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Li Z, Kang M, Xu C, Chiang M, Lee CS, Lee M. Black Phosphorus-Based Dynamic Self-Healing Hydrogel to Integrate Demineralized Bone Matrix and Noggin-Targeting siRNA for Synergistic Osteogenesis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38686456 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Although a demineralized bone matrix (DBM) is often used as an alternative to an autologous bone graft, its clinical application is still hampered by easy dispersion of DBM particles and insufficient osteoinductivity in the defect site. Herein, we designed a self-healing hydrogel for DBM that can rapidly restore its structural integrity after damage based on amino-rich black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets and aldehyde-functionalized hyaluronic acid (AHA). Given the increased expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists by DBM stimulation, the osteogenic potency of DBM in the hydrogel carrier was further enhanced by abrogating the BMP antagonism. The BP/AHA hydrogel provided dynamic polymer-nanosheet networks that combine injectability, modability, and physical stability with high DBM loading, where the BP nanosheets served as osteogenic cross-linkers to promote biomineralization and deliver siRNA to suppress undesirable expression of BMP antagonist noggin by DBM. As a result, the BP/AHA hydrogel integrated with DBM and noggin-targeting siRNA synergistically promoted osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by enhancing BMP/Smad signaling. This work demonstrates a promising strategy to improve the efficacy of bone regeneration using bone graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Division of Oral and Systemic Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Minjee Kang
- Division of Oral and Systemic Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Changlu Xu
- Division of Oral and Systemic Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Michelle Chiang
- Division of Oral and Systemic Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chung-Sung Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Lee
- Division of Oral and Systemic Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Ghosh M, Khanam R, Sengupta A, Chakraborty S. Oxidative-stress induced Bmp2-Smad1/5/8 signaling dependent differentiation of early cardiomyocytes from embryonic and adult epicardial cells. Differentiation 2024; 136:100756. [PMID: 38471281 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2024.100756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Heart failure has become a major life-threatening cause affecting millions globally, characterized by the permanent loss of adult functional cardiomyocytes leading to fibrosis which ultimately deprives the heart of its functional efficacy. Here we investigated the reparative property of embryonic and adult epicardial cells towards cardiomyocyte differentiation under oxidative stress-induced conditions along with the identification of a possible molecular signaling pathway. Isolated epicardial cells from embryonic chick hearts subjected to oxidative stress and hypoxia induction. Initial assessment of successful injury induction reveals hypertrophy of isolated epicardial cells. Detailed marker gene expression analyses and inhibitor studies reveal Bone morphogenic protein (Bmp)2-Smad1/5/8 signaling dependent cardiomyocyte lineage specification via epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) post-injury. EMT is further confirmed by increased proliferation, migration, and differentiation towards cardiomyocyte lineage. We have also established an in-vivo model in adult male rats using Isoproterenol. Successful oxidative stress-mediated injury induction in adult heart was marked by increased activated fibroblasts followed by apoptosis of adult cardiomyocytes. The detailed characterization of adult epicardial cells reveals similar findings to our avian in-vitro data. Both in-vitro and in-vivo results show a significant increase in the expression of cardiomyocyte specific markers indicative of lineage specificity and activation of epicardial cells post oxidative stress mediated injury. Our findings suggest an EMT-induced reactivation of epicardial cells and early cardiomyocyte lineage specification following oxidative stress in a Bmp2- Smad1/5/8 dependent manner. Overall, this regulatory mechanism of cardiomyocyte differentiation induced by oxidative stress may contribute to the field of cardiac repair and regenerative therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhurima Ghosh
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, 700073, India
| | - Riffat Khanam
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, 700073, India
| | - Arunima Sengupta
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
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Liu Y, Puthia M, Sheehy EJ, Ambite I, Petrlova J, Prithviraj S, Oxborg MW, Sebastian S, Vater C, Zwingenberger S, Struglics A, Bourgine PE, O'Brien FJ, Raina DB. Sustained delivery of a heterodimer bone morphogenetic protein-2/7 via a collagen hydroxyapatite scaffold accelerates and improves critical femoral defect healing. Acta Biomater 2023; 162:164-181. [PMID: 36967054 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the glimmer of hope provided by the discovery and commercialization of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) as a bone graft substitute, side effects related to the use of supraphysiological doses have hindered its clinical usage. In this study, we compared the osteoinductive potential of BMP-2 homodimer with a heterodimer of BMP-2/7, both delivered via a collagen-hydroxyapatite (CHA) scaffold delivery system, with the aim to reduce the overall therapeutic BMP doses and the associated side-effects. We first show that the incorporation of hydroxyapatite in collagen-based BMP delivery systems is pivotal for achieving efficient BMP sequestration and controlled release. Using an ectopic implantation model, we then showed that the CHA+BMP-2/7 was more osteoinductive than CHA+BMP-2. Further evaluation of the molecular mechanisms responsible for this increased osteoinductivity at an early stage in the regeneration process indicated that the CHA+BMP-2/7 enhanced progenitor cell homing at the implantation site, upregulated the key transcriptomic determinants of bone formation, and increased the production of bone extracellular matrix components. Using fluorescently labelled BMP-2/7 and BMP-2, we demonstrated that the CHA scaffold provided a long-term delivery of both molecules for at least 20 days. Finally, using a rat femoral defect model, we showed that an ultra-low dose (0.5 µg) of BMP-2/7 accelerated fracture healing and performed at a level comparable to 20-times higher BMP-2 dose. Our results indicate that the sustained delivery of BMP-2/7 via a CHA scaffold could bring us a step closer in the quest for the use of physiological growth factor doses in fracture healing. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: • Incorporation of hydroxyapatite (HA) in a collagen scaffold dramatically improves bone morphogenic protein (BMP) sequestration via biophysical interactions with BMP, thereby providing more controlled BMP release compared with pristine collagen. • We then investigate the molecular mechanisms responsible for increased osteoinductive potential of a heterodimer BMP-2/7 with is clinically used counterpart, the BMP-2 homodimer. • The superior osteoinductive properties of BMP-2/7 are a consequence of its direct positive effect on progenitor cell homing at the implantation site, which consequently leads to upregulation of cartilage and bone related genes and biochemical markers. • An ultra-low dose of BMP-2/7 delivered via a collagen-HA (CHA) scaffold leads to accelerated healing of a critical femoral defect in rats while a 20-times higher BMP-2 dose was required to achieve comparable results.
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Gipson GR, Nolan K, Kattamuri C, Kenny AP, Agricola Z, Edwards NA, Zinski J, Czepnik M, Mullins MC, Zorn AM, Thompson TB. Formation and characterization of BMP2/GDF5 and BMP4/GDF5 heterodimers. BMC Biol 2023; 21:16. [PMID: 36726183 PMCID: PMC9893541 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteins of the TGFβ family, which are largely studied as homodimers, are also known to form heterodimers with biological activity distinct from their component homodimers. For instance, heterodimers of bone morphogenetic proteins, including BMP2/BMP7, BMP2/BMP6, and BMP9/BMP10, among others, have illustrated the importance of these heterodimeric proteins within the context of TGFβ signaling. RESULTS In this study, we have determined that mature GDF5 can be combined with mature BMP2 or BMP4 to form BMP2/GDF5 and BMP4/GDF5 heterodimer. Intriguingly, this combination of a BMP2 or BMP4 monomer, which exhibit high affinity to heparan sulfate characteristic to the BMP class, with a GDF5 monomer with low heparan sulfate affinity produces a heterodimer with an intermediate affinity. Using heparin affinity chromatography to purify the heterodimeric proteins, we then determined that both the BMP2/GDF5 and BMP4/GDF5 heterodimers consistently signaled potently across an array of cellular and in vivo systems, while the activities of their homodimeric counterparts were more context dependent. These differences were likely driven by an increase in the combined affinities for the type 1 receptors, Alk3 and Alk6. Furthermore, the X-ray crystal structure of BMP2/GDF5 heterodimer was determined, highlighting the formation of two asymmetric type 1 receptor binding sites that are both unique relative to the homodimers. CONCLUSIONS Ultimately, this method of heterodimer production yielded a signaling molecule with unique properties relative to the homodimeric ligands, including high affinity to multiple type 1 and moderate heparan binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Gipson
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kristof Nolan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chandramohan Kattamuri
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Alan P Kenny
- Perinatal Institute, Divisions of Developmental Biology and Neonatology & Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Zachary Agricola
- Perinatal Institute, Divisions of Developmental Biology and Neonatology & Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nicole A Edwards
- Perinatal Institute, Divisions of Developmental Biology and Neonatology & Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Zinski
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Magdalena Czepnik
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mary C Mullins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Perinatal Institute, Divisions of Developmental Biology and Neonatology & Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Kim K, Kim MG, Lee GM. Improving bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) production in CHO cells through understanding of BMP synthesis, signaling and endocytosis. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 62:108080. [PMID: 36526238 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of growth factors with the clinical potential to regulate cartilage and bone formation. Functionally active mature recombinant human BMPs (rhBMPs), produced primarily in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells for clinical applications, are considered difficult to express because they undergo maturation processes, signaling pathways, or endocytosis. Although BMPs are a family of proteins with similar mature domain sequence identities, their individual properties are diverse. Thus, understanding the properties of individual rhBMPs is essential to improve rhBMP production in CHO cells. In this review, we discuss various approaches to improve rhBMP production in CHO cells by understanding the overall maturation process, signaling pathways and endocytosis of individual rhBMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Gyeom Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Cunningham ME, Kelly NH, Rawlins BA, Boachie-Adjei O, van der Meulen MCH, Hidaka C. Lumbar spine intervertebral disc gene delivery of BMPs induces anterior spine fusion in lewis rats. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16847. [PMID: 36207369 PMCID: PMC9547004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimally invasive techniques and biological autograft alternatives such as the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) can reduce morbidity associated with spinal fusions. This study was a proof-of-concept for gene-therapy-mediated anterior spine fusion that could be adapted to percutaneous technique for clinical use. Isogeneic bone marrow stromal cells genetically programmed to express b-galactosidase (LACZ, a marker gene), BMP2, BMP7, a mixture of BMP2 and BMP7 infected cells (homodimers, HM), or BMP2/7 heterodimers (HT) were implanted into the discs between lumbar vertebrae 4 and 5 (L4/5) and L5/6 of male Lewis rats. Spine stiffening was monitored at 4, 8 and 12 weeks using noninvasive-induced angular displacement (NIAD) testing. At 12 weeks isolated spines were assessed for fusion and bone formation by palpation, biomechanical testing [four-point bending stiffness, moment to failure in extension, and in vitro angular displacement (IVAD)], faxitron x-rays, microCT, and histology. Progressive loss of NIAD occurred in only the HT group (p < 0.001), and biomechanical tests correlated with the NIAD results. Significant fusion occurred only in the HT group (94% of animals with one or both levels) as assessed by palpation (p < 0.001), which predicted HT bone production assessed by faxitron (p ≤ 0.001) or microCT (p < 0.023). Intervertebral bridging bone was consistently observed only in HT-treated specimens. Induced bone was located anterior and lateral to the disc space, with no bone formation noted within the disc. Percutaneous anterior spine fusions may be possible clinically, but induction of bone inside the disc space remains a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Cunningham
- HSS Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, 515 E 71st Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA. .,Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Lc501, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - Natalie H Kelly
- HSS Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, 515 E 71st Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Bernard A Rawlins
- HSS Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, 515 E 71st Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Lc501, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Oheneba Boachie-Adjei
- HSS Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, 515 E 71st Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Lc501, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Marjolein C H van der Meulen
- HSS Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, 515 E 71st Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA.,Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering and Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Chisa Hidaka
- HSS Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, 515 E 71st Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA
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Agas D, Gabai V, Sufianov AA, Shneider A, Giovanna Sabbieti M. P62/SQSTM1 enhances osteogenesis and attenuates inflammatory signals in bone marrow microenvironment. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 320:114009. [PMID: 35227727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal/stromal stem cells (MSCs) became a major focus of research since the anti-inflammatory features and the osteogenic commitment of these cells can prevent the inflamm-aging and various form of osteopenia in humans and animals. We previously showed that p62/SQSTM1 plasmid can prompt release of anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines by MSC when injected in adult mice. Furthermore, it can enhance osteoblastogenesis at the expense of adipogenesis and ameliorate bone density and bone remodeling. On the other hand, absence of p62 partially exhausted MSC pool caused expansion of fat cells within bone marrow and pro-inflammatory mediator's accumulation. Given the critical function of p62 as molecular hub of MSC dynamics, here, using MSCs from p62 knockout adult mice, we investigated the effect of this protein on MSC survival and bone-forming molecule cascades. We found that the main osteogenic routes are impaired in absence of p62. In particular, lack of p62 can suppress Smads activation, and Osterix and CREBs expression, thus significantly modifying the schedule of MSCs differentiation. MSCs obtained from p62-/- mice have also demonstrate an amplified NFκB/ Smad1/5/8 colocalization along with NFκB activation in the nucleus, which precludes Smads binding to target promoters. Considering the "teamwork" of TGFβ, PTH and BMP2 on MSC homeostatic behavior, we consider that p62 exerts an essential role as a hub protein. Lastly, ex vivo pulsing p62-deficient MSCs, which then will be administered to a patient as a cell therapy, may be considered as a treatment for bone and bone marrow disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Agas
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, (MC), Italy.
| | | | - Albert A Sufianov
- Federal Center of Neurosurgery, Tyumen, Russian Federation; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Shneider
- CureLab Oncology Inc, Dedham, MA, USA; Ariel University, Department of Molecular Biology, Israel; Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Russian Federation
| | - Maria Giovanna Sabbieti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, (MC), Italy.
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Jung JJ, Ahmad AA, Rajendran S, Wei L, Zhang J, Toczek J, Nie L, Kukreja G, Salarian M, Gona K, Ghim M, Chakraborty R, Martin KA, Tellides G, Heistad D, Sadeghi MM. Differential BMP Signaling Mediates the Interplay Between Genetics and Leaflet Numbers in Aortic Valve Calcification. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2022; 7:333-345. [PMID: 35540096 PMCID: PMC9079798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Expression of a neuropilin-like protein, DCBLD2, is reduced in human calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). DCBLD2-deficient mice develop bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and CAVD, which is more severe in BAV mice compared with tricuspid littermates. In vivo and in vitro studies link this observation to up-regulated bone morphogenic protein (BMP)2 expression in the presence of DCBLD2 down-regulation, and enhanced BMP2 signaling in BAV, indicating that a combination of genetics and BAV promotes aortic valve calcification and stenosis. This pathway may be a therapeutic target to prevent CAVD progression in BAV.
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Key Words
- BAV, bicuspid aortic valve
- BMP, bone morphogenic protein
- CAVD, calcific aortic valve disease
- DCBLD2, discoidin, CUB and LCCL domain containing 2
- EC, endothelial cell
- RT-PCR, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
- SMAD, homolog of Caenorhabditis elegans Sma and the Drosophila mad, mothers against decapentaplegic
- TAV, tricuspid aortic valve
- VIC, valvular interstitial cell
- WT, wild type
- aortic stenosis
- aortic valve
- bicuspid aortic valve
- calcification
- mouse models
- pVIC, porcine valvular interstitial cell
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Joon Jung
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Azmi A. Ahmad
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Saranya Rajendran
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Linyan Wei
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jiasheng Zhang
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jakub Toczek
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lei Nie
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gunjan Kukreja
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mani Salarian
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kiran Gona
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mean Ghim
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Raja Chakraborty
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kathleen A. Martin
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - George Tellides
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Donald Heistad
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Mehran M. Sadeghi
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Address for correspondence: Dr Mehran M. Sadeghi, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Room 770G, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.
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Yao XW, Liu HD, Ren MX, Li TL, Jiang WK, Zhou Z, Liu ZY, Yang M. Aloe polysaccharide promotes osteogenesis potential of adipose-derived stromal cells via BMP-2/Smads and prevents ovariectomized-induced osteoporosis. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:11913-11924. [PMID: 36243792 PMCID: PMC9712288 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aloe polysaccharide (AP) is a type of an active macromolecule of Aloe vera, which contributes to its function. However, whether AP possesses anti-osteoporosis properties is unknown. METHODS Adipose-derived stromal cells were treated with different concentrations of AP. Early and late osteogenesis were, respectively, evaluated by ALP and Alizarin Red S staining. The effect of AP on the processes of adipogenesis inhibition in ADSCs was analyzed by oil red O staining. Western blot was used to assess the expression of osteogenic and adipogenic related factors. Then, Noggin was administered to further confirm the mechanism by which AP promotes the osteogenesis of ADSCs. Finally, 40 female SD rats were classified into a bilateral laparotomy group (Sham group) and three bilateral ovariectomy groups: OVX group, OVX + AP group, and OVX + AP + Noggin group. The bilateral rat femurs were collected to perform micro-CT scanning, HE, Masson trichrome, and Oil red O staining. RESULTS The results indicated that AP could increase ALP expression and calcium deposition. Through molecular mechanisms, AP promotes the protein expression of COL1A1, OPN, and ALP in ADSCs, but downregulates the expression of PPARγ. Also, AP directs ADSCs' fate by stimulating the BMP2/Smads signaling pathway. In vivo, the rat AP-treated had more trabecular bone than the OVX rat, indicating partial protection from cancellous bone loss after treatment with AP. CONCLUSION Our results show that AP may promote osteogenesis of ADSCs through BMP-2/Smads signaling pathway and inhibits lipogenic differentiation. Thus, AP might be a promising alternative medicine to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-wei Yao
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, No.2, Zheshan Xi Road, Wuhu, 241001 Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - He-dong Liu
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, No.2, Zheshan Xi Road, Wuhu, 241001 Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Mao-xian Ren
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, No.2, Zheshan Xi Road, Wuhu, 241001 Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian-lin Li
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, No.2, Zheshan Xi Road, Wuhu, 241001 Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-kai Jiang
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, No.2, Zheshan Xi Road, Wuhu, 241001 Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, No.2, Zheshan Xi Road, Wuhu, 241001 Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-yi Liu
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, No.2, Zheshan Xi Road, Wuhu, 241001 Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, No.2, Zheshan Xi Road, Wuhu, 241001 Anhui People’s Republic of China
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10
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Shu DY, Lovicu FJ. Insights into Bone Morphogenetic Protein-(BMP-) Signaling in Ocular Lens Biology and Pathology. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102604. [PMID: 34685584 PMCID: PMC8533954 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a diverse class of growth factors that belong to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) superfamily. Although originally discovered to possess osteogenic properties, BMPs have since been identified as critical regulators of many biological processes, including cell-fate determination, cell proliferation, differentiation and morphogenesis, throughout the body. In the ocular lens, BMPs are important in orchestrating fundamental developmental processes such as induction of lens morphogenesis, and specialized differentiation of its fiber cells. Moreover, BMPs have been reported to facilitate regeneration of the lens, as well as abrogate pathological processes such as TGFβ-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and apoptosis. In this review, we summarize recent insights in this topic and discuss the complexities of BMP-signaling including the role of individual BMP ligands, receptors, extracellular antagonists and cross-talk between canonical and non-canonical BMP-signaling cascades in the lens. By understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying BMP activity, we can advance their potential therapeutic role in cataract prevention and lens regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Y. Shu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Frank J. Lovicu
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-9351-5170
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11
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Abstract
TGF-β family heterodimeric ligands show increased or exclusive signaling compared to homodimeric ligands in both vertebrate and insect development as well as in therapeutically relevant processes, like osteogenesis. However, the mechanisms that differentiate heterodimer and homodimer signaling remain uncharacterized. We show that BMP antagonists do not account for the exclusive signaling of Bmp2/7 heterodimers in zebrafish development. We found that overexpressed homodimers can signal but surprisingly require two distinct type I receptors, like heterodimers, indicating a required activity of the heteromeric type I receptor complex. We further demonstrate that a canonical type I receptor function has been delegated to only one of these receptors, Acvr1. Our findings should inform both basic and translational research in multiple TGF-β family signaling contexts. Heterodimeric TGF-β ligands outperform homodimers in a variety of developmental, cell culture, and therapeutic contexts; however, the mechanisms underlying this increased potency remain uncharacterized. Here, we use dorsal–ventral axial patterning of the zebrafish embryo to interrogate the BMP2/7 heterodimer signaling mechanism. We demonstrate that differential interactions with BMP antagonists do not account for the reduced signaling ability of homodimers. Instead, we find that while overexpressed BMP2 homodimers can signal, they require two nonredundant type I receptors, one from the Acvr1 subfamily and one from the Bmpr1 subfamily. This implies that all BMP signaling within the zebrafish gastrula, even BMP2 homodimer signaling, requires Acvr1. This is particularly surprising as BMP2 homodimers do not bind Acvr1 in vitro. Furthermore, we find that the roles of the two type I receptors are subfunctionalized within the heterodimer signaling complex, with the kinase activity of Acvr1 being essential, while that of Bmpr1 is not. These results suggest that the potency of the Bmp2/7 heterodimer arises from the ability to recruit both Acvr1 and Bmpr1 into the same signaling complex.
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Chen H, Wang Z, Zhou L, Wu B, Lu H, Zhang C, Zhang T. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-4 enhances tendon-to-bone attachment healing in a murine model of rotator cuff tear. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:565. [PMID: 33987263 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-6761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Injuries of tendon-to-bone attachments (TBA) are common clinical challenges. Bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) is potent in chondrogenesis. However, studies focusing on the influence of BMP-4 on the healing of TBA are scarce. Thus, this study's objective was to explore the effect of BMP-4 on the healing of TBA in a murine model of rotator cuff tear. Methods An injury model of the supraspinatus tendon (SST) insertion was established on a total of 120 mature C57 black (BL)/6 mice (12 weeks old), who were then randomly allocated into 3 groups: BMP-4, noggin (an inhibitor of all BMP activities), and control, At weeks 2 and 4 after surgery, the supraspinatus tendon-humerus complexes (SSTHC) were harvested for microradiographic, histologic, immunofluorescent, and biomechanical evaluations. Results Radiographic data showed that BMP-4 was able to improve the quality of subchondral bone, manifested as higher bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), and lower trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp). Histologically, the BMP-4 group at week-2 and -4 showed a better TBA healing interface, characterized by better organizational integration and remodeling, thicker fibrocartilage layer, and more fibrocartilage cells. Immunofluorescence evaluation demonstrated that the number of SOX 9 positive cells in the BMP-4 group was significantly more than that in the control or noggin groups at postoperative weeks 2 and 4 (P<0.05 for all). Mechanical testing results at postoperative weeks 4 demonstrated the failure load, and stiffness in the BMP-4 group were significantly higher (P<0.05 for both), while in the noggin group were significantly lower (P<0.05 for both), compared to the control group. Conclusions The BMP-4 might enhance TBA healing by promoting the regeneration of fibrocartilaginous enthesis and mineralization, while this process was inhibited by noggin. Thus, BMP-4 may be a potential therapy to augment TBA healing and finally lead to more rapid rehabilitation and reduce recurrent injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabin Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhanwen Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Orthopedic Center, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongbin Lu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ciliu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Yeom J, Ma S, Lim YH. Probiotic Propionibacterium freudenreichii MJ2 Enhances Osteoblast Differentiation and Mineralization by Increasing the OPG/RANKL Ratio. Microorganisms 2021; 9:673. [PMID: 33805153 PMCID: PMC8064112 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoblast differentiation is important for the development of bone and the maintenance of bone density. Propionibacterium freudenreichii is a probiotic with an anti-inflammatory property. The aim of this study was to investigate the enhancement effect of P. freudenreichii MJ2 (MJ2) isolated from raw milk on osteoblast differentiation, mineralization, and its signaling pathway. For in vitro and in vivo experiments, human fetal osteoblastic cell line hFOB 1.19 and an ovariectomized rat model were used, respectively. Expression levels of genes and proteins related to osteoblast differentiation and mineralization were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blotting, respectively. Alizarin red S staining was performed to measure osteoblast mineralization. Heat-killed MJ2 (hkMJ2)-treated cells showed significantly increased osteoblast differentiation via an increase in the osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) ratio and significantly increased osteoblast mineralization by stimulating the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 and runt-related transcription factor 2. Additionally, oral administration of live or heat-killed MJ2 to ovariectomized rats inhibited osteoporosis-induced bone loss. Specifically, surface proteins isolated from MJ2 promoted osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. In conclusion, MJ2 enhanced osteoblast differentiation and mineralization through the OPG/RANKL signaling pathway and the effective component of MJ2 might be its surface proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiah Yeom
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (J.Y.); (S.M.)
| | - Seongho Ma
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (J.Y.); (S.M.)
| | - Young-Hee Lim
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (J.Y.); (S.M.)
- School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea
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14
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Betz VM, Ren B, Betz OB, Jansson V, Müller PE. Osteoinduction within adipose tissue fragments by heterodimeric bone morphogenetic Proteins-2/6 and -2/7 versus homodimeric bone morphogenetic protein-2: Therapeutic implications for bone regeneration. J Gene Med 2021; 23:e3311. [PMID: 33527563 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragments of subcutaneous adipose tissue that have been genetically modified to express bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) regenerate large segmental osseous lesions in rodents. Gene-activated adipose tissue can be implanted into osseous defects without prior cell extraction and cell culture. The present study aimed to explore whether the heterodimers BMP-2/6 or BMP-2/7 exceed the osteoinductive effect of BMP-2 on adipose tissue. METHODS In an in vitro tissue culture system, freshly harvested rat subcutaneous adipose tissue was cultivated in the presence of either BMP-2 or BMP-2/6 or BMP-2/7 at a high (200 ng/ml) and low (50 ng/ml) concentration. Gene expression analysis as well as histological and immunohistochemical methods were applied to test for osteoinduction. RESULTS A concentration of 200 ng/ml of homodimeric BMP-2 induced osteogenic differentiation most potently, showing more calcification and a higher expression level of bone markers than both concentrations of BMP-2/6 or -2/7. A concentration of 50 ng/ml of BMP-2 was a significantly stronger osteogenic inducer than both concentrations of BMP-2/6 and the low concentration of BMP-2/7. The most potent heterodimeric driver of osteoinduction was BMP-2/7 at a high concentration, demonstrating effects similar to those of BMP-2 at a low concentration. CONCLUSIONS Homodimeric BMP-2 evoked osteoinduction within adipose tissue more potently and at a lower concentration than heterodimeric BMP-2/6 or BMP-2/7. This result agrees well with the fact that it might be easier to translate adipose grafts activated by homodimeric BMP-2 clinically. Preclinical in vivo gene transfer studies are necessary to confirm the results of the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker M Betz
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, LMU, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Bin Ren
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, LMU, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Oliver B Betz
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, LMU, Munich, Bavaria, Germany.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Volkmar Jansson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, LMU, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Peter E Müller
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, LMU, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
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15
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Chen C, Rehnama M, Kim S, Lee CS, Zhang X, Aghaloo T, Fan J, Lee M. Enhanced Osteoinductivity of Demineralized Bone Matrix with Noggin Suppression in Polymer Matrix. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e202000135. [PMID: 33585837 PMCID: PMC7877805 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Demineralized bone matrix (DBM), a potential alternative to autologous bone-graft, has been increasingly used for clinical bone repair; however, its application in larger defects isn't successful partly due to the rapid dispersion of DBM particles and relatively lower osteoinductivity. Here, a novel strategy is created to complement the osteoinductivity of DBM by incorporating DBM in biopolymer hydrogel combined with the abrogation of BMP antagonism. Combined treatment of DBM + noggin-suppression displays increased osteogenic potency of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) in vitro. Injectable chitosan (MeGC)-based hydrogel with heparinization (Hep-MeGC) is further developed to localize and stabilize DBM. Noggin-suppression reveals the significant increase in osteogenesis of hBMSCs in the photopolymerizable Hep-MeGC hydrogels with the encapsulation of DBM. Moreover, the combination of DBM + noggin-suppression in the injectable Hep-MeGC hydrogel displays a robust bone healing in mouse critical-sized calvarial defects in vivo. The mechanistic analysis demonstrates that noggin-suppression increased DBM osteoinductivity by stimulating endogenous BMP/Smad signals. These results have shown promise in DBM's ability as a prominent bone grafting material while being coupled with gene editing mechanism and a localizing three-dimensional scaffold. Together, this approach poses a significant increase in the efficiency of DBM-mediated craniofacial bone repair and dental osteointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
| | - Matthew Rehnama
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
| | - Soyon Kim
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
| | - Chung-Sung Lee
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, University of California, Los Angeles, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
| | - Tara Aghaloo
- Division of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jiabing Fan
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
| | - Min Lee
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
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16
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Wu C, Shao X, Lin X, Gao W, Fang Y, Wang J. Surface modification of titanium with collagen/hyaluronic acid and bone morphogenetic protein 2/7 heterodimer promotes osteoblastic differentiation. Dent Mater J 2020; 39:1072-1079. [PMID: 33028783 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2019-249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a collagen/hyaluronic acid coating without or with incorporated heterodimeric bone morphogenetic protein 2/7 (BMP2/7) on in-vitro osteoblastic differentiation on titanium discs. The multilayer collagen/hyaluronic acid coatings without or without incorporated BMP2/7 were deposited on titanium discs via a layer-by-layer technique. The effects of the coatings were evaluated by assessing the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity (an early osteoblastic differentiation marker) and the osteocalcin expression (a late osteoblastic differentiation marker). The expression levels of the osteoblastic genes, such as alkaline phosphatase 2 (AKP2) and osteocalcin (OC) were detected using real-time RT-PCR. ALP activity and OC expression were significantly increased when cells were cultured with collagen/hyaluronic acid+BMP2/7 heterodimer (p<0.05). The same result was found in cells with the expression of a BMP2/7 fusion gene, OC and AKP2. These results indicated that collagen/hyaluronic acid+BMP2/7 heterodimer-coated discs might have the potential to greatly enhance osseointegration than a either BMP2 or BMP7 solution or a mixture of BMP2 and BMP7 BMP2/7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhong Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Xia Shao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Xianglin Lin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Weijin Gao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Yiming Fang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Jingxiao Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
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17
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Halloran D, Durbano HW, Nohe A. Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 in Development and Bone Homeostasis. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:E19. [PMID: 32933207 PMCID: PMC7557435 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multi-functional growth factors belonging to the Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β) superfamily. These proteins are essential to many developmental processes, including cardiogenesis, neurogenesis, and osteogenesis. Specifically, within the BMP family, Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2) was the first BMP to be characterized and has been well-studied. BMP-2 has important roles during embryonic development, as well as bone remodeling and homeostasis in adulthood. Some of its specific functions include digit formation and activating osteogenic genes, such as Runt-Related Transcription Factor 2 (RUNX2). Because of its diverse functions and osteogenic potential, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved usage of recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) during spinal fusion surgery, tibial shaft repair, and maxillary sinus reconstructive surgery. However, shortly after initial injections of rhBMP-2, several adverse complications were reported, and alternative therapeutics have been developed to limit these side-effects. As the clinical application of BMP-2 is largely implicated in bone, we focus primarily on its role in bone. However, we also describe briefly the role of BMP-2 in development. We then focus on the structure of BMP-2, its activation and regulation signaling pathways, BMP-2 clinical applications, and limitations of using BMP-2 as a therapeutic. Further, this review explores other potential treatments that may be useful in treating bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anja Nohe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (D.H.); (H.W.D.)
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18
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Todd GM, Gao Z, Hyvönen M, Brazil DP, Ten Dijke P. Secreted BMP antagonists and their role in cancer and bone metastases. Bone 2020; 137:115455. [PMID: 32473315 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multifunctional secreted cytokines that act in a highly context-dependent manner. BMP action extends beyond the induction of cartilage and bone formation, to encompass pivotal roles in controlling tissue and organ homeostasis during development and adulthood. BMPs signal via plasma membrane type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors and intracellular SMAD transcriptional effectors. Exquisite temporospatial control of BMP/SMAD signalling and crosstalk with other cellular cues is achieved by a series of positive and negative regulators at each step in the BMP/SMAD pathway. The interaction of BMP ligand with its receptors is carefully controlled by a diverse set of secreted antagonists that bind BMPs and block their interaction with their cognate BMP receptors. Perturbations in this BMP/BMP antagonist balance are implicated in a range of developmental disorders and diseases, including cancer. Here, we provide an overview of the structure and function of secreted BMP antagonists, and summarize recent novel insights into their role in cancer progression and bone metastasis. Gremlin1 (GREM1) is a highly studied BMP antagonist, and we will focus on this molecule in particular and its role in cancer. The therapeutic potential of pharmacological inhibitors for secreted BMP antagonists for cancer and other human diseases will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M Todd
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Zhichun Gao
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK.
| | - Derek P Brazil
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Oncode Institute, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Burst, Short, and Sustained Vitamin D 3 Applications Differentially Affect Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093202. [PMID: 32366057 PMCID: PMC7247321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Incorporation of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 (vitD3) into tissue-engineered scaffolds could aid the healing of critical-sized bone defects. We hypothesize that shorter applications of vitD3 lead to more osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) than a sustained application. To test this, release from a scaffold was mimicked by exposing MSCs to exactly controlled vitD3 regimens. Human adipose stem cells (hASCs) were seeded onto calcium phosphate particles, cultured for 20 days, and treated with 124 ng vitD3, either provided during 30 min before seeding ([200 nM]), during the first two days ([100 nM]), or during 20 days ([10 nM]). Alternatively, hASCs were treated for two days with 6.2 ng vitD3 ([10 nM]). hASCs attached to the calcium phosphate particles and were viable (~75%). Cell number was not affected by the various vitD3 applications. VitD3 (124 ng) applied over 20 days increased cellular alkaline phosphatase activity at Days 7 and 20, reduced expression of the early osteogenic marker RUNX2 at Day 20, and strongly upregulated expression of the vitD3 inactivating enzyme CYP24. VitD3 (124 ng) also reduced RUNX2 and increased CYP24 applied at [100 nM] for two days, but not at [200 nM] for 30 min. These results show that 20-day application of vitD3 has more effect on hASCs than the same total amount applied in a shorter time span.
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Bone Morphogenetic Proteins for Nucleus Pulposus Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082720. [PMID: 32295299 PMCID: PMC7215319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix production by nucleus pulposus (NP) cells, the cells residing in the center of the intervertebral disc, can be stimulated by growth factors. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) hold great promise. Although BMP2 and BMP7 have been used most frequently, other BMPs have also shown potential for NP regeneration. Heterodimers may be more potent than single homodimers, but it is not known whether combinations of homodimers would perform equally well. In this study, we compared BMP2, BMP4, BMP6, and BMP7, their combinations and heterodimers, for regeneration by human NP cells. The BMPs investigated induced variable matrix deposition by NP cells. BMP4 was the most potent, both in the final neotissue glysosaminoglycan content and incorporation efficiency. Heterodimers BMP2/6H and BMP2/7H were more potent than their respective homodimer combinations, but not the BMP4/7H heterodimer. The current results indicate that BMP4 might have a high potential for regeneration of the intervertebral disc. Moreover, the added value of BMP heterodimers over their respective homodimer BMP combinations depends on the BMP combination applied.
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21
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Chien SY, Tsai CH, Liu SC, Huang CC, Lin TH, Yang YZ, Tang CH. Noggin Inhibits IL-1β and BMP-2 Expression, and Attenuates Cartilage Degeneration and Subchondral Bone Destruction in Experimental Osteoarthritis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040927. [PMID: 32290085 PMCID: PMC7226847 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic inflammatory and progressive joint disease that results in cartilage degradation and subchondral bone remodeling. The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) is abundantly expressed in OA and plays a crucial role in cartilage remodeling, although its role in the activity of chondrocytes in cartilage and subchondral remodeling remains unclear. In this study, stimulating chondrogenic ATDC5 cells with IL-1β increased the levels of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), promoted articular cartilage degradation, and enhanced structural remodeling. Immunohistochemistry staining and microcomputed tomography imaging of the subchondral trabecular bone region in the experimental OA rat model revealed that the OA disease promotes levels of IL-1β, BMP-2, and matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) expression in the articular cartilage and enhances subchondral bone remodeling. The intra-articular injection of Noggin protein (a BMP-2 inhibitor) attenuated subchondral bone remodeling and disease progression in OA rats. We also found that IL-1β increased BMP-2 expression by activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and specificity protein 1 (Sp1) signaling pathways. We conclude that IL-1β promotes BMP-2 expression in chondrocytes via the MEK/ERK/Sp1 signaling pathways. The administration of Noggin protein reduces the expression of IL-1β and BMP-2, which prevents cartilage degeneration and OA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Yu Chien
- Department of Exercise Health Science, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 404393, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404022, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Hao Tsai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404022, Taiwan;
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung 404022, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Chi Liu
- Department of Medical Education and Research, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin 651012, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Chung Huang
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404022, Taiwan;
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404022, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hung Lin
- Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 310401, Taiwan; (T.-H.L.); (Y.-Z.Y.)
| | - Yu-Zhen Yang
- Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 310401, Taiwan; (T.-H.L.); (Y.-Z.Y.)
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404022, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404022, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 404022, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2205-2121 (ext. 7726)
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Chijimatsu R, Saito T. Mechanisms of synovial joint and articular cartilage development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3939-3952. [PMID: 31201464 PMCID: PMC11105481 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is formed at the end of epiphyses in the synovial joint cavity and permanently contributes to the smooth movement of synovial joints. Most skeletal elements develop from transient cartilage by a biological process known as endochondral ossification. Accumulating evidence indicates that articular and growth plate cartilage are derived from different cell sources and that different molecules and signaling pathways regulate these two kinds of cartilage. As the first sign of joint development, the interzone emerges at the presumptive joint site within a pre-cartilage tissue. After that, joint cavitation occurs in the center of the interzone, and the cells in the interzone and its surroundings gradually form articular cartilage and the synovial joint. During joint development, the interzone cells continuously migrate out to the epiphyseal cartilage and the surrounding cells influx into the joint region. These complicated phenomena are regulated by various molecules and signaling pathways, including GDF5, Wnt, IHH, PTHrP, BMP, TGF-β, and FGF. Here, we summarize current literature and discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying joint formation and articular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Chijimatsu
- Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Taku Saito
- Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
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23
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Lahr CA, Wagner F, Shafiee A, Rudert M, Hutmacher DW, Holzapfel BM. Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 Exerts Osteo-Catabolic Effects on Bone Grafts That Outweigh Its Osteo-Anabolic Capacity. Calcif Tissue Int 2019; 105:331-340. [PMID: 31214730 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-019-00574-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP-7) on human cancellous bone grafts (BGs) while differentiating between anabolic and catabolic events. Human BGs alone or supplemented with rhBMP-7 were harvested 14 weeks after subcutaneous implantation into NOD/Scid mice, and studied via micro-CT, histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Immunohistochemical staining for human-specific proteins made it possible to differentiate between grafted human bone and newly formed murine bone. Only BGs implanted with rhBMP-7 formed an ossicle containing a functional hematopoietic compartment. The total ossicle volume in the BMP+ group was higher than in the BMP- group (835 mm3 vs. 365 mm3, respectively, p < 0.001). The BMP+ group showed larger BM spaces (0.47 mm vs. 0.28 mm, p = 0.002) and lower bone volume-to-total volume ratio (31% vs. 47%, p = 0.002). Immunohistochemical staining for human-specific proteins confirmed a higher ratio of newly formed bone area (murine) to total area (0.12 vs. 0.001, p < 0.001) in the BMP+ group, while the ratio of grafted bone (human) area to total area was smaller (0.14 vs. 0.34, p = 0.004). The results demonstrate that rhBMP-7 induces BG resorption at a higher rate than new bone formation while creating a haematopoietic niche. Clinicians therefore need to consider the net catabolic effect when rhBMP-7 is used with BGs. Overall, this model indicates its promising application to further decipher BMPs action on BGs and its potential in complex bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A Lahr
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Wuerzburg, Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, Brettreichstrasse 11, 97074, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Wagner
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Abbas Shafiee
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Maximilian Rudert
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Dietmar W Hutmacher
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Boris Michael Holzapfel
- Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Wuerzburg, Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, Brettreichstrasse 11, 97074, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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24
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Blázquez-Medela AM, Jumabay M, Rajbhandari P, Sallam T, Guo Y, Yao J, Vergnes L, Reue K, Zhang L, Yao Y, Fogelman AM, Tontonoz P, Lusis AJ, Wu X, Boström KI. Noggin depletion in adipocytes promotes obesity in mice. Mol Metab 2019; 25:50-63. [PMID: 31027994 PMCID: PMC6600080 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity has increased to pandemic levels and enhanced understanding of adipose regulation is required for new treatment strategies. Although bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) influence adipogenesis, the effect of BMP antagonists such as Noggin is largely unknown. The aim of the study was to define the role of Noggin, an extracellular BMP inhibitor, in adipogenesis. METHODS We generated adipose-derived progenitor cells and a mouse model with adipocyte-specific Noggin deletion using the AdiponectinCre transgenic mouse, and determined the adipose phenotype of Noggin-deficiency. RESULTS Our studies showed that Noggin is expressed in progenitor cells but declines in adipocytes, possibly allowing for lipid accumulation. Correspondingly, adipocyte-specific Noggin deletion in vivo promoted age-related obesity in both genders with no change in food intake. Although the loss of Noggin caused white adipose tissue hypertrophy, and whitening and impaired function in brown adipose tissue in both genders, there were clear gender differences with the females being most affected. The females had suppressed expression of brown adipose markers and thermogenic genes including peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1alpha) and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) as well as genes associated with adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. The males, on the other hand, had early changes in a few BAT markers and thermogenic genes, but the main changes were in the genes associated with adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. Further characterization revealed that both genders had reductions in VO2, VCO2, and RER, whereas females also had reduced heat production. Noggin was also reduced in diet-induced obesity in inbred mice consistent with the obesity phenotype of the Noggin-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS BMP signaling regulates female and male adipogenesis through different metabolic pathways. Modulation of adipose tissue metabolism by select BMP antagonists may be a strategy for long-term regulation of age-related weight gain and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Blázquez-Medela
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Medet Jumabay
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Tamer Sallam
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yina Guo
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jiayi Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karen Reue
- Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yucheng Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alan M Fogelman
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiuju Wu
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Kristina I Boström
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, USA.
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25
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Ball AN, Phillips JN, McIlwraith CW, Kawcak CE, Samulski RJ, Goodrich LR. Genetic modification of scAAV-equine-BMP-2 transduced bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells before and after cryopreservation: An "off-the-shelf" option for fracture repair. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:1310-1317. [PMID: 30578639 PMCID: PMC8366205 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Optimizing the environment of complex bone healing and improving treatment of catastrophic bone fractures and segmental bone defects remains an unmet clinical need both human and equine veterinary medical orthopaedics. The objective of this study was to determine whether scAAV-equine-BMP-2 transduced cells would induce osteogenesis in equine bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMDMSCs) in vitro, and if these cells could be cryopreserved in an effort to osteogenically prime them as an "off-the-shelf" gene therapeutic approach for fracture repair. Our study found that transgene expression is altered by cell expansion, as would be expected by a transduction resulting in episomal transgene expression, and that osteoinductive levels could still be achieved 5 days after recovery, and protein expression would continue up to 14 days after transduction. This is the first evidence that cryopreservation of genetically modified BMDMSCs would not alter the osteoinductive potential or clinical use of allogeneic donor cells in cases of equine fracture repair. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1310-1317, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa N. Ball
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jennifer N. Phillips
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - C. Wayne McIlwraith
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Christopher E. Kawcak
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Richard J. Samulski
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Laurie R. Goodrich
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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26
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Hepatic Osteodystrophy-Molecular Mechanisms Proposed to Favor Its Development. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102555. [PMID: 31137669 PMCID: PMC6566554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost all patients with chronic liver diseases (CLD) show altered bone metabolism. Depending on the etiology, this manifests in a severe osteoporosis in up to 75% of the affected patients. Due to high prevalence, the generic term hepatic osteodystrophy (HOD) evolved, describing altered bone metabolism, decreased bone mineral density, and deterioration of bone structure in patients with CLD. Once developed, HOD is difficult to treat and increases the risk of fragility fractures. Existing fractures affect the quality of life and, more importantly, long-term prognosis of these patients, which presents with increased mortality. Thus, special care is required to support the healing process. However, for early diagnosis (reduce fracture risk) and development of adequate treatment strategies (support healing of existing fractures), it is essential to understand the underlying mechanisms that link disturbed liver function with this bone phenotype. In the present review, we summarize proposed molecular mechanisms favoring the development of HOD and compromising the healing of associated fractures, including alterations in vitamin D metabolism and action, disbalances in transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling with histone deacetylases (HDACs) as secondary regulators, as well as alterations in the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)–osteoprotegerin (OPG) system mediated by sclerostin. Based on these mechanisms, we give an overview on the limitations of early diagnosis of HOD with established serum markers.
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27
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Hashimi SM. Exogenous noggin binds the BMP-2 receptor and induces alkaline phosphatase activity in osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:13237-13242. [PMID: 30887565 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenesis is an important process in bone remodeling and is under strict cellular signaling governed by growth factors and antagonists. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is an important osteogenic factor involved in the transcription of key osteogenic genes such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP). While, antagonists such as noggin effectively restrict osteoblast differentiation through binding to BMP-2. In this study, we sought to understand the effect of exogenous noggin in osteoblasts and its role in BMP-2 activation of osteogenesis. Enzymatic activity of ALP was monitored to ascertain the effect of the noggin. Fluorescently labelled noggin was used to determine the binding of noggin to the BMP-2 receptor. The results demonstrated that noggin significantly increases the activity of ALP at concentrations of 50 to 400 ng/mL. While, it inhibited the activity of exogenous BMP-2. Furthermore, fluorescently labelled noggin showed strong binding to osteoblasts which were perturbed when cells were preincubated with BMP-2 suggesting that noggin shares a common receptor with BMP-2. These results suggest that exogenous noggin facilitates osteogenic differentiation and provide a novel mechanism for its interplay with BMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed M Hashimi
- Department of Basic Science, Biology Unit, Deanship of Preparatory Year and Supporting Studies, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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28
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White KA, Olabisi RM. Spatiotemporal Control Strategies for Bone Formation through Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Approaches. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801044. [PMID: 30556328 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Global increases in life expectancy drive increasing demands for bone regeneration. The gold standard for surgical bone repair is autografting, which enjoys excellent clinical outcomes; however, it possesses significant drawbacks including donor site morbidity and limited availability. Although collagen sponges delivered with bone morphogenetic protein, type 2 (BMP2) are a common alternative or supplement, they do not efficiently retain BMP2, necessitating extremely high doses to elicit bone formation. Hence, reports of BMP2 complications are rising, including cancer promotion and ectopic bone formation, the latter inducing complications such as breathing difficulties and neurologic impairments. Thus, efforts to exert spatial control over bone formation are increasing. Several tissue engineering approaches have demonstrated the potential for targeted and controlled bone formation. These approaches include biomaterial scaffolds derived from synthetic sources, e.g., calcium phosphates or polymers; natural sources, e.g., bone or seashell; and immobilized biofactors, e.g., BMP2. Although BMP2 is the only protein clinically approved for use in a surgical device, there are several proteins, small molecules, and growth factors that show promise in tissue engineering applications. This review profiles the tissue engineering advances in achieving control over the location and onset of bone formation (spatiotemporal control) toward avoiding the complications associated with BMP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher A. White
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Rutgers University; 98 Brett Road Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
| | - Ronke M. Olabisi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Rutgers University; 599 Taylor Road Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
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29
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Makino T, Tsukazaki H, Ukon Y, Tateiwa D, Yoshikawa H, Kaito T. The Biological Enhancement of Spinal Fusion for Spinal Degenerative Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082430. [PMID: 30126106 PMCID: PMC6121547 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this era of aging societies, the number of elderly individuals who undergo spinal arthrodesis for various degenerative diseases is increasing. Poor bone quality and osteogenic ability in older patients, due to osteoporosis, often interfere with achieving bone fusion after spinal arthrodesis. Enhancement of bone fusion requires shifting bone homeostasis toward increased bone formation and reduced resorption. Several biological enhancement strategies of bone formation have been conducted in animal models of spinal arthrodesis and human clinical trials. Pharmacological agents for osteoporosis have also been shown to be effective in enhancing bone fusion. Cytokines, which activate bone formation, such as bone morphogenetic proteins, have already been clinically used to enhance bone fusion for spinal arthrodesis. Recently, stem cells have attracted considerable attention as a cell source of osteoblasts, promising effects in enhancing bone fusion. Drug delivery systems will also need to be further developed to assure the safe delivery of bone-enhancing agents to the site of spinal arthrodesis. Our aim in this review is to appraise the current state of knowledge and evidence regarding bone enhancement strategies for spinal fusion for degenerative spinal disorders, and to identify future directions for biological bone enhancement strategies, including pharmacological, cell and gene therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Makino
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukazaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yuichiro Ukon
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Tateiwa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Hideki Yoshikawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kaito
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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30
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Choi D, Park JC, Lee HN, Moon JH, Ahn HW, Park K, Hong J. In Vitro Osteogenic Differentiation and Antibacterial Potentials of Chalcone Derivatives. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3197-3204. [PMID: 30011209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chalcone derivatives have been investigated as therapeutic agents for the anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory fields. In this study, we have synthesized four different types of chalcone derivatives and demonstrated in vitro bioactivities. We divided these derivatives into two groups of chalcones on the basis of similar substituents on the aromatic rings, and we tested cell viability and proliferation potentials, which indicated that the methoxy substituent on the A ring could enhance cytotoxicity and antiproliferation potential depending on the chalcone concentration. We also investigated osteogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells by ALP staining, the early marker for osteogenesis, which demonstrated that the chalcones could not only induce activity of BMP-2 but also inhibit the activity of noggin, a BMP antagonist. In addition, chalcone bearing hydroxyl groups at the 2-, 4-, and 6-position on the A ring inhibited treptococcus mutans growth, a major causative agent of dental caries. Therefore, we concluded that the chalcone derivatives synthesized in this research can be good candidates for therapeutic agents promoting bone differentiation, with an expectation of inhibiting S. mutans, in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daheui Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Chan Park
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science , Chung-Ang University , 84 Heukseok-ro , Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Na Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science , Chung-Ang University , 84 Heukseok-ro , Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974 , Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Kwangyong Park
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science , Chung-Ang University , 84 Heukseok-ro , Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkee Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Yonsei University , 50 Yonsei-ro , Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722 , Republic of Korea
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31
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Betz VM, Ren B, Messmer C, Jansson V, Betz OB, Müller PE. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 is a stronger inducer of osteogenesis within muscle tissue than heterodimeric bone morphogenetic protein-2/6 and -2/7: Implications for expedited gene-enhanced bone repair. J Gene Med 2018; 20:e3042. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Volker M. Betz
- Department of Gene Therapy; University of Ulm; Ulm Germany
- Center for Rehabilitation; RKU - University and Rehabilitation Hospitals Ulm; Ulm Germany
| | - Bin Ren
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Munich Germany
| | - Carolin Messmer
- Center for Rehabilitation; RKU - University and Rehabilitation Hospitals Ulm; Ulm Germany
| | - Volkmar Jansson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Munich Germany
| | - Oliver B. Betz
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Munich Germany
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA USA
| | - Peter E. Müller
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Munich Germany
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32
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Sinnberg T, Niessner H, Levesque MP, Dettweiler C, Garbe C, Busch C. Embryonic bone morphogenetic protein and nodal induce invasion in melanocytes and melanoma cells. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.032656. [PMID: 29716947 PMCID: PMC6031345 DOI: 10.1242/bio.032656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent progress in melanoma therapy via inhibition of activated oncogenes or immune stimulation, most stage IV melanoma patients still have limited survival times. Existing therapeutic approaches eventually fail to prevent further invasion and metastasis, which is driven by a morphological process termed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We previously demonstrated that inhibition of EMT in melanoma cells via antagonizing the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-pathway abrogated EMT and neural crest migration of melanoma cells in chick embryos. Here, we show that BMP-2 is highly expressed in invasive melanoma cells and is elevated in the serum of stage IV melanoma patients compared to stage IB-IIC patients and healthy controls. Highly BMP-2-expressing melanoma cells display enhanced invasion in the rhombencephalon of the chick embryo. In addition to driving neural crest migration in the zebrafish embryo, the agonists BMP-2, BMP-7 and nodal induce EMT/invasion in radial growth phase melanoma cells and in human melanocytes in skin reconstructs. Blocking either BMP or nodal signaling by antagonists (noggin, lefty), or the Alk4/5/7-receptor inhibitor SB431542, decreases EMT and invasion of melanoma cells in human epidermal skin reconstructs. Together, our data suggest that inhibition of EMT-inducing pathways in melanoma might be a therapeutic approach to attenuate melanoma cell invasiveness. Summary: We show that bone morphogenetic protein and nodal drive epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasiveness in melanoma cells, induce EMT and a melanoma-like invasive phenotype in melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Sinnberg
- Section of Dermato-Oncology, Department of Dermatology, Tuebingen University Hospital, Liebermeisterstrasse 25, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Heike Niessner
- Section of Dermato-Oncology, Department of Dermatology, Tuebingen University Hospital, Liebermeisterstrasse 25, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, UniversitaetsSpital Zuerich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091 Zuerich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Dettweiler
- Section of Dermato-Oncology, Department of Dermatology, Tuebingen University Hospital, Liebermeisterstrasse 25, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Claus Garbe
- Section of Dermato-Oncology, Department of Dermatology, Tuebingen University Hospital, Liebermeisterstrasse 25, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Busch
- Section of Dermato-Oncology, Department of Dermatology, Tuebingen University Hospital, Liebermeisterstrasse 25, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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33
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Ball AN, Donahue SW, Wojda SJ, McIlwraith CW, Kawcak CE, Ehrhart N, Goodrich LR. The challenges of promoting osteogenesis in segmental bone defects and osteoporosis. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:1559-1572. [PMID: 29280510 PMCID: PMC8354209 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Conventional clinical management of complex bone healing scenarios continues to result in 5-10% of fractures forming non-unions. Additionally, the aging population and prevalence of osteoporosis-related fractures necessitate the further exploration of novel ways to augment osteogenesis in this special population. This review focuses on the current clinical modalities available, and the ongoing clinical and pre-clinical research to promote osteogenesis in segmental bone defects, delayed unions, and osteoporosis. In summary, animal models of fracture repair are often small animals as historically significant large animal models, like the dog, continue to gain favor as companion animals. Small rodents have well-documented limitations in comparing to fracture repair in humans, and few similarities exist. Study design, number of studies, and availability of funding continue to limit large animal studies. Osteoinduction with rhBMP-2 results in robust bone formation, although long-term quality is scrutinized due to poor bone mineral quality. PTH 1-34 is the only FDA approved osteo-anabolic treatment to prevent osteoporotic fractures. Limited to 2 years of clinical use, PTH 1-34 has further been plagued by dose-related ambiguities and inconsistent results when applied to pathologic fractures in systematic human clinical studies. There is limited animal data of PTH 1-34 applied locally to bone defects. Gene therapy continues to gain popularity among researchers to augment bone healing. Non-integrating viral vectors and targeted apoptosis of genetically modified therapeutic cells is an ongoing area of research. Finally, progenitor cell therapies and the content variation of patient-side treatments (e.g., PRP and BMAC) are being studied. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1559-1572, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa N. Ball
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, 1678 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1678
| | - Seth W. Donahue
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, 1678 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1678,,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Samantha J. Wojda
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, 1678 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1678,,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - C. Wayne McIlwraith
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, 1678 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1678
| | - Christopher E. Kawcak
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, 1678 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1678
| | - Nicole Ehrhart
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Laurie R. Goodrich
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, 1678 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1678
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Ren LF, Shi GS, Tong YQ, Jiang SY, Zhang F. Effects of rhBMP-2/7 Heterodimer and RADA16 Hydrogel Scaffold on Bone Formation During Rabbit Mandibular Distraction. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018; 76:1092.e1-1092.e10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Heterologous Secretory Expression and Characterization of Dimerized Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 in Bacillus subtilis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2017:9350537. [PMID: 29333457 PMCID: PMC5733156 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9350537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 (rhBMP2) has important applications in the spine fusion and ortho/maxillofacial surgeries. Here we first report the secretory expression of biological active dimerized rhBMP2 from Bacillus subtilis system. The mature domain of BMP2 gene was amplified from pTz57R/BMP2 plasmid. By using pHT43 expression vector two constructs, pHT43-BMP2-M (single BMP2 gene) and pHT43-BMP2-D (two BMP2 genes coupled with a linker to produce a dimer), were designed. After primary cloning (DH5α strain) and sequence analysis, constructs were transformed into Bacillus subtilis for secretory expression. Expression conditions like media (2xYT) and temperature (30°C) were optimized. Maximum 35% and 25% secretory expression of monomer (~13 kDa) and dimer (~25 kDa), respectively, were observed on SDS-PAGE in SCK6 strain. The expression and dimeric nature of rhBMP2 were confirmed by western blot and native PAGE analysis. For rhBMP2 purification, 200 ml culture supernatant was freeze dried to 10 ml and dialyzed (Tris-Cl, pH 8.5) and Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (6 ml, Resource Q column) was performed. The rhBMP2 monomer and dimer were eluted at 0.9 M and 0.6 M NaCl, respectively. The alkaline phosphatase assay of rhBMP2 (0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 ng/ml) was analyzed on C2C12 cells and maximum 200 ng/ml activity was observed in dose dependent manner.
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Kaito T, Morimoto T, Mori Y, Kanayama S, Makino T, Takenaka S, Sakai Y, Otsuru S, Yoshioka Y, Yoshikawa H. BMP-2/7 heterodimer strongly induces bone regeneration in the absence of increased soft tissue inflammation. Spine J 2018; 18:139-146. [PMID: 28735764 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2017.07.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2/7 heterodimer is a stronger inducer of bone regeneration than individual homodimers. However, clinical application of its potent bone induction ability may be hampered if its use is accompanied by excessive inflammatory reactions. PURPOSE We sought to quantitatively evaluate bone induction and inflammatory reactions by BMP heterodimer and corresponding BMP homodimers using ultra-high resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and micro-computed tomography. STUDY DESIGN An experimental animal study was carried out. METHODS A total of 32 absorbable collagen sponge implantations into dorsal muscle were performed in rats of four different groups (control group, 0 µg BMP; recombinant human (rh)BMP-7 group, 3 µg rhBMP-7; rhBMP-2 group, 3 µg rhBMP-2; rhBMP-2/7 group, 3 µg rhBMP-2/7). Inflammatory reactions were evaluated by 11.7-T MRI (axial T2-weighted imaging using rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement) at postoperative days 2 and 7. Bone volumes (BVs) of the induced ectopic bone were quantified at postoperative day 7. In addition, immunohistochemical staining for interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was performed in samples obtained on postoperative day 2. Bone formation (BF)-to-inflammation (IM) ratios were calculated by dividing BVs by values of inflamed areas. RESULTS At postoperative day 2, the mean volume of T2 high area on MRI scans in BMP-2 group was significantly larger than that in control group. In contrast, the BMP-2/7 had no difference in the mean volume of T2 high area compared with the control group; however, there was no difference between the BMP-2/7 compared with BMP-2 group. At postoperative day 7, the volumes of T2 high area were not different between the groups. Mean BV of the newly formed bone on postoperative day 7 was significantly greater in BMP-2/7 group than in BMP-7 groups. No new bone formation was observed in control group. BF-to-IM ratio in BMP-2/7 group was significantly higher than those in BMP-2 and BMP-7 homodimer groups. Immunohistochemistry experiments did not reveal differences in expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, or TNF-α in samples from BMP-2, BMP-7, and BMP-2/7 groups. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that BMP-2/7 heterodimer has stronger bone induction ability without accompanying increased inflammatory reactions (the increased BF-to-IM ratio) than those observed by BMP-2 or BMP-7 homodimers. These results suggest that BMP-2/7 heterodimer can be an alternative to BMP-2 and BMP-7 homodimers in clinical applications, although further translational studies, including whether lower doses of BMP heterodimer may produce similar bone formation compared with the BMP homodimers but produce a reduced inflammatory response, are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kaito
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Tokimitsu Morimoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Mori
- Biofunctional imaging, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology and Osaka University, 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sadaaki Kanayama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Makino
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shota Takenaka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sakai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoru Otsuru
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disease, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Yoshichika Yoshioka
- Biofunctional imaging, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology and Osaka University, 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshikawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Sun XK, Zhou J, Zhang L, Ma T, Wang YH, Yang YM, Tang YT, Li H, Wang LJ. Down-regulation of Noggin and miR-138 coordinately promote osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells. J Mol Histol 2017; 48:427-436. [PMID: 29094227 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-017-9740-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate to osteocytes under suitable conditions. In recent years, micro-nucleotides have been progressively used to modulate gene expression in cells due to the consideration of safety. Our present study aimed to investigate whether co-delivery of Noggin-siRNA and antimiR-138 enhances the osteogenic effect of MSCs. Using a murine MSC line, C3H/10T1/2 cells, the delivery efficiency of Noggin-siRNA and antimiR-138 into MSCs was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell phenotype and proliferation capacity was assessed by flow cytometry and MTT assay respectively. The osteogenesis of MSCs was tested by Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) staining, qRT-PCR, and western blot analyses. Our results demonstrated that the expression of Noggin and miR-138 were significantly silenced in MSCs by Noggin-siRNA and/or antimiR-138 delivery, while the phenotype and proliferation capacity of MSCs were not affected. Down-regulation of Noggin and miR-138 cooperatively promoted osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. The ALP positive cells reached about 83.57 ± 10.18%. Compared with single delivery, the expression of osteogenic related genes, such as Alp, Col-1, Bmp2, Ocn and Runx2, were the highest in cells with co-delivery of the two oligonucleotides. Moreover, the protein level of RUNX2, and the ratios of pSMAD1/5/SMAD1/5 and pERK1/2/ERK1/2 were significantly increased. The activation of Smad, Erk signaling may constitute the underlying mechanism of the enhanced osteogenesis process. Taken together, our study provides a safe strategy for the clinical rehabilitation application of MSCs in skeletal deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Kun Sun
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Beijing, 100850, China
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, 100039, China
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, ZheJiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Tian Ma
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yu-Han Wang
- Tibet Vocational Technical College, Lhasa, 850032, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yan-Mei Yang
- Department of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yan-Ting Tang
- Department of Stomatology, People's Hospital of Suzhou High-tech Zone, Suzhou, 215129, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, 100039, China.
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Pakvasa M, Alverdy A, Mostafa S, Wang E, Fu L, Li A, Oliveira L, Athiviraham A, Lee MJ, Wolf JM, He TC, Ameer GA, Reid RR. Neural EGF-like protein 1 (NELL-1): Signaling crosstalk in mesenchymal stem cells and applications in regenerative medicine. Genes Dis 2017; 4:127-137. [PMID: 29276737 PMCID: PMC5737940 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue regeneration holds the potential to solve both osteoporosis and large skeletal defects, two problems associated with significant morbidity. The differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into the osteogenic lineage requires a specific microenvironment and certain osteogenic growth factors. Neural EGF Like-Like molecule 1 (NELL-1) is a secreted glycoprotein that has proven, both in vitro and in vivo, to be a potent osteo-inductive factor. Furthermore, it has been shown to repress adipogenic differentiation and inflammation. NELL-1 can work synergistically with other osteogenic factors such as Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) -2 and -9, and has shown promise for use in tissue engineering and as a systemically administered drug for the treatment of osteoporosis. Here we provide a comprehensive up-to-date review on the molecular signaling cascade of NELL-1 in mesenchymal stem cells and potential applications in bone regenerative engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Pakvasa
- The University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alex Alverdy
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Rosalind Franklin University, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Sami Mostafa
- The University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Eric Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lucy Fu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alexander Li
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Leonardo Oliveira
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Aravind Athiviraham
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael J. Lee
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jennifer Moriatis Wolf
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Guillermo A. Ameer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Center for Advanced Regenerative Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Russell R. Reid
- The University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Biology and Development, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Zhao W, Jin K, Li J, Qiu X, Li S. Delivery of stromal cell-derived factor 1α for in situ tissue regeneration. J Biol Eng 2017; 11:22. [PMID: 28670340 PMCID: PMC5492719 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-017-0058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In situ tissue regeneration approach aims to exploit the body's own biological resources and reparative capability and recruit host cells by utilizing cell-instructive biomaterials. In order to immobilize and release bioactive factors in biomaterials, it is important to engineer the load effectiveness, release kinetics and cell recruiting capabilities of bioactive molecules by using suitable bonding strategies. Stromal cell-derived factor 1α (SDF-1α) is one of the most potent chemokines for stem cell recruitment, and SDF-1α-loaded scaffolds have been used for the regeneration of many types of tissues. This review summarizes the strategies to incorporate SDF-1α into scaffolds, including direct loading or adsorption, polyion complexes, specific heparin-mediated interaction and particulate system, which may be applied to the immobilization of other chemokines or growth factors. In addition, we discuss the application of these strategies in the regeneration of tissues such as blood vessel, myocardium, cartilage and bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072 China
| | - Kaixiang Jin
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072 China
| | - Jiaojiao Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072 China
| | - Xuefeng Qiu
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Song Li
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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Weinreb M, Nemcovsky CE. In vitro models for evaluation of periodontal wound healing/regeneration. Periodontol 2000 2017; 68:41-54. [PMID: 25867978 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal wound healing and regeneration are highly complex processes, involving cells, matrices, molecules and genes that must be properly choreographed and orchestrated. As we attempt to understand and influence these clinical entities, we need experimental models to mimic the various aspects of human wound healing and regeneration. In vivo animal models that simulate clinical situations of humans can be costly and cumbersome. In vitro models have been devised to dissect wound healing/regeneration processes into discrete, analyzable steps. For soft tissue (e.g. gingival) healing, in vitro models range from simple culture of cells grown in monolayers and exposed to biological modulators or physical effectors and materials, to models in which cells are 'injured' by scraping and subsequently the 'wound' is filled with new or migrating cells, to three-dimensional models of epithelial-mesenchymal recombination or tissue explants. The cells employed are gingival keratinocytes, fibroblasts or endothelial cells, and their proliferation, migration, attachment, differentiation, survival, gene expression, matrix production or capillary formation are measured. Studies of periodontal regeneration also include periodontal ligament fibroblasts or progenitors, osteoblasts or osteoprogenitors, and cementoblasts. Regeneration models measure cellular proliferation, attachment and migration, as well as gene expression, transfer and differentiation into a mineralizing phenotype and biomineralization. Only by integrating data from models on all levels (i.e. a single cell to the whole organism) can various critical aspects of periodontal wound healing/regeneration be fully evaluated.
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Abstract
We review the evolution and structure of members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family, antagonistic or agonistic modulators, and receptors that regulate TGF-β signaling in extracellular environments. The growth factor (GF) domain common to all family members and many of their antagonists evolved from a common cystine knot growth factor (CKGF) domain. The CKGF superfamily comprises six distinct families in primitive metazoans, including the TGF-β and Dan families. Compared with Wnt/Frizzled and Notch/Delta families that also specify body axes, cell fate, tissues, and other families that contain CKGF domains that evolved in parallel, the TGF-β family was the most fruitful in evolution. Complexes between the prodomains and GFs of the TGF-β family suggest a new paradigm for regulating GF release by conversion from closed- to open-arm procomplex conformations. Ternary complexes of the final step in extracellular signaling show how TGF-β GF dimers bind type I and type II receptors on the cell surface, and enable understanding of much of the specificity and promiscuity in extracellular signaling. However, structures suggest that when GFs bind repulsive guidance molecule (RGM) family coreceptors, type I receptors do not bind until reaching an intracellular, membrane-enveloped compartment, blurring the line between extra- and intracellular signaling. Modulator protein structures show how structurally diverse antagonists including follistatins, noggin, and members of the chordin family bind GFs to regulate signaling; complexes with the Dan family remain elusive. Much work is needed to understand how these molecular components assemble to form signaling hubs in extracellular environments in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Hinck
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Thomas D Mueller
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of the University Wuerzburg, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Timothy A Springer
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Tsekoura EK, K C RB, Uludag H. Biomaterials to Facilitate Delivery of RNA Agents in Bone Regeneration and Repair. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 3:1195-1206. [PMID: 33440509 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone healing after traumatic injuries or pathological diseases remains an important worldwide problem. In search of safer and more effective approaches to bone regeneration and repair, RNA-based therapeutic agents, specifically microRNAs (miRNAs) and short interfering RNA (siRNA), are beginning to be actively explored. In this review, we summarize current attempts to employ miRNAs and siRNAs in preclinical models of bone repair. We provide a summary of current limitations when attempting to utilize bioactive nucleic acids for therapeutic purposes and position the unique aspects of RNA reagents for clinical bone repair. Delivery strategies for RNA reagents are emphasized and nonviral carriers (biomaterial-based) employed to deliver such reagents are reviewed. Critical features of biomaterial carriers and various delivery technologies centered around nanoparticulate systems are highlighted. We conclude with the authors' perspectives on the future of the field, outlining main critical issues important to address as RNA reagents are explored for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni K Tsekoura
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and §Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Remant Bahadur K C
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and §Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Hasan Uludag
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
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Ali IHA, Brazil DP. Bone morphogenetic proteins and their antagonists: current and emerging clinical uses. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 171:3620-32. [PMID: 24758361 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the TGFβ superfamily of secreted cysteine knot proteins that includes TGFβ1, nodal, activins and inhibins. BMPs were first discovered by Urist in the 1960s when he showed that implantation of demineralized bone into intramuscular tissue of rabbits induced bone and cartilage formation. Since this seminal discovery, BMPs have also been shown to play key roles in several other biological processes, including limb, kidney, skin, hair and neuronal development, as well as maintaining vascular homeostasis. The multifunctional effects of BMPs make them attractive targets for the treatment of several pathologies, including bone disorders, kidney and lung fibrosis, and cancer. This review will summarize current knowledge on the BMP signalling pathway and critically evaluate the potential of recombinant BMPs as pharmacological agents for the treatment of bone repair and tissue fibrosis in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran H A Ali
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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44
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Glowacki J. Demineralized Bone and BMPs: Basic Science and Clinical Utility. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 73:S126-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Zhang R, Lee P, Lui VCH, Chen Y, Liu X, Lok CN, To M, Yeung KWK, Wong KKY. Silver nanoparticles promote osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells and improve bone fracture healing in osteogenesis mechanism mouse model. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:1949-59. [PMID: 26282383 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The potential use of osteo-conducive biomaterials in the promotion of bone fracture healing has attracted wide attention. This study investigated if silver nanoparticles (AgNps) could promote the proliferation and osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and improve bone fracture healing. We showed that AgNps promoted MSCs' proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in vitro. Using a mouse femoral facture model, AgNps encapsulated in collagen promoted the formation of fracture callus, and induced early closure of the fracture gap. AgNps may promote the formation of the callus and the subsequent end joining of the fracture bone via multiple routes: (i) chemo-attraction of MSCs and fibroblasts to migrate to the fracture site; (ii) induction of the proliferation of MSCs; (iii) induction of osteogenic differentiation of MSCs via induction/activation of TGF-β/BMP signaling in MSCs. We concluded that AgNps might be beneficial as an adjunct treatment for bone fracture healing clinically. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Silver nanoparticles are widely used in wound management in the clinical setting. In this article, the authors demonstrated a novel application in that these nanoparticles were efficient in promoting osteoblastic differentiation in both in-vitro and in-vivo studies. The findings may provide a new treatment direction for bone fracture in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhong Zhang
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Puiyan Lee
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vincent C H Lui
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuelai Liu
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun Nam Lok
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael To
- Department of Orthopaedics, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelvin W K Yeung
- Department of Orthopaedics, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth K Y Wong
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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46
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Surface-mediated delivery of siRNA from fibrin hydrogels for knockdown of the BMP-2 binding antagonist noggin. Acta Biomater 2015; 25:109-20. [PMID: 26234488 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antagonists and inhibitory molecules responsible for maintaining tissue homeostasis can present a significant barrier to healing when tissue engineering/regenerative medicine strategies are employed. One example of this situation is the up-regulation of antagonists such as noggin in response to increasing concentrations of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) present from endogenous bone repair processes or delivered exogenously from biomaterials (synthetic bone grafts). While recombinant human (rh)BMP-2 delivered from synthetic bone grafts has been shown to be an effective alternative to autografts and allografts, the supraphysiological doses of rhBMP-2 have led to clinically-adverse side effects. The high rhBMP-2 dosage may be required, in part, to overcome the presence of antagonists such as noggin. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is an appealing approach to overcome this problem because it can knock-down antagonists or inhibitory molecules in a temporary manner. Here, we conducted fundamental studies on the delivery of siRNA from material surfaces as a means to knock-down antagonists like noggin. Non-viral cationic lipid (Lipofectamine)-siRNA complexes were delivered from a fibrin hydrogel surface to MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts that were treated with a supraphysiological dose of rhBMP-2 to achieve noggin mRNA expression levels higher than cells naïve to rhBMP-2. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry showed intracellular uptake of siRNA in over 98% of MC3T3-E1 cells after 48 h. Doses of 0.5 and 1 μg noggin siRNA were able to significantly reduce noggin mRNA to levels equivalent to those in MC3T3-E1 cells not exposed to rhBMP-2 with no effects on cell viability. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been considered for treatment of diseases ranging from Alzheimer's to cancer. However, the ability to use siRNA in conjunction with biomaterials to direct tissue regeneration processes has received relatively little attention. Using the bone morphogenetic protein 2 antagonist, noggin, as a model, this research describes an approach to knock-down molecules that are inhibitory to desired regenerative pathways at the mRNA level via siRNA delivery from a hydrogel surface. Interactions between the material (fibrin) surface and polycation-siRNA complexes, release of the siRNA from the material surface, high levels of cellular uptake/internalization of siRNA, and significant knockdown of the targeting (noggin) mRNA are demonstrated. Broader future applications include those to nerve regeneration, cardiovascular tissue engineering, directing (stem) cell behavior, and mitigating inflammatory responses to materials.
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47
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Dang J, Jing L, Shi W, Qin P, Li Y, Diao A. Expression and purification of active recombinant human bone morphogenetic 7-2 dimer fusion protein. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 115:61-8. [PMID: 26276472 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been applied in bone regeneration therapy due to their significant osteogenic activity, however, the complicated processing and high cost in producing recombinant BMP have limited their use in the clinic. In this study, we have developed a simple method to prepare recombinant human BMP7-BMP2 fusion protein with a flexible peptide linker (rhBMP7-2). The rhBMP7-2 protein is expressed efficiently in Escherichia coli, and the denatured protein purified by anion exchange chromatography then refolded by dialysis. The yield was about 6.8 mg per gram of wet cell weight. The bioactivity of re-folded rhBMP7-2 was measured by alkaline phosphatase assay and alizarin red staining using both C2C12 and MC3T3-E1 cells, and also using the rat subcutaneous ectopic bone formation model. High level osteogenic activity was found in all the assays tested demonstrating the production of corrected folded and active rhBMP7-2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Dang
- School of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Lei Jing
- School of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Weiwei Shi
- School of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ping Qin
- School of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yuyin Li
- School of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Aipo Diao
- School of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300457, China.
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48
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Mottershead DG, Sugimura S, Al-Musawi SL, Li JJ, Richani D, White MA, Martin GA, Trotta AP, Ritter LJ, Shi J, Mueller TD, Harrison CA, Gilchrist RB. Cumulin, an Oocyte-secreted Heterodimer of the Transforming Growth Factor-β Family, Is a Potent Activator of Granulosa Cells and Improves Oocyte Quality. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:24007-20. [PMID: 26254468 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.671487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) are oocyte-specific growth factors with central roles in mammalian reproduction, regulating species-specific fecundity, ovarian follicular somatic cell differentiation, and oocyte quality. In the human, GDF9 is produced in a latent form, the mechanism of activation being an open question. Here, we produced a range of recombinant GDF9 and BMP15 variants, examined their in silico and physical interactions and their effects on ovarian granulosa cells (GC) and oocytes. We found that the potent synergistic actions of GDF9 and BMP15 on GC can be attributed to the formation of a heterodimer, which we have termed cumulin. Structural modeling of cumulin revealed a dimerization interface identical to homodimeric GDF9 and BMP15, indicating likely formation of a stable complex. This was confirmed by generation of recombinant heterodimeric complexes of pro/mature domains (pro-cumulin) and covalent mature domains (cumulin). Both pro-cumulin and cumulin exhibited highly potent bioactivity on GC, activating both SMAD2/3 and SMAD1/5/8 signaling pathways and promoting proliferation and expression of a set of genes associated with oocyte-regulated GC differentiation. Cumulin was more potent than pro-cumulin, pro-GDF9, pro-BMP15, or the two combined on GC. However, on cumulus-oocyte complexes, pro-cumulin was more effective than all other growth factors at notably improving oocyte quality as assessed by subsequent day 7 embryo development. Our results support a model of activation for human GDF9 dependent on cumulin formation through heterodimerization with BMP15. Oocyte-secreted cumulin is likely to be a central regulator of fertility in mono-ovular mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Mottershead
- From the Robinson Research Institute and Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health and Mottasis Oy Ltd., 00430 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satoshi Sugimura
- From the Robinson Research Institute and Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health and the Institute of Agriculture, Department of Biological Production, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0057, Japan
| | - Sara L Al-Musawi
- the Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Jing-Jie Li
- From the Robinson Research Institute and Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health and the Center of Reproductive Medicine, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 510655 Guangzhou, China
| | - Dulama Richani
- the Discipline of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Women's & Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia, and
| | - Melissa A White
- From the Robinson Research Institute and Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health and
| | - Georgia A Martin
- From the Robinson Research Institute and Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health and
| | - Andrew P Trotta
- From the Robinson Research Institute and Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health and
| | - Lesley J Ritter
- From the Robinson Research Institute and Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health and the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale BioPhotonics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Junyan Shi
- From the Robinson Research Institute and Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health and
| | - Thomas D Mueller
- the Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of the University Wuerzburg, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Craig A Harrison
- the Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Robert B Gilchrist
- From the Robinson Research Institute and Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health and the Discipline of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Women's & Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia, and
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49
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Morimoto T, Kaito T, Matsuo Y, Sugiura T, Kashii M, Makino T, Iwasaki M, Yoshikawa H. The bone morphogenetic protein-2/7 heterodimer is a stronger inducer of bone regeneration than the individual homodimers in a rat spinal fusion model. Spine J 2015; 15:1379-90. [PMID: 25733023 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2015.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of dimeric growth factors that belong to the transforming growth factor super family and are capable of eliciting new bone formation. Previous studies have suggested that the coexpression of two different BMP genes in a cell can result in the production of BMP heterodimers that are more potent than homodimers. However, because of the difficulty in optimizing the level of BMP gene expression, the coexpression of two different BMP genes also produces BMP homodimers as a by-product. These homodimers could, in theory, interact with the heterodimers. PURPOSE To elucidate the effects of a BMP-2/7 heterodimer, which were investigated in depth using purified BMP-2/7 heterodimers, BMP-2 homodimers, and BMP-7 homodimers in a rat spinal fusion model. METHODS Bilateral posterolateral fusion at L4-L5 was performed in four different groups: control group animals were implanted with collagen carriers alone; BMP-7 group animals with collagen carriers+1 μg of BMP-7 homodimer; BMP-2 group animals with collagen carriers+1 μg of BMP-2 homodimer; and BMP-2/7 group animals with collagen carriers+1 μg of the BMP-2/7 heterodimer. The following assessments were performed: bone microstructural analysis of the fusion mass and tissue volume (TV) with microcomputed tomography (micro-CT); fusion assessment with manual palpation testing and three-dimensional CT images; and bone histomorphometrical analysis of the fusion mass. RESULTS The fusion scores, as determined by radiography, and the TV of the newly formed bone, as determined by micro-CT, were significantly higher in the BMP-2/7 heterodimer group than the other groups (p<.0001). The microstructural indices of the newly formed bone did not differ between the groups. Moreover, histologic analysis of the fused spines revealed that the formation of the trabecular bone bridging the transverse process was the highest in this group. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that BMP-2/7 heterodimer is a stronger inducer of bone regeneration than BMP-2 or -7 homodimers. The use of a purified BMP-2/7 heterodimer may represent an efficient alternative to the current clinical use of BMP-2 or -7 homodimers. Further studies as to the side effects of BMP-2/7 heterodimer are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokimitsu Morimoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Kaito
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Yohei Matsuo
- Department of Orthopedic Biomaterial Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaok, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sugiura
- Department of Orthopedic Biomaterial Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaok, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kashii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Makino
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Motoki Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshikawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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50
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Lee C, Richtsmeier JT, Kraft RH. A MULTISCALE COMPUTATIONAL MODEL FOR THE GROWTH OF THE CRANIAL VAULT IN CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS. INTERNATIONAL MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CONGRESS AND EXPOSITION : [PROCEEDINGS]. INTERNATIONAL MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CONGRESS AND EXPOSITION 2015; 2014. [PMID: 25909093 DOI: 10.1115/imece2014-38728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis is a condition defined by premature closure of cranial vault sutures, which is associated with abnormalities of the brain and skull. Many causal relationships between discovered mutations and premature suture closure have been proposed but an understanding of the precise mechanisms remains elusive. This article describes a computational framework of biological processes underlying cranial growth that will enable a hypothesis driven investigation of craniosynostosis phenotypes using reaction-diffusion-advection methods and the finite element method. Primary centers of ossification in cranial vault are found using activator-substrate model that represents the behavior of key molecules for bone formation. Biomechanical effects due to the interaction between growing bone and soft tissue is investigated to elucidate the mechanism of growth of cranial vault.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanyoung Lee
- The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | | | - Reuben H Kraft
- The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
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