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Brudecki J, Rydzik Ł, Wąsacz W, Ruzbarsky P, Czarny W, Warowna M, Ambroży T. Somatic Structure and Ultrasound Parameters of the Calcaneus Bone in Combat Sports Athletes in Relation to Vitamin D 3 Levels. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4960. [PMID: 39201101 PMCID: PMC11355900 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13164960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Physical activity is widely recognized for its beneficial effects on bone density during adolescence, which could lead to enhanced bone density in later life, thus acting as a health-promoting activity with long-lasting implications. However, not all studies are conclusive regarding the type, intensity, duration, and frequency of the most effective physical activities. This study focuses on combat sports athletes and examines the relationship between their somatic build and heel bone parameters using ultrasound (USG) and their vitamin D3 levels. Methods: The study included 40 male athletes specializing in various combat sports. The measurements of body height, body mass, skinfold thickness, and bone widths at multiple sites were performed to estimate the somatic build. The USG parameters of the heel bone and the blood levels of vitamin D3 were also recorded. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA, with differences among sports disciplines also examined. Results: The study found significant differences in the body composition and USG bone parameters among athletes from different combat sports (p ≤ 0.05). The calcaneus stiffness index (SI) and speed of sound (SOS) were significantly higher in athletes with normal vitamin D3 levels compared to those with below-normal levels (p = 0.0015 and p = 0.001, respectively). These findings suggest that vitamin D3 may influence bone stiffness and density. Conclusions: The study underscores the importance of maintaining adequate vitamin D3 levels to support bone mineralization in athletes, particularly those training indoors with limited exposure to sunlight. It also highlights the potential of using USG as a non-invasive method to assess bone health, aiding in the optimization of training programs to prevent injuries and improve performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Brudecki
- Department of Anthropology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Rydzik
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland; (W.W.); (T.A.)
| | - Wojciech Wąsacz
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland; (W.W.); (T.A.)
| | - Pavel Ruzbarsky
- Department of Sports Kinanthropology, Faculty of Sports, Universtiy of Presov, 08001 Prešov, Slovakia;
| | - Wojciech Czarny
- Institute of Physical Culture Studies, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Marlena Warowna
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Beauty Sciences, Vincent Pol University in Lublin, 20-816 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Tadeusz Ambroży
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland; (W.W.); (T.A.)
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Tanner SB, Bardo A, Davies TW, Dunmore CJ, Johnston RE, Owen NJ, Kivell TL, Skinner MM. Variation and covariation of external shape and cross-sectional geometry in the human metacarpus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 183:e24866. [PMID: 37929663 PMCID: PMC10952563 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Analyses of external bone shape using geometric morphometrics (GM) and cross-sectional geometry (CSG) are frequently employed to investigate bone structural variation and reconstruct activity in the past. However, the association between these methods has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we analyze whole bone shape and CSG variation of metacarpals 1-5 and test covariation between them. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed external metacarpal shape using GM and CSG of the diaphysis at three locations in metacarpals 1-5. The study sample includes three modern human groups: crew from the shipwrecked Mary Rose (n = 35 metacarpals), a Pre-industrial group (n = 50), and a Post-industrial group (n = 31). We tested group differences in metacarpal shape and CSG, as well as correlations between these two aspects of metacarpal bone structure. RESULTS GM analysis demonstrated metacarpus external shape variation is predominately related to changes in diaphyseal width and articular surface size. Differences in external shape were found between the non-pollical metacarpals of the Mary Rose and Pre-industrial groups and between the third metacarpals of the Pre- and Post-industrial groups. CSG results suggest the Mary Rose and Post-industrial groups have stronger metacarpals than the Pre-industrial group. Correlating CSG and external shape showed significant relationships between increasing external robusticity and biomechanical strength across non-pollical metacarpals (r: 0.815-0.535; p ≤ 0.05). DISCUSSION Differences in metacarpal cortical structure and external shape between human groups suggest differences in the type and frequency of manual activities. Combining these results with studies of entheses and kinematics of the hand will improve reconstructions of manual behavior in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel B. Tanner
- School of Anthropology and ConservationUniversity of KentCanterburyUK
| | - Ameline Bardo
- School of Anthropology and ConservationUniversity of KentCanterburyUK
- UMR 7194 ‐ Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique (HNHP)CNRS‐Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleParisFrance
| | - Thomas W. Davies
- School of Anthropology and ConservationUniversity of KentCanterburyUK
- Department of Human OriginsMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
| | | | - Richard E. Johnston
- Advanced Imaging of Materials (AIM) Facility, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Bay CampusSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | - Nicholas J. Owen
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A‐STEM), School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bay CampusSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | - Tracy L. Kivell
- School of Anthropology and ConservationUniversity of KentCanterburyUK
- Department of Human OriginsMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
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Guolla L, Barr R, Jaworski M, Farncombe T, Gordon C. Sarcopenia in long-term survivors of cancer in childhood and adolescence: A cross-sectional study of calf muscle mass by peripheral quantitative computed tomography with an examination of the muscle-bone unit. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2024; 71:e30705. [PMID: 37807928 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.30705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia, a loss of systemic skeletal muscle mass (SMM), is prevalent in childhood cancer survivors and often accompanied by increased fat mass (sarcopenic obesity [SO]). We examined whether calf muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), can identify sarcopenia and SO in long-term survivors of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and explored its relationship with adjacent bone geometry. PROCEDURES Calf muscle CSA and CSA Z scores at the 38% tibia in 70 subjects (median survival 15 years) were compared between sexes and ALL risk group, and their association with sarcopenia and SO evaluated. Relationships between bone strength and muscle mass were assessed further using linear regression and methods described by Schoenau et al. for evaluation of a functional muscle-bone unit. RESULTS A calf muscle CSA Z score of less than or equal to zero is 73.81% sensitive and 84.62% specific for detecting sarcopenia defined by height-adjusted appendicular lean mass measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. No significant difference in CSA Z scores was noted between sexes or ALL risk groups; however, Z scores were markedly higher in those without SO (adjusted odds ratio 0.529, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.340-0.824). Ratios of calf muscle mass to height and total bone mineral content at the 38% tibia are "sufficient" and consistent with estimated reference ranges for a healthy population. CONCLUSIONS CSA Z scores may represent a useful clinical measure of SMM and are predictive of SO in this population. Our results are supportive of a functional muscle-bone unit in long-term survivors of pediatric ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Guolla
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ronald Barr
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maciej Jaworski
- Department of Biochemistry, RadioImmunology and Experimental Medicine, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Troy Farncombe
- Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Gordon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Ogawa T, Shimizu T, Asano T, Iwasaki N, Takahashi D. Radiological predictors associated with success of treatment for developmental dysplasia of hip using the Pavlik harness: A retrospective study. J Orthop Sci 2022; 27:1067-1072. [PMID: 34364753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While various predictors of treatment outcome of Pavlik harness have been reported, appropriate indications for treatment and relationships between patient characteristics and outcome are unclear. The present study aimed to identify radiological predictors for successful Pavlik harness treatment of DDH at the initiation of treatment and investigate the progression of radiological characteristics after successful treatment. METHODS One-hundred-forty-two of 527 infants who visited our hospital for secondary screening of DDH were treated with the Pavlik harness. One-hundred-eight hips of 108 infants experienced successful treatment and could be followed up until 3 years of age (group S); treatment was unsuccessful within the first 2 weeks for 22 hips of 21 infants (group F). We investigated the Graf classification and radiological parameters. RESULTS We observed the ipsilateral-side measurements of distance A and B as defined by Yamamuro and Chene's method to be significantly smaller and greater, respectively, in group F compared with those of group S. Group F tended to exhibit the smaller distance A and larger distance B compared to the group S among the same Graf type. The cut-off values for successful treatment at were >7.4 mm at initiation of treatment for distance A and <11.2 mm for distance B. The acetabular index (AI) of the ipsilateral side at the initiation of treatment was significantly correlated with that at 1 and 3 years of age. Patients with an AI of >32° at the initiation of harness treatment were more likely to exhibit hip dysplasia at 3 years of age. CONCLUSIONS Radiographic parameters prior to the Pavlik harness could be predictors of treatment failure and DDH in the future. This study showed that AI at the initiation of treatment is associated with residual acetabular dysplasia, suggesting that radiographic assessment may be useful even considering the risks associated with radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ogawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shimizu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Asano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norimasa Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Medeleanu M, Vali R, Sadeghpour S, Moineddin R, Doria AS. A systematic review and meta-analysis of pediatric normative peripheral quantitative computed tomography data. Bone Rep 2021; 15:101103. [PMID: 34377749 PMCID: PMC8327482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral-quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) provides an intriguing diagnostic alternative to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) since it can measure 3D bone geometry and differentiate between the cortical and trabecular bone compartments. OBJECTIVE To investigate and summarize the methods of pQCT image acquisition of in children, adolescents and/or young adults (up to age 20) and to aggregate the published normative pQCT data. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE and EMBASE from 1947 to December 2020. Quality of the included articles was assessed using Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD) scoring system and United States Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) Study Design Categorization. Seven articles, encompassing a total of 2134 participants, were aggregated in the meta-analysis. Due to dissimilar age groups and scan sites, only seven pQCT parameters of the 4% radius, 4% tibia and 38% tibia were analyzed in this meta-analysis. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The overall fixed-effect estimates of trabecular vBMD of the 4% radius were: 207.16 (201.46, 212.86), mg/cm3 in 8 to 9 year-old girls, 210.42 (201.91, 218.93)in 10 to 12 year-old girls, 226.99 (222.45, 231.54) in 12 to 13 year-old girls, 259.97 (254.85, 265.10) in 12 to 13 year-old boys and 171.55 (163.41,179.69) in 16 to 18 year-old girls. 21 of 54 (38.9%) primary papers received a 'good' STARD quality of reporting score (<90 and 70 ≥ %) (mean STARD score of all articles = 69.4%). The primary articles of this review had a 'good' level USPSTF study design categorization. However, most of the normative data in these articles were non-comparable and non-aggregable due to a lack of standardization of reference lines, acquisition parameters and/or age at acquisition. CONCLUSION There is not sufficient evidence to suggest that pQCT is appropriately suited for use in the pediatric clinical setting. Normative pediatric data must be systematically derived for pQCT should it ever be a modality that is used outside of research. CLINICAL IMPACT We demonstrate the need for normative pQCT reference data and for clinical guidelines that standardize pediatric acquisition parameters and delineate its use in pediatric settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Medeleanu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
- Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Canada
| | - Reza Vali
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Medical imaging, University of Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Rahim Moineddin
- Biostatistics Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrea S. Doria
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Medical imaging, University of Toronto, Canada
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Barr RD, Inglis D, Athale U, Jaworski M, Farncombe T, Gordon CL. Bone health in long-term survivors of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. An assessment by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68:e29218. [PMID: 34264535 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of bone mineral is a common concomitant of the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) due mainly to chemotherapy, especially with corticosteroids. Osteopenia/osteoporosis may be encountered long into survivorship. Measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is limited to two-dimensionality and cannot distinguish trabecular from cortical bone. METHODS A sample of 74 subjects, ages 13.5-38.3 years more than 10 years from diagnosis, underwent peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) at metaphyseal (trabecular bone) and diaphyseal (cortical bone) sites in the radius and tibia. pQCT provides three-dimensional assessment of bone geometry, density, and architecture. RESULTS Average values in multiple metrics were similar to those in healthy individuals, but deficits in both trabecular and cortical bones were revealed by lower Z scores using an ethnically comparable sample of healthy individuals. Connectivity, a measure of bone architecture and a surrogate measure of bone strength, was lower in females than males. Survivors of standard-risk ALL had greater connectivity in and more compact trabecular bone than high-risk survivors who had received more intensive osteotoxic chemotherapy. There were no statistically significant differences in any of the metrics at any of the sites between subjects who had or had not a history of fracture, cranial irradiation, or use of a bisphosphonate. CONCLUSIONS These long-term survivors of ALL have somewhat compromised bone health, but data in comparable healthy populations are limited. Longitudinal studies in larger and more ethnically diverse cohorts will provide greater insight into bone health in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald D Barr
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dean Inglis
- Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Uma Athale
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maciej Jaworski
- Department of Biochemistry, RadioImmunology and Experimental Medicine, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Troy Farncombe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher L Gordon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Magan A, Micklesfield LK, Nyati LH, Norris SA, Pettifor JM. A longitudinal comparison of appendicular bone growth and markers of strength through adolescence in a South African cohort using radiogrammetry and pQCT. Osteoporos Int 2019; 30:451-460. [PMID: 30426171 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-018-4761-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To compare growth patterns and strength of weight- and non-weight-bearing bones longitudinally. Irrespective of sex and ethnicity, metacarpal growth was similar to that of the non-weight-bearing radius but differed from that of the weight-bearing tibia. Weight- and non-weight-bearing bones have different growth and strength patterns. INTRODUCTION Functional loading modulates bone size and strength. METHODS To compare growth patterns and strength of weight- and non-weight-bearing bones longitudinally, we performed manual radiogrammetry of the second metacarpal on hand-wrist radiographs and measured peripheral quantitative computed tomography images of the radius (65%) and tibia (38% and 65%), annually on 372 black and 152 white South African participants (ages 12-20 years). We aligned participants by age from peak metacarpal length velocity. We assessed bone width (BW, mm); cortical thickness (CT, mm); medullary width (MW, mm); stress-strain index (SSI, mm3); and muscle cross-sectional area (MCSA, mm2). RESULTS From 12 to 20 years, the associations between metacarpal measures (BW, CT and SSI) and MCSA at the radius (males R2 = 0.33-0.45; females R2 = 0.12-0.20) were stronger than the tibia (males R2 = 0.01-0.11; females R2 = 0.007-0.04). In all groups, radial BW, CT and MW accrual rates were similar to those of the metacarpal, except in white females who had lower radial CT (0.04 mm/year) and greater radial MW (0.06 mm/year) accrual. In all groups, except for CT in white males, tibial BW and CT accrual rates were greater than at the metacarpal. Tibial MW (0.29-0.35 mm/year) increased significantly relative to metacarpal MW (- 0.07 to 0.06 mm/year) in males only. In all groups, except white females, SSI increased in each bone. CONCLUSION Irrespective of sex and ethnicity, metacarpal growth was similar to that of the non-weight-bearing radius but differed from that of the weight-bearing tibia. The local and systemic factors influencing site-specific differences require further investigation. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Magan
- South African MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa.
| | - L K Micklesfield
- South African MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - L H Nyati
- South African MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - S A Norris
- South African MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - J M Pettifor
- South African MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
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Schoenbuchner SM, Pettifor JM, Norris SA, Micklesfield LK, Prentice A, Ward KA. Ethnic Differences in Peripheral Skeletal Development Among Urban South African Adolescents: A Ten-Year Longitudinal pQCT Study. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:2355-2366. [PMID: 28834567 PMCID: PMC5947614 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
There are no longitudinal pQCT data of bone growth and development from sub-Saharan Africa, where rapid environmental, societal, and economic transitions are occurring, and where fracture rates are predicted to rise. The aim of this study was to compare skeletal development in black and white South African adolescents using longitudinal data from the Birth to Twenty study. The Birth to Twenty Bone Health subcohort consisted of 543 adolescents (261 [178 black] girls, 282 [201 black] boys). Annual pQCT measurements of the radial and tibial metaphysis and diaphysis were obtained between ages 12 and 22 years (distal metaphysis: cross-sectional area [CSA] and trabecular bone mineral density [BMD]; diaphysis: total and cortical CSA, cortical BMD, and polar stress-strain index [SSIp]). Age at peak height velocity (APHV) was calculated to account for differences in maturational timing between ethnic groups and sexes. Mixed-effects models were used to describe trajectories for each pQCT outcome. Likelihood-ratio tests were used to summarize the overall difference in trajectories between black and white participants within each sex. APHV (mean ± SD years) was similar in black (11.8 ± 0.8) and white (12.2 ± 1.0) girls, but delayed in black (14.2 ± 1.0) relative to white boys (13.3 ± 0.8). By 4 years post-APHV, white adolescents had significantly greater cortical CSA and SSIp than black adolescents at the radius. There were no significant differences at the radial metaphysis but there was some divergence, such that black adolescents had greater radial trabecular BMD by the end of follow-up. At the tibia, white adolescents had lower diaphyseal CSA and SSIp, and greater metaphyseal CSA. There was no ethnic difference in tibial trabecular BMD. There are ethnic differences in bone growth and development, independent of maturation, in South African adolescents. This work gives new insights into the possible etiology of childhood fractures, which occur most commonly as peripheral sites. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Schoenbuchner
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK.,South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC)/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - John M Pettifor
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC)/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shane A Norris
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC)/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lisa K Micklesfield
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC)/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ann Prentice
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK.,South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC)/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kate A Ward
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK.,Medical Research Council (MRC) Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Magan A, Nyati LH, Micklesfield LK, Norris SA, Pettifor JM. Metacarpal Growth During Adolescence in a Longitudinal South African Cohort. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:1926-1934. [PMID: 28548290 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
To monitor the drift of the periosteal and endocortical surfaces during metacarpal growth longitudinally, radiogrammetry was carried out on hand-wrist X-rays of 572 children from the Birth to Twenty Bone Health Cohort annually from ages 9 to 21 years. This is the largest collection of longitudinal X-rays in African children. The second metacarpal bone length, bone width, and medullary width were measured using digital vernier calipers on a total of 4730 X-rays. Superimposition by Translation and Rotation (SITAR) was used to obtain age at peak metacarpal length velocity (PLV). Bone width and medullary width were modeled using SITAR against both chronological age and age from PLV. In black and white females, tempo and velocity of metacarpal length growth was synchronized. Black males, however, attained PLV 7 months later than white males (p < 0.0001). Compared to white males, black males had a longer second metacarpal (p < 0.05), and greater bone width size (p < 0.02), tempo (p < 0.0009), and velocity (p < 0.0001). Medullary width growth velocity in black participants peaked 2 years prior to attainment of PLV and exceeded that of their white peers (p < 0.0001) in whom it peaked 6 to 12 months post-PLV attainment. Black adolescents therefore had wider bones with relatively thinner cortices and wider medullary cavities than their white peers. Ethnic and sex differences also occurred in the timing of medullary width contraction that accompanied expansion in bone width and cortical thickness. In black males, medullary width contraction commenced approximately 3 years later than in black females, whereas in white males this occurred a year later than in white females. The ethnic and sex differences in bone acquisition reported in this study may differentially affect bone mass in later life. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansuyah Magan
- South African Medical Research Council/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lukhanyo H Nyati
- South African Medical Research Council/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lisa K Micklesfield
- South African Medical Research Council/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shane A Norris
- South African Medical Research Council/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - John M Pettifor
- South African Medical Research Council/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Wilhelm A, Hadji P, Münzel M, Daniel H, Flache S, Nyarango P, Kann PH. Bone health of the Ovahimba people of north-western Namibia in the context of urbanization and a change of the sociocultural environment. Gynecol Endocrinol 2017; 33:292-296. [PMID: 28010148 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2016.1266475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of osteoporosis in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries is low, however, as urbanization takes root, it is predicted that bone health will decrease dramatically. The bone health of the semi-nomadic Ovahimba people of Namibia was investigated in the context of urbanization and changes of the sociocultural environment. Furthermore, data on bone health in SSA countries is scarce; there exists no ethnic-specific reference group for people of black origin. Included in the study were 98 urban and rural living Ovahimba people. Quantitative ultrasound was performed, sunrise/sunset saliva cortisol concentrations was measured and a questionnaire was conducted. There was no significant difference in the QUS parameters, however, after adjustment for confounders, SOS and SI differed significantly. The saliva cortisol concentrations differed significantly. After adjustment for confounders, saliva cortisol was significantly negatively correlated to SOS (r= -0.27, p = 0.021) giving an indication for an association between cortisol concentration and QUS parameters. The urban group furthermore showed a nutritional transition. Even though the bone health of the Ovahimba is very good, first signs of the adverse effects of urbanization were detected. Beside changes of lifestyle, this may be attributed to an increased cortisol exposure of the Ovahimba people living in an urban environment due to an increased psychosocial stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Wilhelm
- a Division of Diabetology & Endocrinology, Philipps University , Marburg , Germany
| | - Peyman Hadji
- b Department of Bone Oncology and Endocrinology , Northwest Hospital , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Mark Münzel
- c Institute of Cultural and Social Anthropology, Philipps University , Marburg , Germany
| | - Hanna Daniel
- d Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Philipps University , Marburg , Germany
| | - Stephan Flache
- e Department of Surgery , Asklepios Hospital , Weißenfels , Germany , and
| | - Peter Nyarango
- f Faculty of Medicine , University of Namibia , Windhoek , Namibia
| | - Peter Herbert Kann
- a Division of Diabetology & Endocrinology, Philipps University , Marburg , Germany
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Meiring RM, Micklesfield LK, McVeigh JA. The effect of loading and ethnicity on annual changes in cortical bone of the radius and tibia in pre-pubertal children. Ann Hum Biol 2016; 43:520-526. [PMID: 26452753 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2015.1106009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear what effect habitual physical activity or ethnicity has on annual changes in bone size and strength in pre-pubertal children. AIM To determine whether the annual relative change in bone size and strength differed between high and low bone loaders and also between black and white pre-pubertal children. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) scans of the 65% radius and tibia were completed on 41 black and white children (15 boys, 26 girls) between the ages of 8-11 years, at baseline and 1 year later. Children were categorised into either a high or low bone loading group from a peak bone strain score obtained from a bone-specific physical activity questionnaire. Total area (ToA), cortical area (CoA), cortical density (CoD), strength-strain index (SSI), periosteal circumference (PC), endosteal circumference (EC) and cortical thickness (CT) were assessed. RESULTS There was no difference in annual relative change in radial or tibia bone size and strength between the low and high bone loaders. Black children had a greater annual relative change in CoD (p = 0.03) and SSI (p = 0.05) compared to the white children. CONCLUSION Children who performed high bone loading activities over a 1-year period had similar bone growth to children who did low bone loading activities over the same period. Rapid maturational growth over this period may have resulted in bone adapting to the strains of habitual physical activity placed on it. Black children may have greater tibial bone strength compared to white children due to a greater annual increase in cortical density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Meiring
- a Exercise Laboratory, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa and
| | - Lisa K Micklesfield
- b MRC/WITS Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Joanne A McVeigh
- a Exercise Laboratory, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa and
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12
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Stagi S, Cavalli L, Cavalli T, de Martino M, Brandi ML. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) for the assessment of bone strength in most of bone affecting conditions in developmental age: a review. Ital J Pediatr 2016; 42:88. [PMID: 27670687 PMCID: PMC5037897 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-016-0297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral quantitative computed tomography provides an automatical scan analysis of trabecular and cortical bone compartments, calculating not only their bone mineral density (BMD), but also bone geometrical parameters, such as marrow and cortical Cross-Sectional Area (CSA), Cortical Thickness (CoTh), both periosteal and endosteal circumference, as well as biomechanical parameters like Cross-Sectional Moment of Inertia (CSMI), a measure of bending, polar moment of inertia, indicating bone strength in torsion, and Strength Strain Index (SSI). Also CSA of muscle and fat can be extracted. Muscles, which are thought to stimulate bones to adapt their geometry and mineral content, are determinant to preserve or increase bone strength; thus, pQCT provides an evaluation of the functional 'muscle-bone unit', defined as BMC/muscle CSA ratio. This functional approach to bone densitometry can establish if bone strength is normally adapted to the muscle force, and if muscle force is adequate for body size, providing more detailed insights to targeted strategies for the prevention and treatment of bone fragility. The present paper offers an extensive review of technical features of pQCT and its possible clinical application in the diagnostic of bone status as well as in the monitoring of the skeleton's health follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Stagi
- Health Sciences Department, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children’s University Hospital, viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Loredana Cavalli
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Endocrinology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cavalli
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Emergency and Digestive Surgery with Oncological and Functional Address Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maurizio de Martino
- Health Sciences Department, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children’s University Hospital, viale Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Endocrinology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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13
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Bajaj D, Allerton BM, Kirby JT, Miller F, Rowe DA, Pohlig RT, Modlesky CM. Muscle volume is related to trabecular and cortical bone architecture in typically developing children. Bone 2015; 81:217-227. [PMID: 26187197 PMCID: PMC5912953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Muscle is strongly related to cortical bone architecture in children; however, the relationship between muscle volume and trabecular bone architecture is poorly studied. The aim of this study was to determine if muscle volume is related to trabecular bone architecture in children and if the relationship is different than the relationship between muscle volume and cortical bone architecture. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty typically developing children (20 boys and 20 girls; 6 to 12y) were included in the study. Measures of trabecular bone architecture [i.e., apparent trabecular bone volume to total volume (appBV/TV), trabecular number (appTb.N), trabecular thickness (appTb.Th) and trabecular separation (appTb.Sp)] in the distal femur, cortical bone architecture [cortical volume, total volume, section modulus (Z) and polar moment of inertia (J)] in the midfemur, muscle volume in the midthigh and femur length were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging. Total physical activity and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity were assessed using an accelerometer-based activity monitor worn around the waist for four days. Calcium intake was assessed using diet records. Relationships among the measures were tested using multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS Muscle volume was moderately-to-strongly related to measures of trabecular bone architecture [appBV/TV (r=0.81), appTb.N (r=0.53), appTb.Th (r=0.67), appTb.Sp (r=-0.71); all p<0.001] but more strongly related to measures of cortical bone architecture [cortical volume (r=0.96), total volume (r=0.94), Z (r=0.94) and J (r=0.92; all p<0.001)]. Similar relationships were observed between femur length and measures of trabecular (p<0.01) and cortical (p<0.001) bone architecture. Sex, physical activity and calcium intake were not related to any measure of bone architecture (p>0.05). Because muscle volume and femur length were strongly related (r=0.91, p<0.001), muscle volume was scaled for femur length (muscle volume/femur length(2.77)). When muscle volume/femur length(2.77) was included in a regression model with femur length, sex, physical activity and calcium intake, muscle volume/femur length(2.77) was a significant predictor of appBV/TV, appTb.Th and appTb.Sp (partial r=0.44 to 0.49, p<0.05) and all measures of cortical bone architecture (partial r=0.47 to 0.54; p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that muscle volume in the midthigh is related to trabecular bone architecture in the distal femur of typically developing children. The relationship is weaker than the relationship between muscle volume in the midthigh and cortical bone architecture in the midfemur, but the discrepancy is driven, in large part, by the greater dependence of cortical bone architecture measures on femur length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Bajaj
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Brianne M Allerton
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Joshua T Kirby
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Freeman Miller
- Department of Orthopedics, Nemours AI duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - David A Rowe
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
| | - Ryan T Pohlig
- Biostatistics Core Facility, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Christopher M Modlesky
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA.
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Wallace IJ, Judex S, Demes B. Effects of load-bearing exercise on skeletal structure and mechanics differ between outbred populations of mice. Bone 2015; 72:1-8. [PMID: 25460574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Effects of load-bearing exercise on skeletal structure and mechanical properties can vary between inbred strains of mice. Here, we examine whether such variation also exists at the population level. An experiment was performed with two outbred mouse stocks that have been reproductively isolated for >120 generations (Hsd:ICR, Crl:CD1). Growing females from each stock were either treated with a treadmill-running regimen for 1 month or served as controls. Limb forces were recorded with a force plate and cage activity monitored to verify that they were similar between stocks. After the experiment, femoral cortical and trabecular bone structure were quantified with micro-CT in the mid-diaphysis and distal metaphysis, respectively, and diaphyseal structural strength was determined with mechanical testing. Among Hsd:ICR mice, running led to significant improvements in diaphyseal bone quantity, structural geometry, and mechanical properties, as well as enhanced trabecular morphology. In contrast, among Crl:CD1 mice, the same running regimen had little effect on cortical and trabecular structure and significantly reduced diaphyseal resistance to fracture. In neither stock was body mass, muscle mass, or cage activity level different between runners and controls. Given that most environmental variables were controlled in this study, the differential effects of exercise on Hsd:ICR and Crl:CD1 bones were likely due to genetic differences between stocks. These results suggest that the benefits of loading for bone may vary between human populations (e.g., ethnic groups), in which case exercise programs and technologies designed to promote bone health with mechanical signals may be more advantageous to certain populations than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Wallace
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Stefan Judex
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Brigitte Demes
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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15
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Mcveigh JA, Meiring R, Cimato A, Micklesfield LK, Oosthuyse T. Radial bone size and strength indices in male road cyclists, mountain bikers and controls. Eur J Sport Sci 2014; 15:332-40. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2014.933881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Adams JE, Engelke K, Zemel BS, Ward KA. Quantitative computer tomography in children and adolescents: the 2013 ISCD Pediatric Official Positions. J Clin Densitom 2014; 17:258-74. [PMID: 24792821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In 2007, International Society of Clinical Densitometry Pediatric Positions Task Forces reviewed the evidence for the clinical application of peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) in children and adolescents. At that time, numerous limitations regarding the clinical application of pQCT were identified, although its use as a research modality for investigation of bone strength was highlighted. The present report provides an updated review of evidence for the clinical application of pQCT, as well as additional reviews of whole body QCT scans of the central and peripheral skeletons, and high-resolution pQCT in children. Although these techniques remain in the domain of research, this report summarizes the recent literature and evidence of the clinical applicability and offers general recommendations regarding the use of these modalities in pediatric bone health assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Adams
- Department of Clinical Radiology, The Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, UK.
| | - Klaus Engelke
- Institute of Medical Physics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany and Synarc A/S, Germany
| | - Babette S Zemel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kate A Ward
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
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17
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Muthuri SK, Francis CE, Wachira LJM, LeBlanc AG, Sampson M, Onywera VO, Tremblay MS. Evidence of an overweight/obesity transition among school-aged children and youth in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92846. [PMID: 24676350 PMCID: PMC3968060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalence of childhood overweight/obesity has increased considerably in recent years. The transition to higher rates of overweight/obesity has been well documented in high income countries; however, consistent or representative data from lower income countries is scarce. It is therefore pertinent to assess if rates of overweight/obesity are also increasing in lower income countries, to inform public health efforts. OBJECTIVE This systematic review aimed to investigate the evidence for an overweight/obesity transition occurring in school-aged children and youth in Sub Saharan Africa. METHODS Studies were identified by searching the MEDLINE, Embase, Africa Index Medicus, Global Health, Geobase, and EPPI-Centre electronic databases. Studies that used subjective or objective metrics to assess body composition in apparently healthy or population-based samples of children and youth aged 5 to 17 years were included. RESULTS A total of 283 articles met the inclusion criteria, and of these, 68 were used for quantitative synthesis. The four regions (West, Central, East, and South) of Sub Saharan Africa were well represented, though only 11 (3.9%) studies were nationally representative. Quantitative synthesis revealed a trend towards increasing proportions of overweight/obesity over time in school-aged children in this region, as well as a persistent problem of underweight. Weighted averages of overweight/obesity and obesity for the entire time period captured were 10.6% and 2.5% respectively. Body composition measures were found to be higher in girls than boys, and higher in urban living and higher socioeconomic status children compared to rural populations or those of lower socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS This review provides evidence for an overweight/obesity transition in school-aged children in Sub Saharan Africa. The findings of this review serve to describe the region with respect to the growing concern of childhood overweight/obesity, highlight research gaps, and inform interventions. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42013004399.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella K. Muthuri
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claire E. Francis
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Allana G. LeBlanc
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margaret Sampson
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vincent O. Onywera
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mark S. Tremblay
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
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Thandrayen K, Norris SA, Micklesfield LK, Pettifor JM. Fracture patterns and bone mass in South African adolescent-mother pairs: the Birth to Twenty cohort. Osteoporos Int 2014; 25:693-700. [PMID: 23943166 PMCID: PMC3906554 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-013-2477-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The associations of fracture prevalence and bone mass in adolescents with maternal fracture history and bone mass have not been investigated previously in South Africa. Maternal bone mass has a significant inverse association with their adolescents' fracture rates and bone mass across all ethnic groups. INTRODUCTION Differences in fracture rates and bone mass between families and individuals of different ethnic origins may be due to differing lifestyles and/or genetic backgrounds. This study aimed to assess associations of fracture prevalence and bone mass in adolescents with maternal fracture history and bone mass, and sibling fracture history. METHODS Data from 1,389 adolescent-biological mother pairs from the Birth to Twenty longitudinal study were obtained. Questionnaires were completed on adolescent fractures until 17/18 years of age and on sibling fractures. Biological mothers completed questionnaires on their own fractures prior to the age of 18 years. Anthropometric and bone mass data on adolescent-biological mother pairs were collected. RESULTS An adolescent's risk of lifetime fracture decreased with increasing maternal lumbar spine (LS) bone mineral content (BMC; 24 % reduction in fracture risk for every unit increase in maternal LS BMC Z-score) and increased if they were white, male, or had a sibling with a history of fracture. Adolescent height, weight, male gender, maternal bone area and BMC, and white ethnicity were positive predictors of adolescent bone mass. White adolescents and their mothers had a higher fracture prevalence (adolescents 42 %, mothers 31 %) compared to the black (adolescents 20 %, mothers 6 %) and mixed ancestry (adolescents 20 %, mothers 16 %) groups. CONCLUSION Maternal bone mass has a significant inverse association with their adolescent off-springs' fracture risk and bone mass. Furthermore, there is a strong familial component in fracture patterns among South African adolescents and their siblings.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Thandrayen
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, PO Bertsham, Johannesburg, 2013 South Africa
| | - S. A. Norris
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - L. K. Micklesfield
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - J. M. Pettifor
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Meiring RM, Avidon I, Norris SA, McVeigh JA. A two-year history of high bone loading physical activity attenuates ethnic differences in bone strength and geometry in pre-/early pubertal children from a low-middle income country. Bone 2013; 57:522-30. [PMID: 24012701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We examined the interplay between ethnicity and weight-bearing physical activity on the content and volumetric properties of bone in a pre- to early pubertal South African Black and White population. Sixty six children [Black boys, 10.4 (1.4)yrs, n=15; Black girls, 10.1 (1.2)yrs, n=27; White boys, 10.1 (1.1)yrs, n=7; White girls, 9.6 (1.3)yrs, n=17] reported on all their physical activities over the past two years in an interviewer administered physical activity questionnaire (PAQ). All participants underwent a whole body and site-specific DXA scan and we also assessed bone structure and estimated bone strength with pQCT. Children were classified as being either high or low bone loaders based on the cohort's median peak bone strain score estimated from the PAQ. In the low bone loading group, Black children had greater femoral neck bone mineral content (BMC) (2.9 (0.08)g) than White children (2.4 (0.11)g; p=0.05). There were no ethnic differences in the high bone loaders for femoral neck BMC. At the cortical site, the Black low bone loaders had a greater radius area (97.3 (1.3) vs 88.8 (2.6)mm(2); p=0.05) and a greater tibia total area (475.5 (8.7) vs. 397.3 (14.0)mm(2); p=0.001) and strength (1633.7 (60.1) vs. 1271.8 (98.6)mm(3); p=0.04) compared to the White low bone loaders. These measures were not different between the Black low and high bone loaders or between the Black and White high bone loaders. In conclusion, the present study shows that there may be ethnic and physical activity associations in the bone health of Black and White pre-pubertal children and further prospective studies are required to determine the possible ethnic specific response to mechanical loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Meiring
- Exercise Laboratory, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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20
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Warden SJ, Hill KM, Ferira AJ, Laing EM, Martin BR, Hausman DB, Weaver CM, Peacock M, Lewis RD. Racial differences in cortical bone and their relationship to biochemical variables in Black and White children in the early stages of puberty. Osteoporos Int 2013; 24:1869-79. [PMID: 23093348 PMCID: PMC4163020 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-012-2174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Osteoporotic fracture rates differ according to race with Blacks having up to half the rate of Whites. The current study demonstrates that racial divergence in cortical bone properties develops in early childhood despite lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in Blacks. INTRODUCTION Racial differences in bone structure likely have roots in childhood as bone size develops predominantly during growth. This study aimed to compare cortical bone health within the tibial diaphysis of Black and White children in the early stages of puberty and explore the contributions of biochemical variables in explaining racial variation in cortical bone properties. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed comparing peripheral quantitative computed tomography-derived cortical bone measures of the tibial diaphysis and biochemical variables in 314 participants (n = 155 males; n = 164 Blacks) in the early stages of puberty. RESULTS Blacks had greater cortical volumetric bone mineral density, mass, and size compared to Whites (all p < 0.01), contributing to Blacks having 17.0 % greater tibial strength (polar strength-strain index (SSIP)) (p < 0.001). Turnover markers indicated that Blacks had higher bone formation (osteocalcin (OC) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase) and lower bone resorption (N-terminal telopeptide) than Whites (all p < 0.01). Blacks also had lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and higher 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) (all p < 0.05). There were no correlations between tibial bone properties and 25(OH)D and PTH in Whites (all p ≥ 0.10); however, SSIP was negatively and positively correlated with 25(OH)D and PTH in Blacks, respectively (all p ≤ 0.02). Variation in bone cross-sectional area and SSIP attributable to race was partially explained by tibial length, 25(OH)D/PTH, and OC. CONCLUSIONS Divergence in tibial cortical bone properties between Blacks and Whites is established by the early stages of puberty with the enhanced cortical bone properties in Black children possibly being explained by higher PTH and OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Warden
- Center for Translational Musculoskeletal Research and Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Indiana University, 1140 W. Michigan St., CF-326, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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21
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Guo YF, Zhang LS, Liu YJ, Hu HG, Li J, Tian Q, Yu P, Zhang F, Yang TL, Guo Y, Peng XL, Dai M, Chen W, Deng HW. Suggestion of GLYAT gene underlying variation of bone size and body lean mass as revealed by a bivariate genome-wide association study. Hum Genet 2013; 132:189-99. [PMID: 23108985 PMCID: PMC3682481 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone and muscle, two major tissue types of musculoskeletal system, have strong genetic determination. Abnormality in bone and/or muscle may cause musculoskeletal diseases such as osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Bone size phenotypes (BSPs), such as hip bone size (HBS), appendicular bone size (ABS), are genetically correlated with body lean mass (mainly muscle mass). However, the specific genes shared by these phenotypes are largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to identify the specific genes with pleiotropic effects on BSPs and appendicular lean mass (ALM). We performed a bivariate genome-wide association study (GWAS) by analyzing ~690,000 SNPs in 1,627 unrelated Han Chinese adults (802 males and 825 females) followed by a replication study in 2,286 unrelated US Caucasians (558 males and 1,728 females). We identified 14 interesting single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that may contribute to variation of both BSPs and ALM, with p values <10(-6) in discovery stage. Among them, the association of three SNPs (rs2507838, rs7116722, and rs11826261) in/near GLYAT (glycine-N-acyltransferase) gene was replicated in US Caucasians, with p values ranging from 1.89 × 10(-3) to 3.71 × 10(-4) for ALM-ABS, from 5.14 × 10(-3) to 1.11 × 10(-2) for ALM-HBS, respectively. Meta-analyses yielded stronger association signals for rs2507838, rs7116722, and rs11826261, with pooled p values of 1.68 × 10(-8), 7.94 × 10(-8), 6.80 × 10(-8) for ALB-ABS and 1.22 × 10(-4), 9.85 × 10(-5), 3.96 × 10(-4) for ALM-HBS, respectively. Haplotype allele ATA based on these three SNPs was also associated with ALM-HBS and ALM-ABS in both discovery and replication samples. Interestingly, GLYAT was previously found to be essential to glucose metabolism and energy metabolism, suggesting the gene's dual role in both bone development and muscle growth. Our findings, together with the prior biological evidence, suggest the importance of GLYAT gene in co-regulation of bone phenotypes and body lean mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fang Guo
- Institute of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Li-Shu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, PR China
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA70112, United States of America
| | - Hong-Gang Hu
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, PR China
| | - Jian Li
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA70112, United States of America
| | - Qing Tian
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA70112, United States of America
| | - Ping Yu
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA70112, United States of America
| | - Feng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P R China
| | - Tie-Lin Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P R China
| | - Yan Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P R China
| | - Xiang-Lei Peng
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, PR China
| | - Meng Dai
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- Center for Cardiovascular Health Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine Tulane University, New Orleans, LA70112, United States of America
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, PR China
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA70112, United States of America
- Center of System Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, PR China
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Thandrayen K, Norris SA, Micklesfield LK, Pettifor JM. Heterogeneity of fracture pathogenesis in urban South African children: the birth to twenty cohort. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:2834-42. [PMID: 21898589 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
South African black children fracture less than white children. Differences in bone mass, body composition, and physical activity may be contributing risk factors. This study aimed to investigate the association between fracture prevalence, bone mass, and physical activity in South African children. Using the Bone Health cohort of the Birth to Twenty longitudinal study, we retrospectively obtained information of lifetime fractures until age 15 years in 533 subjects. Whole-body bone mineral content (BMC), bone area (BA), fat mass (FM), and lean mass (LM) (measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry [DXA]), anthropometric data, physical activity scores, and skeletal maturity were obtained at ages 10 and 15 years. Nonfracturing black females were used as the control group and comparisons were made between those who did and did not fracture within the same sex and ethnic groups. Of the 533 subjects, 130 (24%) reported a fracture (black, 15%; white, 41.5%; p < 0.001). White males who fractured were significantly taller (10 years, p < 0.01), more physically active (15 years, p < 0.05) and had higher LM (10 years, p = 0.01; 15 years, p < 0.001), whereas white females who fractured were fatter (10 and 15 years, p = 0.05 and p < 0.05, respectively), than their nonfracturing peers. White males who fractured had greater BA and BMC at all sites at 10 and 15 years compared to their nonfracturing peers after adjusting for differences in height and weight; BA and BMC were similar in each of the other sex and ethnic groups. No anthropometric or bone mass differences were found between black children with and without fractures. The factor associated with fractures in white males appears to be participation in sports activities, while in white females obesity appears to play a role. No contributing factors in black males and females were found, and needs further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebashni Thandrayen
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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23
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Micklesfield LK, Norris SA, Pettifor JM. Ethnicity and bone: a South African perspective. J Bone Miner Metab 2011; 29:257-67. [PMID: 21516522 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-011-0269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Micklesfield
- Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Rd, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
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