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Luo LL, Han JX, Wu SR, Kasim V. Intramuscular injection of sotagliflozin promotes neovascularization in diabetic mice through enhancing skeletal muscle cells paracrine function. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2636-2650. [PMID: 35292769 PMCID: PMC9525294 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00889-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with series of macrovascular and microvascular pathological changes that cause a wide range of complications. Diabetic patients are highly susceptible to hindlimb ischemia (HLI), which remains incurable. Evidence shows that skeletal muscle cells secrete a number of angiogenic factors to promote neovascularization and restore blood perfusion, this paracrine function is crucial for therapeutic angiogenesis in diabetic HLI. In this study we investigated whether sotagliflozin, an anti-hyperglycemia SGLT2 inhibitor, exerted therapeutic angiogenesis effects in diabetic HLI in vitro and in vivo. In C2C12 skeletal muscle cells, we showed that high glucose (HG, 25 mM) under hypoxia markedly inhibited cell viability, proliferation and migration potentials, which were dose-dependently reversed by pretreatment with sotagliflozin (5-20 μM). Sotagliflozin pretreatment enhanced expression levels of angiogenic factors HIF-1α, VEGF-A and PDGF-BB in HG-treated C2C12 cells under hypoxia as well as secreted amounts of VEGF-A and PDGF-BB in the medium; pretreatment with the HIF-1α inhibitor 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME2, 10 μM) or HIF-1α knockdown abrogated sotagliflozin-induced increases in VEGF-A and PDGF-BB expression, as well as sotagliflozin-stimulated cell proliferation and migration potentials. Furthermore, the conditioned media from sotagliflozin-treated C2C12 cells in HG medium enhanced the migration and proliferation capabilities of vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, two types of cells necessary for forming functional blood vessels. In vivo study was conducted in diabetic mice subjected to excising the femoral artery of the left limb. After the surgery, sotagliflozin (10 mg/kg) was directly injected into gastrocnemius muscle of the left hindlimb once every 3 days for 3 weeks. We showed that intramuscular injection of sotagliflozin effectively promoted the formation of functional blood vessels, leading to significant recovery of blood perfusion in diabetic HLI mice. Together, our results highlight a new indication of SGLT2 inhibitor sotagliflozin as a potential therapeutic angiogenesis agent for diabetic HLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Liu Luo
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Jing-Xuan Han
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Shou-Rong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Vivi Kasim
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
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Overexpression of Aquaporin-3 Alleviates Hyperosmolarity-Induced Nucleus Pulposus Cell Apoptosis via Regulating the ERK1/2 Pathway. Pain Res Manag 2022; 2022:1639560. [PMID: 35437455 PMCID: PMC9013301 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1639560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is closely related to osmolarity, which fluctuates with daily activities, and hyperosmolarity may be a contributor to nucleus pulposus (NP) cells apoptosis. Aquaporin-3 (AQP-3) belongs to the family of aquaporins and mainly transports water and other small molecular proteins, which is reduced with the aging of the intervertebral disc. ERK1/2 pathway is one type of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and is associated with cellular apoptosis. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of AQP-3 on NP cells apoptosis induced by a hyperosmolarity and focused on the role of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. We found that NP apoptosis could be induced by hyperosmolarity (550 mOsm/kg), and downregulation of AQP-3 and inhibition of ERK1/2 could be simultaneously observed. Therefore, lentivirus was used to enhance the expression of AQP-3 to compare apoptosis between AQP-3-overexpressed NP cells and the control NP cells. The results showed that apoptosis could be alleviated by overexpression of AQP-3 and the activity of ERK1/2 could also be promoted. Furthermore, we found that the inhibitor U0126 could partly aggravate apoptosis of the AQP-3-overexpressed NP cells. In summary, our results suggested that overexpression of AQP-3 could protect against hyperosmolarity-induced NP cell apoptosis via promoting the activity of the ERK1/2 pathway. This study may shed light on a better understanding of the pathologic mechanism of IDD and bring AQP-3 into the therapeutic approaches for IDD treatment.
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Mohammed D, Park CY, Fredberg JJ, Weitz DA. Tumorigenic mesenchymal clusters are less sensitive to moderate osmotic stresses due to low amounts of junctional E-cadherin. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16279. [PMID: 34381087 PMCID: PMC8358034 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The migration of tumorigenic cells is a critical step for metastatic breast cancer progression. Although the role of the extracellular matrix in breast cancer cell migration has been extensively described, the effect of osmotic stress on the migration of tumor breast cohorts remains unclear. Most of our understanding on the effect of osmotic stresses on cell migration comes from studies at the level of the single cell in isolation and does not take cell-cell interactions into account. Here, we study the impact of moderate osmotic stress on the migration of cell clusters composed of either non-tumorigenic or tumorigenic cells. We observe a decrease in migration distance and speed for non-tumorigenic cells but not for tumorigenic ones. To explain these differences, we investigate how osmotic stress impacts the mechanical properties of cell clusters and affects their volumes. Our findings show that tumorigenic mesenchymal cells are less sensitive to osmotic stress than non-tumorigenic cells and suggest that this difference is associated with a lower expression of E-cadherin. Using EGTA treatments, we confirm that the establishment of cell-cell adhesive interactions is a key component of the behavior of cell clusters in response to osmotic stress. This study provides evidence on the low sensitivity of mesenchymal tumorigenic clusters to moderate osmotic stress and highlights the importance of cadherin-based junctions in the response to osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danahe Mohammed
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XJohn A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Chan Young Park
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Fredberg
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - David A. Weitz
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XJohn A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
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Ahmadyan S, Kabiri M, Hanaee-Ahvaz H, Farazmand A. Osmolyte Type and the Osmolarity Level Affect Chondrogenesis of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 185:507-523. [PMID: 29196933 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2647-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The inductive effects of increased osmolarity on chondrogenesis are well approved. However, the effects of the osmolyte agent invoked to induce hyperosmolarity are largely neglected. Herein, we scrutinized how hyperosmotic conditions acquired by addition of different osmolytes would impact chondrogenesis. We briefly assessed whether such conditions would differentially affect hypertrophy and angiogenesis during MSC chondrogenesis. Chondrogenic and hypertrophic marker expression along with VEGF secretion during adipose-derived (AD)-MSC chondrogenesis under three osmolarity levels (350, 450, and 550 mOsm) using three different osmolytes (NaCl, sorbitol, and PEG) were assessed. MTT assay, qRT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, Alcian Blue staining, ELISA, and ALP assays proved osmolyte-type dependent effects of hyperosmolarity on chondrogenesis, hypertrophy, and angiogenesis. At same osmolarity level, PEG had least cytotoxic/cytostatic effect and most prohibitive effects on angiogenesis. As expected, all hyperosmolar conditions led to enhanced chondrogenesis with slightly varying degrees. PEG and sorbitol had higher chondro-promotive and hypertrophy-suppressive effects compared to NaCl, while NaCl had exacerbated hypertrophy. We observed that TonEBP was involved in osmoadaptation of all treatments in varying degrees. Of importance, we highlighted differential effects of hyperosmolarity obtained by different osmolytes on the efficacy of chondrogenesis and more remarkably on the induction/suppression of cartilage pathologic markers. Our study underlies the need for a more vigilant exploitation of physicobiochemical inducers in order to maximize chondrogenesis while restraining unwanted hypertrophy and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorour Ahmadyan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, P.O.Box: 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Kish International Campus, Kish Island, Iran
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Kabiri
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, P.O.Box: 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Ali Farazmand
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Kish International Campus, Kish Island, Iran
- Faculty of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Li P, Gan Y, Wang H, Xu Y, Li S, Song L, Zhang C, Ou Y, Wang L, Zhou Q. Role of the ERK1/2 pathway in osmolarity effects on nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis in a disc perfusion culture. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:86-92. [PMID: 27035885 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osmolarity fluctuations are inevitable within the nucleus pulposus (NP). However, the effects of osmolarity on NP cell apoptosis within the organ-cultured disc remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate effects of different osmolarity levels (hypo-, iso-, and hyper-) and osmolarity modes (constant and cyclic) on NP cell apoptosis in a disc perfusion culture and to study the role of the ERK1/2 pathway in this regulatory process. Porcine discs were cultured for 7 days in different osmotic medium, including constant hypo-, iso-, and hyper-osmolarity (330, 430, and 550 mOsm/L, respectively) and cyclic-osmolarity (430 mOsm/L for 8 h, followed by 550 mOsm/L for 16 h). The role of the ERK1/2 pathway was investigated by using the pharmacological inhibitor U0126. NP cell apoptosis was analyzed by TUNEL staining, caspase-3 activity, gene expression of Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3 and protein expression of cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP. Our results showed that NP cell apoptosis was increased in hypo- and hyper-osmolarity cultures compared to iso- or cyclic-osmolarity culture, whereas the level of apoptosis in the iso-osmolarity culture was lower than that in the cyclic-osmolarity culture. When the ERK1/2 pathway was inhibited in the iso- and cyclic-osmolarity cultures, the level of NP cell apoptosis was significantly increased. In conclusion, the effects of osmolarity on NP cell apoptosis depend on the osmolarity level (hypo-, iso-, or hyper-) and osmolarity mode (constant or cyclic). Futhermore, inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway promotes NP cell apoptosis in this process. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:86-92, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, GaoTanYan 29, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yibo Gan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, GaoTanYan 29, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Haoming Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing 404000, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Songtao Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, No. 181 Hospital of PLA, Guilin, Guangxi 541002, China
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, GaoTanYan 29, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chengmin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, GaoTanYan 29, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yangbin Ou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, GaoTanYan 29, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, GaoTanYan 29, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, GaoTanYan 29, Chongqing 400038, China
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Potočar U, Hudoklin S, Kreft ME, Završnik J, Božikov K, Fröhlich M. Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Respond to Increased Osmolarities. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163870. [PMID: 27706209 PMCID: PMC5051864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapies present a feasible option for the treatment of degenerated cartilaginous and intervertebral disc (IVD) tissues. Microenvironments of these tissues are specific and often differ from the microenvironment of cells that, could be potentially used for therapy, e.g. human adipose-derived stem cells (hASC). To ensure safe and efficient implantation of hASC, it is important to evaluate how microenvironmental conditions at the site of implantation affect the implanted cells. This study has demonstrated that cartilaginous tissue-specific osmolarities ranging from 400-600 mOsm/L affected hASC in a dose- and time-dependent fashion in comparison to 300 mOsm/L. Increased osmolarities resulted in transient (nuclear DNA and actin reorganisation) and non-transient, long-term morphological changes (vesicle formation, increase in cell area, and culture morphology), as well as reduced proliferation in monolayer cultures. Increased osmolarities diminished acid proteoglycan production and compactness of chondrogenically induced pellet cultures, indicating decreased chondrogenic potential. Viability of hASC was strongly dependent on the type of culture, with hASC in monolayer culture being more tolerant to increased osmolarity compared to hASC in suspension, alginate-agarose hydrogel, and pellet cultures, thus emphasizing the importance of choosing relevant in vitro conditions according to the specifics of clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samo Hudoklin
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Erdani Kreft
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja Završnik
- Department of biochemistry and molecular biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Krešimir Božikov
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Division of Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mirjam Fröhlich
- Educell Ltd., Trzin, Slovenia
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of biochemistry and molecular biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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Yang L, Sui W, Li Y, Qi X, Wang Y, Zhou Q, Gao H. Substance P Inhibits Hyperosmotic Stress-Induced Apoptosis in Corneal Epithelial Cells through the Mechanism of Akt Activation and Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging via the Neurokinin-1 Receptor. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149865. [PMID: 26901348 PMCID: PMC4762577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperosmolarity has been recognized as an important pathological factor in dry eye leading to ocular discomfort and damage. As one of the major neuropeptides of corneal innervation, substance P (SP) has been shown to possess anti-apoptotic effects in various cells. The aim of this study was to determine the capacity and mechanism of SP against hyperosmotic stress-induced apoptosis in cultured corneal epithelial cells. The cells were exposed to hyperosmotic stress by the addition of high glucose in the presence or absence of SP. The results showed that SP inhibited hyperosmotic stress-induced apoptosis of mouse corneal epithelial cells. Moreover, SP promoted the recovery of phosphorylated Akt level, mitochondrial membrane potential, Ca2+ contents, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione levels that impaired by hyperosmotic stress. However, the antiapoptotic capacity of SP was partially suppressed by Akt inhibitor or glutathione depleting agent, while the neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor antagonist impaired Akt activation and ROS scavenging that promoted by SP addition. In conclusion, SP protects corneal epithelial cells from hyperosmotic stress-induced apoptosis through the mechanism of Akt activation and ROS scavenging via the NK-1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Yang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenjie Sui
- Shandong Eye Hospital, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yunqiu Li
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xia Qi
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingjun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail: (HG); (QZ)
| | - Hua Gao
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Eye Hospital, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail: (HG); (QZ)
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Jiang LB, Cao L, Yin XF, Yasen M, Yishake M, Dong J, Li XL. Activation of autophagy via Ca(2+)-dependent AMPK/mTOR pathway in rat notochordal cells is a cellular adaptation under hyperosmotic stress. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:867-79. [PMID: 25590373 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1004946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleus pulposus (NP) cells experience hyperosmotic stress in spinal discs; however, how these cells can survive in the hostile microenvironment remains unclear. Autophagy has been suggested to maintain cellular homeostasis under different stresses by degrading the cytoplasmic proteins and organelles. Here, we explored whether autophagy is a cellular adaptation in rat notochordal cells under hyperosmotic stress. Hyperosmotic stress was found to activate autophagy in a dose- and time-dependent manner. SQSTM1/P62 expression was decreased as the autophagy level increased. Transient Ca(2+) influx from intracellular stores and extracellular space was stimulated by hyperosmotic stress. Activation of AMPK and inhibition of p70S6K were observed under hyperosmotic conditions. However, intercellular Ca(2+) chelation inhibited the increase of LC3-II and partly reversed the decrease of p70S6K. Hyperosmotic stress decreased cell viability and promoted apoptosis. Inhibition of autophagy led to SQSTM1/P62 accumulation, reduced cell viability, and accelerated apoptosis in notochordal cells under this condition. These evidences suggest that autophagy induction via the Ca(2+)-dependent AMPK/mTOR pathway might occur as an adaptation mechanism for notochordal cells under hyperosmotic stress. Thus, activating autophagy might be a promising approach to improve viability of notochordal cells in intervertebral discs.
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Key Words
- AMPK, AMP activated Protein Kinase
- Adaptation
- Apoptosis
- Autophagy
- BAPTA-AM, bis-(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid, tetra(acetoxymethyl) ester
- DAPI, 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EGTA, ethyleneglycol-bis (2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N′, N-tetraacetic acid
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- Hyperosmotic stress
- IDD, Intervertebral disc degeneration
- JC-1, 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolyl-carbocyanine iodide
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MDC, Monodansylcadaverine
- MMP, mitochondrial membrane potential
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- NP, nucleus pulposus
- Notochordal cells
- OD, optical density
- PI, propidium iodide
- PLC, phospholipase C
- SQSTM1, Sequestosome-1
- TRPV4, Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4
- fluo3-AM, fluo3 acetoximethylester
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Bo Jiang
- a Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Zhongshan Hospital ; Fudan University ; Shanghai , China
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Zhou Y, David MA, Chen X, Wan LQ, Duncan RL, Wang L, Lu XL. Effects of Osmolarity on the Spontaneous Calcium Signaling of In Situ Juvenile and Adult Articular Chondrocytes. Ann Biomed Eng 2015. [PMID: 26219403 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Calcium is a universal second messenger that mediates the metabolic activity of chondrocytes in articular cartilage. Spontaneous intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]i) oscillations, similar to those in neurons and myocytes, have recently been observed in chondrocytes. This study analyzed and compared the effects of different osmotic environments (hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic) on the spontaneous [Ca(2+)]i signaling of in situ chondrocytes residing in juvenile and adult cartilage explants. In spite of a lower cell density, a significantly higher percentage of chondrocytes in adult cartilage under all osmotic environments demonstrated spontaneous [Ca(2+)]i oscillations than chondrocytes in juvenile cartilage. For both juvenile and adult chondrocytes, hypotonic stress increased while hypertonic stress decreased the response rates. Furthermore, the spatiotemporal characteristics of the [Ca(2+)]i peaks vary in an age-dependent manner. In the hypotonic environment, the [Ca(2+)]i oscillation frequency of responsive adult cells is almost tripled whereas the juvenile cells respond with an increased duration and magnitude of each [Ca(2+)]i peak. Both juvenile and adult chondrocytes demonstrated significantly slower [Ca(2+)]i oscillations with longer rising and recovery time under the hypertonic condition. Taken together, these results shed new insights into the interplay between age and osmotic environment that may regulate the fundamental metabolism of chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilu Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, 130 Academy Street SPL126, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Michael A David
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Xingyu Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, 130 Academy Street SPL126, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Leo Q Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Randall L Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Liyun Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, 130 Academy Street SPL126, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - X Lucas Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, 130 Academy Street SPL126, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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Wibberley A, Staunton CA, Feetham CH, Vereninov AA, Barrett-Jolley R. An in vitro model of skeletal muscle volume regulation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127889. [PMID: 26029913 PMCID: PMC4452315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertonic media causes cells to shrink due to water loss through aquaporin channels. After acute shrinkage, cells either regulate their volume or, alternatively, undergo a number of metabolic changes which ultimately lead to cell death. In many cell types, hypertonic shrinkage is followed by apoptosis. Due to the complex 3D morphology of skeletal muscle and the difficulty in obtaining isolated human tissue, we have begun skeletal muscle volume regulation studies using the human skeletal muscle cell line TE671RD. In this study we investigated whether hypertonic challenge of the human skeletal muscle cell line TE671RD triggered cell death or evoked a cell volume recovery response. METHODS The cellular volume of TE671RD cells was calculated from the 2D surface area. Cell death was assessed by both the trypan blue live/dead assay and the TUNEL assay. RESULTS Medium osmolality was increased by addition of up to 200 mM sucrose. Addition of 200 mM sucrose resulted in mean cell shrinkage of 44±1% after 30 mins. At later time points (2 and 4 hrs) two separate cell subpopulations with differing mean cell volume became apparent. The first subpopulation (15±2% of the total cell number) continued to shrink whereas the second subpopulation had an increased cell volume. Cell death was observed in a small proportion of cells (approximately 6-8%). CONCLUSION We have established that a substantial proportion of TE671RD cells respond to hypertonic challenge with RVI, but that these cells are resistant to hypertonicity triggered cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wibberley
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline A. Staunton
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Claire H. Feetham
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alexey A. Vereninov
- Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Richard Barrett-Jolley
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Taloni A, Alemi AA, Ciusani E, Sethna JP, Zapperi S, La Porta CAM. Mechanical properties of growing melanocytic nevi and the progression to melanoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94229. [PMID: 24709938 PMCID: PMC3978068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocytic nevi are benign proliferations that sometimes turn into malignant melanoma in a way that is still unclear from the biochemical and genetic point of view. Diagnostic and prognostic tools are then mostly based on dermoscopic examination and morphological analysis of histological tissues. To investigate the role of mechanics and geometry in the morpholgical dynamics of melanocytic nevi, we study a computation model for cell proliferation in a layered non-linear elastic tissue. Numerical simulations suggest that the morphology of the nevus is correlated to the initial location of the proliferating cell starting the growth process and to the mechanical properties of the tissue. Our results also support that melanocytes are subject to compressive stresses that fluctuate widely in the nevus and depend on the growth stage. Numerical simulations of cells in the epidermis releasing matrix metalloproteinases display an accelerated invasion of the dermis by destroying the basal membrane. Moreover, we suggest experimentally that osmotic stress and collagen inhibit growth in primary melanoma cells while the effect is much weaker in metastatic cells. Knowing that morphological features of nevi might also reflect geometry and mechanics rather than malignancy could be relevant for diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Taloni
- Istituto per l'Energetica e le Interfasi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexander A. Alemi
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | | | - James P. Sethna
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Stefano Zapperi
- Istituto per l'Energetica e le Interfasi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
- Institute for Scientific Interchange Foundation, Turin, Italy
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12
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Vo TN, Ekenseair AK, Kasper FK, Mikos AG. Synthesis, physicochemical characterization, and cytocompatibility of bioresorbable, dual-gelling injectable hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 2013; 15:132-42. [PMID: 24320599 DOI: 10.1021/bm401413c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Injectable, dual-gelling hydrogels were successfully developed through the combination of physical thermogellation at 37 °C and favorable amine:epoxy chemical cross-linking. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based thermogelling macromers with a hydrolyzable lactone ring and epoxy pendant groups and a biodegradable diamine-functionalized polyamidoamine cross-linker were synthesized, characterized, and combined to produce nonsyneresing and bioresorbable hydrogels. Differential scanning calorimetry and oscillatory rheometry demonstrated the rapid and dual-gelling nature of the hydrogel formation. The postgelation dimensional stability, swelling, and mechanical behavior of the hydrogel system were shown to be easily tuned in the synthesis and formulation stages. The leachable products were found to be cytocompatible under all conditions, while the degradation products demonstrated a dose- and time-dependent response due to solution osmolality. Preliminary encapsulation studies showed mesenchymal stem cell viability could be maintained for 7 days. The results suggest that injectable and thermally and chemically cross-linkable hydrogels are promising alternatives to prefabricated biomaterials for tissue engineering applications, particularly for cell delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany N Vo
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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Kong D, Zheng T, Zhang M, Wang D, Du S, Li X, Fang J, Cao X. Static mechanical stress induces apoptosis in rat endplate chondrocytes through MAPK and mitochondria-dependent caspase activation signaling pathways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69403. [PMID: 23894471 PMCID: PMC3716647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stress has detrimental effects on cartilaginous endplate chondrocytes due to apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we investigated the possible apoptosis signaling pathways induced by mechanical stress in cultured rat cervical endplate chondrocytes. Static mechanical load significantly reduced cell viability in a time- and load-dependent manner, as demonstrated by the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Chondrocyte apoptosis induced by mechanical stress was confirmed by annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). Western blot analysis revealed that static load-induced chondrocyte apoptosis was accompanied by increased phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), increased Cytochrome c release, and activated Caspase-9 and Caspase-3, indicating that the mitochondrial pathway is involved in mechanical stress-induced chondrocyte apoptosis. Treatment with inhibitors of JNK (SP600125), p38 MAPK (SB203580), and ERK (PD98059) prior to mechanical stimulation reversed both the static load-induced chondrocyte apoptosis and the activation of JNK, p38 MAPK, and ERK. Taken together, the data presented in this study demonstrate that mechanical stress induces apoptosis in rat cervical endplate chondrocytes through the MAPK-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechao Kong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tiansheng Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Daode Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shihao Du
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiahu Fang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (JF); (XC)
| | - Xiaojian Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (JF); (XC)
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Caron MMJ, van der Windt AE, Emans PJ, van Rhijn LW, Jahr H, Welting TJM. Osmolarity determines the in vitro chondrogenic differentiation capacity of progenitor cells via nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5. Bone 2013; 53:94-102. [PMID: 23219947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have shown that human articular chondrocytes in vitro are osmolarity-responsive and increase matrix synthesis under cartilage-specific physiological osmolarity. The effects of increased osmolarity on chondrogenesis of progenitor cells in vitro are largely unknown. We therefore aimed to elucidate whether hyperosmolarity facilitates their chondrogenic differentiation and whether Nfat5 is involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS ATDC5 cells and human bone marrow stem cells (hBMSCs) were differentiated in the chondrogenic lineage in control and increased osmolarity conditions. Chondrogenic outcome was measured by gene- and protein expression analysis. RNAi was used to determine the role of Nfat5 in chondrogenic differentiation under normal and increased osmolarity. RESULTS Increasing the osmolarity of differentiation medium with 100mOsm resulted in significantly increased chondrogenic marker expression (Col2a1, Col10a1, Acan, Sox9, Runx2 and GAGs) during chondrogenic differentiation of the two chondroprogenitors, ATDC5 and hBMSCs. Nfat5 knockdown under both control and increased osmolarity affected chondrogenic differentiation and suppressed the osmolarity-induced chondrogenic induction. Knockdown of Nfat5 in early differentiation significantly decreased early Sox9 expression, whereas knockdown of Sox9 in early differentiation did not affect early Nfat5 expression. CONCLUSIONS Increasing the osmolarity of chondrogenic culture media by 100mOsm significantly increased chondrogenic gene expression during the course of chondrogenic differentiation of progenitor cells. Nfat5 may be involved in regulating chondrogenic differentiation of these cells under both normal and increased osmolarities and might regulate chondrogenic differentiation through influencing early Sox9 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein M J Caron
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CAPHRI school for public health and primary care, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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15
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Russo VC, Higgins S, Werther GA, Cameron FJ. Effects of Fluctuating Glucose Levels on Neuronal Cells In Vitro. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1768-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0789-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Yurinskaya VE, Moshkov AV, Wibberley AV, Lang F, Model MA, Vereninov AA. Dual Response of Human Leukemia U937 Cells to Hypertonic Shrinkage: Initial Regulatory Volume Increase (RVI) and Delayed Apoptotic Volume Decrease (AVD). Cell Physiol Biochem 2012; 30:964-73. [DOI: 10.1159/000341473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Montel F, Delarue M, Elgeti J, Malaquin L, Basan M, Risler T, Cabane B, Vignjevic D, Prost J, Cappello G, Joanny JF. Stress clamp experiments on multicellular tumor spheroids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:188102. [PMID: 22107677 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.188102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The precise role of the microenvironment on tumor growth is poorly understood. Whereas the tumor is in constant competition with the surrounding tissue, little is known about the mechanics of this interaction. Using a novel experimental procedure, we study quantitatively the effect of an applied mechanical stress on the long-term growth of a spheroid cell aggregate. We observe that a stress of 10 kPa is sufficient to drastically reduce growth by inhibition of cell proliferation mainly in the core of the spheroid. We compare the results to a simple numerical model developed to describe the role of mechanics in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Montel
- UMR 168, Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 26 rue d'Ulm 75005 Paris, France
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Yurinskaya VE, Rubashkin AA, Shirokova AV, Vereninov AA. Regulatory volume increase (RVI) and apoptotic volume decrease (AVD) in U937 cells in hypertonic medium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990519x11050129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Koves IH, Russo VC, Higgins S, Mishra A, Pitt J, Cameron FJ, Werther GA. An in vitro paradigm for diabetic cerebral oedema and its therapy: a critical role for taurine and water channels. Neurochem Res 2011; 37:182-92. [PMID: 21935730 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0598-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of cerebral oedema (CE) in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) remains enigmatic. We investigated the role of the idiogenic osmol taurine and aquaporin channels in an in vitro model, the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line, by sequentially mimicking DKA-like hyperglycemia/hypertonicity and hypotonic fluid therapy. Exposure to DKA-like hyperosmolarity led to shrinkage, while hypotonic fluid exposure led to cell swelling and impaired viability. Low sodium compensated in part for elevated glucose, pointing to a critical role for overall osmolality. Taurine, was synthesized and retained intracellularly during DKA-like hypertonicity, and released during hypotonicity, in part mitigating neuronal swelling. Metabolic labeling showed that the rate of taurine release was inadequate to fully prevent neuronal swelling during hypotonic fluid therapy following DKA-like hypertonicity. Under these conditions, Aquaporin4 & 9 channels were respectively down and up-regulated. Our study provides further novel insights into molecular mechanisms contributing to CE in DKA and its therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildi H Koves
- Centre for Hormone Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Rd., Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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Permissive effect of EGFR-activated pathways on RVI and their anti-apoptotic effect in hypertonicity-exposed mIMCD3 cells. Biosci Rep 2011; 31:489-97. [DOI: 10.1042/bsr20110024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertonicity is a stressful stimulus leading to cell shrinkage and apoptotic cell death. Apoptosis can be prevented if cells are able to activate the mechanism of RVI (regulatory volume increase). This study in mIMCD3 cells presents evidence of a permissive role of the EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) on RVI, achieved for the most part through the two main EGFR-triggered signalling chains, the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) and the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/Akt (also known as protein kinase B) pathways. Hyperosmotic solutions (450 mosM) made by addition of NaCl, increased EGFR phosphorylation, which is prevented by GM6001 and AG1478, blockers respectively, of MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases) and EGFR. Inhibition of EGFR, ERK (PD98059) or PI3K/Akt (wortmannin) phosphorylation reduced RVI by 60, 48 and 58% respectively. The NHE (Na+/H+ exchanger) seems to be the essential mediator of this effect since (i) NHE is the main contributor to RVI, (ii) EGFR, ERK and PI3K/Akt blockers added together with the NHE blocker zoniporide reduce RVI by non-additive effects and (iii) All the blockers significantly lowered the NHE rate in cells challenged by an NH4Cl pulse. Besides reducing RVI, the inhibition of MMP, EGFR and PI3K/Akt had a strong pro-apoptotic effect increasing cell death by 2–3.7-fold. This effect was significantly lower when RVI inhibition did not involve the EGFR-PI3K/Akt pathway. These results provide evidence that Akt and its permissive effect on RVI have a predominant influence on cell survival under hypertonic conditions in IMCD3 cells. This role of Akt operates under the influence of EGFR activation, promoted by MMP.
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Koo J, Kim KI, Min BH, Lee GM. Controlling medium osmolality improves the expansion of human articular chondrocytes in serum-free media. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 16:957-63. [PMID: 20001269 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of medium osmolality on the expansion of human articular chondrocytes (HACs) with serum-free media (SFM), proprietary SFM of various osmolalities (290, 320, 350, 400, and 450 mOsm/kg), supplemented with components known to enhance chondrocyte growth, were constructed by the adjustment of NaCl concentration. It was found that HACs obtained better expansion in SFM at osmolalites lower than the average osmolality (400 mOsm/kg) of human articular cartilage in vivo. SFM at 290, 320, and 350 mOsm/kg showed similar growth, attaining up to a 1.55-fold increase in the proliferation rate compared with SFM at 400 mOsm/kg. Increasing SFM osmolality to 450 mOsm/kg resulted in a proliferation rate of 0.65-fold lower than at 400 mOsm/kg. Chondrogenic capacity was also examined via three-dimensional pellet cultures in a chondrogenic medium with HACs expanded in 320 and 400 mOsm/kg SFM. Biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical analyses revealed similar glycosaminoglycan and collagen type II contents in both groups. Taken together, these results show that the expansion of HACs in SF cultures can be improved by adjusting the medium osmolality to be within the range of 290-350 mOsm/kg and that controlling medium osmolality during monolayer cultures does not deter the tissue-forming capability of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Koo
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Physiological tonicity improves human chondrogenic marker expression through nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 in vitro. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R100. [PMID: 20492652 PMCID: PMC2911888 DOI: 10.1186/ar3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chondrocytes experience a hypertonic environment compared with plasma (280 mOsm) due to the high fixed negative charge density of cartilage. Standard isolation of chondrocytes removes their hypertonic matrix, exposing them to nonphysiological conditions. During in vitro expansion, chondrocytes quickly lose their specialized phenotype, making them inappropriate for cell-based regenerative strategies. We aimed to elucidate the effects of tonicity during isolation and in vitro expansion on chondrocyte phenotype. Methods Human articular chondrocytes were isolated and subsequently expanded at control tonicity (280 mOsm) or at moderately elevated, physiological tonicity (380 mOsm). The effects of physiological tonicity on chondrocyte proliferation and chondrogenic marker expression were evaluated. The role of Tonicity-responsive Enhancer Binding Protein in response to physiological tonicity was investigated using nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 (NFAT5) RNA interference. Results Moderately elevated, physiological tonicity (380 mOsm) did not affect chondrocyte proliferation, while higher tonicities inhibited proliferation and diminished cell viability. Physiological tonicity improved expression of chondrogenic markers and NFAT5 and its target genes, while suppressing dedifferentiation marker collagen type I and improving type II/type I expression ratios >100-fold. Effects of physiological tonicity were similar in osteoarthritic and normal (nonosteoarthritic) chondrocytes, indicating a disease-independent mechanism. NFAT5 RNA interference abolished tonicity-mediated effects and revealed that NFAT5 positively regulates collagen type II expression, while suppressing type I. Conclusions Physiological tonicity provides a simple, yet effective, means to improve phenotypical characteristics during cytokine-free isolation and in vitro expansion of human articular chondrocytes. Our findings will lead to the development of improved cell-based repair strategies for chondral lesions and provides important insights into mechanisms underlying osteoarthritic progression.
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Roy R, Boskey AL, Bonassar LJ. Non-enzymatic glycation of chondrocyte-seeded collagen gels for cartilage tissue engineering. J Orthop Res 2008; 26:1434-9. [PMID: 18473383 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Collagen glycated with ribose (250 mM) in solution (pre-glycation) and as a gel (post-glycation) was seeded with chondrocytes and the effects of glycation on chondrocyte matrix assembly in culture were determined. Pre-glycation enhanced GAG accumulation significantly over controls at both 2 and 4 weeks (p < 0.05), although at both time points there were no statistical differences in cell number between pre-glycated and control gels. The increased proteoglycan accumulation was shown to be in part due to significantly increased GAG retention by the pre-glycated constructs (p < 0.05). Total collagen content in these pre-glycated gels was also significantly higher than unglycated gels at 4 weeks (p < 0.05). With post-glycation of collagen gels, chondrocyte number and GAG accumulation were all significantly lower than controls (p < 0.05). Post-glycation also inhibited GAG retention by the constructs (p < 0.05). Given these results, pre-glycation may be an improved processing method for collagen gels for tissue engineering techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Roy
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, 218 Upson Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Abstract
To date, most studies examining cell death during the development of osteoarthritis (OA) have focused on death of chondrocytes and have primarily examined advanced stages of the disease. Very good evidence suggests that chondrocyte death does occur at some point in the pathogenesis of OA and that it can be due to apoptosis, necrosis, or some combination of the two. Chondrocyte death can be induced by mechanical injury, loss of extracellular matrix, loss of growth factors, or excessive levels of reactive oxygen species. Although therapy specifically targeting cell death in human OA has not been reported, preclinical studies in animal models have provided early evidence that inhibition of caspases might slow OA-like changes in articular cartilage. Because of potential unwanted side effects from agents systemically inhibiting cell death, treatments specifically targeting cell death in OA will likely need to be delivered locally and in a manner that prevents systemic absorption. Inhibition of cell death in OA likely will not be a sole therapeutic target but rather a desired effect of interventions designed to reverse the catabolic-anabolic imbalance occurring in OA joint tissues.
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Otsuki S, Brinson DC, Creighton L, Kinoshita M, Sah RL, D'Lima D, Lotz M. The effect of glycosaminoglycan loss on chondrocyte viability: A study on porcine cartilage explants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:1076-85. [DOI: 10.1002/art.23381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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