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Kaliya-Perumal AK, Celik C, Carney TJ, Harris MP, Ingham PW. Genetic regulation of injury-induced heterotopic ossification in adult zebrafish. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050724. [PMID: 38736327 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification is the inappropriate formation of bone in soft tissues of the body. It can manifest spontaneously in rare genetic conditions or as a response to injury, known as acquired heterotopic ossification. There are several experimental models for studying acquired heterotopic ossification from different sources of damage. However, their tenuous mechanistic relevance to the human condition, invasive and laborious nature and/or lack of amenability to chemical and genetic screens, limit their utility. To address these limitations, we developed a simple zebrafish injury model that manifests heterotopic ossification with high penetrance in response to clinically emulating injuries, as observed in human myositis ossificans traumatica. Using this model, we defined the transcriptional response to trauma, identifying differentially regulated genes. Mutant analyses revealed that an increase in the activity of the potassium channel Kcnk5b potentiates injury response, whereas loss of function of the interleukin 11 receptor paralogue (Il11ra) resulted in a drastically reduced ossification response. Based on these findings, we postulate that enhanced ionic signalling, specifically through Kcnk5b, regulates the intensity of the skeletogenic injury response, which, in part, requires immune response regulated by Il11ra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun-Kumar Kaliya-Perumal
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive 636921, Singapore
| | - Cenk Celik
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tom J Carney
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive 636921, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos 138673, Singapore
| | - Matthew P Harris
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philip W Ingham
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive 636921, Singapore
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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2
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Rintanalert D, Ishida Y, Huang ACS, Hatano-Sato K, Li K, Chantarawaratit PO, Usumi-Fujita R, Hosomichi J, Ono T. SDF-1 involvement in orthodontic tooth movement after tooth extraction. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5048. [PMID: 38424199 PMCID: PMC10904391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1)/chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) axis plays a key role in alveolar bone metabolism during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Herein, the effects of the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis on the regional acceleratory phenomenon (RAP) in OTM velocity and on changes in the surrounding periodontium after adjacent tooth extraction in rats were investigated. Six-week-old male Wistar/ST rats underwent left maxillary first molar (M1) extraction and mesial OTM of the left maxillary second molar (M2) with a 10-g force closed-coil spring. Phosphate-buffered saline, immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotype control antibody, or anti-SDF-1 neutralizing monoclonal antibody were injected at the M1 and M2 interproximal areas (10 μg/0.1 mL) for the first three days. Analyses were performed after 1, 3, and 7 days (n = 7). The results demonstrated a significant increase in SDF-1 expression from day 1, which was effectively blocked via anti-SDF-1 neutralizing monoclonal antibody injection. On day 3, the M2 OTM distance and the number of positively stained osteoclasts significantly reduced alongside a reduction in inflammatory markers in the experimental group. Our results demonstrated that serial local injection of the anti-SDF-1 neutralizing monoclonal antibody reduces M2 OTM, osteoclast accumulation, and localized inflammatory responses in an OTM model with tooth extraction-induced RAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duangtawan Rintanalert
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Yuji Ishida
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Albert Chun-Shuo Huang
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kasumi Hatano-Sato
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Pintu-On Chantarawaratit
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Risa Usumi-Fujita
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Jun Hosomichi
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
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3
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Han Y, Gao H, Gan X, Liu J, Bao C, He C. Roles of IL-11 in the regulation of bone metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1290130. [PMID: 38352248 PMCID: PMC10862480 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1290130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone metabolism is the basis for maintaining the normal physiological state of bone, and imbalance of bone metabolism can lead to a series of metabolic bone diseases. As a member of the IL-6 family, IL-11 acts primarily through the classical signaling pathway IL-11/Receptors, IL-11 (IL-11R)/Glycoprotein 130 (gp130). The regulatory role of IL-11 in bone metabolism has been found earlier, but mainly focuses on the effects on osteogenesis and osteoclasis. In recent years, more studies have focused on IL-11's roles and related mechanisms in different bone metabolism activities. IL-11 regulates osteoblasts, osteoclasts, BM stromal cells, adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells, and chondrocytes. It's involved in bone homeostasis, including osteogenesis, osteolysis, bone marrow (BM) hematopoiesis, BM adipogenesis, and bone metastasis. This review exams IL-11's role in pathology and bone tissue, the cytokines and pathways that regulate IL-11 expression, and the feedback regulations of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xinling Gan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | | | | | - Chengqi He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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4
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Panahipour L, Abbasabadi AO, Wagner A, Kratochwill K, Pichler M, Gruber R. Bone Allograft Acid Lysates Change the Genetic Signature of Gingival Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16181. [PMID: 38003371 PMCID: PMC10671348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone allografts are widely used as osteoconductive support to guide bone regrowth. Bone allografts are more than a scaffold for the immigrating cells as they maintain some bioactivity of the original bone matrix. Yet, it remains unclear how immigrating cells respond to bone allografts. To this end, we have evaluated the response of mesenchymal cells exposed to acid lysates of bone allografts (ALBA). RNAseq revealed that ALBA has a strong impact on the genetic signature of gingival fibroblasts, indicated by the increased expression of IL11, AREG, C11orf96, STC1, and GK-as confirmed by RT-PCR, and for IL11 and STC1 by immunoassays. Considering that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is stored in the bone matrix and may have caused the expression changes, we performed a proteomics analysis, TGF-β immunoassay, and smad2/3 nuclear translocation. ALBA neither showed detectable TGF-β nor was the lysate able to induce smad2/3 translocation. Nevertheless, the TGF-β receptor type I kinase inhibitor SB431542 significantly decreased the expression of IL11, AREG, and C11orf96, suggesting that other agonists than TGF-β are responsible for the robust cell response. The findings suggest that IL11, AREG, and C11orf96 expression in mesenchymal cells can serve as a bioassay reflecting the bioactivity of the bone allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Panahipour
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.P.); (A.O.A.)
| | - Azarakhsh Oladzad Abbasabadi
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.P.); (A.O.A.)
| | - Anja Wagner
- Core Facility Proteomics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.W.); (K.K.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Stress Research in Peritoneal Dialysis, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Kratochwill
- Core Facility Proteomics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.W.); (K.K.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecular Stress Research in Peritoneal Dialysis, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.P.); (A.O.A.)
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Nurrachman AS, Azhari A, Epsilawati L, Pramanik F. Temporal Pattern of micro-CT Angiography Vascular Parameters and VEGF mRNA Expression in Fracture Healing: a Radiograph and Molecular Comparison. Eur J Dent 2023. [PMID: 36716788 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1757466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays an important role in fracture healing with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as the main protein involved. Micro-computed tomography (CT) angiography may be used to analyze this revascularization with several parameters such as number of branches, total volume, and diameter. This systematic review is aimed to assess available studies on the temporal pattern of vascular imaging on micro-CT angiographs, especially in terms of the number of branches, total volume, and diameter as well as the temporal pattern of VEGF mRNA expression as the molecular comparison during bone fracture healing. This review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Electronic database searches were performed using PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost, Taylor & Francis Online, and hand searching. The search strategy and keywords were adjusted to each database using the Boolean operators and other available limit functions to identify most relevant articles based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Screening and filtration were done in several stages by removing the duplicates and analyzing each title, abstract, and full-text in all included entries. Data extraction was done for syntheses to summarize the temporal pattern of each parameter. A total of 28 articles were eligible and met all criteria, 11 articles were synthesized in its angiograph's analysis, 16 articles were synthesized in its VEGF mRNA expression analysis, and 1 article had both parameters analyzed. The overall temporal pattern of both three micro-CT angiographic parameters and VEGF mRNA expression was in line qualitatively. The number of branches, total volume, and diameter of the blood vessels in micro-CT angiography showed an exponential rise at week 2 and decline at week 3 of fracture healing, with the VEGF mRNA expression concurrently showing a consistent pattern in the phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aga Satria Nurrachman
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Azhari Azhari
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Lusi Epsilawati
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Farina Pramanik
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
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Hoenig T, Ackerman KE, Beck BR, Bouxsein ML, Burr DB, Hollander K, Popp KL, Rolvien T, Tenforde AS, Warden SJ. Bone stress injuries. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2022; 8:26. [PMID: 35484131 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-022-00352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bone stress injuries, including stress fractures, are overuse injuries that lead to substantial morbidity in active individuals. These injuries occur when excessive repetitive loads are introduced to a generally normal skeleton. Although the precise mechanisms for bone stress injuries are not completely understood, the prevailing theory is that an imbalance in bone metabolism favours microdamage accumulation over its removal and replacement with new bone via targeted remodelling. Diagnosis is achieved by a combination of patient history and physical examination, with imaging used for confirmation. Management of bone stress injuries is guided by their location and consequent risk of healing complications. Bone stress injuries at low-risk sites typically heal with activity modification followed by progressive loading and return to activity. Additional treatment approaches include non-weight-bearing immobilization, medications or surgery, but these approaches are usually limited to managing bone stress injuries that occur at high-risk sites. A comprehensive strategy that integrates anatomical, biomechanical and biological risk factors has the potential to improve the understanding of these injuries and aid in their prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hoenig
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Kathryn E Ackerman
- Wu Tsai Female Athlete Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Belinda R Beck
- School of Health Sciences & Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,The Bone Clinic, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mary L Bouxsein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David B Burr
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristin L Popp
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Tim Rolvien
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adam S Tenforde
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| | - Stuart J Warden
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health & Human Sciences, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
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7
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Kespohl B, Schumertl T, Bertrand J, Lokau J, Garbers C. The cytokine interleukin-11 crucially links bone formation, remodeling and resorption. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2021; 60:18-27. [PMID: 33940443 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone development is a complex process that requires the activity of several different signaling pathways and cell types. It involves the coordinated action of osteoclasts (cells that are capable of resorbing bone), osteoblasts (cells that are able to form bone), osteocytes (cells that form a syncytial network within the bone), skeletal muscle cells and the bone marrow. In recent years, the cytokine interleukin-11 (IL-11), a member of the IL-6 family of cytokines, has emerged as an important regulatory protein for bone formation, remodeling and resorption. Furthermore, coding missense mutations in the IL11RA gene, which encodes the IL-11 receptor (IL-11R), have recently been linked to craniosynostosis, a human disease in which the sutures that line the head bones close prematurely. This review summarizes current knowledge about IL-11 and highlights its role in bone development and homeostasis. It further discusses the specificity and redundancy provided by the other members of the IL-6 cytokine family and how they facilitate signaling and cross-talk between skeletal muscle cells, bone cells and the bone marrow. We describe their actions in physiological and in pathological states and discuss how this knowledge could be translated into therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Kespohl
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tim Schumertl
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Bertrand
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Juliane Lokau
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Bakr MM, Kelly WL, Brunt AR, Paterson BC, Massa HM, Morrison NA, Forwood MR. Intermittent Parathyroid Hormone Accelerates Stress Fracture Healing More Effectively Following Cessation of Bisphosphonate Treatment. JBMR Plus 2020; 4:e10387. [PMID: 32995690 PMCID: PMC7507447 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and bisphosphonates (BPs), including alendronate (ALN), have opposing effects on bone dynamics. The extent to which PTH remains effective in the treatment of stress fracture (SFx) in the presence of an ongoing BP treatment has not been tested. SFx was induced in 150 female Wistar rats, divided into five equal groups (n = 30). All rats were pretreated with ALN (1 μg/kg-1/day-1) for 14 days prior to SFx induction, followed by ALN cessation or continuation for the duration of the experiment; this was combined with daily PTH (8 μg/100 g-1/day-1) on SFx induction for 14 days, followed by cessation or continuation of ALN after SFx induction or an equivalent vehicle as a control. Ulnas were examined 2 weeks or 6 weeks following SFx. Two toluidine blue- and two tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-stained sections were examined for histomorphometric analysis using Osteomeasure software. There was a significant interaction between the effects of time and treatment type on the woven bone width and apposition rate, as well as an improvement in the woven bone architecture. However, woven bone variables remained unaffected by the cessation or continuation of ALN. Cessation of ALN increased osteoclast number when compared with the ALN-PTH continuation group (p = 0.006), and vehicle (p = 0.024) after 2 weeks. There was a significant interaction between the effects of time and treatment type on the number of osteoclasts per unit BMU area and length. The number of osteoclasts per unit BMU area and length was significantly greater in ALN cessation groups. It was concluded that intermittent short-duration iPTH treatment effectively increased remodeling of SFx with a concurrent BP treatment, provided that BP was ceased at the time of SFx. Our results could help develop shorter iPTH treatment protocols for the clinical management of SFxs and guide clinical decision-making to cease BP treatment in cases of SFx. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Bakr
- School of Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia.,School of Dentistry and Oral Health Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Wendy L Kelly
- School of Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Athena R Brunt
- School of Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Bradley C Paterson
- School of Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Helen M Massa
- School of Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Nigel A Morrison
- School of Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Mark R Forwood
- School of Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
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Batista JM, Nakagaki WR, Soares EA, Camilli JA. Effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound exposure on rats tibia periosteum. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20180903. [PMID: 32074178 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020180903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The periosteum is a rich source of osteoprogenitor cells and periosteal grafts can be used as an alternative method to replace bone grafts. The low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has often been used as a noninvasive method to stimulate osteogenesis and reduce the fracture healing time. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the ultrasound exposure on the rat tibia periosteum. Group I (7 animals) received LIPUS therapy on the left tibia for 7 days and group II (7 animals) on the left tibia for 14 days. After euthanasia, the tibias were processed. Number of periosteal cells and vessels and thickness of the periosteum were analyzed. The number of periosteal cells was higher in stimulated periosteum compared to controls at 7 and 14 days, but the number of vessels and the thickness only were higher in the group stimulated at 14 days. Furthermore, the ultrasound treatment for 14 days was more effective than 7 days. The ultrasound stimulation of the periosteum prior to grafting procedure can be advantageous, since it increases periosteal activity, and LIPUS may be an alternative method for stimulating the periosteum when the use of periosteal grafts in bone repair is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Martins Batista
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Estrutural, Avenida Bertrand Russel, s/n, 13083-865 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilson Romero Nakagaki
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Estrutural, Avenida Bertrand Russel, s/n, 13083-865 Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Mestrado em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Oeste Paulista/UNOESTE, Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação/Campus II, Rodovia Raposo Tavares, Km 572, Bairro do Limoeiro, 19067-175 Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Evelise Aline Soares
- Departamento de Anatomia, Universidade Federal de Alfenas/UNIFAL, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva 700, 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - José Angelo Camilli
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Estrutural, Avenida Bertrand Russel, s/n, 13083-865 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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10
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Wang C, Zheng GF, Xu XF. MicroRNA-186 improves fracture healing through activating the bone morphogenetic protein signalling pathway by inhibiting SMAD6 in a mouse model of femoral fracture: An animal study. Bone Joint Res 2019; 8:550-562. [PMID: 31832175 PMCID: PMC6888740 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.811.bjr-2018-0251.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported as key regulators of bone formation, signalling, and repair. Fracture healing is a proliferative physiological process where the body facilitates the repair of a bone fracture. The aim of our study was to explore the effects of microRNA-186 (miR-186) on fracture healing through the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling pathway by binding to Smad family member 6 (SMAD6) in a mouse model of femoral fracture. Methods Microarray analysis was adopted to identify the regulatory miR of SMAD6. 3D micro-CT was performed to assess the bone volume (BV), bone volume fraction (BVF, BV/TV), and bone mineral density (BMD), followed by a biomechanical test for maximum load, maximum radial degrees, elastic radial degrees, and rigidity of the femur. The positive expression of SMAD6 in fracture tissues was measured. Moreover, the miR-186 level, messenger RNA (mRNA) level, and protein levels of SMAD6, BMP-2, and BMP-7 were examined. Results MicroRNA-186 was predicted to regulate SMAD6. Furthermore, SMAD6 was verified as a target gene of miR-186. Overexpressed miR-186 and SMAD6 silencing resulted in increased callus formation, BMD and BV/TV, as well as maximum load, maximum radial degrees, elastic radial degrees, and rigidity of the femur. In addition, the mRNA and protein levels of SMAD6 were decreased, while BMP-2 and BMP-7 levels were elevated in response to upregulated miR-186 and SMAD6 silencing. Conclusion In conclusion, the study indicated that miR-186 could activate the BMP signalling pathway to promote fracture healing by inhibiting SMAD6 in a mouse model of femoral fracture. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2019;8:550–562.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wang
- MRI Department, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - G-F Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Yuhang Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - X-F Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Medhat D, Rodríguez CI, Infante A. Immunomodulatory Effects of MSCs in Bone Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215467. [PMID: 31684035 PMCID: PMC6862454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are capable of differentiating into multilineage cells, thus making them a significant prospect as a cell source for regenerative therapy; however, the differentiation capacity of MSCs into osteoblasts seems to not be the main mechanism responsible for the benefits associated with human mesenchymal stem cells hMSCs when used in cell therapy approaches. The process of bone fracture restoration starts with an instant inflammatory reaction, as the innate immune system responds with cytokines that enhance and activate many cell types, including MSCs, at the site of the injury. In this review, we address the influence of MSCs on the immune system in fracture repair and osteogenesis. This paradigm offers a means of distinguishing target bone diseases to be treated with MSC therapy to enhance bone repair by targeting the crosstalk between MSCs and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Medhat
- Medical Biochemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt.
| | - Clara I Rodríguez
- Stem Cells and Cell Therapy Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza de Cruces S/N, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Arantza Infante
- Stem Cells and Cell Therapy Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza de Cruces S/N, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain.
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12
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Alway P, Peirce N, King M, Jardine R, Brooke-Wavell K. Lumbar bone mineral asymmetry in elite cricket fast bowlers. Bone 2019; 127:537-543. [PMID: 31369915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bone responds to mechanical loading by increasing bone mineral density (BMD) and/or bone area to enhance bone strength at the site of the greatest strain. Such localised adaptation has not been demonstrated at the spine. The aim of this study is to determine if BMD and/or bone mineral content (BMC) differs between dominant (ipsilateral to bowling/throwing arm) and non-dominant sides of the vertebrae in cricket fast bowlers, and whether this asymmetry differs according to stress fracture or disc injury history. A further aim was to determine if regional BMD and BMC in the lumbar spine differ between fast bowlers, other cricketers, rugby players and non-active controls, to highlight the site-specific response of lumbar vertebra to unilateral activity. METHODS 23 fast bowlers, 14 other cricketers, 22 rugby players and 20 controls underwent an antero-posterior (AP) and lateral DXA scans of their lumbar spine to assess BMD, BMC and area. A custom analysis measured BMD and BMC of the dominant and non-dominant sides (lateral 33%) of the AP lumbar spine. BMD and BMC were compared between groups, injury status, vertebrae and sides using ANOVA. RESULTS Analysis of medical records showed that 6 fast bowlers had a history of lumbar stress fracture. Significantly greater BMD and BMC was found in the L4 non-dominant vertebra compared with the dominant vertebra in fast bowlers. BMD and BMC differed significantly according to vertebra, side and group, with fast bowlers having significantly greater BMD and BMC at the L3 and L4 non-dominant vertebra compared with other groups (L3: 13.3%-45.3%, L4: 15.7%-44.0%) compared with other groups. Fast bowlers who never suffered lumbar stress fracture had 3.6% and 1.7% greater BMD in the dominant and non-dominant sides of lumbar vertebrae respectively compared with those who did suffer lumbar stress fracture, but evidence of this was weaker (P = 0.08). CONCLUSION The lumbar spine responds to a unique unilateral high loading activity through site-specific increased bone mass at the site of most strain. Fast bowlers had increased lumbar BMD, particularly on the non-dominant side of L4, although this adaptation was less marked in those with history of lumbar stress fracture. Site-specific low bone mineral density within the lumbar side may be implicated in the aetiology of lumbar stress fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Alway
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Nicholas Peirce
- Department of Science and Medicine, England and Wales Cricket Board, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK; National Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Mark King
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Robert Jardine
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Katherine Brooke-Wavell
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.
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13
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Liu X, Tang C, Zhang X, Cai J, Yan Z, Xie K, Yang Z, Wang J, Guo XE, Luo E, Jing D. Spatiotemporal Distribution of Linear Microcracks and Diffuse Microdamage Following Daily Bouts of Fatigue Loading of Rat Ulnae. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:2112-2121. [PMID: 31206769 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Microdamage accumulation contributes to impaired skeletal mechanical integrity. The bone can remove microdamage by initiating targeted bone remodeling. However, the spatiotemporal characteristics of microdamage initiation and propagation and their relationship with bone remodeling in response to fatigue loading, especially for more physiologically relevant daily bouts of compressive loading, remain poorly understood. The right forelimbs of 24 rats were cyclically loaded with a ramp waveform for 1,500 cycles/day, and contralateral ulnae were not loaded as the controls. The rats were divided into four equal groups and loaded for 1, 4, 7, and 10 days, respectively. We demonstrated that linear microcracking accumulation exhibited a non-linear time-varying process within 10 days of loading with peaked microcrack density at Day 7. Disrupted canaliculi surrounding linear microcracks showed high similarity with the temporal changes of linear microcracking accumulation. Observable intracortical resorption regions were found on Day 10. We found more linear microcracks accumulated in the tensile cortex, but longer cracks were observed in the compressive sides. Increased accumulation of diffuse microdamage was observed from Day 4, but no obvious peak was observed within the 10-day loading period. Diffuse damage first initiated in the compressive cortices but extended to tension from Day 7. The diffuse damage exhibited no impacts on the surrounding osteocyte integrity. Together, our findings revealed a time-dependent, bone remodeling-mediated varying process of linear microcracking accumulation following daily bouts of fatigue loading (with observable peak at Day 7 under our loading regime). Our study also identified distinct spatial accumulation of linear and diffuse microdamage in rat ulnae with tensile and compressive strains. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2112-2121, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chi Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuhui Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Medical Engineering, 456th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Diagnostics, College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Zedong Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kangning Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhiping Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - X Edward Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Bone Bioengineering Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Erping Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Da Jing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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14
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Rubin KM, Stock MK. Authors' Response. J Forensic Sci 2019; 64:1587-1589. [PMID: 31408194 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Rubin
- C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, 2033 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - Michala K Stock
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268
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15
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Wu X, Ma Y, Chen H, Hao Z, Su N, Li X, Shen J, Wang H. Lysophosphatidic acid induces interleukin-6 and CXCL15 secretion from MLO-Y4 cells through activation of the LPA 1 receptor and PKCθ signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 74:105664. [PMID: 31233937 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a multifunctional phospholipid. Osteocytes are the most abundant cells in bone and can orchestrate bone formation and resorption, in part by producing cytokines that regulate osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation and activity. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 are two important cytokines that have potent effects on bone fracture healing. Previous studies suggest that platelet-derived LPA may influence fracture healing by inducing osteocyte dendrite outgrowth. However, the biological mechanism through which LPA induces cytokine production in osteocytes is poorly understood. In this study, we report that LPA markedly enhanced IL-6 and CXCL15 (mouse homologue of human IL-8) production in MLO-Y4 cells and that this enhancement was suppressed by the LPA1/3-selective antagonist Ki16425, the Gi/o protein inhibitor PTX or the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor sotrastaurin. We also observed that of all the PKC isoform targets of sotrastaurin, only PKCθ was activated by LPA in MLO-Y4 cells and that this activation was blocked by sotrastaurin, Ki16425 or PTX. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrate that LPA may be a potent inducer of IL-6 and CXCL15 production in MLO-Y4 cells and that this induction is associated with the activation of LPA1, Gi/o protein and the PKCθ pathway. These findings may help us better understand the mechanism of fracture healing and contribute to the treatment of bone damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangnan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Helin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhichao Hao
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Naichuan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiefei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Hang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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16
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Meeson R, Sanghani-Keri A, Coathup M, Blunn G. CXCR4 Antagonism to Treat Delayed Fracture Healing. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 25:1242-1250. [PMID: 30612520 PMCID: PMC6864747 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant number of fractures develop nonunion. Stem cell homing is regulated through stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1) and its receptor CXCR4. Stem/progenitor cell populations can be endogenously mobilized by administering growth factors with a pharmacological antagonist of CXCR4, AMD3100, which may be a means to improve fracture healing. A 1.5 mm femoral osteotomy in Wistar rats was stabilized with an external fixator. Rats were pretreated with phosphate buffered saline [PBS(P)], vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF(V)], insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF1(I)], or granulocyte colony stimulating factor [GCSF(G)] before AMD3100. A control group (C) did not receive growth factors or AMD3100. Bone formation after 5 weeks was analyzed. Group P had a significant increase in total bone volume (BV) (p = 0.01) and group I in percentage bone in the fracture gap (p = 0.035). Group G showed a decrease in BV. All treated groups had an increase in trabecular thickness. Histology showed decreased cartilage tissue associated with increased bone in groups with improved healing, and increased fibrous tissue in poorly performing groups. Antagonism of SDF1-CXCR4 axis can boost impaired fracture healing. AMD3100 given alone was the most effective means to boost healing, whereas pretreatment with GCSF reduced healing. AMD3100 is likely mobilizing stem cells into the blood stream that home to the fracture site enhancing healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Meeson
- Division of Surgery, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Services and Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Sanghani-Keri
- Division of Surgery, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Coathup
- Division of Surgery, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Gordon Blunn
- Division of Surgery, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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17
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Schilcher J, Bernhardsson M, Aspenberg P. Chronic anterior tibial stress fractures in athletes: No crack but intense remodeling. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:1521-1528. [PMID: 31102562 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Delayed healing of anterior tibial stress fractures in athletes is related to high tensional forces acting across a putative fracture gap. These forces lead to crack propagation and create strains that exceed tissue differentiation thresholds for new bone to form in the gap. The "dreaded black line" is a radiographic hallmark sign of stress fractures considered to represent a transverse fracture gap. However, whether a fracture gap truly exists at the microscopic level remains unclear. The aim of this study was to describe the area of the "dreaded black line" microscopically and to identify signs of delayed healing. METHODS Between 2011 and 2016, we included seven athletes with chronic anterior mid-shaft tibial stress fractures. The fracture site was excised as a cylindrical biopsy. The biopsy was evaluated with micro-CT and histology. The formation of new bone in the defect was evaluated radiographically. RESULTS The "dreaded black line" seen on pre-operative radiographs in all patients could not be seen on the microscopic level. Instead, the area of the putative crack showed widened resorption cavities, lined with active osteoblasts, and surrounded by immature bone. This area of intense remodeling seemed to create a false impression of a fracture line on radiographs. Complete cortical continuity was restored at the biopsy site at median 8 months (range 6-13 months). CONCLUSION Tibial stress fractures in athletes normally show no fracture defect, but a region of increased remodeling. The healing process is already ongoing but seems mechanically insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Schilcher
- Department of Orthopaedics and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bernhardsson
- Department of Orthopaedics and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Per Aspenberg
- Department of Orthopaedics and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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18
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Meeson R, Sanghani‐Keri A, Coathup M, Blunn G. VEGF with AMD3100 endogenously mobilizes mesenchymal stem cells and improves fracture healing. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:1294-1302. [PMID: 30345545 PMCID: PMC6563072 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A significant number of fractures develop non-union. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy may be beneficial, however, this requires cell acquisition, culture and delivery. Endogenous mobilization of stem cells offers a non-invasive alternative. The hypothesis was administration of VEGF and the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 would increase the circulating pool of available MSCs and improve fracture healing. Ex-breeder female wistar rats received VEGF followed by AMD3100, or sham PBS. Blood prepared for culture and colonies were counted. P3 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry, bi-differentiation. The effect of mobilization on fracture healing was evaluated with 1.5 mm femoral osteotomy stabilized with an external fixator in 12-14 week old female Wistars. The mobilized group had significantly greater number of cfus/ml compared to controls, p = 0.029. The isolated cells expressed 1.8% CD34, 35% CD45, 61% CD29, 78% CD90, and differentiated into osteoblasts but not into adipocytes. The fracture gap in animals treated with VEGF and AMD3100 showed increased bone volume; 5.22 ± 1.7 µm3 and trabecular thickness 0.05 ± 0.01 µm compared with control animals (4.3 ± 3.1 µm3 , 0.04 ± 0.01 µm, respectively). Radiographic scores quantifying fracture healing (RUST) showed that the animals in the mobilization group had a higher healing score compared to controls (9.6 vs. 7.7). Histologically, mobilization resulted in significantly lower group variability in bone formation (p = 0.032) and greater amounts of bone and less fibrous tissue than the control group. Clinical significance: This pre-clinical study demonstrates a beneficial effect of endogenous MSC mobilization on fracture healing, which may have translation potential to prevent or treat clinical fractures at risk of delayed or non-union fractures. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research® Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 37:1294-1302, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Meeson
- Division of SurgeryUniversity College LondonStanmoreUnited Kingdom,Royal Veterinary CollegeHertfordshireUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Melanie Coathup
- Division of SurgeryUniversity College LondonStanmoreUnited Kingdom,University of Central FloridaFlorida
| | - Gordon Blunn
- Division of SurgeryUniversity College LondonStanmoreUnited Kingdom,University of PortsmouthPortsmouthUnited Kingdom
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19
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Bakr MM, Kelly WL, Brunt AR, Paterson BC, Massa HM, Morrison NA, Forwood MR. Single injection of PTH improves osteoclastic parameters of remodeling at a stress fracture site in rats. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:1172-1182. [PMID: 30816593 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Stress fractures (SFx) result from repetitive cyclical loading of bone. They are frequent athletic injuries and underlie atypical femoral fractures following long-term bisphosphonate (BP) therapy. We investigated the effect of a single PTH injection on the healing of SFx in the rat ulna. SFx was induced in 120 female Wistar rats (300 ± 15 g) during a single loading session. A single PTH (8 µg.100g-1 ) or vehicle (VEH) saline injection was administered 24 h after loading. Rats were divided into four groups (n = 15) and ulnae were examined 1, 2, 6, or 10 weeks following SFx. Two Toluidine Blue and TRAP-stained sections of the SFx were examined for histomorphometric analysis using Osteomeasure™ software. An increase in osteoclast number (N.Oc) and perimeter (Oc.Pm) was observed two weeks following PTH treatment (p < 0.01). At 6 weeks, bone formation was the main activity in BMUs. At 10 weeks, the proportion of healing along the SFx line remained 50% greater in PTH groups (p = 0.839), leading to a 43% reduction in the porosity area of BMU (p = 0.703). The main effect of time was a significant variable along the entire SFx remodeling cycle, with significant interactions between time and treatment type affecting (N.Oc) (p = 0.047) and (Oc.Pm) (p = 0.002). We conclude that a single PTH injection increases osteoclastogenesis by the second week of the remodeling cycle in a SFx in vivo. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Bakr
- School of Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, 4222, Australia.,School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Wendy L Kelly
- School of Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Athena R Brunt
- School of Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Bradley C Paterson
- School of Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Helen M Massa
- School of Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Nigel A Morrison
- School of Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Mark R Forwood
- School of Medical Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, 4222, Australia
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20
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Lee MN, Hwang HS, Oh SH, Roshanzadeh A, Kim JW, Song JH, Kim ES, Koh JT. Elevated extracellular calcium ions promote proliferation and migration of mesenchymal stem cells via increasing osteopontin expression. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-16. [PMID: 30393382 PMCID: PMC6215840 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Supplementation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) at sites of bone resorption is required for bone homeostasis because of the non-proliferation and short lifespan properties of the osteoblasts. Calcium ions (Ca2+) are released from the bone surfaces during osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. However, how elevated extracellular Ca2+ concentrations would alter MSCs behavior in the proximal sites of bone resorption is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of extracellular Ca2+ on MSCs phenotype depending on Ca2+ concentrations. We found that the elevated extracellular Ca2+ promoted cell proliferation and matrix mineralization of MSCs. In addition, MSCs induced the expression and secretion of osteopontin (OPN), which enhanced MSCs migration under the elevated extracellular Ca2+ conditions. We developed in vitro osteoclast-mediated bone resorption conditions using mouse calvaria bone slices and demonstrated Ca2+ is released from bone resorption surfaces. We also showed that the MSCs phenotype, including cell proliferation and migration, changed when the cells were treated with a bone resorption-conditioned medium. These findings suggest that the dynamic changes in Ca2+ concentrations in the microenvironments of bone remodeling surfaces modulate MSCs phenotype and thereby contribute to bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Nam Lee
- Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Su Hwang
- Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin-Hye Oh
- Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Amir Roshanzadeh
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Kim
- Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Han Song
- Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Sam Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Tae Koh
- Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Rubin KM, Stock MK. Early Signs of Fracture Repair in the Human Rib Cage: Implications for Forensic Casework. J Forensic Sci 2018; 64:672-679. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katie M. Rubin
- C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory Department of Anthropology University of Florida 2033 Mowry Road Room G‐17 Gainesville FL 32610
| | - Michala K. Stock
- C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory Department of Anthropology University of Florida 2033 Mowry Road Room G‐17 Gainesville FL 32610
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22
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Li F, Alderman MH, Tal A, Mamillapalli R, Coolidge A, Hufnagel D, Wang Z, Neisani E, Gidicsin S, Krikun G, Taylor HS. Hematogenous Dissemination of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Endometriosis. Stem Cells 2018; 36:881-890. [PMID: 29450941 PMCID: PMC5992028 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is ectopic growth of endometrial tissue traditionally thought to arise through retrograde menstruation. We aimed to determine if cells derived from endometriosis could enter vascular circulation and lead to hematogenous dissemination. Experimental endometriosis was established by transplanting endometrial tissue from DsRed+ mice into the peritoneal cavity of DsRed- mice. Using flow cytometry, we identified DsRed+ cells in blood of animals with endometriosis. The circulating donor cells expressed CXCR4 and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) biomarkers, but not hematopoietic stem cell markers. Nearly all the circulating endometrial stem cells originated from endometriosis rather than from the uterus. Cells expressing DsRed, CXCR4, and MSCs markers were identified in the peritoneal wall and surrounding vessels of recipient mice, contributing to both endometriosis and angiogenesis. Cells originating in endometriosis lesions migrated and implanted in lung tissue and displayed makers of differentiation, indicating retained multipotency. In vitro these cells demonstrated multipotency and were able to differentiate into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. Endometriosis lesions also expressed high levels of CXCL12, the CXCR4 receptor ligand. Serum CXCL12 levels were greater than in sham control mice. In humans with endometriosis, serum CXCL12 levels were significantly higher than controls, suggesting that the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis is operational in women with spontaneous endometriosis as well. Stem cells, rather than differentiated cells from endometriosis, enter the circulation in response to CXCL12. We identify an endometriosis-derived stem cell population, a potential mechanism of dissemination of this disease and a potential target for treatment of endometriosis. Stem Cells 2018;36:881-890.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Myles H. Alderman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Aya Tal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ramanaiah Mamillapalli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Alexis Coolidge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Demetra Hufnagel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Zhihao Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Elham Neisani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Stephanie Gidicsin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Graciela Krikun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Hugh S. Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Okada K, Kawao N, Tatsumi K, Ishida M, Takafuji Y, Kurashimo S, Okumoto K, Kojima K, Matsuo O, Kaji H. Roles of plasminogen in the alterations in bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells during bone repair. Bone Rep 2018; 8:195-203. [PMID: 29955638 PMCID: PMC6020267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously revealed that stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) is involved in the changes in the number of bone marrow stem cells during the bone repair process in mice. Moreover, we reported that plasminogen (Plg) deficiency delays bone repair and the accumulation of macrophages at the site of bone damage in mice. We investigated the roles of Plg in the changes in bone marrow stem cells during bone repair. We analyzed the numbers of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) within bone marrow from Plg-deficient and wild-type mice after a femoral bone injury using flow cytometric analysis. Plg deficiency significantly blunted a decrease in the number of HSCs after bone injury in mice, although it did not affect an increase in the number of MSCs. Plg deficiency significantly blunted the number of SDF-1- and Osterix- or SDF-1- and alkaline phosphatase-double-positive cells in the endosteum around the lesion as well as matrix metalloprotainase-9 (MMP-9) activity and mRNA levels of SDF-1 and transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) elevated by bone injury. TGF-β signaling inhibition significantly blunted a decrease in the number of HSCs after bone injury. The present study showed that Plg is critical for the changes in bone marrow HSCs through MMP-9, TGF-β, and SDF-1 at the damaged site during bone repair in mice. We investigated the roles of plasminogen in bone marrow stem cell changes after bone injury in mice. Plasminogen deficiency blunted a decrease in the number of HSCs after bone injury. Plasminogen deficiency blunted the expression of SDF-1, TGF-β and MMP-9 at the damaged site. TGF-β signaling inhibition blunted a decrease in the number of HSCs after bone injury. Plasminogen is involved in HSC change through TGF-β and SDF-1 at the damaged site during bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Okada
- Division of Basic Medical Science, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.,Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kawao
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Kohei Tatsumi
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Ishida
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Takafuji
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Shinzi Kurashimo
- Life Science Research Institute, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Katsumi Okumoto
- Life Science Research Institute, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Kotaro Kojima
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Osamu Matsuo
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kaji
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
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Lüthje FL, Skovgaard K, Jensen HE, Kruse Jensen L. Pigs are useful for the molecular study of bone inflammation and regeneration in humans. Lab Anim 2018; 52:630-640. [PMID: 29653496 DOI: 10.1177/0023677218766391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pigs are used with increased frequency to model different kinds of orthopedic surgical conditions. In order to show the full potential of porcine models in orthopedic research, it is therefore required to examine the expression of bone regulatory genes in pigs affected by orthopedic surgery and compare it to the expression in humans and mice as mice, are one of the most applied animal species in orthopedics today. In the present study, the local molecular response to drilling of a tibial implant cavity, and the subsequent insertion of a steel implant was examined in a porcine model. Pigs were euthanized five days after drilling of the bone. The molecular response of 73 different genes was analyzed using a high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction platform and compared to histopathology. Histologically, it was found that bone remodeling was initiated on day 5 after surgery and was associated with upregulation of several genes involved in bone degradation and formation ( CTSK, ACP5, IBSP, RANK, RANKL and COL1A1). Interleukin-6 and several acute-phase proteins (C3, SAA and ITIH4) were significantly upregulated, indicating their importance in the initial process of healing and osseointegration. All tested bone morphogenic proteins (BMP2, -4 and -7) including their inhibitor noggin were also significantly upregulated. Surprisingly, vascular endothelial growth factor A was not found to be regulated five days after surgery while several other vascular growth factors (ANGPT1, ANGPT2 and PTN) were upregulated. The pig was found to be a useful model for elucidation of bone regulatory genes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freja Lea Lüthje
- 1 Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,2 Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- 2 Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Henrik Elvang Jensen
- 1 Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise Kruse Jensen
- 1 Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Wei F, Xiao Y. Modulation of the Osteoimmune Environment in the Development of Biomaterials for Osteogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1077:69-86. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0947-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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26
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Dawood AE, Manton DJ, Parashos P, Wong RH, Singleton W, Holden JA, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Reynolds EC. Biocompatibility and Osteogenic/Calcification Potential of Casein Phosphopeptide-amorphous Calcium Phosphate Fluoride. J Endod 2017; 44:452-457. [PMID: 29275851 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and CPP-ACP with fluoride (CPP-ACFP) have been shown to provide bioavailable ions to promote mineralization. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the materials' biocompatibility and osteogenic/calcification potential for endodontic applications. METHODS Human and mouse osteoblast-like and fibroblast-like cell lines were incubated with 0.05%-3.0% w/v CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP, and toxicity, proliferation, alkaline phosphatase, interleukin (IL)-1α, and IL-6 production, collagen type I, osteocalcin, and osteopontin production, and mineralization/calcification were determined. RESULTS CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP were non-toxic and had no significant effect on proliferation or production of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1α. Alkaline phosphatase activity of the osteoblast-like cells was significantly increased (P < .05) by CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP, as was the production of the osteotropic cytokine IL-6, the formation of calcium mineral deposits, and the secretion of mineralization-related proteins (collagen type I and osteocalcin). CONCLUSIONS CPP-ACP and CPP-ACFP are biocompatible and have the potential to induce osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization. Potential applications include apexification, perforation repair, vital pulp therapy, and regenerative endodontic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa E Dawood
- Melbourne Dental School, Oral Health CRC, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David J Manton
- Melbourne Dental School, Oral Health CRC, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter Parashos
- Melbourne Dental School, Oral Health CRC, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rebecca H Wong
- Melbourne Dental School, Oral Health CRC, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - William Singleton
- Melbourne Dental School, Oral Health CRC, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James A Holden
- Melbourne Dental School, Oral Health CRC, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Melbourne Dental School, Oral Health CRC, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Melbourne Dental School, Oral Health CRC, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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27
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Chen Z, Bachhuka A, Wei F, Wang X, Liu G, Vasilev K, Xiao Y. Nanotopography-based strategy for the precise manipulation of osteoimmunomodulation in bone regeneration. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:18129-18152. [PMID: 29143002 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05913b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells play vital roles in regulating bone dynamics. Successful bone regeneration requires a favourable osteo-immune environment. The high plasticity and diversity of immune cells make it possible to manipulate the osteo-immune response of immune cells, thus modulating the osteoimmune environment and regulating bone regeneration. With the advancement in nanotechnology, nanotopographies with different controlled surface properties can be fabricated. On tuning the surface properties, the osteo-immune response can be precisely modulated. This highly tunable characteristic and immunomodulatory effects make nanotopography a promising strategy to precisely manipulate osteoimmunomdulation for bone tissue engineering applications. This review first summarises the effects of the immune response during bone healing to show the importance of regulating the immune response for the bone response. The plasticity of immune cells is then reviewed to provide rationales for manipulation of the osteoimmune response. Subsequently, we highlight the current types of nanotopographies applied in bone biomaterials and their fabrication techniques, and explain how these nanotopographies modulate the immune response and the possible underlying mechanisms. The effects of immune cells on nanotopography-mediated osteogenesis are emphasized, and we propose the concept of "nano-osteoimmunomodulation" to provide a valuable strategy for the development of nanotopographies with osteoimmunomodulatory properties that can precisely regulate bone dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zetao Chen
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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28
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Reg Gene Expression in Periosteum after Fracture and Its In Vitro Induction Triggered by IL-6. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112257. [PMID: 29077068 PMCID: PMC5713227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The periosteum is a thin membrane that surrounds the outer surface of bones and participates in fracture healing. However, the molecular signals that trigger/initiate the periosteal reaction are not well established. We fractured the rat femoral bone at the diaphysis and fixed it with an intramedullary inserted wire, and the expression of regenerating gene (Reg) I, which encodes a tissue regeneration/growth factor, was analyzed. Neither bone/marrow nor muscle showed RegI gene expression before or after the fracture. By contrast, the periosteum showed an elevated expression after the fracture, thereby confirming the localization of Reg I expression exclusively in the periosteum around the fractured areas. Expression of the Reg family increased after the fracture, followed by a decrease to basal levels by six weeks, when the fracture had almost healed. In vitro cultures of periosteal cells showed no Reg I expression, but the addition of IL-6 significantly induced Reg I gene expression. The addition of IL-6 also increased the cell number and reduced pro-apoptotic gene expression of Bim. The increased cell proliferation and reduction in Bim gene expression were abolished by transfection with Reg I siRNA, indicating that these IL-6-dependent effects require the Reg I gene expression. These results indicate the involvement of the IL-6/Reg pathway in the osteogenic response of the periosteum, which leads to fracture repair.
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29
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Abstract
This review describes the normal healing process for bone, ligaments, and tendons, including primary and secondary healing as well as bone-to-bone fusion. It depicts the important mediators and cell types involved in the inflammatory, reparative, and remodeling stages of each healing process. It also describes the main challenges for clinicians when trying to repair bone, ligaments, and tendons with a specific emphasis on Charcot neuropathy, fifth metatarsal fractures, arthrodesis, and tendon sheath and adhesions. Current treatment options and research areas are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Cottrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07101, USA.
| | - Jessica Cardenas Turner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Treena Livingston Arinzeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - J Patrick O'Connor
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Medical Sciences Building, Room E-659, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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30
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Buettmann EG, Silva MJ. Development of an in vivo bone fatigue damage model using axial compression of the rabbit forelimb. J Biomech 2016; 49:3564-3569. [PMID: 27596952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Many nontraumatic fractures seen clinically in patients with metabolic bone disorders or on antiresorptive treatment show an increased incidence of microdamage accumulation and impaired intracortical remodeling. However, the lack of basal remodeling and Haversian bone in rodents limits their translatability in studying bone damage repair mechanisms. The work presented here demonstrates the development of the forelimb loading model in rabbits, the smallest mammal with intracortical Haversian remodeling. The forelimbs of post-mortem female New Zealand white rabbits were loaded in axial end compression to determine their basic monotonic and fatigue properties. Following time zero characterization, stress fractures were created in vivo and animals were allowed to recover for a period of two to five weeks. The rabbit forelimb when loaded in axial compression demonstrates a consistent mid-diaphyseal fracture location characterized by a local mixed compression-bending loading environment. Forelimb apparent stiffness, when fatigue loaded, demonstrates a progressive increase until macrocrack formation, at which time apparent stiffness rapidly declines until failure. Stress fractures in the rabbit ulna display robust periosteal expansion and woven bone formation two weeks following fracture. Subsequent healing at five weeks post-fracture is marked by woven bone densification, resorption and intracortical remodeling along the stress fracture line. The rabbit forelimb fatigue model is a promising new platform by which bone׳s response to damage may be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan G Buettmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Barnes Jewish Institute of Health, 425 S. Euclid, 11th Floor, St. Louis 63110, MO, United States.
| | - Matthew J Silva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Barnes Jewish Institute of Health, 425 S. Euclid, 11th Floor, St. Louis 63110, MO, United States
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31
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Okada K, Kawao N, Yano M, Tamura Y, Kurashimo S, Okumoto K, Kojima K, Kaji H. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 mediates changes of bone marrow stem cells during the bone repair process. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E15-23. [PMID: 26530150 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00253.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, chondrocytes, and macrophages that participate in the bone repair process are derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, the roles of these stem cells during the repair of injured bone tissue are still unclear. In the present study, we examined the effects of bone defect on HSCs and MSCs in bone marrow and spleen in 75 mice and its mechanism. We analyzed the HSC and MSC populations in these tissues of a mouse with femoral bone damage by using flow cytometry. The number of HSCs in the bone marrow of mice with damaged femurs was significantly lower than the number of these cells in the bone marrow of the contralateral intact femurs on day 2 after injury. Meanwhile, the number of MSCs in the bone marrow of mice with damaged femurs was significantly higher than that of the contralateral femurs. Both intraperitoneal administration of AMD3100, a C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) antagonist, and local treatment with an anti-stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) antibody blunted the observed decrease in HSC and increase in MSC populations within the bone marrow of injured femurs. In conclusion, the present study revealed that there is a concurrent decrease and increase in the numbers of HSCs and MSCs, respectively, in the bone marrow during repair of mouse femoral bone damage. Furthermore, the SDF-1/CXCR4 system was implicated as contributing to the changes in these stem cell populations upon bone injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Okada
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan; and
| | - Naoyuki Kawao
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan; and
| | - Masato Yano
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan; and
| | - Yukinori Tamura
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan; and
| | - Shinzi Kurashimo
- Life Science Research Institute, Kinki University, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsumi Okumoto
- Life Science Research Institute, Kinki University, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kotarou Kojima
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan; and
| | - Hiroshi Kaji
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan; and
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Ramchandani D, Weber GF. Interactions between osteopontin and vascular endothelial growth factor: Implications for skeletal disorders. Bone 2015; 81:7-15. [PMID: 26123594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are characterized by a convergence in function for maintaining the homeostasis of the skeletal and renal systems (the bone-renal-vascular axis regulates bone metabolism). The two cytokines contribute to bone remodeling, dental healing, kidney function, and the adjustment to microgravity. Often, they are co-expressed or one molecule induces the other, however, in some settings OPN-associated pathways and VEGF-associated pathways are distinct. In bone remodeling, OPN and VEGF are regulated under the influence of growth factors and hormones, hypoxia and inflammation, the micro-environment, and various physical forces. Their abundance can be affected by drug treatment. OPN and VEGF are variably associated with kidney disease. Their balanced levels are critical for restoring endothelial cell function and ameliorating the adverse effects of microgravity. Here, we review the relevant 83 papers of 257 articles published, and listed in PubMed under the key words OPN and VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georg F Weber
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, USA.
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Liu C, Zhang X, Wu M, You L. Mechanical loading up-regulates early remodeling signals from osteocytes subjected to physical damage. J Biomech 2015; 48:4221-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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McBride-Gagyi SH, McKenzie JA, Buettmann EG, Gardner MJ, Silva MJ. Bmp2 conditional knockout in osteoblasts and endothelial cells does not impair bone formation after injury or mechanical loading in adult mice. Bone 2015; 81:533-543. [PMID: 26344756 PMCID: PMC4640950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Post-natal osteogenesis after mechanical trauma or stimulus occurs through either endochondral healing, intramembranous healing or lamellar bone formation. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) is up-regulated in each of these osteogenic processes and is expressed by a variety of cells including osteoblasts and vascular cells. It is known that genetic knockout of Bmp2 in all cells or in osteo-chondroprogenitor cells completely abrogates endochondral healing after full fracture. However, the importance of BMP2 from differentiated osteoblasts and endothelial cells is not known. Moreover, the importance of BMP2 in non-endochondral bone formation such as intramembranous healing or lamellar bone formation is not known. Using inducible and tissue-specific Cre-lox mediated targeting of Bmp2 in adult (10-24 week old) mice, we assessed the role of BMP2 expression globally, by osteoblasts, and by vascular endothelial cells in endochondral healing, intramembranous healing and lamellar bone formation. These three osteogenic processes were modeled using full femur fracture, ulnar stress fracture, and ulnar non-damaging cyclic loading, respectively. Our results confirmed the requirement of BMP2 for endochondral fracture healing, as mice in which Bmp2 was knocked out in all cells prior to fracture failed to form a callus. Targeted deletion of Bmp2 in osteoblasts (osterix-expressing) or vascular endothelial cells (vascular endothelial cadherin-expressing) did not impact fracture healing in any way. Regarding non-endochondral bone formation, we found that BMP2 is largely dispensable for intramembranous bone formation after stress fracture and also not required for lamellar bone formation induced by mechanical loading. Taken together our results indicate that osteoblasts and endothelial cells are not a critical source of BMP2 in endochondral fracture healing, and that non-endochondral bone formation in the adult mouse is not as critically dependent on BMP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Howe McBride-Gagyi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd, Schwitalla Hall, M176, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid, Campus Box8233, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Jennifer A McKenzie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid, Campus Box8233, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Evan G Buettmann
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid, Campus Box8233, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Michael J Gardner
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid, Campus Box8233, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Matthew J Silva
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid, Campus Box8233, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Weel H, Mallee WH, van Dijk CN, Blankevoort L, Goedegebuure S, Goslings JC, Kennedy JG, Kerkhoffs GMMJ. The effect of concentrated bone marrow aspirate in operative treatment of fifth metatarsal stress fractures; a double-blind randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2015; 16:211. [PMID: 26290323 PMCID: PMC4546041 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-015-0649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fifth metatarsal (MT-V) stress fractures often exhibit delayed union and are high-risk fractures for non-union. Surgical treatment, currently considered as the gold standard, does not give optimal results, with a mean time to fracture union of 12-18 weeks. In recent studies, the use of bone marrow cells has been introduced to accelerate healing of fractures with union problems. The aim of this randomized trial is to determine if operative treatment of MT-V stress fractures with use of concentrated blood and bone marrow aspirate (cB + cBMA) is more effective than surgery alone. We hypothesize that using cB + cBMA in the operative treatment of MT-V stress fractures will lead to an earlier fracture union. METHODS/DESIGN A prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial (RCT) will be conducted in an academic medical center in the Netherlands. Ethics approval is received. 50 patients will be randomized to either operative treatment with cB + cBMA, harvested from the iliac crest, or operative treatment without cB + cBMA but with a sham-treatment of the iliac crest. The fracture fixation is the same in both groups, as is the post-operative care.. Follow up will be one year. The primary outcome measure is time to union in weeks on X-ray. Secondary outcome measures are time to resumption of work and sports, functional outcomes (SF-36, FAOS, FAAM), complication rate, composition of osteoprogenitors in cB + cBMA and cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, a bone biopsy is taken from every stress fracture and analysed histologically to determine the stage of the stress fracture. The difference in primary endpoint between the two groups is analysed using student's t-test or equivalent. DISCUSSION This trial will likely provide level-I evidence on the effectiveness of cB + cBMA in the operative treatment of MT-V stress fractures. TRIAL REGISTRATION Netherlands Trial Register (reg.nr NTR4377 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke Weel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, G4-264, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Wouter H Mallee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, G4-264, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - C Niek van Dijk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, G4-264, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Leendert Blankevoort
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, G4-264, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Simon Goedegebuure
- The Sport Physician Group, Saint Lucas Andreas Hospital department of Sports Medicine, Jan Tooropstraat 164, 1061, AE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - J Carel Goslings
- Department of Surgery, Trauma Unit, Academical Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - John G Kennedy
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, 523 East 72nd Street, 5th Floor Rm 514, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - Gino M M J Kerkhoffs
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, G4-264, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ramchandani D, Weber GF. Interactions between osteopontin and vascular endothelial growth factor: Implications for cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1855:202-22. [PMID: 25732057 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For this comprehensive review, 257 publications with the keywords "osteopontin" or "OPN" and "vascular endothelial growth factor" or "VEGF" in PubMed were screened (time frame from year 1996 to year 2014). 37 articles were excluded because they were not focused on the interactions between these molecules, and papers relevant for transformation-related phenomena were selected. Osteopontin (OPN) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are characterized by a convergence in function for regulating cell motility and angiogenesis, the response to hypoxia, and apoptosis. Often, they are co-expressed or one molecule induces the other, however, in some settings OPN-associated pathways and VEGF-associated pathways are distinct. Their relationships affect the pathogenesis in cancer, where they contribute to progression and angiogenesis and serve as markers for poor prognosis. The inhibition of OPN may reduce VEGF levels and suppress tumor progression. In vascular pathologies, these two cytokines mediate remodeling, but may also perpetuate inflammation and narrowing of the arteries. OPN and VEGF are elevated and contribute to vascularization in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georg F Weber
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, USA.
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Synergistic effect of nanomaterials and BMP-2 signalling in inducing osteogenic differentiation of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:219-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Lennerås M, Palmquist A, Norlindh B, Emanuelsson L, Thomsen P, Omar O. Oxidized Titanium Implants Enhance Osseointegration via Mechanisms Involving RANK/RANKL/OPG Regulation. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2014; 17 Suppl 2:e486-500. [PMID: 25536123 DOI: 10.1111/cid.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of implant surface properties for bone formation and bone remodeling, that is, the major events during osseointegration, are incompletely understood. PURPOSE This experimental study aimed to investigate the relation between molecular and morphological patterns at the bone interface for machined and oxidized implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS Machined and anodically oxidized titanium implants were inserted in rat tibiae. The implants and surrounding tissue were retrieved at 1, 3, 6, 14, or 28 days for gene expression, histology, histomorphometry, backscatter scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Compared with machined-surface implants, a higher degree of mineralized bone was found in contact with the oxidized-surface implants. After 3 days, cells adherent to the oxidized implants demonstrated a markedly higher expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG). Whereas the OPG expression was higher at the machined implants at 6, 14, and 28 days, a higher RANKL/OPG ratio was detected at the oxidized implants. Between 3 and 14 days, both implants demonstrated a temporal increase in RANKL/OPG, corresponding to the remodeling phase at the bone-implant interface. For both implant types, the RANKL/OPG ratio sharply decreased to a low level after 28 days. CONCLUSIONS The present results show that oxidized implants rapidly promote a high degree of mineralized bone apposition to the surface. As determined by the gene expression data, the mechanisms involve an early induction of osteoclastic differentiation and subsequently more intensive bone remodeling, which accelerates the maturation of the bone-implant interface. The present study suggests that the RANKL/OPG ratio is a sensitive indicator for monitoring the remodeling process during osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lennerås
- BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anders Palmquist
- BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Norlindh
- BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lena Emanuelsson
- BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Peter Thomsen
- BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Omar Omar
- BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Center of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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Chung SL, Leung KS, Cheung WH. Low-magnitude high-frequency vibration enhances gene expression related to callus formation, mineralization and remodeling during osteoporotic fracture healing in rats. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:1572-9. [PMID: 25131218 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Low magnitude high frequency vibration (LMHFV) has been shown to improve anabolic and osteogenic responses in osteoporotic intact bones and during osteoporotic fracture healing; however, the molecular response of LMHFV during osteoporotic fracture healing has not been investigated. It was hypothesized that LMHFV could enhance osteoporotic fracture healing by regulating the expression of genes related to chondrogenesis (Col-2), osteogenesis (Col-1) and remodeling (receptor activator for nuclear factor- κ B ligand (RANKL) and osteoproteger (OPG)). In this study, the effects of LMHFV on both osteoporotic and normal bone fracture healing were assessed by endpoint gene expressions, weekly radiographs, and histomorphometry at weeks 2, 4 and 8 post-treatment. LMHFV enhanced osteoporotic fracture healing by up-regulating the expression of chondrogenesis-, osteogenesis- and remodeling-related genes (Col-2 at week 4 (p=0.008), Col-1 at week 2 and 8 (p<0.001 and p=0.008) and RANKL/OPG at week 8 (p=0.045)). Osteoporotic bone had a higher response to LMHFV than normal bone and showed significantly better results as reflected by increased expression of Col-2 and Col-1 at week 2 (p<0.001 for all), larger callus width at week 2 (p=0.001), callus area at week 1 and 5(p<0.05 for all) and greater relative area of osseous tissue (p=0.002) at week 8. This study helps to understand how LMHFV regulates gene expression of callus formation, mineralization and remodeling during osteoporotic fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Lu Chung
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Osteocyte expression of caspase-3, COX-2, IL-6 and sclerostin are spatially and temporally associated following stress fracture initiation. BONEKEY REPORTS 2014; 3:571. [PMID: 25228984 PMCID: PMC4162464 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2014.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Stress fractures (SFxs) are debilitating injuries and exact mechanisms that initiate their repair incompletely understood. We hypothesised that osteocyte apoptosis and expression of cytokines and proteins such as sclerostin, VEGF, TGF-β, COX-2 and IL-6 were early signalling events to facilitate the formation of periosteal woven bone and recruitment of osteoclast precursors to the site of remodelling. A SFx was created in the right ulna of mature female wistar rats using cyclic end loading. Rats were killed 1, 4 and 7 days after loading (n=5 per group). Standard histological staining was used to examine SFx morphology and immunohistochemistry to detect the localisation of these proteins and in situ hybridisation to detect mRNA along the SFx line or gene expression to quantify the target genes. Unloaded ulnae served as controls. The labelling index of caspase-3, COX-2 and IL-6 was significantly elevated in the region of SFxs at all time points compared with controls (P<0.001). In addition, the labelling index of sclerostin protein was significantly reduced in osteocytes adjacent to the SFx region when compared with controls at all three time points (P<0.001). Both VEGF and TGF-β expressions were only localised in the woven bone. These data reinforce the involvement of osteocyte apoptosis in the healing of fatigue damage in bone, and demonstrate that local regulation of sclerostin, COX-2 and IL-6 are important signalling events associated with new bone formation and SFx remodelling.
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Tomlinson RE, Schmieder AH, Quirk JD, Lanza GM, Silva MJ. Antagonizing the αv β3 integrin inhibits angiogenesis and impairs woven but not lamellar bone formation induced by mechanical loading. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:1970-80. [PMID: 24644077 PMCID: PMC4323187 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis and osteogenesis are critically linked, although the role of angiogenesis is not well understood in osteogenic mechanical loading. In this study, either damaging or non-damaging cyclic axial compression was used to generate woven bone formation (WBF) or lamellar bone formation (LBF), respectively, at the mid-diaphysis of the adult rat forelimb. αv β3 integrin-targeted nanoparticles or vehicle was injected intravenously after mechanical loading. β3 integrin subunit expression on vasculature was maximal 7 days after damaging mechanical loading, but was still robustly expressed 14 days after loading. Accordingly, targeted nanoparticle delivery in WBF-loaded limbs was increased compared with non-loaded limbs. Vascularity was dramatically increased after WBF loading (+700% on day 14) and modestly increased after LBF loading (+50% on day 14). This increase in vascularity was inhibited by nanoparticle treatment in both WBF- and LBF-loaded limbs at days 7 and 14 after loading. Decreased vascularity led to diminished woven, but not lamellar, bone formation. Decreased woven bone formation resulted in impaired structural properties of the skeletal repair, particularly in post-yield behavior. These results demonstrate that αv β3 integrin-mediated angiogenesis is critical for recovering fracture resistance after bone injury but is not required for bone modeling after modest mechanical strain. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E. Tomlinson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anne H. Schmieder
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - James D. Quirk
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gregory M. Lanza
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew J. Silva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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Moore SR, Saidel GM, Knothe U, Knothe Tate ML. Mechanistic, mathematical model to predict the dynamics of tissue genesis in bone defects via mechanical feedback and mediation of biochemical factors. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003604. [PMID: 24967742 PMCID: PMC4072518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The link between mechanics and biology in the generation and the adaptation of bone has been well studied in context of skeletal development and fracture healing. Yet, the prediction of tissue genesis within - and the spatiotemporal healing of - postnatal defects, necessitates a quantitative evaluation of mechano-biological interactions using experimental and clinical parameters. To address this current gap in knowledge, this study aims to develop a mechanistic mathematical model of tissue genesis using bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) to represent of a class of factors that may coordinate bone healing. Specifically, we developed a mechanistic, mathematical model to predict the dynamics of tissue genesis by periosteal progenitor cells within a long bone defect surrounded by periosteum and stabilized via an intramedullary nail. The emergent material properties and mechanical environment associated with nascent tissue genesis influence the strain stimulus sensed by progenitor cells within the periosteum. Using a mechanical finite element model, periosteal surface strains are predicted as a function of emergent, nascent tissue properties. Strains are then input to a mechanistic mathematical model, where mechanical regulation of BMP-2 production mediates rates of cellular proliferation, differentiation and tissue production, to predict healing outcomes. A parametric approach enables the spatial and temporal prediction of endochondral tissue regeneration, assessed as areas of cartilage and mineralized bone, as functions of radial distance from the periosteum and time. Comparing model results to histological outcomes from two previous studies of periosteum-mediated bone regeneration in a common ovine model, it was shown that mechanistic models incorporating mechanical feedback successfully predict patterns (spatial) and trends (temporal) of bone tissue regeneration. The novel model framework presented here integrates a mechanistic feedback system based on the mechanosensitivity of periosteal progenitor cells, which allows for modeling and prediction of tissue regeneration on multiple length and time scales. Through combination of computational, physical and engineering science approaches, the model platform provides a means to test new hypotheses in silico and to elucidate conditions conducive to endogenous tissue genesis. Next generation models will serve to unravel intrinsic differences in bone genesis by endochondral and intramembranous mechanisms. Arising as a consequence of trauma, tumor resection, removal of necrotic or infected tissue, and congenital abnormalities, critical-sized defects are too large to heal spontaneously and therefore require surgical intervention. New surgical approaches harness the regenerative power of the periosteum, a tissue membrane covering most bones, which provides a niche for stem cells and plays a key role in healing after injury. The interplay of mechanical, cellular and biochemical mechanisms involved in periosteum-mediated tissue genesis and healing remains elusive, providing the impetus for the current study. Here, we develop a mechanistic, mathematical model to predict the dynamics of tissue genesis by periosteum-derived stem cells within a bone defect surrounded by periosteum or a periosteum substitute. A mechanical finite element model is coupled with a model of cellular dynamics to simulate a tested clinical scenario in which the patient's own periosteum is left around the defect after injury. Model predictions incorporating mechanical feedback match spatiotemporal patterns of bone tissue regeneration observed in a series of in vivo ovine experiments. Through combination of computational, physical and engineering science approaches, the model platform provides a means to test new hypotheses in silico. This will provide criteria conducive to endogenous tissue genesis that can be tested in follow on experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon R. Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gerald M. Saidel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GMS); (MLKT)
| | - Ulf Knothe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Melissa L. Knothe Tate
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail: (GMS); (MLKT)
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Short-Term Evaluation of Grafts Fixed With Either N-Butyl-2-Cyanocrylate or Screws. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014; 72:676-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tomlinson RE, Silva MJ. Skeletal Blood Flow in Bone Repair and Maintenance. Bone Res 2013; 1:311-22. [PMID: 26273509 DOI: 10.4248/br201304002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is a highly vascularized tissue, although this aspect of bone is often overlooked. In this article, the importance of blood flow in bone repair and regeneration will be reviewed. First, the skeletal vascular anatomy, with an emphasis on long bones, the distinct mechanisms for vascularizing bone tissue, and methods for remodeling existing vasculature are discussed. Next, techniques for quantifying bone blood flow are briefly summarized. Finally, the body of experimental work that demonstrates the role of bone blood flow in fracture healing, distraction osteogenesis, osteoporosis, disuse osteopenia, and bone grafting is examined. These results illustrate that adequate bone blood flow is an important clinical consideration, particularly during bone regeneration and in at-risk patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Tomlinson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis , Saint Louis, MO, USA ; Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis , Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew J Silva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis , Saint Louis, MO, USA ; Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis , Saint Louis, MO, USA
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Tomlinson RE, Shoghi KI, Silva MJ. Nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation increases blood flow during the early stages of stress fracture healing. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 116:416-24. [PMID: 24356518 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00957.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the strong connection between angiogenesis and osteogenesis in skeletal repair conditions such as fracture and distraction osteogenesis, little is known about the vascular requirements for bone formation after repetitive mechanical loading. Here, established protocols of damaging (stress fracture) and nondamaging (physiological) forelimb loading in the adult rat were used to stimulate either woven or lamellar bone formation, respectively. Positron emission tomography was used to evaluate blood flow and fluoride kinetics at the site of bone formation. In the group that received damaging mechanical loading leading to woven bone formation (WBF), (15)O water (blood) flow rate was significantly increased on day 0 and remained elevated 14 days after loading, whereas (18)F fluoride uptake peaked 7 days after loading. In the group that received nondamaging mechanical loading leading to lamellar bone formation (LBF), (15)O water and (18)F fluoride flow rates in loaded limbs were not significantly different from nonloaded limbs at any time point. The early increase in blood flow rate after WBF loading was associated with local vasodilation. In addition, Nos2 expression in mast cells was increased in WBF-, but not LBF-, loaded limbs. The nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester was used to suppress NO generation, resulting in significant decreases in early blood flow rate and bone formation after WBF loading. These results demonstrate that NO-mediated vasodilation is a key feature of the normal response to stress fracture and precedes woven bone formation. Therefore, patients with impaired vascular function may heal stress fractures more slowly than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Tomlinson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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Bonnet N, Gineyts E, Ammann P, Conway SJ, Garnero P, Ferrari S. Periostin deficiency increases bone damage and impairs injury response to fatigue loading in adult mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78347. [PMID: 24167618 PMCID: PMC3805534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone damage removal and callus formation in response to fatigue loading are essential to prevent fractures. Periostin (Postn) is a matricellular protein that mediates adaptive response of cortical bone to loading. Whether and how periostin influences damage and the injury response to fatigue remains unknown. We investigated the skeletal response of Postn(-/-) and Postn(+/+) mice after fatigue stimulus by axial compression of their tibia. In Postn(+/+) mice, cracks number and surface (CsNb, CsS) increased 1h after fatigue, with a decrease in strength compared to non-fatigued tibia. At 15 days, CsNb had started to decline, while CtTV and CtBV increased in fatigued vs non-fatigued tibia, reflecting a woven bone response that was present in 75% of the fatigued bones. Cortical porosity and remodelling also prominently increased in the fatigued tibia of Postn(+/+) mice. At 30 days, paralleling a continuous removal of cortical damage, strength of the fatigued tibia was similar to the non-fatigue tibia. In Postn(-/-) mice, cracks were detectable even in the absence of fatigue, while the amount of collagen crosslinks and tissue hardness was decreased compared to Postn(+/+). Fatigue significantly increased CsNb and CsS in Postn(-/-), but was not associated with changes in CtTV and CtBV, as only 16% of the fatigued bones formed some woven bone. Cortical porosity and remodelling did not increase either after fatigue in Postn(-/-), and the level of damage remained high even after 30 days. As a result, strength remained compromised in Postn(-/-) mice. Contrary to Postn(+/+), which osteocytic lacunae showed a change in the degree of anisotropy (DA) after fatigue, Postn(-/-) showed no DA change. Hence periostin appears to influence bone materials properties, damage accumulation and repair, including local modeling/remodeling processes in response to fatigue. These observations suggest that the level of periostin expression could influence the propensity to fatigue fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bonnet
- Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail :
| | - Evelyne Gineyts
- INSERM UMR 1033, University of Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - Patrick Ammann
- Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Simon J. Conway
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Patrick Garnero
- INSERM UMR 1033, University of Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - Serge Ferrari
- Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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Whitton RC, Mirams M, Mackie EJ, Anderson GA, Seeman E. Exercise-induced inhibition of remodelling is focally offset with fatigue fracture in racehorses. Osteoporos Int 2013; 24:2043-8. [PMID: 23371360 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-013-2291-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bone remodelling is inhibited by high repetitive loading. However, in subchondral bone of racehorses in training, eroded surface doubled in association with fatigue fracture and there was greater surrounding trabecular bone volume suggesting trabecular modelling unloads the bone focally, allowing damage repair by remodelling. INTRODUCTION Remodelling replaces damaged bone with new bone but is suppressed during high magnitude repetitive loading when damage is most likely. However, in cortical bone of racehorses, at sites of fatigue fracture, focal porosity, consistent with remodelling, is observed in proportion to the extent of surrounding callus. Focal areas of porosity are also observed at sites of fatigue damage in subchondral bone. We hypothesised that fatigued subchondral bone, like damaged cortical bone, is remodelled focally in proportion to the modelling of surrounding trabecular bone. METHODS Eroded and mineralizing surfaces and bone area were measured using backscattered scanning electron microscopy of post-mortem specimens of the distal third metacarpal bone in 11 racehorses with condylar fractures (cases) and eight racehorses in training without fractures (controls). RESULTS Cases had a two-fold greater eroded surface per unit area at the fracture site than controls (0.81 ± 0.10 vs. 0.40 ± 0.12 mm(-1), P = 0.021) but not at an adjacent site (0.22 ± 0.09 vs. 0.30 ± 0.11 mm(-1), P = 0.59). Area fraction of surrounding trabecular bone was higher in cases than controls (81 ± 2 vs. 72 ± 2 %, P = 0.0020) and the eroded surface at the fracture site correlated with the surrounding trabecular area (adjusted R (2) = 0.63, P = 0.0010). CONCLUSION In conclusion, exercise-induced inhibition of remodelling is offset at sites of fatigue fracture. Modelling of trabecular bone may contribute to unloading these regions, allowing repair by remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Whitton
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Equine Centre, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Hwy, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
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Krikler SJ. I'm tired of stress, I prefer fatigue. Injury 2013; 44:883. [PMID: 22459895 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Wu AC, Morrison NA, Kelly WL, Forwood MR. MCP-1 expression is specifically regulated during activation of skeletal repair and remodeling. Calcif Tissue Int 2013; 92:566-75. [PMID: 23460341 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-013-9718-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) belongs to the CC chemokine superfamily and plays a critical role in the recruitment and activation of leukocytes during acute inflammation. We hypothesize that MCP-1 is also an important chemokine that regulates the recruitment and activation of bone cells required for skeletal repair and remodeling. We used the ulnar stress fracture (SFx) model, which allows investigation of focal remodeling with a known time course and precise anatomical location. SFx were created in the right ulna of female Wistar rats using cyclic end loading. Unloaded animals were used as a control. Rats were killed 4 h and 1, 4, 7, and 14 days after loading (n = 10/group); RNA was extracted and converted to cDNA for quantitative PCR analysis using TaqMan gene expression assays. Four hours after loading, MCP-1 gene expression was increased ~30-fold (P < 0.001), remained elevated at 24 h (~12-fold, P < 0.001), then declined by day 14. Relative to the contralateral limb, expression of the receptors CCR1 and CCR2 increased over the 14 days, being significant by 4 days for CCR1 and 14 days for CCR2 (P < 0.05). Other inflammation-related chemokines (RANTES, MIP1a) were not increased at these early time points. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in separate animal groups (n = 5/group, control, days 1, 4, 7), MCP-1 mRNA and protein were localized in periosteal osteoblasts associated with woven bone formation at the fracture exit point but not in osteocytes adjacent to the SFx. These data support an important role for MCP-1 in the early phase of SFx repair and activated remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Wu
- School of Medical Science and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Nathan, QLD, 4222, Australia
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Effects of insulin therapy on fracture healing and expression of VEGF in diabetic rats. J Appl Biomed 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/v10136-012-0018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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