1
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The effect of zoledronic acid and denosumab on the mandible and other bones: a 18F-NaF-PET study. Oral Radiol 2022; 38:594-600. [PMID: 35142984 DOI: 10.1007/s11282-022-00594-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether both zoledronic acid (ZA) and denosumab (Dmab) equally suppress bone remodeling of the normal mandible, and the secondary purpose was to determine the influence of ZA and Dmab on other normal bones. METHODS 18F-sodium fluoride-positron-emission-tomography (18F-NaF-PET) was used to perform quantitative analysis of the bone metabolism in various parts. The end points of the study were the mean standardized uptake value (SUV) of each member of the ZA group (n = 9), the Dmab group (n = 16), and the Control group (n = 23). RESULTS The SUV at the thoracic vertebrae in the ZA group were significantly lower than those of the Dmab and Control group (p < 0.05) In addition, the mean SUVs of the cervical vertebrae in the ZA group were significantly lower than those in the Control group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference among ZA, Dmab and Control group in the other sites. There was no significant difference between the Dmab and Control groups at all sites. CONCLUSIONS The remodeling of mandible was not suppressed due to the treatment with anti-resorptive agents. Differences in the mechanisms of action between the BP and Dmab caused the specificity of the effect on the metabolism of normal bone.
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2
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Krüger TB, Syversen U, Herlofson BB, Lian AM, Reseland JE. Targeting a therapeutically relevant concentration of alendronate for in vitro studies on osteoblasts. Acta Odontol Scand 2022; 80:619-625. [PMID: 35605138 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2022.2072522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bisphosphonates like alendronate mainly exert their effects on osteoclasts. However, osteoblasts are also affected, but exposed to a much lower concentration in vivo than the osteoclasts. Given that the effects are dose-dependent, the intention of the study was to identify a therapeutically relevant concentration of alendronate for in vitro studies on osteoblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary human osteoblasts were incubated with alendronate (5, 20 and 100 µM) for 1, 3, 7 and 14 days. Proliferation and viability were assessed, and the effects on cellular growth and function were evaluated by multianalyte profiling of selected proteins in cell culture media using the Luminex 200TM. RESULTS The viability was not affected by any of the dosages. Exposure to 5 µM alendronate had a neutral effect on osteoblast proliferation, and on secretion of osteogenic and inflammatory markers, while enhancing synthesis of a marker of angiogenesis. 20 µM alendronate induced a decline in proliferation and affected angiogenic and osteogenic biomarkers adversely. 100 µM alendronate reduced proliferation dramatically, and this dosage was excluded from further experiments. CONCLUSION A concentration of 5 µM alendronate exerted effects on human osteoblasts that may translate to those observed in vivo and could therefore be relevant for in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tormod B. Krüger
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Unni Syversen
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU—Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinic of medicine, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bente B. Herlofson
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aina M. Lian
- Oral Research Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Janne E. Reseland
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Lee JH, Yoon JY, Lee YB. The Use of Intravenous Zoledronate May Reduce Retear Rate after Rotator Cuff Repair in Older Female Patients with Osteoporosis. A First In-Human Prospective Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030836. [PMID: 35160287 PMCID: PMC8836943 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to demonstrate the effect of intravenous (IV) zoledronate administration on rotator cuff healing, retear rate, and clinical outcomes in osteoporotic patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR) compared with patients with normal bone densities. In this prospective nonrandomized comparative study with propensity score matching, 30 patients who were postoperatively administered IV zoledronate (5 mg) were enrolled as the study group. The control group was matched using 1-to-2 propensity score matching. Radiologic and functional outcomes were evaluated 6 months after surgery. The functional scores in both groups exhibited significant improvement 6 months after surgery. Compared with Group 1 (osteoporosis with IV zoledronate injection) Group 2 (normal bone density) showed significant improvement in their University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder score and Constant Shoulder Score (CSS) at 6 months postoperatively. The range of motion improved in both groups at 6 months after surgery. The retear rates according to Sugaya’s classification (IV and V) were 13.3% (4 of 30 patients) and 25% (15 of 60 patients) in Groups 1 and 2, respectively, which established a non-inferiority of Group 1 to the control group. The retear pattern according to Rhee’s classification in Group 1 was type I in all cases, whereas eight cases of type I and seven cases of type II patterns were observed in Group 2, which was statistically insignificant between the groups. In conclusion, anti-osteoporotic drug use is beneficial for patients with osteoporosis to reduce the failure rate after an ARCR of length > 2 cm, especially in older female patients. Moreover, thorough scrutiny is required to detect osteoporosis in patients with rotator cuff tears, especially in female patients.
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Abstract
Osteocytes, former osteoblasts encapsulated by mineralized bone matrix, are far from being passive and metabolically inactive bone cells. Instead, osteocytes are multifunctional and dynamic cells capable of integrating hormonal and mechanical signals and transmitting them to effector cells in bone and in distant tissues. Osteocytes are a major source of molecules that regulate bone homeostasis by integrating both mechanical cues and hormonal signals that coordinate the differentiation and function of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Osteocyte function is altered in both rare and common bone diseases, suggesting that osteocyte dysfunction is directly involved in the pathophysiology of several disorders affecting the skeleton. Advances in osteocyte biology initiated the development of novel therapeutics interfering with osteocyte-secreted molecules. Moreover, osteocytes are targets and key distributors of biological signals mediating the beneficial effects of several bone therapeutics used in the clinic. Here we review the most recent discoveries in osteocyte biology demonstrating that osteocytes regulate bone homeostasis and bone marrow fat via paracrine signaling, influence body composition and energy metabolism via endocrine signaling, and contribute to the damaging effects of diabetes mellitus and hematologic and metastatic cancers in the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Delgado-Calle
- 1Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,2Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Teresita Bellido
- 1Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,2Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,3Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
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5
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Xavier A, Toumi H, Lespessailles E. Animal Model for Glucocorticoid Induced Osteoporosis: A Systematic Review from 2011 to 2021. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:377. [PMID: 35008803 PMCID: PMC8745049 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and experimental data have shown that prolonged exposure to GCs leads to bone loss and increases fracture risk. Special attention has been given to existing emerging drugs that can prevent and treat glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis GIOP. However, there is no consensus about the most relevant animal model treatments on GIOP. In this systematic review, we aimed to examine animal models of GIOP centering on study design, drug dose, timing and size of the experimental groups, allocation concealment, and outcome measures. The present review was written according to the PRISMA 2020 statement. Literature searches were performed in the PubMed electronic database via Mesh with the publication date set between April, 2011, and February 2021. A total of 284 full-text articles were screened and 53 were analyzed. The most common animal species used to model GIOP were rats (66%) and mice (32%). In mice studies, males (58%) were preferred and genetically modified animals accounted for 28%. Our work calls for a standardization of the establishment of the GIOP animal model with better precision for model selection. A described reporting design, conduction, and selection of outcome measures are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Xavier
- EA 4708 I3MTO Laboratory, Orleans University, 45067 Orleans, France; (A.X.); (H.T.)
- Translational Medicine Research Platform, PRIMMO, Regional Hospital of Orleans, 45007 Orleans, France
| | - Hechmi Toumi
- EA 4708 I3MTO Laboratory, Orleans University, 45067 Orleans, France; (A.X.); (H.T.)
- Translational Medicine Research Platform, PRIMMO, Regional Hospital of Orleans, 45007 Orleans, France
- Department Rheumatology, Regional Hospital of Orleans, 14 Avenue de L’Hopital, 45007 Orleans, France
| | - Eric Lespessailles
- EA 4708 I3MTO Laboratory, Orleans University, 45067 Orleans, France; (A.X.); (H.T.)
- Translational Medicine Research Platform, PRIMMO, Regional Hospital of Orleans, 45007 Orleans, France
- Department Rheumatology, Regional Hospital of Orleans, 14 Avenue de L’Hopital, 45007 Orleans, France
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6
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Kaplan M, Kalajzic Z, Choi T, Maleeh I, Ricupero CL, Skelton MN, Daily ML, Chen J, Wadhwa S. The role of inhibition of osteocyte apoptosis in mediating orthodontic tooth movement and periodontal remodeling: a pilot study. Prog Orthod 2021; 22:21. [PMID: 34308514 PMCID: PMC8310814 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-021-00366-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) has been shown to induce osteocyte apoptosis in alveolar bone shortly after force application. However, how osteocyte apoptosis affects orthodontic tooth movement is unknown. The goal of this study was to assess the effect of inhibition of osteocyte apoptosis on osteoclastogenesis, changes in the alveolar bone density, and the magnitude of OTM using a bisphosphonate analog (IG9402), a drug that affects osteocyte and osteoblast apoptosis but does not affect osteoclasts. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two sets of experiments were performed. Experiment 1 was used to specifically evaluate the effect of IG9402 on osteocyte apoptosis in the alveolar bone during 24 h of OTM. For this experiment, twelve mice were divided into two groups: group 1, saline administration + OTM24-h (n=6), and group 2, IG9402 administration + OTM24-h (n=6). The contralateral unloaded sides served as the control. The goal of experiment 2 was to evaluate the role of osteocyte apoptosis on OTM magnitude and osteoclastogenesis 10 days after OTM. Twenty mice were divided into 4 groups: group 1, saline administration without OTM (n=5); group 2, IG9402 administration without OTM (n=5); group 3, saline + OTM10-day (n=6); and group 4, IG9402 + OTM10-day (n=4). For both experiments, tooth movement was achieved using Ultra Light (25g) Sentalloy Closed Coil Springs attached between the first maxillary molar and the central incisor. Linear measurements of tooth movement and alveolar bone density (BVF) were assessed by MicroCT analysis. Cell death (or apoptosis) was assessed by terminal dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, while osteoclast and macrophage formation were assessed by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and F4/80+ immunostaining. RESULTS We found that IG9402 significantly blocked osteocyte apoptosis in alveolar bone (AB) at 24 h of OTM. At 10 days, IG9402 prevented OTM-induced loss of alveolar bone density and changed the morphology and quality of osteoclasts and macrophages, but did not significantly affect the amount of tooth movement. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that osteocyte apoptosis may play a significant role in osteoclast and macrophage formation during OTM, but does not seem to play a role in the magnitude of orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Kaplan
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Zana Kalajzic
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Thomas Choi
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Imad Maleeh
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher L Ricupero
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle N Skelton
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Madeleine L Daily
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sunil Wadhwa
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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7
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Short-term glucocorticoid excess blunts abaloparatide-induced increase in femoral bone mass and strength in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12258. [PMID: 34112892 PMCID: PMC8192916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs), such as prednisolone, are widely used to treat inflammatory diseases. Continuously long-term or high dose treatment with GCs is one of the most common causes of secondary osteoporosis and is associated with sarcopenia and increased risk of debilitating osteoporotic fragility fractures. Abaloparatide (ABL) is a potent parathyroid hormone-related peptide analog, which can increase bone mineral density (aBMD), improve trabecular microarchitecture, and increase bone strength. The present study aimed to investigate whether GC excess blunts the osteoanabolic effect of ABL. Sixty 12–13-week-old female RjOrl:SWISS mice were allocated to the following groups: Baseline, Control, ABL, GC, and GC + ABL. ABL was administered as subcutaneous injections (100 μg/kg), while GC was delivered by subcutaneous implantation of a 60-days slow-release prednisolone-pellet (10 mg). The study lasted four weeks. GC induced a substantial reduction in muscle mass, trabecular mineral apposition rate (MAR) and bone formation rate (BFR/BS), and endocortical MAR compared with Control, but did not alter the trabecular microarchitecture or bone strength. In mice not receiving GC, ABL increased aBMD, bone mineral content (BMC), cortical and trabecular microarchitecture, mineralizing surface (MS/BS), MAR, BFR/BS, and bone strength compared with Control. However, when administered concomitantly with GC, the osteoanabolic effect of ABL on BMC, cortical morphology, and cortical bone strength was blunted. In conclusion, at cortical bone sites, the osteoanabolic effect of ABL is generally blunted by short-term GC excess.
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8
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Coffman AA, Basta-Pljakic J, Guerra RM, Ebetino FH, Lundy MW, Majeska RJ, Schaffler MB. A Bisphosphonate With a Low Hydroxyapatite Binding Affinity Prevents Bone Loss in Mice After Ovariectomy and Reverses Rapidly With Treatment Cessation. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10476. [PMID: 33869992 PMCID: PMC8046044 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphosphonates (BPs) are a mainstay of osteoporosis treatment; however, concerns about bone health based on oversuppression of remodeling remain. Long‐term bone remodeling suppression adversely affects bone material properties with microdamage accumulation and reduced fracture toughness in animals and increases in matrix mineralization and atypical femur fractures in patients. Although a “drug holiday” from BPs to restore remodeling and improve bone quality seems reasonable, clinical BPs have long functional half‐lives because of their high hydroxyapatite (HAP) binding affinities. This places a practical limit on the reversibility and effectiveness of a drug holiday. BPs with low HAP affinity and strong osteoclast inhibition potentially offer an alternative approach; their antiresorptive effect should reverse rapidly when dosing is discontinued. This study tested this concept using NE‐58025, a BP with low HAP affinity and moderate osteoclast inhibition potential. Young adult female C57Bl/6 mice were ovariectomized (OVX) and treated with NE‐58025, risedronate, or PBS vehicle for 3 months to test effectiveness in preventing long‐term bone loss. Bone microarchitecture, histomorphometry, and whole‐bone mechanical properties were assessed. To test reversibility, OVX mice were similarly treated for 3 months, treatment was stopped, and bone was assessed up to 3 months post‐treatment. NE‐58025 and RIS inhibited long‐term OVX‐induced bone loss, but NE‐58025 antiresorptive effects were more pronounced. Withdrawing NE‐58025 treatment led to the rapid onset of trabecular resorption with a 200% increase in osteoclast surface and bone loss within 1 month. Cessation of risedronate treatment did not lead to increases in resorption indices or bone loss. These results show that NE‐58025 prevents OVX‐induced bone loss, and its effects reverse quickly following cessation treatment in vivo. Low‐HAP affinity BPs may have use as reversible, antiresorptive agents with a rapid on/off profile, which may be useful for maintaining bone health with long‐term BP treatment. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A Coffman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering The City College of New York New York NY USA
| | - Jelena Basta-Pljakic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering The City College of New York New York NY USA
| | - Rosa M Guerra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering The City College of New York New York NY USA
| | - Frank H Ebetino
- Department of Chemistry University of Rochester Rochester NY USA.,BioVinc, LLC Pasadena CA USA
| | - Mark W Lundy
- BioVinc, LLC Pasadena CA USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Indiana University Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Robert J Majeska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering The City College of New York New York NY USA
| | - Mitchell B Schaffler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering The City College of New York New York NY USA
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9
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Androjna C, Yee CS, White CR, Waldorff EI, Ryaby JT, Zborowski M, Alliston T, Midura RJ. A comparison of alendronate to varying magnitude PEMF in mitigating bone loss and altering bone remodeling in skeletally mature osteoporotic rats. Bone 2021; 143:115761. [PMID: 33217628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) treatments stimulate bone formation activities though further work is needed to optimize its therapeutic benefit. PEMF can generate local potential gradients and electric currents that have been suggested to mimic bone electrochemical responses to load. In line with this reasoning, a recent publication reported that PEMF application on isolated bone tissue induced detectable micro-vibrations (doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2016.2515069). To determine the ability of PEMF to intervene in a rat model of osteoporosis, we tested its effect on trabecular and cortical bone following ovariectomy. Four PEMF treatments, with increasing sinusoidal amplitude rise with time (3850 Hz pulse frequency and 15 Hz repetition rate at 10 tesla/sec (T/s), 30 T/s, 100 T/s, or 300 T/s), were compared to the efficacy of an osteoporosis drug, alendronate, in reducing levels of trabecular bone loss in the proximal tibia. Herein, the novel findings from our study are: (1) 30 T/s PEMF treatment approached the efficacy of alendronate in reducing trabecular bone loss, but differed from it by not reducing bone formation rates; and (2) 30 T/s and 100 T/s PEMF treatments imparted measurable alterations in lacunocanalicular features in cortical bone, consistent with osteocyte sensitivity to PEMF in vivo. The efficacy of specific PEMF doses may relate to their ability to modulate osteocyte function such that the 30 T/s, and to a lesser extent 100 T/s, doses preferentially antagonize trabecular bone resorption while stimulating bone formation. Thus, PEMF treatments of specific magnetic field magnitudes exert a range of measurable biological effects in trabecular and cortical bone tissue in osteoporotic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Androjna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Cristal S Yee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Carter R White
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | | | - James T Ryaby
- Orthofix, Inc., Lewisville, TX, United States of America
| | - Maciej Zborowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Tamara Alliston
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Ronald J Midura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America.
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10
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Osteocyte apoptosis: the roles and key molecular mechanisms in resorption-related bone diseases. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:846. [PMID: 33046704 PMCID: PMC7552426 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Vital osteocytes have been well known to function as an important orchestrator in the preservation of robustness and fidelity of the bone remodeling process. Nevertheless, some key pathological factors, such as sex steroid deficiency and excess glucocorticoids, and so on, are implicated in inducing a bulk of apoptotic osteocytes, subsequently resulting in resorption-related bone loss. As much, osteocyte apoptosis, under homeostatic conditions, is in an optimal state of balance tightly controlled by pro- and anti-apoptotic mechanism pathways. Importantly, there exist many essential signaling proteins in the process of osteocyte apoptosis, which has a crucial role in maintaining a homeostatic environment. While increasing in vitro and in vivo studies have established, in part, key signaling pathways and cross-talk mechanism on osteocyte apoptosis, intrinsic and complex mechanism underlying osteocyte apoptosis occurs in various states of pathologies remains ill-defined. In this review, we discuss not only essential pro- and anti-apoptotic signaling pathways and key biomarkers involved in these key mechanisms under different pathological agents, but also the pivotal role of apoptotic osteocytes in osteoclastogenesis-triggered bone loss, hopefully shedding new light on the attractive and proper actions of pharmacotherapeutics of targeting apoptosis and ensuing resorption-related bone diseases such as osteoporosis and fragility fractures.
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11
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Oliveira MC, Pieters BCH, Guimarães PB, Duffles LF, Heredia JE, Silveira ALM, Oliveira ACC, Teixeira MM, Ferreira AVM, Silva TA, van de Loo FAJ, Macari S. Bovine Milk Extracellular Vesicles Are Osteoprotective by Increasing Osteocyte Numbers and Targeting RANKL/OPG System in Experimental Models of Bone Loss. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:891. [PMID: 32850743 PMCID: PMC7411003 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying effects of milk components on bone may have a clinical impact as milk is highly associated with bone maintenance, and clinical studies provided controversial associations with dairy consumption. We aimed to evaluate the impact of milk extracellular vesicles (mEVs) on the dynamics of bone loss in mice. MEVs are nanoparticles containing proteins, mRNA and microRNA, and were supplemented into the drinking water of mice, either receiving diet-induced obesity or ovariectomy (OVX). Mice receiving mEVs were protected from the bone loss caused by diet-induced obesity. In a more severe model of bone loss, OVX, higher osteoclast numbers in the femur were found, which were lowered by mEV treatment. Additionally, the osteoclastogenic potential of bone marrow-derived precursor cells was lowered in mEV-treated mice. The reduced stiffness in the femur of OVX mice was consequently reversed by mEV treatment, accompanied by improvement in the bone microarchitecture. In general, the RANKL/OPG ratio increased systemically and locally in both models and was rescued by mEV treatment. The number of osteocytes, as primary regulators of the RANKL/OPG system, raised in the femur of the OVX mEVs-treated group compared to OVX non-treated mice. Also, the osteocyte cell line treated with mEVs demonstrated a lowered RANKL/OPG ratio. Thus, mEVs showed systemic and local osteoprotective properties in two mouse models of bone loss reflected in reduced osteoclast presence. Data reveal mEV potential in bone modulation, acting via osteocyte enhancement and RANKL/OPG regulation. We suggest that mEVs could be a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina C Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bartijn C H Pieters
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Polianna B Guimarães
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Letícia F Duffles
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Joyce E Heredia
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana L M Silveira
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Amanda C C Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Adaliene V M Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tarcilia A Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fons A J van de Loo
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Soraia Macari
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Hirooka Y, Nozaki Y, Inoue A, Li J, Shiga T, Kishimoto K, Sugiyama M, Kinoshita K, Funauchi M, Matsumura I. Effects of denosumab versus teriparatide in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis patients with prior bisphosphonate treatment. Bone Rep 2020; 13:100293. [PMID: 32676524 PMCID: PMC7352055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2020.100293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Osteoporosis is one of the serious adverse effects associated with glucocorticoid therapy. Although bisphosphonates have been used for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO), some patients have shown an inadequate response. In such cases, denosumab or teriparatide are used. However, there is no consensus on which of these two drugs is superior. We prospectively compared denosumab's and teriparatide's effects on the bone mineral density (BMD) in GIO patients with prior bisphosphonate treatment. Materials and methods After receiving oral bisphosphonates for ≥2 years, GIO patients with low T-score BMD (<−2.5) were switched from bisphosphonates to denosumab (n = 20) or daily teriparatide (n = 21). We measured the BMD (lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip) in both groups every 6 months for 24 months. Results At 24 months of treatment, the lumbar spine BMD increased significantly from baseline in both the denosumab and teriparatide groups (baseline vs. denosumab and teriparatide; 5.9 ± 5.6%, P < 0.001 and 7.9 ± 5.4%, P < 0.001). A significant increase in femoral neck BMD from baseline occurred only in the teriparatide group (6.6 ± 10.8%, P < 0.05); denosumab (1.5 ± 5.0%). No significant changes occurred in the total hip BMD from baseline in either group (−0.1 ± 5.6% and 3.3 ± 7.5%, respectively). There was no significant difference between the denosumab and teriparatide groups at 24 months in lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD, but was significantly higher in the teriparatide group at 12 months (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 in the lumbar spine and femoral neck, respectively). Conclusion Teriparatide might have some advantages over denosumab and be a good alternative for treating GIO patients with prior bisphosphonate treatment. We compared the effects of denosumab and teriparatide on BMD in GIO patients with prior bisphosphonate treatment. At 24 months, teriparatide increased lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD, whereas denosumab increased lumbar spine BMD only. At 12 months, teriparatide increased lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD more than denosumab. Teriparatide might have some advantages over denosumab in GIO patients with prior bisphosphonate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Hirooka
- Department of Rheumatology, Kindai University Nara Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | - Yuji Nozaki
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Department of Rheumatology, Kindai University Nara Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | - Jinhai Li
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Shiga
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kishimoto
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Sugiyama
- Department of Rheumatology, Kindai University Nara Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | - Koji Kinoshita
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanori Funauchi
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Itaru Matsumura
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Huang M, Wang Y, Peng R. Icariin Alleviates Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis through EphB4/Ephrin-B2 Axis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:2982480. [PMID: 32508946 PMCID: PMC7251451 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2982480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glucocorticoid (GC) is the most important risk factor for osteoporosis (OP); in the present study, we examined the potential mechanism of icariin, a natural bioactive compound isolated from the traditional Chinese herbal Epimedium, for GC-induced OP to explore its potential therapeutic effect. METHODS We used a GC-induced OP mice model and treated with icariin. Pathological changes were measured by H&E staining, and the effects of icariin on osteoblasts and osteoclasts were measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining and western blot (WB) analyses, while trabecular bone parameters were detected by micro-CT imaging in vivo. RESULTS The results showed that in GC-induced OP symptoms, icariin treatment significantly increased the density of the trabecular bone when exposed to GC, revealed by H&E staining and micro-CT imaging. IHC staining showed that GC-induced OP had a lower EphB4 expression and higher Ephrin-B2 expression, but icariin could promote EphB4 while suppressing Ephrin-B2 expression. The WB results also provided evidence of the same protein expression trend, showing that the osteoblast marker OCN and the EphB4 downstream factor RhoA in the GC group were decreased, while both OCN and RhoA expression were significantly increased and the Ephrin-B2 downstream factor Grb4 in in GC group was increased after icariin treatment. CONCLUSION Icariin could improve the characteristics of OP through regulating the balance of the EphB4/Ephrin-B2 pathway. Further preclinical trial is needed to provide certainty of clinical benefits for OP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Huang
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Hubei, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Ying Wang
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province Applied Botany, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jinagxi 341000, China
| | - Rui Peng
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Hubei, Wuhan 430000, China
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14
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Plotkin LI, Buvinic S, Balanta-Melo J. In vitro and in vivo studies using non-traditional bisphosphonates. Bone 2020; 134:115301. [PMID: 32112989 PMCID: PMC7138726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Non-traditional bisphosphonates, that is, bisphosphonates that do not inhibit osteoclast viability or function, were initially reported in the 1990s by Socrates Papapoulos' group. Originally designed to study the role of the R1 residue of aminobisphosphonates on bisphosphonate affinity for hydroxyapatite, these modified bisphosphonates retained similar affinity for mineralized bone as their parent compounds, but they lacked the potential to inhibit the mevalonate pathway or bone resorption. We found that, similar to classical bisphosphonates, these non-traditional compounds prevented osteoblast and osteocyte apoptosis in vitro through a pathway that requires the expression of the gap junction protein connexin 43, and the activation of the Src/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Furthermore, one of those compounds named IG9402 (also known as amino-olpadronate or lidadronate), was able to inhibit osteoblast and osteocyte apoptosis, without affecting osteoclast number or bone resorption in vivo in a model of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. IG9402 administration also ameliorated the decrease in bone mass and in bone mechanical properties induced by glucocorticoids. Similarly, IG9402 prevented apoptosis of osteoblastic cells in a model of immobilization due to hindlimb unloading. However, in this case, the bisphosphonate was not able to preserve the bone mass, and only partially prevented the decrease in bone mechanical properties induced by immobilization. The effect of IG9402 administration was also tested in a mouse model of masticatory hypofunction through the induction of masseter muscle atrophy by unilateral injection of botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA). IG9402 partially inhibited the loss of trabecular bone microstructure in the mandibular condyle, but not the decrease in masseter muscle mass induced by BoNTA administration. In summary, these non-traditional bisphosphonates that lack anti-resorptive activity but are able to preserve osteoblast and osteocyte viability could constitute useful tools to study the consequences of preventing apoptosis of osteoblastic cells in animal models. Furthermore, they could be used to treat conditions associated with reduced bone mass and increased bone fragility in which a reduction of bone remodeling is not desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America.
| | - Sonja Buvinic
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer CEMC2016, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julián Balanta-Melo
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; School of Dentistry, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia; Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Papapoulos SE. Pamidronate: A model compound of the pharmacology of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates; A Leiden historical perspective. Bone 2020; 134:115244. [PMID: 31958532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pamidronate [3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene-1,1-bisphosphonate (APD)] was the first nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate (N-BP) investigated in clinical studies. In contrast to other clinically used bisphosphonates, pamidronate was discovered and its properties were initially studied in an Academic Institution. On the occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the first publications on the biological effects of bisphosphonates, I review in this article the contribution of Leiden investigators to the development of pamidronate that led to the recognition of the significance of the Nitrogen atom in the side chain of bisphosphonates for their action on bone resorption and to the formulation of principles for the use of N-BPs in the management of patients with different skeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Socrates E Papapoulos
- Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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16
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Cui Y, Zhu T, Li D, Li Z, Leng Y, Ji X, Liu H, Wu D, Ding J. Bisphosphonate-Functionalized Scaffolds for Enhanced Bone Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1901073. [PMID: 31693315 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The local sustained release of bioactive substances are attracting increasing attention in bone tissue engineering, which is beneficial to bone tissue formation and helps to improve the bone ingrowth ability of a scaffold. Bisphosphonates (BPs), as a representative kind of osteoclast inhibitors, are proven to possess excellent osteogenic induction capability. Accordingly, various physical and chemical strategies are developed to functionalize bone tissue scaffolds with BPs to achieve controlled release profiles. Compared with traditional treatment modalities, local release of BPs from these composite scaffolds will contribute to continuous bone integration without the risk of many complications. This review explores the molecular mechanisms of BPs on bone metabolism and analyzes the appropriate concentrations of BPs that promote bone regeneration. The advanced BP loading strategies, implant modification technologies, and BP-loaded composite scaffolds based on different matrices are summarized. Finally, the latest advances and the future development of BP-modified scaffolds for enhanced bone regeneration are discussed. This article provides leading-edge design strategies of the BP-functionalized bone engineering scaffolds for improved bone repairability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Cui
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130041 P. R. China
| | - Tongtong Zhu
- Department of OrthopedicsChina‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130033 P. R. China
| | - Di Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer EcomaterialsChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Zuhao Li
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130041 P. R. China
| | - Yi Leng
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130041 P. R. China
| | - Xuan Ji
- Department of StomatologyThe Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130041 P. R. China
| | - He Liu
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130041 P. R. China
| | - Dankai Wu
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130041 P. R. China
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Polymer EcomaterialsChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
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17
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Conaway HH, Henning P, Lie A, Tuckermann J, Lerner UH. Glucocorticoids employ the monomeric glucocorticoid receptor to potentiate vitamin D 3 and parathyroid hormone-induced osteoclastogenesis. FASEB J 2019; 33:14394-14409. [PMID: 31675485 PMCID: PMC6894088 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802729rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) therapy decreases bone mass and increases the risk of fractures. We investigated interactions between the GC dexamethasone (DEX) and the bone resorptive agents 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 (D3) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) on osteoclastogenesis. We observed a synergistic potentiation of osteoclast progenitor cell differentiation and formation of osteoclasts when DEX was added to either D3- or PTH-treated mouse bone marrow cell (BMC) cultures. Cotreatment of DEX with D3 or PTH increased gene encoding calcitonin receptor (Calcr), acid phosphatase 5, tartrate resistant (Acp5), cathepsin K (Ctsk), and TNF superfamily member 11 (Tnfsf11) mRNA, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand protein (RANKL), numbers of osteoclasts on plastic, and pit formation and release of C-terminal fragment of type I collagen from cells cultured on bone slices. Enhanced RANKL protein expression caused by D3 and DEX was absent in BMC from mice in which the GC receptor (GR) was deleted in stromal cells/osteoblasts. Synergistic interactions between DEX and D3 on RANKL and osteoclast formation were present in BMC from mice with attenuated GR dimerization. These data demonstrate that the GR cooperates with D3 and PTH signaling, causing massive osteoclastogenesis, which may explain the rapid bone loss observed with high dosages of GC treatment.-Conaway, H. H., Henning, P., Lie, A., Tuckermann, J., Lerner, U. H. Glucocorticoids employ the monomeric glucocorticoid receptor to potentiate vitamin D3 and parathyroid hormone-induced osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Herschel Conaway
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Petra Henning
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Antia Lie
- Department of Molecular Periodontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ulf H Lerner
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Periodontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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18
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Kuźnik A, Październiok-Holewa A, Jewula P, Kuźnik N. Bisphosphonates-much more than only drugs for bone diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 866:172773. [PMID: 31705903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
α,α-Bisphosphonates (BPs) are well established in the treatment of bone diseases such as osteoporosis and Paget's disease. Their successful application originates from their high affinity to hydroxyapatite. While the initially appreciated features of BPs are already beneficial to many patients, recent developments have further expanded their pleiotropic applications. This review describes the background of the interactions of BPs with bone cells that form the basis of the classical treatment. A better understanding of the mechanism behind their interactions allows for the parallel application of BPs against bone cancer and metastases followed by palliative pain relief. Targeted therapy with bone-seeking BPs coupled with a diagnostic agent in one particle resulted in theranostics which is also described here. For example, in such a system, BP moieties are bound to contrast agents used in magnetic resonance imaging or radionuclides used in positron emission tomography. In addition, another example of the pleiotropic function of BPs which involves targeting the imaging agents to bone tissues accompanied by pain reduction is presented in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kuźnik
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; Biotechnology Center of Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Październiok-Holewa
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; Biotechnology Center of Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Pawel Jewula
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 612-00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nikodem Kuźnik
- Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
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19
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Teixeira S, Branco L, Fernandes MH, Costa-Rodrigues J. Bisphosphonates and Cancer: A Relationship Beyond the Antiresorptive Effects. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:988-998. [PMID: 31020940 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190424163044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates (BPs) are stable analogues of the Inorganic Pyrophosphate (PPi), an endogenous regulator of bone mineralization, which can resist the hydrolysis in the gastrointestinal tract. Their conformation allows targeting the bone as a result of their three-dimensional structure, which makes them primary agents against osteoclast-mediated bone loss. They are used in many bone pathological conditions, like bone metastasis, because of its ability to modulate bone metabolism into a less favorable place to cancer cell growth, through the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. This review is focused on the mechanisms of action through which BPs affect the cellular activity and survival, mainly on their antitumoral effects. In conclusion, BPs are considered the primary therapy for skeletal disorders due to its high affinity for bone, but now they are also considered as potential antitumor agents due to its ability to induce tumor cell apoptosis, inhibition of cell adhesion, invasion and proliferation, modulation of the immune system to target and eliminate cancer cells as well as affect the angiogenic mechanisms. Like any other drug, they also have some adverse effects, but the most common, the acute phase reaction, can be minimized with the intake of calcium and vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Teixeira
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luis Branco
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria H Fernandes
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Costa-Rodrigues
- Laboratory for Bone Metabolism and Regeneration, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,ESTSP-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Escola Superior de Saúde, Portugal
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20
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Pacheco-Costa R, Davis HM, Atkinson EG, Dilley JE, Byiringiro I, Aref MW, Allen MR, Bellido T, Plotkin LI. Reversal of loss of bone mass in old mice treated with mefloquine. Bone 2018; 114:22-31. [PMID: 29879544 PMCID: PMC6056320 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by imbalanced bone remodeling, elevated osteocyte apoptosis, and decreased bone mass and mechanical properties; and improved pharmacologic approaches to counteract bone deterioration with aging are needed. We examined herein the effect of mefloquine, a drug used to treat malaria and systemic lupus erythematosus and shown to ameliorate bone loss in glucocorticoid-treated patients, on bone mass and mechanical properties in young and old mice. Young 3.5-month-old and old 21-month-old female C57BL/6 mice received daily injections of 5 mg/kg/day mefloquine for 14 days. Aging resulted in the expected changes in bone volume and mechanical properties. In old mice mefloquine administration reversed the lower vertebral cancellous bone volume and bone formation; and had modest effects on cortical bone volume, thickness, and moment of inertia. Mefloquine administration did not change the levels of the circulating bone formation markers P1NP or alkaline phosphatase, whereas levels of the resorption marker CTX showed trends towards increase with mefloquine treatment. In addition, and as expected, aging bones exhibited an accumulation of active caspase3-expressing osteocytes and higher expression of apoptosis-related genes compared to young mice, which were not altered by mefloquine administration at either age. In young animals, mefloquine induced higher periosteal bone formation, but lower endocortical bone formation. Further, osteoclast numbers were higher on the endocortical bone surface and circulating CTX levels were increased, in mefloquine- compared to vehicle-treated young mice. Consistent with this, addition of mefloquine to bone marrow cells isolated from young mice led to increased osteoclastic gene expression and a tendency towards increased osteoclast numbers in vitro. Taken together our findings identify the age and bone-site specific skeletal effects of mefloquine. Further, our results highlight a beneficial effect of mefloquine administration on vertebral cancellous bone mass in old animals, raising the possibility of using this pharmacologic inhibitor to preserve skeletal health with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pacheco-Costa
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hannah M Davis
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Emily G Atkinson
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Julian E Dilley
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Innocent Byiringiro
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Mohammad W Aref
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Matthew R Allen
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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21
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Adhikary S, Choudhary D, Ahmad N, Karvande A, Kumar A, Banala VT, Mishra PR, Trivedi R. Dietary flavonoid kaempferol inhibits glucocorticoid-induced bone loss by promoting osteoblast survival. Nutrition 2018; 53:64-76. [PMID: 29655780 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Kaempferol, a dietary flavonoid found in fruits and vegetables, has been reported to reverse osteopenic condition in ovariectomized rats. Because kaempferol is endowed with osteogenic activity, the aim of this study was to determine whether it has a beneficial effect on glucocorticoid (GC)-induced bone loss. METHODS Adult female rats were divided into four groups as control (vehicle; distilled water), methylprednisolone (MP; 5 mg•kg•d, subcutaneously), MP + kaempferol (5 mg•kg•d, oral), and MP + human parathyroid 1-34 (30 µg/kg, 5 times/wk, subcutaneously) and treated for 4 wk. To study the antagonizing effect of kaempferol on GC-induced inhibition of fracture healing, drill-hole injury was performed on control and GC-treated rats. An oral dose of kaempferol was given for 14 d to observe the effect on callus formation at the site of injury. After treatment, bones were collected for further analysis. RESULTS GC was associated with a decreased bone mineral density and impaired bone microarchitecture parameters. Consumption of kaempferol induced bone-sparing effects in GC-induced osteopenic condition. Additionally, improved callus formation at site of drill injury in femur diaphysis was observed with kaempferol consumption in animals on GC. Consistent with the in vivo data, kaempferol elicited a higher expression of osteogenic markers in vitro and antagonized the apoptotic effect of dexamethasone on calvarial osteoblasts. CONCLUSION These results suggested that kaempferol reduced GC-induced bone loss and enhanced bone regeneration at fractured site, thus emphasizing the positive role of flavonoids on bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulekha Adhikary
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dharmendra Choudhary
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Naseer Ahmad
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anirudha Karvande
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Venkatesh Teja Banala
- Division of Pharmaceutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prabhat Ranjan Mishra
- Division of Pharmaceutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ritu Trivedi
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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22
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Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC), produced and released by the adrenal glands, regulate numerous physiological processes in a wide range of tissues. Because of their profound immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory actions, GC are extensively used for the treatment of immune and inflammatory conditions, the management of organ transplantation, and as a component of chemotherapy regimens for cancers. However, both pathologic endogenous elevation and long-term use of exogenous GC are associated with severe adverse effects. In particular, excess GC has devastating effects on the musculoskeletal system. GC increase bone resorption and decrease formation leading to bone loss, microarchitectural deterioration and fracture. GC also induce loss of muscle mass and strength leading to an increased incidence of falls. The combined effects on bone and muscle account for the increased fracture risk with GC. This review summarizes the advance in knowledge in the last two decades about the mechanisms of action of GC in bone and muscle and the attempts to interfere with the damaging actions of GC in these tissues with the goal of developing more effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Y Sato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202
| | - Munro Peacock
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202.,Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202
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23
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Sousa S, Clézardin P. Bone-Targeted Therapies in Cancer-Induced Bone Disease. Calcif Tissue Int 2018; 102:227-250. [PMID: 29079995 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-induced bone disease is a major source of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. Thus, effective bone-targeted therapies are essential to improve disease-free, overall survival and quality of life of cancer patients with bone metastases. Depending of the cancer-type, bone metastases mainly involve the modulation of osteoclast and/or osteoblast activity by tumour cells. To inhibit metastatic bone disease effectively, it is imperative to understand its underlying mechanisms and identify the target cells for therapy. If the aim is to prevent bone metastasis, it is essential to target not only bone metastatic features in the tumour cells, but also tumour-nurturing bone microenvironment properties. The currently available bone-targeted agents mainly affect osteoclasts, inhibiting bone resorption (e.g. bisphosphonates, denosumab). Some agents targeting osteoblasts begin to emerge which target osteoblasts (e.g. romosozumab), activating bone formation. Moreover, certain drugs initially thought to target only osteoclasts are now known to have a dual action (activating osteoblasts and inhibiting osteoclasts, e.g. proteasome inhibitors). This review will focus on the evolution of bone-targeted therapies for the treatment of cancer-induced bone disease, summarizing preclinical and clinical findings obtained with anti-resorptive and bone anabolic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Sousa
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR 1033, 69372, Lyon, France.
- Faculty of Medicine Laennec, University of Lyon-1, 69372, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Philippe Clézardin
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR 1033, 69372, Lyon, France
- Faculty of Medicine Laennec, University of Lyon-1, 69372, Villeurbanne, France
- European Cancer and Bone Metastasis Laboratory, Department of Bone Oncology and Metabolism, Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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24
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Davis HM, Aref MW, Aguilar-Perez A, Pacheco-Costa R, Allen K, Valdez S, Herrera C, Atkinson EG, Mohammad A, Lopez D, Harris MA, Harris SE, Allen M, Bellido T, Plotkin LI. Cx43 overexpression in osteocytes prevents osteocyte apoptosis and preserves cortical bone quality in aging mice. JBMR Plus 2018; 2:206-216. [PMID: 29978155 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Young, skeletally mature mice lacking Cx43 in osteocytes exhibit increased osteocyte apoptosis and decreased bone strength, resembling the phenotype of old mice. Further, the expression of Cx43 in bone decreases with age, suggesting a contribution of reduced Cx43 levels to the age-related changes in the skeleton. We report herein that Cx43 overexpression in osteocytes achieved by using the DMP1-8kb promoter (Cx43OT mice) attenuates the skeletal cortical, but not trabecular bone phenotype of aged, 14-month-old mice. The percentage of Cx43-expressing osteocytes was higher in Cx43OT mice, whereas the percentage of Cx43 positive osteoblasts remained similar to wild type (WT) littermate control mice. The percentage of apoptotic osteocytes and osteoblasts was increased in aged WT mice compared to skeletally mature, 6-month-old WT mice, and the percentage of apoptotic osteocytes, but not osteoblasts, was decreased in age-matched Cx43OT mice. Aged WT mice exhibited decreased bone formation and increased bone resorption as quantified by histomorphometric analysis and circulating markers, compared to skeletally mature mice. Further, aged WT mice exhibited the expected decrease in bone biomechanical structural and material properties compared to young mice. Cx43 overexpression prevented the increase in osteoclasts and decrease in bone formation on the endocortical surfaces, and the changes in circulating markers in the aged mice. Moreover, the ability of bone to resist damage was preserved in aged Cx43OT mice both at the structural and material level. All together, these findings suggest that increased Cx43 expression in osteocytes ameliorates age-induced cortical bone changes by preserving osteocyte viability and maintaining bone formation, leading to improved bone strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Davis
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mohammad W Aref
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexandra Aguilar-Perez
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rafael Pacheco-Costa
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kimberly Allen
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sinai Valdez
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Carmen Herrera
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Emily G Atkinson
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Arwa Mohammad
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David Lopez
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Marie A Harris
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Stephen E Harris
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Matthew Allen
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Dept. Internal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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25
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Wood CL, Soucek O, Wong SC, Zaman F, Farquharson C, Savendahl L, Ahmed SF. Animal models to explore the effects of glucocorticoids on skeletal growth and structure. J Endocrinol 2018; 236:R69-R91. [PMID: 29051192 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are effective for the treatment of many chronic conditions, but their use is associated with frequent and wide-ranging adverse effects including osteoporosis and growth retardation. The mechanisms that underlie the undesirable effects of GCs on skeletal development are unclear, and there is no proven effective treatment to combat them. An in vivo model that investigates the development and progression of GC-induced changes in bone is, therefore, important and a well-characterized pre-clinical model is vital for the evaluation of new interventions. Currently, there is no established animal model to investigate GC effects on skeletal development and there are pros and cons to consider with the different protocols used to induce osteoporosis and growth retardation. This review will summarize the literature and highlight the models and techniques employed in experimental studies to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Wood
- Division of Developmental BiologyRoslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ondrej Soucek
- Department of Paediatrics2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska Institutet and Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sze C Wong
- Developmental Endocrinology Research GroupSchool of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Farasat Zaman
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska Institutet and Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Colin Farquharson
- Division of Developmental BiologyRoslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lars Savendahl
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska Institutet and Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Faisal Ahmed
- Developmental Endocrinology Research GroupSchool of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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26
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Koh JH, Myong JP, Yoo J, Lim YW, Lee J, Kwok SK, Park SH, Ju JH. Predisposing factors associated with atypical femur fracture among postmenopausal Korean women receiving bisphosphonate therapy: 8 years' experience in a single center. Osteoporos Int 2017; 28:3251-3259. [PMID: 28748389 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-017-4169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The risk factors for atypical femur fracture in patients exposed to bisphosphonates for at least 1 year were examined. Prolonged and continuous use of bisphosphonates, long-term use of glucocorticoids, and a higher body mass index were associated with increased risk of atypical femur fracture. INTRODUCTION The purpose of the present study is to determine whether rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other clinical factors are associated with an increased risk of bisphosphonate (BP)-related atypical femur fracture (AFF). METHODS A retrospective nested case-control study of patients who had taken BPs for at least 1 year was conducted. Patients with AFF were identified by reviewing surgical and radiographic records. Three controls with no history of AFFs were randomly selected and age- and sex-matched to each patient with AFFs. Cox proportional hazard models were used to analyze the independent contribution of risk factors to BP-related AFF. RESULTS Among the 35,104 patients prescribed BPs for at least 1 year, 43 females (mean age, 68 years) suffered AFFs (0.12%). Patients with AFFs were exposed to BPs for a mean of 7.3 years. Patients with AFFs were exposed to BPs for longer than those without AFFs and continued treatment without a drug holiday. More patients with AFF than controls had taken glucocorticoids and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. Multivariate Cox regression analyses estimated that long-term use of glucocorticoids, prolonged exposure to BP without cessation, and every 1 kg/m2 increase in the body mass index (BMI) increased the hazard ratio for AFFs by 3.0, 5.2, and 1.2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Prolonged and continuous use of BPs, long-term use of glucocorticoids, and a higher BMI increase the risk of AFFs. Switching long-term BP and glucocorticoid users to other bone-protective agents should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Koh
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-040, South Korea
| | - J P Myong
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Center for Occupational & Environmental Medicine (WHO Collaboratory Center), Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J Yoo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-040, South Korea
| | - Y-W Lim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-040, South Korea
| | - S-K Kwok
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-040, South Korea
| | - S-H Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-040, South Korea
| | - J H Ju
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 137-040, South Korea.
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27
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Zhou M, Li J, Wu J, Yang Y, Zeng X, Lv X, Cui L, Yao W, Liu Y. Preventive effects of Polygonum multiflorum on glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in rats. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:2445-2460. [PMID: 28962180 PMCID: PMC5609219 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In Traditional Chinese Medicine, Polygonum multiflorum (PM) is known for its anti-aging properties. A previous study by our group showed that extracts of PM were able to prevent and treat bone loss in vivo, and the active components emodin and 2,3,5,4,-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-glucoside (TSG) promoted the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. The aim of the present study was to investigate the preventive effects of PM on glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO) in rats. A crude extract of PM was prepared with 75% ethanol, purified and enriched using a D-101 macroresin column and elution with 30% ethanol, and the material obtained was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Male or female Sprague Dawley rats (n=180) were randomly divided into nine groups: Control, prednisone, prednisone plus calcitriol (CAL), prednisone plus 30% ethanolic eluate of PM [high (H), medium (M) and low (L) dose] and prednisone plus crude extract of PM (H, M and L dose). Prednisone was orally administered to the osteoporosis model rats for 21 weeks, alongside which they received PM extracts. The weight of the viscera, anterior tibial muscle and other tissues was recorded at the end of the experiment. The femur and lumbar vertebra were collected for the measurement of three-dimensional microarchitecture by micro-computed tomography scanning, assessment of biomechanical properties and determination of bone mineral density (BMD). In the 30% ethanolic eluate of the PM extract, the content of TSG and combined anthraquinone was 9.20 and 0.15%, respectively, and that in the crude extract of PM was 2.23 and 0.03%, respectively. Over 6 weeks, the weight of the rats the in prednisone group decreased (P<0.05), while the weight of rats treated with M and H doses of 30% ethanolic eluate was increased compared with that in the prednisone group (P<0.05). Rats exposed to prednisone exhibited a deteriorated bone microarchitecture, low BMD, decreased bone volume/total volume and poor biomechanical properties. Furthermore, the weight of the adrenal gland and the anterior tibial muscle was decreased. 30% ethanolic eluate of PM at M and L doses and crude extract of PM at the H dose counteracted the alterations of skeletal and other characteristics induced by prednisone in rats, as did CAL. In conclusion, extracts of PM exerted a protective effect on bone tissue in GIO rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manru Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510520, P.R. China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
| | - Jingkai Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
| | - Yajun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobing Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
| | - Liao Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
| | - Weimin Yao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
| | - Yuyu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
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28
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Davis HM, Pacheco-Costa R, Atkinson EG, Brun LR, Gortazar AR, Harris J, Hiasa M, Bolarinwa SA, Yoneda T, Ivan M, Bruzzaniti A, Bellido T, Plotkin LI. Disruption of the Cx43/miR21 pathway leads to osteocyte apoptosis and increased osteoclastogenesis with aging. Aging Cell 2017; 16:551-563. [PMID: 28317237 PMCID: PMC5418188 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal aging results in apoptosis of osteocytes, cells embedded in bone that control the generation/function of bone forming and resorbing cells. Aging also decreases connexin43 (Cx43) expression in bone; and osteocytic Cx43 deletion partially mimics the skeletal phenotype of old mice. Particularly, aging and Cx43 deletion increase osteocyte apoptosis, and osteoclast number and bone resorption on endocortical bone surfaces. We examined herein the molecular signaling events responsible for osteocyte apoptosis and osteoclast recruitment triggered by aging and Cx43 deficiency. Cx43‐silenced MLO‐Y4 osteocytic (Cx43def) cells undergo spontaneous cell death in culture through caspase‐3 activation and exhibit increased levels of apoptosis‐related genes, and only transfection of Cx43 constructs able to form gap junction channels reverses Cx43def cell death. Cx43def cells and bones from old mice exhibit reduced levels of the pro‐survival microRNA miR21 and, consistently, increased levels of the miR21 target phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and reduced phosphorylated Akt, whereas PTEN inhibition reduces Cx43def cell apoptosis. miR21 reduction is sufficient to induce apoptosis of Cx43‐expressing cells and miR21 deletion in miR21fl/fl bones increases apoptosis‐related gene expression, whereas a miR21 mimic prevents Cx43def cell apoptosis, demonstrating that miR21 lies downstream of Cx43. Cx43def cells release more osteoclastogenic cytokines [receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL)/high‐mobility group box‐1 (HMGB1)], and caspase‐3 inhibition prevents RANKL/HMGB1 release and the increased osteoclastogenesis induced by conditioned media from Cx43def cells, which is blocked by antagonizing HMGB1‐RAGE interaction. These findings identify a novel Cx43/miR21/HMGB1/RANKL pathway involved in preventing osteocyte apoptosis that also controls osteoclast formation/recruitment and is impaired with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Davis
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Rafael Pacheco-Costa
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Emily G. Atkinson
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Lucas R. Brun
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Arancha R. Gortazar
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad San Pablo-CEU; Madrid Spain
| | - Julia Harris
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Masahiro Hiasa
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; Department of Internal Medicine; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Surajudeen A. Bolarinwa
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Toshiyuki Yoneda
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; Department of Internal Medicine; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Mircea Ivan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; Department of Internal Medicine; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Angela Bruzzaniti
- Department of Oral Biology; Indiana University School of Dentistry; Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis IN USA
- Division of Endocrinology; Department of Internal Medicine; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis IN USA
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center; Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Lilian I. Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis IN USA
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center; Indianapolis IN USA
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29
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Delgado-Calle J, Tu X, Pacheco-Costa R, McAndrews K, Edwards R, Pellegrini GG, Kuhlenschmidt K, Olivos N, Robling A, Peacock M, Plotkin LI, Bellido T. Control of Bone Anabolism in Response to Mechanical Loading and PTH by Distinct Mechanisms Downstream of the PTH Receptor. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:522-535. [PMID: 27704638 PMCID: PMC8502039 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes integrate the responses of bone to mechanical and hormonal stimuli by poorly understood mechanisms. We report here that mice with conditional deletion of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor 1 (Pth1r) in dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1)-8kb-expressing cells (cKO) exhibit a modest decrease in bone resorption leading to a mild increase in cancellous bone without changes in cortical bone. However, bone resorption in response to endogenous chronic elevation of PTH in growing or adult cKO mice induced by a low calcium diet remained intact, because the increased bone remodeling and bone loss was indistinguishable from that exhibited by control littermates. In contrast, the bone gain and increased bone formation in cancellous and cortical bone induced by daily injections of PTH and the periosteal bone apposition induced by axial ulna loading were markedly reduced in cKO mice compared to controls. Remarkably, however, wild-type (WT) control littermates and transgenic mice overexpressing SOST injected daily with PTH exhibit similar activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, increased bone formation, and cancellous and cortical bone gain. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that Pth1r in DMP1-8kb-expressing cells is required to maintain basal levels of bone resorption but is dispensable for the catabolic action of chronic PTH elevation; and it is essential for the anabolic actions of daily PTH injections and mechanical loading. However, downregulation of Sost/sclerostin, previously shown to be required for bone anabolism induced by mechanical loading, is not required for PTH-induced bone gain, showing that other mechanisms downstream of the Pth1r in DMP1-8kb-expressing cells are responsible for the hormonal effect. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Delgado-Calle
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xiaolin Tu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rafael Pacheco-Costa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kevin McAndrews
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rachel Edwards
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gretel G Pellegrini
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kali Kuhlenschmidt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Naomie Olivos
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexander Robling
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Munro Peacock
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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30
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Healing of Atypical Subtrochanteric Femur Fractures After Cephalomedullary Nailing: Which Factors Predict Union? J Orthop Trauma 2017; 31:138-145. [PMID: 28009615 DOI: 10.1097/bot.0000000000000743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine the healing rate and time to union of atypical subtrochanteric fractures treated with cephalomedullary nailing. DESIGN Retrospective review, descriptive, and analytic study. SETTING Six level 1 trauma centers. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS The study included 42 patients with 48 displaced, atypical, bisphosphonate-associated subtrochanteric femur fractures who underwent surgical intervention. INTERVENTION Cephalomedullary femur nailing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT The main outcome measures were radiologic healing and time to union. RESULTS The primary healing rate after cephalomedullary nailing of bisphosphonate-associated subtrochanteric femur fractures was 68.7% (33/48 patients). Mean time to union was 10.7 months. Malalignment was determined using the differences in neck-shaft angle (the difference between the normal side and the surgically repaired side) and sagittal angulation. These all proved to be significantly correlated with failure and delayed healing time. The cutoff points for neck-shaft angle, difference in neck-shaft angle, and sagittal angulation were 125.6, 4.4, and 5.5 degrees, respectively (receiver operating characteristic curve analysis). CONCLUSIONS The healing rate of atypical subtrochanteric femur fractures treated with cephalomedullary nailing is lower than that previously reported for atypical femur fractures. The quality of fracture reduction proved to be the most important factor in bony union and time to union. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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31
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Schem C, Tower RJ, Kneissl P, Rambow AC, Campbell GM, Desel C, Damm T, Heilmann T, Fuchs S, Zuhayra M, Trauzold A, Glüer CC, Schott S, Tiwari S. Pharmacologically Inactive Bisphosphonates as an Alternative Strategy for Targeting Osteoclasts: In Vivo Assessment of 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine-Alendronate in a Preclinical Model of Breast Cancer Bone Metastases. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:536-548. [PMID: 27714838 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates have effects that are antiresorptive, antitumor, and antiapoptotic to osteoblasts and osteocytes, but an effective means of eliciting these multiple activities in the treatment of bone metastases has not been identified. Antimetabolite-bisphosphonate conjugates have potential for improved performance as a class of bone-specific antineoplastic drugs. The primary objective of the study was to determine whether an antimetabolite-bisphosphonate conjugate will preserve bone formation concomitant with antiresorptive and antitumor activity. 5-FdU-ale, a highly stable conjugate between the antimetabolite 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine and the bisphosphonate alendronate, was tested for its therapeutic efficacy in a mouse model of MDA-MB231 breast cancer bone metastases. In vitro testing revealed osteoclasts to be highly sensitive to 5-FdU-ale. In contrast, osteoblasts had significantly reduced sensitivity. Tumor cells were resistant in vitro but in vivo tumor burden was nevertheless significantly reduced compared with untreated mice. Sensitivity to 5-FdU-ale was not mediated through inhibition of farnesyl diphosphate synthase activity, but cell cycle arrest was observed. Although serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) levels were greatly reduced by both drugs, there was no significant decrease in the serum bone formation marker osteocalcin with 5-FdU-ale treatment. In contrast, there was more than a fivefold decrease in serum osteocalcin levels with alendronate treatment (p < 0.001). This finding is supported by time-lapse micro-computed tomography analyses, which revealed bone formation volume to be on average 1.6-fold higher with 5-FdU-ale treatment compared with alendronate (p < 0.001). We conclude that 5-FdU-ale, which is a poor prenylation inhibitor but maintains potent antiresorptive activity, does not reduce bone formation and has cytostatic antitumor efficacy. These results document that conjugation of an antimetabolite with bisphosphonates offers flexibility in creating potent bone-targeting drugs with cytostatic, bone protection properties that show limited nephrotoxicity. This unique class of drugs may offer distinct advantages in the setting of targeted adjuvant therapy and chemoprevention of bone diseases. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schem
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Robert J Tower
- Section of Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, MOIN CC, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philipp Kneissl
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna-Christina Rambow
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Graeme M Campbell
- Section of Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, MOIN CC, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Institute of Biomechanics, TUHH Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christine Desel
- Section of Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, MOIN CC, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Timo Damm
- Section of Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, MOIN CC, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thorsten Heilmann
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sabine Fuchs
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Section Experimental Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Maaz Zuhayra
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Section Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Trauzold
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Claus C Glüer
- Section of Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, MOIN CC, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sarah Schott
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sanjay Tiwari
- Section of Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, MOIN CC, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Abstract
Osteocytes are differentiated osteoblasts that become surrounded by matrix during the process of bone formation. Acquisition of the osteocyte phenotype is achieved by profound changes in gene expression that facilitate adaptation to the changing cellular environment and constitute the molecular signature of osteocytes. During osteocytogenesis, the expression of genes that are characteristic of the osteoblast are altered and the expression of genes and/or proteins that impart dendritic cellular morphology, regulate matrix mineralization and control the function of cells at the bone surface are ordely modulated. The discovery of mutations in human osteocytic genes has contributed, in a large part, to our understanding of the role of osteocytes in bone homeostasis. Osteocytes are targets of the mechanical force imposed on the skeleton and have a critical role in integrating mechanosensory pathways with the action of hormones, which thereby leads to the orchestrated response of bone to environmental cues. Current, therapeutic approaches harness this accumulating knowledge by targeting osteocytic signalling pathways and messengers to improve skeletal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian I. Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
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Sato AY, Cregor M, Delgado-Calle J, Condon KW, Allen MR, Peacock M, Plotkin LI, Bellido T. Protection From Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis by Anti-Catabolic Signaling in the Absence of Sost/Sclerostin. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:1791-1802. [PMID: 27163932 PMCID: PMC8499032 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Excess of glucocorticoids, either due to disease or iatrogenic, increases bone resorption and decreases bone formation and is a leading cause of osteoporosis and bone fractures worldwide. Improved therapeutic strategies are sorely needed. We investigated whether activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling protects against the skeletal actions of glucocorticoids, using female mice lacking the Wnt/β-catenin antagonist and bone formation inhibitor Sost. Glucocorticoids decreased the mass, deteriorated the microarchitecture, and reduced the structural and material strength of bone in wild-type (WT), but not in Sost-/- mice. The high bone mass exhibited by Sost-/- mice is due to increased bone formation with unchanged resorption. However, unexpectedly, preservation of bone mass and strength in Sost-/- mice was due to prevention of glucocorticoid-induced bone resorption and not to restoration of bone formation. In WT mice, glucocorticoids increased the expression of Sost and the number of sclerostin-positive osteocytes, and altered the molecular signature of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by decreasing the expression of genes associated with both anti-catabolism, including osteoprotegerin (OPG), and anabolism/survival, such as cyclin D1. In contrast in Sost-/- mice, glucocorticoids did not decrease OPG but still reduced cyclin D1. Thus, in the context of glucocorticoid excess, activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by Sost/sclerostin deficiency sustains bone integrity by opposing bone catabolism despite markedly reduced bone formation and increased apoptosis. This crosstalk between glucocorticoids and Wnt/β-catenin signaling could be exploited therapeutically to halt resorption and bone loss induced by glucocorticoids and to inhibit the exaggerated bone formation in diseases of unwanted hyperactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Y Sato
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Meloney Cregor
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jesus Delgado-Calle
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Keith W Condon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Matthew R Allen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Munro Peacock
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Pellegrini GG, Morales CC, Wallace TC, Plotkin LI, Bellido T. Avenanthramides Prevent Osteoblast and Osteocyte Apoptosis and Induce Osteoclast Apoptosis in Vitro in an Nrf2-Independent Manner. Nutrients 2016; 8:E423. [PMID: 27409635 PMCID: PMC4963899 DOI: 10.3390/nu8070423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Oats contain unique bioactive compounds known as avenanthramides (AVAs) with antioxidant properties. AVAs might enhance the endogenous antioxidant cellular response by activation of the transcription factor Nrf2. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species plays a critical role in many chronic and degenerative diseases, including osteoporosis. In this disease, there is an imbalance between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts, which is accompanied by increased osteoblast/osteocyte apoptosis and decreased osteoclast apoptosis. We investigated the ability of the synthethic AVAs 2c, 2f and 2p, to 1-regulate gene expression in bone cells, 2-affect the viability of osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts, and the generation of osteoclasts from their precursors, and 3-examine the potential involvement of the transcription factor Nrf2 in these actions. All doses of AVA 2c and 1 and 5 µM dose of 2p up-regulated collagen 1A expression. Lower doses of AVAs up-regulated OPG (osteoprotegerin) in OB-6 osteoblastic cells, whereas 100 μM dose of 2f and all concentrations of 2c down-regulated RANKL gene expression in MLO-Y4 osteocytic cells. AVAs did not affect apoptosis of OB-6 osteoblastic cells or MLO-Y4 osteocytic cells; however, they prevented apoptosis induced by the DNA topoisomerase inhibitor etoposide, the glucocorticoid dexamethasone, and hydrogen peroxide. AVAs prevented apoptosis of both wild type (WT) and Nrf2 Knockout (KO) osteoblasts, demonstrating that AVAs-induced survival does not require Nrf2 expression. Further, KO osteoclast precursors produced more mature osteoclasts than WT; and KO cultures exhibited less apoptotic osteoclasts than WT cultures. Although AVAs did not affect WT osteoclasts, AVA 2p reversed the low apoptosis of KO osteoclasts. These in vitro results demonstrate that AVAs regulate, in part, the function of osteoblasts and osteocytes and prevent osteoblast/osteocyte apoptosis and increase osteoclast apoptosis; further, these regulatory actions are independent of Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretel G Pellegrini
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Cynthya C Morales
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Taylor C Wallace
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
- Think Healthy Group, LLC, Washington, DC 20001, USA.
- National Osteoporosis Foundation, Arlington, VA 22202, USA.
| | - Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Targeted Delivery Systems for Molecular Therapy in Skeletal Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:428. [PMID: 27011176 PMCID: PMC4813278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in the integral components of bone, including bone matrix, bone mineral and bone cells, give rise to complex disturbances of skeletal development, growth and homeostasis. Non-specific drug delivery using high-dose systemic administration may decrease therapeutic efficacy of drugs and increase the risk of toxic effects in non-skeletal tissues, which remain clinical challenges in the treatment of skeletal disorders. Thus, targeted delivery systems are urgently needed to achieve higher drug delivery efficiency, improve therapeutic efficacy in the targeted cells/tissues, and minimize toxicities in non-targeted cells/tissues. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the application of different targeting moieties and nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery in skeletal disorders, and also discuss the advantages, challenges and perspectives in their clinical translation.
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Zandi M, Dehghan A, Malekzadeh H, Janbaz P, Ghadermazi K, Amini P. Introducing a protocol to create bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw in rat animal model. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2015; 44:271-8. [PMID: 26805920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previously published animal investigations on bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ) showed a variety of methods for BRONJ induction and inconsistent findings. The aim of present study was to develop a reliable protocol for BRONJ induction in rat animal model. SUBJECTS AND METHODS In a pilot study, 64 rats were randomly divided into 4 groups and 16 subgroups (each containing 2 experimental and 2 control rats) based on the timing of tooth extraction and euthanasia. The experimental and control rats received intraperitoneal injection of 0.06 mg/kg zoledronate and saline, respectively, once a week until sacrificed, and evaluated for presence of bone exposure clinically, and osteonecrosis and new bone formation histologically. The protocol that successfully produced BRONJ in pilot study was tested in a randomized controlled experimental investigation using 45 rats. RESULTS In pilot investigation, the highest rate of BRONJ was obtained after four weekly zoledronate injections, at least 4 weeks after tooth extraction. The randomized controlled experimental study verified this finding with a success rate of 83%, and also showed that more prolongation of zoledronate therapy did not increase the BRONJ rate. CONCLUSION The protocol developed in the present study could be used reliably for future BRONJ investigations on rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zandi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran; Dental Research Center, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Arash Dehghan
- Department of Pathology, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Hamid Malekzadeh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Pejman Janbaz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Khaled Ghadermazi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Payam Amini
- Department of Biostatistics, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
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Plotkin LI, Stains JP. Connexins and pannexins in the skeleton: gap junctions, hemichannels and more. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2853-67. [PMID: 26091748 PMCID: PMC4503509 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of bone homeostasis depends on the concerted actions of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts, controlled by osteocytes, cells derived from osteoblasts surrounded by bone matrix. The control of differentiation, viability and function of bone cells relies on the presence of connexins. Connexin43 regulates the expression of genes required for osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation directly or by changing the levels of osteocytic genes, and connexin45 may oppose connexin43 actions in osteoblastic cells. Connexin37 is required for osteoclast differentiation and its deletion results in increased bone mass. Less is known on the role of connexins in cartilage, ligaments and tendons. Connexin43, connexin45, connexin32, connexin46 and connexin29 are expressed in chondrocytes, while connexin43 and connexin32 are expressed in ligaments and tendons. Similarly, although the expression of pannexin1, pannexin2 and pannexin3 has been demonstrated in bone and cartilage cells, their function in these tissues is not fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Dr., MS 5035, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA,
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Plotkin LI, Gortazar AR, Davis HM, Condon KW, Gabilondo H, Maycas M, Allen MR, Bellido T. Inhibition of osteocyte apoptosis prevents the increase in osteocytic receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) but does not stop bone resorption or the loss of bone induced by unloading. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18934-42. [PMID: 26085098 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.642090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis of osteocytes and osteoblasts precedes bone resorption and bone loss with reduced mechanical stimulation, and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expression is increased with unloading in mice. Because osteocytes are major RANKL producers, we hypothesized that apoptotic osteocytes signal to neighboring osteocytes to increase RANKL expression, which, in turn, increases osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. The traditional bisphosphonate (BP) alendronate (Aln) or IG9402, a BP analog that does not inhibit resorption, prevented the increase in osteocyte apoptosis and osteocytic RANKL expression. The BPs also inhibited osteoblast apoptosis but did not prevent the increase in osteoblastic RANKL. Unloaded mice exhibited high serum levels of the bone resorption marker C-telopeptide fragments of type I collagen (CTX), elevated osteoclastogenesis, and increased osteoclasts in bone. Aln, but not IG9402, prevented all of these effects. In addition, Aln prevented the reduction in spinal and femoral bone mineral density, spinal bone volume/tissue volume, trabecular thickness, mechanical strength, and material strength induced by unloading. Although IG9402 did not prevent the loss of bone mass, it partially prevented the loss of strength, suggesting a contribution of osteocyte viability to strength independent of bone mass. These results demonstrate that osteocyte apoptosis leads to increased osteocytic RANKL. However, blockade of these events is not sufficient to restrain osteoclast formation, inhibit resorption, or stop bone loss induced by skeletal unloading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian I Plotkin
- From the Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | | | | | | | | | - Marta Maycas
- From the Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and
| | | | - Teresita Bellido
- From the Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202 Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202 and
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Haider MT, Holen I, Dear TN, Hunter K, Brown HK. Modifying the osteoblastic niche with zoledronic acid in vivo-potential implications for breast cancer bone metastasis. Bone 2014; 66:240-50. [PMID: 24971713 PMCID: PMC4127787 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bone metastasis is the most common complication of advanced breast cancer. The associated cancer-induced bone disease is treated with bone-sparing agents like zoledronic acid. Clinical trials have shown that zoledronic acid also reduces breast cancer recurrence in bone; potentially by modifying the bone microenvironment surrounding disseminated tumour cells. We have characterised the early effects of zoledronic acid on key cell types of the metastatic niche in vivo, and investigated how these modify the location of breast tumour cells homing to bone. METHODS Female mice were treated with a single, clinically achievable dose of zoledronic acid (100μg/kg) or PBS. Bone integrity, osteoclast and osteoblast activity and number/mm trabecular bone on 1, 3, 5 and 10days after treatment were assessed using μCT, ELISA (TRAP, PINP) and bone histomorphometry, respectively. The effect of zoledronic acid on osteoblasts was validated in genetically engineered mice with GFP-positive osteoblastic cells. The effects on growth plate cartilage were visualised by toluidine blue staining. For tumour studies, mice were injected i.c. with DID-labelled MDA-MB-231-NW1-luc2 breast cancer cells 5days after zoledronic acid treatment, followed by assessment of tumour cell homing to bone and soft tissues by multiphoton microscopy, flow cytometry and ex vivo cultures. RESULTS As early as 3days after treatment, animals receiving zoledronic acid had significantly increased trabecular bone volume vs. control. This rapid bone effect was reflected in a significant reduction in osteoclast and osteoblast number/mm trabecular bone and reduced bone marker serum levels (day 3-5). These results were confirmed in mice expressing GFP in osteoblastic linage cells. Pre-treatment with zoledronic acid caused accumulation of an extra-cellular matrix in the growth plate associated with a trend towards preferential [1] homing of tumour cells to osteoblast-rich areas of bone, but without affecting the total number of tumour cells. The number of circulating tumour cells was reduced in ZOL treated animals. CONCLUSION A single dose of zoledronic acid caused significant changes in the bone area suggested to contain the metastatic niche. Tumour cells arriving in this modified bone microenvironment appeared to preferentially locate to osteoblast-rich areas, supporting that osteoblasts may be key components of the bone metastasis niche and therefore a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingunn Holen
- CR-UK/YCR Cancer Research Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - T Neil Dear
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Keith Hunter
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Hannah K Brown
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Human Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.
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Plotkin LI. Connexin 43 hemichannels and intracellular signaling in bone cells. Front Physiol 2014; 5:131. [PMID: 24772090 PMCID: PMC3983496 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell function and survival are controlled by intracellular signals, and modulated by surrounding cells and the extracellular environment. Connexin channels participate in these processes by mediating cell-to-cell communication. In bone cells, gap junction channels were detected in the early 1970s, and are present among bone resorbing osteoclasts, bone forming osteoblasts, and osteocytes - mature osteoblasts embedded in the mineralized matrix. These channels are composed mainly by Cx43, although the expression of other connexins (45, 46, and 37) has also been reported. It is now believed that undocked Cx43 hemichannels (connexons) formed in unopposed cell membranes facing the extracellular environment participate in the interaction of bone cells with the extracellular environment, and in their communication with neighboring cells. Thus, we and others demonstrated the presence of active hemichannels in osteoblastic and osteocytic cells. These hemichannels open in response to pharmacological and mechanical stimulation. In particular, preservation of the viability of osteoblasts and osteocytes by the anti-osteoporotic drugs bisphosphonates depends on Cx43 expression in vitro and in vivo, and is mediated by undocked hemichannels. Cx43 hemichannels are also required for the release of prostaglandins and ATP by osteocytes, and for cell survival induced by mechanical stimulation in vitro. Moreover, they are required for the anti-apoptotic effect of parathyroid hormone in osteoblastic cells. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the presence and function of undocked connexons, and the role of hemichannel regulation for the maintenance of bone cell viability and, potentially, bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian I. Plotkin
- Department Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA
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Pacheco-Costa R, Hassan I, Reginato RD, Davis HM, Bruzzaniti A, Allen MR, Plotkin LI. High bone mass in mice lacking Cx37 because of defective osteoclast differentiation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:8508-20. [PMID: 24509854 PMCID: PMC3961675 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.529735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexin (Cx) proteins are essential for cell differentiation, function, and survival in all tissues with Cx43 being the most studied in bone. We now report that Cx37, another member of the connexin family of proteins, is expressed in osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes. Mice with global deletion of Cx37 (Cx37(-/-)) exhibit higher bone mineral density, cancellous bone volume, and mechanical strength compared with wild type littermates. Osteoclast number and surface are significantly lower in bone of Cx37(-/-) mice. In contrast, osteoblast number and surface and bone formation rate in bones from Cx37(-/-) mice are unchanged. Moreover, markers of osteoblast activity ex vivo and in vivo are similar to those of Cx37(+/+) littermates. sRANKL/M-CSF treatment of nonadherent Cx37(-/-) bone marrow cells rendered a 5-fold lower level of osteoclast differentiation compared with Cx37(+/+) cell cultures. Further, Cx37(-/-) osteoclasts are smaller and have fewer nuclei per cell. Expression of RANK, TRAP, cathepsin K, calcitonin receptor, matrix metalloproteinase 9, NFATc1, DC-STAMP, ATP6v0d1, and CD44, markers of osteoclast number, fusion, or activity, is lower in Cx37(-/-) osteoclasts compared with controls. In addition, nonadherent bone marrow cells from Cx37(-/-) mice exhibit higher levels of markers for osteoclast precursors, suggesting altered osteoclast differentiation. The reduction of osteoclast differentiation is associated with activation of Notch signaling. We conclude that Cx37 is required for osteoclast differentiation and fusion, and its absence leads to arrested osteoclast maturation and high bone mass in mice. These findings demonstrate a previously unrecognized role of Cx37 in bone homeostasis that is not compensated for by Cx43 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pacheco-Costa
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- the Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo 04023, Brazil, and
| | - Iraj Hassan
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Rejane D. Reginato
- the Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo 04023, Brazil, and
| | - Hannah M. Davis
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Angela Bruzzaniti
- the Department of Oral Biology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Matthew R. Allen
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Lilian I. Plotkin
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
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Gou W, Wang X, Peng J, Lu Q, Wang Y, Wang A, Guo Q, Gao X, Xu W, Lu S. Controlled delivery of zoledronate improved bone formation locally in vivo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91317. [PMID: 24618585 PMCID: PMC3950209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphosphonates (BPs) have been widely used in clinical treatment of bone diseases with increased bone resorption because of their strong affinity for bone and their inhibition of bone resorption. Recently, there has been growing interest in their improvement of bone formation. However, the effect of local controlled delivery of BPs is unclear. We used polylactide acid-glycolic acid copolymer (PLGA) as a drug carrier to deliver various doses of the bisphosphonate zoledronate (Zol) into the distal femur of 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. After 6 weeks, samples were harvested and analyzed by micro-CT and histology. The average bone mineral density and mineralized bone volume fraction were higher with medium- and high-dose PLGA-Zol (30 and 300 µg Zol, respectively) than control and low-dose Zol (3 µg PLGA-Zol; p<0.05). Local controlled delivery of Zol decreased the numbers of osteoclast and increased the numbers of osteoblast. Moreover, local controlled delivery of medium- and high-dose Zol accelerated the expression of bone-formation markers. PLGA used as a drug carrier for controlled delivery of Zol may promote local bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Gou
- Instistute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Instistute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Peng
- Instistute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Qiang Lu
- Instistute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Instistute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Aiyuan Wang
- Instistute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Quanyi Guo
- Instistute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xupeng Gao
- Instistute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Instistute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shibi Lu
- Instistute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing, P.R. China
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Lindtner RA, Tiaden AN, Genelin K, Ebner HL, Manzl C, Klawitter M, Sitte I, von Rechenberg B, Blauth M, Richards PJ. Osteoanabolic effect of alendronate and zoledronate on bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) isolated from aged female osteoporotic patients and its implications for their mode of action in the treatment of age-related bone loss. Osteoporos Int 2014; 25:1151-61. [PMID: 23974861 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-013-2494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY In the present study, we evaluated the potential for aminobisphosphonates to enhance the development of bone-forming osteoblasts from progenitor cells isolated from aged female osteoporotic patients. The aminobisphosphonates tested significantly enhanced osteoblast formation and thus lend further insights into their possible mode of action in the treatment of osteoporosis. INTRODUCTION The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of aminobisphosphonates on the osteogenesis of human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) and mineralization of differentiating bone-forming cells isolated from osteoporotic patients. METHODS The influence of aminobisphosphonate treatment on hBMSC osteogenesis was assessed by the quantitative measurement of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, in addition to quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis of known osteogenic markers. Mineralized matrix formation by hBMSC-derived osteoblasts was visualized and quantified using Alizarin red staining. RESULTS hBMSC cultures treated with osteogenic medium supplemented with zoledronate demonstrated a significant increase in Alizarin red staining after 3 weeks as compared to cells cultured in osteogenic medium alone. Similarly, cultures of differentiating hBMSCs isolated from patients receiving alendronate treatment also demonstrated an increased propensity for mineralization, even in the absence of further in vitro stimulation by zoledronate. The stimulatory effects of aminobisphosphonate treatment on hBMSC-derived osteoblast-mediated mineralization were independent of any alterations in ALP activity, although significant decreases in the expression levels of osteopontin (SPP1) were evident in hBMSCs following exposure to aminobisphosphonates. Further analysis including Western blotting and loss-of-function studies revealed osteopontin as having a negative influence on the mineralization of differentiating osteoporotic bone-forming cells. CONCLUSIONS The results presented here demonstrate for the first time that aminobisphosphonate treatment of osteoporotic hBMSCs enhances their capacity for osteoblast formation and subsequent mineral deposition, thus supporting the concept of aminobisphosphonates as having an osteoanabolic effect in osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Lindtner
- Department of Trauma Surgery and Sports Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Abstract
Studies from the 1950s and 1960s already recognize the fact that osteocytes, although long living cells, die, as evidenced by accumulation of osteocytic lacunae devoid of cells. More recently, it was demonstrated that these cells die by apoptosis. The rate of osteocyte apoptosis is regulated by the age of the bone, as well as by systemic hormones, local growth factors, cytokines, pharmacological agents, and mechanical forces. Apoptotic osteocytes, in turn, recruit osteoclasts to initiate targeted bone resorption. This results in the removal of "dead" bone and may improve the mechanical properties of the skeleton. However, the molecular regulators of osteocyte survival and targeted bone remodeling are not completely known. In this review, the current knowledge on the molecular mechanism that lead to osteocyte death or survival, and the signals that mediate targeted bone resorption is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS-5035, Indianapolis, IN, USA,
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Xu XL, Gou WL, Wang AY, Wang Y, Guo QY, Lu Q, Lu SB, Peng J. Basic research and clinical applications of bisphosphonates in bone disease: what have we learned over the last 40 years? J Transl Med 2013; 11:303. [PMID: 24330728 PMCID: PMC3874605 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now 40 years since bisphosphonates (BPs) were first used in the clinic. So, it is timely to provide a brief review of what we have learned about these agents in bone disease. BPs are bone-specific and have been classified into two major groups on the basis of their distinct molecular modes of action: amino-BPs and non-amino-BPs. The amino-BPs are more potent and they inhibit farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), a key enzyme of the mavalonate/cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, while the non-amino-BPs inhibit osteoclast activity, by incorporation into non-hydrolyzable analogs of ATP. Both amino-BPs and non-amino-BPs can protect osteoblasts and osteocytes against apoptosis. The BPs are widely used in the clinic to treat various diseases characterized by excessive bone resorption, including osteoporosis, myeloma, bone metastasis, Legg-Perthes disease, malignant hyperparathyroidism, and other conditions featuring bone fragility. This review provides insights into some of the adverse effects of BPs, such as gastric irritation, osteonecrosis of the jaw, atypical femoral fractures, esophageal cancer, atrial fibrillation, and ocular inflammation. In conclusion, this review covers the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of action of BPs in bone, particularly the discovery that BPs have direct anti-apoptotic effects on osteoblasts and osteocytes, and the current situation of BP use in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Xu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Long Gou
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ai-Yuan Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quan-Yi Guo
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Lu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi-Bi Lu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiang Peng
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, People’s Republic of China
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Baschant U, Culemann S, Tuckermann J. Molecular determinants of glucocorticoid actions in inflammatory joint diseases. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 380:108-18. [PMID: 23769823 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery in 1948, glucocorticoids have been widely used clinically to treat inflammatory disorders like rheumatoid arthritis. However, their usefulness, especially in rheumatoid arthritis therapy, is hampered by severe side effects on bone leading to glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. The molecular and cellular mechanisms mediating the beneficial and adverse effects remain poorly understood. Nevertheless, advanced molecular biological analyses and in vivo approaches using conditional mutant mice have helped to unravel in part the underlying mechanisms of immunosuppression and side effects of glucocorticoid therapy in arthritis, thereby contributing to an improved understanding of these therapeutically important hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Baschant
- Institute of General Zoology and Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Zentrum für Biomedizinische Forschung, Helmholtzstraße 8/1, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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Rhee Y, Lee EY, Lezcano V, Ronda AC, Condon KW, Allen MR, Plotkin LI, Bellido T. Resorption controls bone anabolism driven by parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor signaling in osteocytes. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:29809-20. [PMID: 23963454 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.485938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of remodeling-based bone formation coupled to osteoclast activity versus modeling-based bone formation that occurs independently of resorption, to the anabolic effect of PTH remains unclear. We addressed this question using transgenic mice with activated PTH receptor signaling in osteocytes that exhibit increased bone mass and remodeling, recognized skeletal effects of PTH elevation. Direct inhibition of bone formation was accomplished genetically by overexpressing the Wnt antagonist Sost/sclerostin; and resorption-dependent bone formation was inhibited pharmacologically with the bisphosphonate alendronate. We found that bone formation induced by osteocytic PTH receptor signaling on the periosteal surface depends on Wnt signaling but not on resorption. In contrast, bone formation on the endocortical surface results from a combination of Wnt-driven increased osteoblast number and resorption-dependent osteoblast activity. Moreover, elevated osteoclasts and intracortical/calvarial porosity is exacerbated by overexpressing Sost and reversed by blocking resorption. Furthermore, increased cancellous bone is abolished by Wnt inhibition but further increased by blocking resorption. Thus, resorption induced by PTH receptor signaling in osteocytes is critical for full anabolism in cortical bone, but tempers bone gain in cancellous bone. Dissecting underlying mechanisms of PTH receptor signaling would allow targeting actions in different bone compartments, enhancing the therapeutic potential of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumie Rhee
- From the Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and
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Bivi N, Pacheco-Costa R, Brun LR, Murphy TR, Farlow NR, Robling AG, Bellido T, Plotkin LI. Absence of Cx43 selectively from osteocytes enhances responsiveness to mechanical force in mice. J Orthop Res 2013; 31:1075-81. [PMID: 23483620 PMCID: PMC3663897 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The osteocyte network is crucial for the response of bone to mechanical force. Within this network, connexin43 (Cx43) is thought to mediate the communication of osteocytes and osteoblasts among themselves and the exchange of small molecules with the extracellular milieu. Despite recent advances in understanding Cx43 role for the response of bone cells to mechanical stimulation, the contribution of Cx43 specifically in osteocytes to mechanotransduction in vivo is not well-known. We examined the anabolic response to ulnar axial loading of mice lacking Cx43 in osteocytes (Cx43(ΔOt)). Loading induced a greater increase in periosteal bone formation rate in Cx43(ΔOt) mice compared to control littermates, resulting from higher mineralizing surface and enhanced mineral apposition rate. Expression of β-catenin protein, a molecule implicated in mechanotransduction, was higher in bones from Cx43(ΔOt) mice, compared to littermate controls. In addition, MLO-Y4 osteocytic cells knocked-down for Cx43 exhibited higher β-catenin protein expression and enhanced response to mechanical stimulation. These findings suggest that osteocytes lacking Cx43 are "primed" to respond to mechanical stimulation and that absence of Cx43 in osteocytes unleashes bone formation, by a mechanism that might involve accumulation of β-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Bivi
- Dept. Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, US
| | - Rafael Pacheco-Costa
- Dept. Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, US,Department of Functional & Structural Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas R. Brun
- Dept. Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, US
| | - Thomas R. Murphy
- Dept. Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, US
| | - Nathan R. Farlow
- Dept. Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, US
| | - Alexander G. Robling
- Dept. Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, US
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Dept. Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, US,Div. Endocrinology, Dept. Internal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, US
| | - Lilian I. Plotkin
- Dept. Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, US,Corresponding author: Lilian I. Plotkin, Ph.D. Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Indiana University School of Medicine 635 Barnhill Drive, MS-5035 Indianapolis, IN 46202-5120 Phone: 1-317-274-5317 Fax: 1-317-278-2040
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Kuroshima S, Elliott KW, Yamashita J. Effect of zoledronate on the responses of osteocytes to acute parathyroid hormone. Calcif Tissue Int 2013; 92:576-85. [PMID: 23503790 PMCID: PMC3656166 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-013-9720-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The bone anabolic effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) therapy is blunted when used in patients who were previously on bisphosphonate treatment. Osteocytes may play a role in the bisphosphonate silencing effect on PTH therapy since bisphosphonates have been shown to reach the lacunocanalicular system. In vivo osteocyte studies pose a significant challenge. For the current study, we developed a simple method to isolate RNA from cortical bone enriched with osteocytes. Our purpose was to investigate how zoledronate (ZA) treatment modulates the responses of osteocytes and the bone marrow (BM) to acute PTH treatment. Mice received ZA treatment for 3 months and a single PTH injection prior to death. Bone was histomorphometrically evaluated. Gene expression was assessed at the RNA level in osteocytes and BM. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and γδT cells were analyzed in the BM and blood using flow cytometry. We found that ZA treatment altered bone responses to PTH. Expression of Sfrp4, a Wnt antagonist, was significantly increased in ZA-affected osteocytes. BM EPCs were increased in response to acute PTH but not when treatment was combined with ZA. ZA treatment augmented EPCs in the BM but not in blood, which suggests that ZA treatment may have differential effects between the BM and blood. These findings indicate that osteocytes and BM EPCs in mice on ZA treatment respond differently to acute PTH from those not receiving ZA. This may partially explain the mechanisms of previous reports that ZA therapy attenuates the anabolic effect of PTH in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Kuroshima
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
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50
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Li GW, Chang SX, Fan JZ, Tian YN, Xu Z, He YM. Marrow adiposity recovery after early zoledronic acid treatment of glucocorticoid-induced bone loss in rabbits assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Bone 2013; 52:668-75. [PMID: 23142803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there is an inverse relationship between bone mass and marrow adiposity, the reversal function of zoledronic acid (ZOL) on increased marrow fat has not been studied. The aim of our study is to use the 3T magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to characterize the dynamical change process of the marrow fat responding to early ZOL treatment in the rabbit model with glucocorticoid-induced bone loss. METHODS Fifteen 20-week-old female New Zealand White rabbits were randomized to control group, methylprednisolone (MPS) group, and MPS+ZOL group equally. Bone mineral density (BMD) and marrow fat fraction (FF) at L3-L4 vertebrae and left proximal femur were measured by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and MRS at week 0, 4, 8, and 12. The animals were euthanized at the end of our experiment and their left femurs were dissected out for the histopathological examination. RESULTS The MPS group demonstrated a remarkable increase in FF but a reduction in BMD compared with the controls at week 4 and 8, respectively (P<0.05 for all). Early treatment of ZOL can inhibit bone degeneration, although the bone mass would not recover to its original level. FF in MPS group exhibited a dramatic increase over time, with an increased FF variation (+31.6%, P=0.009) at week 4 from baseline and it was maintained until week 12 (+75.2%, P<0.001). In MPS+ZOL group, the FF returned to baseline value after the ZOL treatment. Comparing with the controls, larger marrow adipocyte density, the mean of the adipocyte diameter, and the percentage area of the adipocyte were observed in the MPS group (P<0.05 for all), whereas there were no significant differences in quantitative parameters of marrow adipocytes between the ZOL-treated group and the normal rabbits. CONCLUSION An increase of the marrow adiposity is synchronized with the deterioration of the MPS-induced bone mass. A single dose of early ZOL can reverse the marrow adiposity to its original level completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Wu Li
- Department of Radiology, Yueyang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China.
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