2.0: Predictors of affective body satisfaction in two U.S. national internet panel surveys. Body Image 2020; 32:70-84. [PMID: 31830668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The first national study of body image was reported four decades ago in the article The Happy American Body (Berscheid et al., 1973). To provide a modern follow-up to this study, we used two Internet panel surveys of U.S. adults to examine feelings about appearance (Survey 1: Married N = 1095; Single N = 5481) and weight, appearance, body, and muscle size/tone (Survey 2: N = 1601). Mean ages across samples for men and women ranged from 42-53. On the positive side, many men and women were somewhat-to-very satisfied with their appearance (67 %; 57 %), overall body (61 %; 46 %), weight (54 %; 42 %), and muscle tone/size (56 %; 41 %). Mean gender differences were small (Cohen's ds = 0.18-0.32), as were sexual orientation differences within each gender (ds = |0.00-0.25|). Looking at negative body image, fewer men than women were somewhat-to-very unhappy with their appearance among married (19 %; 29 %) and single participants (29 %; 35 %), and fewer men were somewhat-to-extremely dissatisfied with their appearance (18 %; 24 %), body (27 %; 39 %), weight (36 %; 49 %), muscle tone/size (27 %; 41 %). Nearly one-fifth of men (18 %) and one-fourth of women (27 %) were very-to-extremely dissatisfied with at least one of these traits, highlighting the importance of body image interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Frederick
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, United States.
| | - Justin R Garcia
- The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction and, Department of Gender Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | - Amanda N Gesselman
- The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | - Kristen P Mark
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, United States
| | - Elaine Hatfield
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, United States
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43
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Vogel EA, Rose JP, Aspiras OG, Edmonds KA, Gallinari EF. Comparing comparisons: Assimilation and contrast processes and outcomes following social and temporal comparison. SELF AND IDENTITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2019.1647278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Vogel
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jason P. Rose
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
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