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Bussola Tovani C, Divoux T, Manneville S, Azaïs T, Laurent G, de Frutos M, Gloter A, Ciancaglini P, Ramos AP, Nassif N. Strontium-driven physiological to pathological transition of bone-like architecture: A dose-dependent investigation. Acta Biomater 2023; 169:579-588. [PMID: 37516416 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Whilst strontium (Sr2+) is widely investigated for treating osteoporosis, it is also related to mineralization disorders such as rickets and osteomalacia. In order to clarify the physiological and pathological effects of Sr2+ on bone biomineralization , we performed a dose-dependent investigation in bone components using a 3D scaffold that displays the hallmark features of bone tissue in terms of composition (osteoblast, collagen, carbonated apatite) and architecture (mineralized collagen fibrils hierarchically assembled into a twisted plywood geometry). As the level of Sr2+ is increased from physiological-like to excess, both the mineral and the collagen fibrils assembly are destabilized, leading to a drop in the Young modulus, with strong implications on pre-osteoblastic cell proliferation. Furthermore, the microstructural and mechanical changes reported here correlate with that observed in bone-weakening disorders induced by Sr2+ accumulation, which may clarify the paradoxical effects of Sr2+ in bone mineralization. More generally, our results provide physicochemical insights into the possible effects of inorganic ions on the assembly of bone extracellular matrix and may contribute to the design of safer therapies for treating osteoporosis. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Physiological-like (10% Sr2+) and excess accumulation-like (50% Sr2+) doses of Sr2+ are investigated in 3D biomimetic assemblies possessing the high degree of organization found in the extracellular of bone. Above the physiological dose, the organic and inorganic components of the bone-like scaffold are destabilized, resulting in impaired cellular activity, which correlates with bone-weakening disorders induced by Sr2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Bussola Tovani
- Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France, LCMCP, F-75005 Paris, France; Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Thibaut Divoux
- Laboratoire de Physique, ENSL, CNRS, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | | | - Thierry Azaïs
- Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France, LCMCP, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Laurent
- Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France, LCMCP, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Marta de Frutos
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides (LPS), CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Alexandre Gloter
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides (LPS), CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Pietro Ciancaglini
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana P Ramos
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Nadine Nassif
- Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Collège de France, LCMCP, F-75005 Paris, France.
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Marahleh A, Kitaura H, Ohori F, Noguchi T, Mizoguchi I. The osteocyte and its osteoclastogenic potential. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1121727. [PMID: 37293482 PMCID: PMC10244721 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1121727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The skeleton is an organ of dual functionality; on the one hand, it provides protection and structural competence. On the other hand, it participates extensively in coordinating homeostasis globally given that it is a mineral and hormonal reservoir. Bone is the only tissue in the body that goes through strategically consistent bouts of bone resorption to ensure its integrity and organismal survival in a temporally and spatially coordinated process, known as bone remodeling. Bone remodeling is directly enacted by three skeletal cell types, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes; these cells represent the acting force in a basic multicellular unit and ensure bone health maintenance. The osteocyte is an excellent mechanosensory cell and has been positioned as the choreographer of bone remodeling. It is, therefore, not surprising that a holistic grasp of the osteocyte entity in the bone is warranted. This review discusses osteocytogenesis and associated molecular and morphological changes and describes the osteocytic lacunocanalicular network (LCN) and its organization. We highlight new knowledge obtained from transcriptomic analyses of osteocytes and discuss the regulatory role of osteocytes in promoting osteoclastogenesis with an emphasis on the case of osteoclastogenesis in anosteocytic bones. We arrive at the conclusion that osteocytes exhibit several redundant means through which osteoclast formation can be initiated. However, whether osteocytes are true "orchestrators of bone remodeling" cannot be verified from the animal models used to study osteocyte biology in vivo. Results from studying osteocyte biology using current animal models should come with the caveat that these models are not osteocyte-specific, and conclusions from these studies should be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseel Marahleh
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideki Kitaura
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Ohori
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takahiro Noguchi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Itaru Mizoguchi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Yue F, Era T, Yamaguchi T, Kosho T. Pathophysiological Investigation of Skeletal Deformities of Musculocontractural Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030730. [PMID: 36981001 PMCID: PMC10048181 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Musculocontractural Ehlers–Danlos syndrome caused by mutations in the carbohydrate sulfotransferase 14 gene (mcEDS-CHST14) is a heritable connective tissue disorder characterized by multiple congenital malformations and progressive connective tissue fragility-related manifestations in the cutaneous, skeletal, cardiovascular, visceral, and ocular systems. Progressive skeletal deformities are among the most frequent and serious complications affecting the quality of life and activities of daily living in patients. After establishing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from cultured skin fibroblasts of three patients with mcEDS-CHST14, we generated a patient iPSC-based human osteogenesis model and performed an in vitro assessment of the phenotype and pathophysiology of skeletal deformities. Patient-derived iPSCs presented with remarkable downregulation of osteogenic-specific gene expression, less alizarin red staining, and reduced calcium deposition compared with wild-type iPSCs at each stage of osteogenic differentiation, including osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteocytes. These findings indicated that osteogenesis was impaired in mcEDS-CHST14 iPSCs. Moreover, the decrease in decorin (DCN) expression and increase in collagen (COL12A1) expression in patient-derived iPSCs elucidated the contribution of CHST14 dysfunction to skeletal deformities in mcEDS-CHST14. In conclusion, this disease-in-a-dish model provides new insight into the pathophysiology of EDS and may have the potential for personalized gene or drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengming Yue
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- Shinshu University Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- Correspondence: (F.Y.); (T.K.); Tel.: +81-263-37-2590 (F.Y.); +81-263-37-2618 (T.K.)
| | - Takumi Era
- Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Tomomi Yamaguchi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- Center for Medical Genetics, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- Division of Clinical Sequencing, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kosho
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- Center for Medical Genetics, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- Division of Clinical Sequencing, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- Research Center for Supports to Advanced Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- Correspondence: (F.Y.); (T.K.); Tel.: +81-263-37-2590 (F.Y.); +81-263-37-2618 (T.K.)
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Bone Turnover Markers and Bone Mineral Density in Children with Hypophosphatemic Rickets. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11154622. [PMID: 35956239 PMCID: PMC9369845 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypophosphatemic rickets is a rare disease that results in bone deformities. However, little is known about bone turnover and bone mass disorders in this disease. This retrospective study included 12 children aged 1–16 years diagnosed with hypophosphatemic rickets. Parameters of calcium-phosphate metabolism and bone turnover markers were analysed. Bone mineral density was assessed with the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and indices of quantitative ultrasound examination of tibiae and radial bones were analysed. In the majority of patients, hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphaturia were present. The assessed bone turnover markers showed increased bone formation. Increased pyridinoline levels were found in 5 out of 12 patients. Bone mineral density was decreased only in one patient. Decreased values of quantitative ultrasound examination were observed in all the analysed patients. Conclusions: (1) Bone metabolism disturbances, reflected in the increased values of bone turnover markers and worse bone quality, were found in the group of patients with hypophosphatemic rickets. (2) It is crucial to determine bone turnover markers, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry findings and indices of quantitative ultrasound examination in order to monitor progress of the disease, as well as treatment effects.
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The Emerging Role of Cell Transdifferentiation in Skeletal Development and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115974. [PMID: 35682655 PMCID: PMC9180549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate musculoskeletal system is known to be formed by mesenchymal stem cells condensing into tissue elements, which then differentiate into cartilage, bone, tendon/ligament, and muscle cells. These lineage-committed cells mature into end-stage differentiated cells, like hypertrophic chondrocytes and osteocytes, which are expected to expire and to be replaced by newly differentiated cells arising from the same lineage pathway. However, there is emerging evidence of the role of cell transdifferentiation in bone development and disease. Although the concept of cell transdifferentiation is not new, a breakthrough in cell lineage tracing allowed scientists to trace cell fates in vivo. Using this powerful tool, new theories have been established: (1) hypertrophic chondrocytes can transdifferentiate into bone cells during endochondral bone formation, fracture repair, and some bone diseases, and (2) tendon cells, beyond their conventional role in joint movement, directly participate in normal bone and cartilage formation, and ectopic ossification. The goal of this review is to obtain a better understanding of the key roles of cell transdifferentiation in skeletal development and diseases. We will first review the transdifferentiation of chondrocytes to bone cells during endochondral bone formation. Specifically, we will include the history of the debate on the fate of chondrocytes during bone formation, the key findings obtained in recent years on the critical factors and molecules that regulate this cell fate change, and the role of chondrocyte transdifferentiation in skeletal trauma and diseases. In addition, we will also summarize the latest discoveries on the novel roles of tendon cells and adipocytes on skeletal formation and diseases.
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Abstract
Osteocytes, former osteoblasts encapsulated by mineralized bone matrix, are far from being passive and metabolically inactive bone cells. Instead, osteocytes are multifunctional and dynamic cells capable of integrating hormonal and mechanical signals and transmitting them to effector cells in bone and in distant tissues. Osteocytes are a major source of molecules that regulate bone homeostasis by integrating both mechanical cues and hormonal signals that coordinate the differentiation and function of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Osteocyte function is altered in both rare and common bone diseases, suggesting that osteocyte dysfunction is directly involved in the pathophysiology of several disorders affecting the skeleton. Advances in osteocyte biology initiated the development of novel therapeutics interfering with osteocyte-secreted molecules. Moreover, osteocytes are targets and key distributors of biological signals mediating the beneficial effects of several bone therapeutics used in the clinic. Here we review the most recent discoveries in osteocyte biology demonstrating that osteocytes regulate bone homeostasis and bone marrow fat via paracrine signaling, influence body composition and energy metabolism via endocrine signaling, and contribute to the damaging effects of diabetes mellitus and hematologic and metastatic cancers in the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Delgado-Calle
- 1Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,2Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Teresita Bellido
- 1Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,2Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas,3Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
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Giannini S, Bianchi ML, Rendina D, Massoletti P, Lazzerini D, Brandi ML. Burden of disease and clinical targets in adult patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia. A comprehensive review. Osteoporos Int 2021; 32:1937-1949. [PMID: 34009447 PMCID: PMC8510985 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-021-05997-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED X-linked hypophosphataemia (XLH) is a lifelong condition. Despite the mounting clinical evidence highlighting the long-term multi-organ sequelae of chronic phosphate wasting and consequent hypophosphatemia over the lifetime and the morbidities associated with adult age, XLH is still perceived as a paediatric disease. INTRODUCTION Children who have XLH need to transition from paediatric to adult healthcare as young adults. While there is general agreement that all affected children should be treated (if the administration and tolerability of therapy can be adequately monitored), there is a lack of consensus regarding therapy in adults. METHODS To provide guidance in both diagnosis and treatment of adult XLH patients and promote better provision of care for this potentially underserved group of patients, we review the available clinical evidence and discuss the current challenges underlying the transition from childhood to adulthood care to develop appropriate management and follow-up patterns in adult XLH patients. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Such a multi-systemic lifelong disease would demand that the multidisciplinary approach, successfully experienced in children, could be transitioned to adulthood care with an integration of specialized sub-disciplines to efficiently control musculoskeletal symptoms while optimizing patients' QoL. Overall, it would be desirable that transition to adulthood care could be a responsibility shared by the paediatric and adult XLH teams. Pharmacological management should require an adequate balance between the benefits derived from the treatment itself with complicated and long-term monitoring and the potential risks, as they may differ across age strata.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Giannini
- Department of Medicine, Clinica Medica 1, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - M L Bianchi
- Experimental Laboratory for Children's Bone Metabolism Research, Bone Metabolism Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - D Rendina
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy
| | - P Massoletti
- Medical Affairs, Kyowa Kyrin, Basiglio, (MI), Italy
| | - D Lazzerini
- Medical Affairs, Kyowa Kyrin, Basiglio, (MI), Italy
| | - M L Brandi
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
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Bacchetta J, Rothenbuhler A, Gueorguieva I, Kamenicky P, Salles JP, Briot K, Linglart A. X-linked hypophosphatemia and burosumab: Practical clinical points from the French experience. Joint Bone Spine 2021; 88:105208. [PMID: 34102329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2021.105208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary hypophosphatemia with increased FGF23 levels are rare inherited metabolic diseases characterized by low serum phosphate because of impaired renal tubular phosphate reabsorption. The most common form is X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), secondary to a mutation in the PHEX gene. In children, XLH is often manifested by rickets, delayed development of gait, lower limb deformities, growth retardation, craniosynostosis, and spontaneous dental abscesses. In adults, patients present diffuse musculoskeletal pain (bone and joints), early osteoarthritis, entesopathies, pseudo-fractures, muscular weakness, and severe dental damage. Conventional medical management is based on the combined administration of oral phosphate supplementation with active vitamin D analogs. Treatment with the recently approved anti-FGF23 burosumab is an alternative, especially in severe forms. Burosumab restores phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubule and stimulates the endogenous synthesis of calcitriol. In Europe, burosumab has been approved for the treatment of XLH with radiographic evidence of bone disease in pediatric patients from one year of age and in adults. This manuscript will discuss the specific management of burosumab in children and adolescents in daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Bacchetta
- Reference Center for Rare Renal Diseases, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Rheumatology and Dermatology, Nephrogones, Filière ORKiD, HFME, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France; Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Filière OSCAR, HFME, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Anya Rothenbuhler
- AP-HP, Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, and Filière OSCAR, Paris, France; AP-HP, Endocrinology and Diabetes for Children, Bicêtre Paris-Sud Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Iva Gueorguieva
- Pediatric Department, Endocrinology Unit, Children's Center, Lille University Hospital, Jeanne-de-Flandre Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Peter Kamenicky
- AP-HP, Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, and Filière OSCAR, Paris, France; AP-HP, Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Bicêtre Paris-Sud Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Salles
- Unit of Endocrinology, Bone Diseases, Genetics and Gynecology, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, 31059 Toulouse cedex 09, France; Toulouse-Purpan Pathophysiology Center, CPTP, INSERM UMR 1043, Paul-Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Karine Briot
- AP-HP, Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, and Filière OSCAR, Paris, France; AP-HP, Department of Rheumatology, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Linglart
- AP-HP, Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, and Filière OSCAR, Paris, France; AP-HP, Endocrinology and Diabetes for Children, Bicêtre Paris-Sud Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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Dalle Carbonare L, Mottes M, Valenti MT. Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ): Are Antiresorptive Drugs the Main Culprits or Only Accomplices? The Triggering Role of Vitamin D Deficiency. Nutrients 2021; 13:561. [PMID: 33567797 PMCID: PMC7915474 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a severe clinical condition characterized mostly but not exclusively by an area of exposed bone in the mandible and/or maxilla that typically does not heal over a period of 6-8 weeks. The diagnosis is first of all clinical, but an imaging feedback such as Magnetic Resonance is essential to confirm clinical suspicions. In the last few decades, medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) has been widely discussed. From the first case reported in 2003, many case series and reviews have appeared in the scientific literature. Almost all papers concerning this topic conclude that bisphosphonates (BPs) can induce this severe clinical condition, particularly in cancer patients. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism by which amino-BPs would be responsible for ONJ is still debatable. Recent findings suggest a possible alternative explanation for BPs role in this pattern. In the present work we discuss how a condition of osteomalacia and low vitamin D levels might be determinant factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Dalle Carbonare
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Monica Mottes
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Maria Teresa Valenti
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
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A bedridden young lady with hypophosphatemic rickets treated with denosumab: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2021; 15:48. [PMID: 33549117 PMCID: PMC7868015 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-020-02654-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypophosphatemic rickets is associated with delayed walking, bone deformities, growth failure and physical dysfunction that can limit daily activities. Treatment consists of phosphate salts and calcitriol. We report a case that received denosumab with marked improvement in her condition. Case presentation A 24-year-old Yemeni female with hypophosphatemic rickets presented to an endocrinologist with severe weakness and severe pain in the extremities, she had been bedridden for the last 4 years. Bone density showed severe osteoporosis (T score of hip was − 5.0 and Z score of hip was − 5.0, T score of the spine was − 6.0 and Z score of the spine was − 6.1) so the patient was started on denosumab in addition to calcitriol and after 7months she was feeling stronger and felt she could stand assisted and was walking with assistance within 9 months and after 1.5 years of treatment she was walking unassisted. Conclusion Denosumab is an effective treatment for osteoporosis, we used it in our patient in addition to calcitriol because she had severe osteoporosis due to long standing hypophosphatemic rickets that had not been treated properly, the patient improved markedly and regained the ability to walk again after being bedridden for 4 years. It may be a drug to consider in such cases although further studies need to be done to confirm this.
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Ma C, Jing Y, Li H, Wang K, Wang Z, Xu C, Sun X, Kaji D, Han X, Huang A, Feng J. Scx Lin cells directly form a subset of chondrocytes in temporomandibular joint that are sharply increased in Dmp1-null mice. Bone 2021; 142:115687. [PMID: 33059101 PMCID: PMC7749445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It has been assumed that the secondary cartilage in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), which is the most complex and mystery joint and expands rapidly after birth, is formed by periochondrium-derived chondrocytes. The TMJ condyle has rich attachment sites of tendon, which is thought to be solely responsible for joint movement with a distinct cell lineage. Here, we used a Scx-Cre ERT2 mouse line (the tracing line for progenitor and mature tendon cells) to track the fate of tendon cells during TMJ postnatal growth. Our data showed a progressive differentiation of Scx lineage cells started at tendon and the fibrous layer, to cells at the prechondroblasts (Sox9 -/Col I +), and then to cells at the chondrocytic layer (Sox9 +/Col I -). Importantly, the Scx + chondrocytes remained as "permanent" chondrocytes to maintain cartilage mass with no further cell trandifferentiation to bone cells. This notion was substantiated in an assessment of these cells in Dmp1 -null mice (a hypophosphatemic rickets model), where there was a significant increase in the number of Scx lineage cells in response to hypophosphatemia. In addition, we showed the origin of disc, which is derived from Scx + cells. Thus, we propose Scx lineage cells play an important role in TMJ postnatal growth by forming the disc and a new subset of Scx + chondrocytes that do not undergo osteogenesis as the Scx - chondrocytes and are sensitive to the level of phosphorous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yan Jing
- Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
- Corresponding authors Yan Jing, Assistant professor, Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, Tx, USA, , 2143707237, Jian Feng, Professor, Department of Biomedical sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, Tx, USA, , 2143707235
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chunmei Xu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xiaolin Sun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA; Zhongshan Affiliated Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Deepak Kaji
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Xianglong Han
- Department of Orthodontics & Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Alice Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
- Corresponding authors Yan Jing, Assistant professor, Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, Tx, USA, , 2143707237, Jian Feng, Professor, Department of Biomedical sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, Tx, USA, , 2143707235
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Dahir K, Roberts MS, Krolczyk S, Simmons JH. X-Linked Hypophosphatemia: A New Era in Management. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa151. [PMID: 33204932 PMCID: PMC7649833 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is a rare, hereditary, progressive musculoskeletal disease that often causes pain and short stature, as well as decreased physical function, mobility, and quality of life. Hypophosphatemia in XLH is caused by loss of function mutations in the phosphate-regulating endopeptidase homolog X-linked (PHEX) gene, resulting in excess levels of the phosphate-regulating hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), which leads to renal phosphate wasting and decreased serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D production. Historically, treatment options were limited to oral phosphate and active vitamin D analogues (conventional management) dosed several times daily in an attempt to improve skeletal mineralization by increasing serum phosphorus. The recent approval of burosumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody to FGF23, has provided a new, targeted treatment option for patients with XLH. This review summarizes our current understanding of XLH, the safety and efficacy of conventional management and burosumab, existing recommendations for managing patients, and unanswered questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Dahir
- Endocrinology and Diabetes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | | - Jill H Simmons
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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13
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Weidner H, Baschant U, Lademann F, Ledesma Colunga MG, Balaian E, Hofbauer C, Misof BM, Roschger P, Blouin S, Richards WG, Platzbecker U, Hofbauer LC, Rauner M. Increased FGF-23 levels are linked to ineffective erythropoiesis and impaired bone mineralization in myelodysplastic syndromes. JCI Insight 2020; 5:137062. [PMID: 32759495 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.137062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal malignant hematopoietic disorders in the elderly characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis. This is accompanied by an altered bone microenvironment, which contributes to MDS progression and higher bone fragility. The underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that myelodysplastic NUP98‑HOXD13 (NHD13) transgenic mice display an abnormally high number of osteoblasts, yet a higher fraction of nonmineralized bone, indicating delayed bone mineralization. This was accompanied by high fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) serum levels, a phosphaturic hormone that inhibits bone mineralization and erythropoiesis. While Fgf23 mRNA expression was low in bone, brain, and kidney of NHD13 mice, its expression was increased in erythroid precursors. Coculturing these precursors with WT osteoblasts induced osteoblast marker gene expression, which was inhibited by blocking FGF-23. Finally, antibody-based neutralization of FGF-23 in myelodysplastic NHD13 mice improved bone mineralization and bone microarchitecture, and it ameliorated anemia. Importantly, higher serum levels of FGF‑23 and an elevated amount of nonmineralized bone in patients with MDS validated the findings. C‑terminal FGF‑23 correlated negatively with hemoglobin levels and positively with the amount of nonmineralized bone. Thus, our study identifies FGF-23 as a link between altered bone structure and ineffective erythropoiesis in MDS with the prospects of a targeted therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Weidner
- Bone Lab Dresden, Department of Medicine III & Center for Healthy Aging, and
| | - Ulrike Baschant
- Bone Lab Dresden, Department of Medicine III & Center for Healthy Aging, and
| | - Franziska Lademann
- Bone Lab Dresden, Department of Medicine III & Center for Healthy Aging, and
| | | | - Ekaterina Balaian
- Department of Medicine I, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Hofbauer
- Bone Lab Dresden, Department of Medicine III & Center for Healthy Aging, and.,Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Barbara M Misof
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of OEKG and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Roschger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of OEKG and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stéphane Blouin
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of OEKG and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Uwe Platzbecker
- Department of Medicine I, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Bone Lab Dresden, Department of Medicine III & Center for Healthy Aging, and.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Bone Lab Dresden, Department of Medicine III & Center for Healthy Aging, and
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14
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Labanca E, Vazquez ES, Corn PG, Roberts JM, Wang F, Logothetis CJ, Navone NM. Fibroblast growth factors signaling in bone metastasis. Endocr Relat Cancer 2020; 27:R255-R265. [PMID: 32369771 PMCID: PMC7274538 DOI: 10.1530/erc-19-0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many solid tumors metastasize to bone, but only prostate cancer has bone as a single, dominant metastatic site. Recently, the FGF axis has been implicated in cancer progression in some tumors and mounting evidence indicate that it mediates prostate cancer bone metastases. The FGF axis has an important role in bone biology and mediates cell-to-cell communication. Therefore, we discuss here basic concepts of bone biology, FGF signaling axis, and FGF axis function in adult bone, to integrate these concepts in our current understanding of the role of FGF axis in bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Labanca
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and the David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Elba S Vazquez
- Laboratorio de Inflamación y Cáncer, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paul G Corn
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and the David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Justin M Roberts
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and the David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Fen Wang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christopher J Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and the David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nora M Navone
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and the David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to N M Navone:
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15
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Jing Y, Wang Z, Li H, Ma C, Feng J. Chondrogenesis Defines Future Skeletal Patterns Via Cell Transdifferentiation from Chondrocytes to Bone Cells. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:199-209. [PMID: 32219639 PMCID: PMC7717675 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00586-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this review is to obtain a better understanding of how chondrogenesis defines skeletal development via cell transdifferentiation from chondrocytes to bone cells. RECENT FINDINGS A breakthrough in cell lineage tracing allows bone biologists to trace the cell fate and demonstrate that hypertrophic chondrocytes can directly transdifferentiate into bone cells during endochondral bone formation. However, there is a knowledge gap for the biological significance of this lineage extension and the mechanisms controlling this process. This review first introduces the history of the debate on the cell fate of chondrocytes in endochondral bone formation; then summarizes key findings obtained in recent years, which strongly support a new theory: the direct cell transdifferentiation from chondrocytes to bone cells precisely connects chondrogenesis (for providing a template of the future skeleton, classified as phase I) and osteogenesis (for finishing skeletal construction, or phase II) in a continuous lineage-linked process of endochondral bone formation and limb elongation; and finally outlines nutrition factors and molecules that regulate the cell transdifferentiation process during the relay from chondrogenesis to osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jing
- Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Traumatic and Plastic Surgery, , West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Chi Ma
- Department of Research, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston ave, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA.
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16
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Haffner D, Emma F, Eastwood DM, Duplan MB, Bacchetta J, Schnabel D, Wicart P, Bockenhauer D, Santos F, Levtchenko E, Harvengt P, Kirchhoff M, Di Rocco F, Chaussain C, Brandi ML, Savendahl L, Briot K, Kamenicky P, Rejnmark L, Linglart A. Clinical practice recommendations for the diagnosis and management of X-linked hypophosphataemia. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 15:435-455. [PMID: 31068690 PMCID: PMC7136170 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-019-0152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
X-linked hypophosphataemia (XLH) is the most common cause of inherited phosphate wasting and is associated with severe complications such as rickets, lower limb deformities, pain, poor mineralization of the teeth and disproportionate short stature in children as well as hyperparathyroidism, osteomalacia, enthesopathies, osteoarthritis and pseudofractures in adults. The characteristics and severity of XLH vary between patients. Because of its rarity, the diagnosis and specific treatment of XLH are frequently delayed, which has a detrimental effect on patient outcomes. In this Evidence-Based Guideline, we recommend that the diagnosis of XLH is based on signs of rickets and/or osteomalacia in association with hypophosphataemia and renal phosphate wasting in the absence of vitamin D or calcium deficiency. Whenever possible, the diagnosis should be confirmed by molecular genetic analysis or measurement of levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) before treatment. Owing to the multisystemic nature of the disease, patients should be seen regularly by multidisciplinary teams organized by a metabolic bone disease expert. In this article, we summarize the current evidence and provide recommendations on features of the disease, including new treatment modalities, to improve knowledge and provide guidance for diagnosis and multidisciplinary care. In this Evidence-Based Guideline on X-linked hypophosphataemia, the authors identify the criteria for diagnosis of this disease, provide guidance for medical and surgical treatment and explain the challenges of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Haffner
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. .,Center for Congenital Kidney Diseases, Center for Rare Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Francesco Emma
- Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Deborah M Eastwood
- Department of Orthopaedics, Great Ormond St Hospital for Children, Orthopaedics, London, UK.,The Catterall Unit Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, UK
| | - Martin Biosse Duplan
- Dental School, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Montrouge, France.,APHP, Department of Odontology, Bretonneau Hospital, Paris, France.,APHP, Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, and Filière OSCAR, Paris, France
| | - Justine Bacchetta
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Rheumatology and Dermatology, University Children's Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Dirk Schnabel
- Center for Chronic Sick Children, Pediatric Endocrinology, Charitè, University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philippe Wicart
- APHP, Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, and Filière OSCAR, Paris, France.,APHP, Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Necker - Enfants Malades University Hospital, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Detlef Bockenhauer
- University College London, Centre for Nephrology and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Fernando Santos
- Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Elena Levtchenko
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pol Harvengt
- RVRH-XLH, French Patient Association for XLH, Suresnes, France
| | - Martha Kirchhoff
- Phosphatdiabetes e.V., German Patient Association for XLH, Lippstadt, Germany
| | - Federico Di Rocco
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Centre de Référence Craniosténoses, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Chaussain
- Dental School, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Montrouge, France.,APHP, Department of Odontology, Bretonneau Hospital, Paris, France.,APHP, Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, and Filière OSCAR, Paris, France
| | - Maria Louisa Brandi
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lars Savendahl
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karine Briot
- APHP, Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, and Filière OSCAR, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,APHP, Department of Rheumatology, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-1153, Paris, France
| | - Peter Kamenicky
- APHP, Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, and Filière OSCAR, Paris, France.,APHP, Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Bicêtre Paris-Sud Hospital, Paris, France.,INSERM U1185, Bicêtre Paris-Sud, Paris-Sud - Paris Saclay University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Lars Rejnmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Agnès Linglart
- APHP, Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, and Filière OSCAR, Paris, France.,INSERM U1185, Bicêtre Paris-Sud, Paris-Sud - Paris Saclay University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,APHP, Platform of Expertise of Paris-Sud for Rare Diseases and Filière OSCAR, Bicêtre Paris-Sud Hospital (HUPS), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,APHP, Endocrinology and Diabetes for Children, Bicêtre Paris-Sud Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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17
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Li H, Jing Y, Zhang R, Zhang Q, Wang J, Martin A, Feng JQ. Hypophosphatemic rickets accelerate chondrogenesis and cell trans-differentiation from TMJ chondrocytes into bone cells via a sharp increase in β-catenin. Bone 2020; 131:115151. [PMID: 31751752 PMCID: PMC6930687 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) is primarily expressed in osteocytes, although a low level of DMP1 is also detected in chondrocytes. Removing Dmp1 in mice or a mutation in humans leads to hypophosphatemic rickets (identical to X-linked hypophosphatemia). The deformed skeletons were currently thought to be a consequence of an inhibition of chondrogenesis (leading to an accumulation of hypertrophic chondrocytes and a failure in the replacement of cartilage by bone). To precisely study the mechanisms by which DMP1 and phosphorus control temporomandibular condyle formation, we first showed severe malformed condylar phenotypes in Dmp1-null mice (great expansions of deformed cartilage layers and subchondral bone), which worst as aging. Next, we excluded the direct role of DMP1 in condylar hypertrophic-chondrogenesis by conditionally deleting Dmp1 in hypertrophic chondrocytes using Col10a1-Cre and Dmp1 loxP mice (displaying no apparent phosphorous changes and condylar phenotype). To address the mechanism by which the onset of endochondral phenotypes takes place, we generated two sets of tracing lines in the Dmp1 KO background: AggrecanCreERT2-ROSA-tdTomato and Col 10a1-Cre-ROSA-tdTomato, respectively. Both tracing lines displayed an acceleration of chondrogenesis and cell trans-differentiation from chondrocytes into bone cells in the Dmp1 KO. Next, we showed that administrations of neutralizing fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) antibodies in Dmp1-null mice restored hypophosphatemic condylar cartilage phenotypes. In further addressing the rescue mechanism, we generated compound mice containing Col10a1-Cre with ROSA-tdTomato and Dmp1 KO lines with and without a high Pi diet starting at day 10 for 39 days. We demonstrated that hypophosphatemia leads to an acceleration of chondrogenesis and trans-differentiation of chondrocytes to bone cells, which were largely restored under a high Pi diet. Finally, we identified the causative molecule (β-catenin). Together, this study demonstrates that the Dmp1-null caused hypophosphatemia, leading to acceleration (instead of inhibition) of chondrogenesis and bone trans-differentiation from chondrocytes but inhibition of bone cell maturation due to a sharp increase in β-catenin. These findings will aid in the future treatment of hypophosphatemic rickets with FGF23 neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Traumatic and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yan Jing
- Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA; Faculty of Medicine, Northwest University, #229 Taibai North Rd, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA; Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Aline Martin
- Center for Translational Metabolism and Health, Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
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18
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Rabelo GD, Vom Scheidt A, Klebig F, Hemmatian H, Citak M, Amling M, Busse B, Jähn K. Multiscale bone quality analysis in osteoarthritic knee joints reveal a role of the mechanosensory osteocyte network in osteophytes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:673. [PMID: 31959806 PMCID: PMC6971279 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteophytes - bony outgrowths on joint structures - are found in healthy individuals but are specifically present in late osteoarthritis (OA). Osteophyte development and function is not well understood, yet biomechanical stimuli are thought to be critical. Bone adapts to mechanical forces via the cellular network of osteocytes. The involvement of osteocytes in osteophyte formation and maturation has not been unravelled. Forty-three osteophytes from tibias of 23 OA patients (65 ± 9 years) were analysed. The trabecular bone structure of osteophytes presented with fewer trabeculae of lower bone mineral density compared to subchondral bone. We identified 40% early stage and 60% late stage osteophytes that significantly differed in their trabecular bone characteristics. Osteophyte bone revealed a higher number of osteocytes and a lower number of empty osteocyte lacunae per bone area than the subchondral bone. We found that OA osteophytes consist of younger bone material comprised of woven and lamellar bone with the capacity to develop into a late stage osteophyte potentially via the involvement of the osteocyte network. Our analysis of OA osteophytes implies a transition from woven to lamellar bone as in physiological bone growth within a pathological joint. Therefore, osteophyte development and growth present a valuable research subject when aiming to investigate the osteogenic signalling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Davi Rabelo
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika Vom Scheidt
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Haniyeh Hemmatian
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Jähn
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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19
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Zhou Y, Lin J, Shao J, Zuo Q, Wang S, Wolff A, Nguyen DT, Rintoul L, Du Z, Gu Y, Peng YY, Ramshaw JAM, Long X, Xiao Y. Aberrant activation of Wnt signaling pathway altered osteocyte mineralization. Bone 2019; 127:324-333. [PMID: 31260814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mineralization of bone is a dynamic process, involving a complex interplay between cells, secreted macromolecules, signaling pathways, and enzymatic reactions; the dysregulation of bone mineralization may lead to serious skeletal disorders, including hypophosphatemic rickets, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Very few studies have reported the role of osteocytes - the most abundant bone cells in the skeletal system and the major orchestrators of bone remodeling in bone mineralization, which is owed to their nature of being deeply embedded in the mineralized bone matrix. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is actively involved in various life processes including osteogenesis; however, the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the terminal mineralization of bone, especially in the regulation of osteocytes, is largely unknown. This research demonstrates that during the terminal mineralization process, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is downregulated, and when Wnt/β-catenin signaling is activated in osteocytes, dendrite development is suppressed and the expression of dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) is inhibited. Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in osteocytes leads to the spontaneous deposition of extra-large mineralized nodules on the surface of collagen fibrils. The altered mineral crystal structure and decreased bonding force between minerals and the organic matrix indicate the inferior integration of minerals and collagen. In conclusion, Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays a critical role in the terminal differentiation of osteocytes and as such, targeting Wnt/β-catenin signaling in osteocytes may serve as a potential therapeutic approach for the management of bone-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghong Zhou
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 51050, China; School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; The Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (ACCTERM), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Jinying Lin
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; Department of Implantology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Fujian 361000, China; The Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (ACCTERM), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Jin Shao
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; The Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (ACCTERM), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Qiliang Zuo
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; Department of Implantology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Fujian 361000, China; The Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (ACCTERM), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Shengfang Wang
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; The Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (ACCTERM), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Annalena Wolff
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Dung Trung Nguyen
- Department of Engineering and Computer Science, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA 98119, USA.
| | - Llew Rintoul
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Zhibin Du
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; The Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (ACCTERM), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Yuantong Gu
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; The Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (ACCTERM), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Yong Y Peng
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - John A M Ramshaw
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Xing Long
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; The Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (ACCTERM), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Yin Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 51050, China; School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; The Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (ACCTERM), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Osteocytes are responsible for mechanosensing and mechanotransduction in bone and play a crucial role in bone homeostasis. They are embedded in a calcified collagenous matrix and connected with each other through the lacuno-canalicular network. Due to this specific native environment, it is a challenge to isolate primary osteocytes without losing their specific characteristics in vitro. This review summarizes the commonly used and recently established models to study the function of osteocytes in vitro. RECENT FINDINGS Osteocytes are mostly studied in monolayer culture, but recently, 3D models of osteocyte-like cells and primary osteocytes in vitro have been established as well. These models mimic the native environment of osteocytes and show superior osteocyte morphology and behavior, enabling the development of human disease models. Osteocyte-like cell lines as well as primary osteocytes isolated from bone are widely used to study the role of osteocytes in bone homeostasis. Both cells lines and primary cells are cultured in 2D-monolayer and 3D-models. The use of these models and their advantages and shortcomings are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid D Bakker
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenneke Klein-Nulend
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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21
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Cytrynbaum EG, Small CM, Kwon RY, Hung B, Kent D, Yan YL, Knope ML, Bremiller RA, Desvignes T, Kimmel CB. Developmental tuning of mineralization drives morphological diversity of gill cover bones in sculpins and their relatives. Evol Lett 2019; 3:374-391. [PMID: 31388447 PMCID: PMC6675512 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of osteoblast placement in skeletal morphological variation is relatively well understood, but alternative developmental mechanisms affecting bone shape remain largely unknown. Specifically, very little attention has been paid to variation in later mineralization stages of intramembranous ossification as a driver of morphological diversity. We discover the occurrence of specific, sometimes large, regions of nonmineralized osteoid within bones that also contain mineralized tissue. We show through a variety of histological, molecular, and tomographic tests that this “extended” osteoid material is most likely nonmineralized bone matrix. This tissue type is a significant determinant of gill cover bone shape in the teleostean suborder Cottoidei. We demonstrate repeated evolution of extended osteoid in Cottoidei through ancestral state reconstruction and test for an association between extended osteoid variation and habitat differences among species. Through measurement of extended osteoid at various stages of gill cover development in species across the phylogeny, we gain insight into possible evolutionary developmental origins of the trait. We conclude that this fine‐tuned developmental regulation of bone matrix mineralization reflects heterochrony at multiple biological levels and is a novel mechanism for the evolution of diversity in skeletal morphology. This research lays the groundwork for a new model in which to study bone mineralization and evolutionary developmental processes, particularly as they may relate to adaptation during a prominent evolutionary radiation of fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli G Cytrynbaum
- Institute of Neuroscience University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403
| | - Clayton M Small
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403
| | - Ronald Y Kwon
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine University of Washington Seattle Washington 98104.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine University of Washington Seattle Washington 98104.,Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Washington Seattle Washington 98104
| | - Boaz Hung
- Vancouver Aquarium Ocean Wise Vancouver BC V6G 3E2 Canada
| | - Danny Kent
- Vancouver Aquarium Ocean Wise Vancouver BC V6G 3E2 Canada
| | - Yi-Lin Yan
- Institute of Neuroscience University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403
| | - Matthew L Knope
- Department of Biology University of Hawai'i at Hilo Hilo Hawaii 96720
| | - Ruth A Bremiller
- Institute of Neuroscience University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403
| | - Thomas Desvignes
- Institute of Neuroscience University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403
| | - Charles B Kimmel
- Institute of Neuroscience University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403
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22
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Liu T, Wang J, Xie X, Wang K, Sui T, Liu D, Lai L, Zhao H, Li Z, Feng JQ. DMP1 Ablation in the Rabbit Results in Mineralization Defects and Abnormalities in Haversian Canal/Osteon Microarchitecture. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:1115-1128. [PMID: 30827034 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
DMP1 (dentin matrix protein 1) is an extracellular matrix protein highly expressed in bones. Studies of Dmp1 knockout (KO) mice led to the discovery of a rare autosomal recessive form of hypophosphatemic rickets (ARHR) caused by DMP1 mutations. However, there are limitations for using this mouse model to study ARHR, including a lack of Haversian canals and osteons (that occurs only in large mammalian bones), high levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), and PTH, in comparison with a moderate elevation of FGF23 and unchanged PTH in human ARHR patients. To better understand this rare disease, we deleted the DMP1 gene in rabbit using CRISPR/Cas9. This rabbit model recapitulated many features of human ARHR, such as the rachitic rosary (expansion of the anterior rib ends at the costochondral junctions), moderately increased FGF23, and normal PTH levels, as well as severe defects in bone mineralization. Unexpectedly, all DMP1 KO rabbits died by postnatal week 8. They developed a severe bone microarchitecture defect: a major increase in the central canal areas of osteons, concurrent with massive accumulation of osteoid throughout all bone matrix (a defect in mineralization), suggesting a new paradigm, where rickets is caused by a combination of a defect in bone microarchitecture and a failure in mineralization. Furthermore, a study of DMP1 KO bones found accelerated chondrogenesis, whereas ARHR has commonly been thought to be involved in reduced chondrogenesis. Our findings with newly developed DMP1 KO rabbits suggest a revised understanding of the mechanism underlying ARHR. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjun Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xudong Xie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Tingting Sui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Di Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liangxue Lai
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hu Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zhanjun Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
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23
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Veselá B, Švandová E, Bobek J, Lesot H, Matalová E. Osteogenic and Angiogenic Profiles of Mandibular Bone-Forming Cells. Front Physiol 2019; 10:124. [PMID: 30837894 PMCID: PMC6389724 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mandible is a tooth-bearing structure involving one of the most prominent bones of the facial region. Mesenchymal cell condensation is the first morphological sign of osteogenesis, and several studies have focused on this stage also in the mandible. Little information is available about the early post-condensation period, during which avascular soft condensation turns into vascularized bone, and all three major bone cell types, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts, differentiate. In the mouse first lower molar region, the post-condensation period corresponds to the prenatal days 13–15. If during this critical period, when osteogenesis reaches the point of major bone cell differentiation, vascularization already has to play a critical role, one should be able to show molecular changes which support both types of cellular events. The aim of the present report was to follow in organ context the expression of major osteogenic and angiogenic markers and identify those that are up- or downregulated during this period. To this end, PCR Array was applied covering molecules involved in osteoblastic cell proliferation, commitment or differentiation, extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, mineralisation, osteocyte maturation, angiogenesis, osteoclastic differentiation, and initial bone remodeling. From 161 analyzed osteogenic and angiogenic factors, the expression of 37 was altered when comparing the condensation stage with the bone stage. The results presented here provide a molecular survey of the early post-condensation stage of mandibular/alveolar bone development which has not yet been investigated in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Veselá
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Eva Švandová
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Bobek
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Hervé Lesot
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Eva Matalová
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czechia
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24
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Liu H, Su H, Wang X, Hao W. MiR-148a regulates bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-mediated fracture healing by targeting insulin-like growth factor 1. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:1350-1361. [PMID: 30335895 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of fracture healing mediated by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Differentially expressed microRNAs in acutely injured subjects and healthy volunteers were screened by microarray analysis. The dual luciferase reporter system was used to verify whether insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) was the direct target gene regulated by miR-148a. The expression level of miR-148a and IGF1 after osteogenic differentiation was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Western blot was used to determine the protein expression of bone markers, including IGF1, runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), osteocalcin, and osteopontin in rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red staining was used to detect alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition. An animal fracture model was used for in vivo experiments. MiR-148a was highly expressed in acutely injured subjects compared with healthy volunteers, and IGF1 was a target of miR-148a. Moreover, compared with the negative control group, IGF1 messenger RNA expression was significantly increased in the miR-148a antagomir group. During osteogenic differentiation, the expression of IGF1, Runx2, osteocalcin, and osteopontin was higher in the miR-148a antagomir group than other groups. In vivo experiments further confirmed that upregulation of IGF1 enhanced fracture healing efficiently by decreasing callus width and area and improving bone mineral density, maximum load, stiffness, and energy absorption. It was proved that IGF1 was the direct target gene of miR-148a, and the use of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells with low expression of miR-148a could improve fracture healing by upregulating IGF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Affiliated Yaitai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Affiliated Yaitai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Affiliated Yaitai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Hao
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Affiliated Yaitai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Yantai, Shandong, China
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25
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Hu MC, Shi M, Moe OW. Role of αKlotho and FGF23 in regulation of type II Na-dependent phosphate co-transporters. Pflugers Arch 2018; 471:99-108. [PMID: 30506274 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-Klotho is a member of the Klotho family consisting of two other single-pass transmembrane proteins: βKlotho and γKlotho; αKlotho has been shown to circulate in the blood. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)23 is a member of the FGF superfamily of 22 genes/proteins. αKlotho serves as a co-receptor with FGF receptors (FGFRs) to provide a receptacle for physiological FGF23 signaling including regulation of phosphate metabolism. The extracellular domain of transmembrane αKlotho is shed by secretases and released into blood circulation (soluble αKlotho). Soluble αKlotho has both FGF23-independent and FGF23-dependent roles in phosphate homeostasis by modulating intestinal phosphate absorption, urinary phosphate excretion, and phosphate distribution into bone in concerted interaction with other calciophosphotropic hormones such as PTH and 1,25-(OH)2D. The direct role of αKlotho and FGF23 in the maintenance of phosphate homeostasis is partly mediated by modulation of type II Na+-dependent phosphate co-transporters in target organs. αKlotho and FGF23 are principal phosphotropic hormones, and the manipulation of the αKlotho-FGF23 axis is a novel therapeutic strategy for genetic and acquired phosphate disorders and for conditions with FGF23 excess and αKlotho deficiency such as chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chang Hu
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Mingjun Shi
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Orson W Moe
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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26
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Amenta E, King HE, Petermann H, Uskoković V, Tommasini SM, Macica CM. Vibrational spectroscopic analysis of hydroxyapatite in HYP mice and individuals with X-linked hypophosphatemia. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2018; 9:268-281. [PMID: 30719271 PMCID: PMC6348532 DOI: 10.1177/2040622318804753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is the most common form of familial phosphate-wasting disorders, due to an inactivating mutation in the phosphate-regulating neutral endopeptidase, X-linked gene. Persistent osteomalacia, enthesophytes, osteophytes, degenerative arthritis and dental abscesses/periodontal disease dominate the adult disorder. However, the impact of insufficient phosphate on hydroxyapatite composition, the major inorganic component of bone and teeth, is unknown in individuals with XLH. METHODS Using Raman spectroscopy, the carbonate (CO3 2-) to phosphate (PO4 3-) ion ratio was measured in HYP and wild-type mice and in primary and permanent teeth from XLH individuals and unaffected controls. RESULTS There was a significant difference in carbonate ion substitution between the HYP and wild-type femoral cortical bone (0.36 ± 0.08 versus 0.24 ± 0.04; p < 0.001). Carbonate ion substitution levels were also higher in permanent XLH teeth compared with unaffected individuals (0.39 ± 0.12 versus 0.23 ± 0.04; p < 0.001), but not in primary teeth (0.29 ± 0.11 versus 0.26 ± 0.02; p = 0.29). Complementary Fourier transform infrared analyses demonstrated higher relative intensities of the four major vibrational bands originating from the carbonate anion in XLH teeth compared with unaffected controls. CONCLUSION Ionic substitution within the crystal lattice is a common feature of hydroxyapatite and one that confers the physiological properties of bone that impact mechanical strength and the process of bone remodeling. Our data demonstrating anionic substitution in human dentin from individuals with XLH validate the use of dentin as a proxy for bone and to better understand the molecular adaptations that occur in the biochemical milieu of XLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Amenta
- Department of Medical Sciences, Frank H. Netter, M.D., School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, North Haven, CT, USA
| | - Helen E. King
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Holger Petermann
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vuk Uskoković
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Steven M. Tommasini
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carolyn M. Macica
- Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, 275 Mt. Carmel Avenue, NH-MED MNH-311H, Hamden, CT 06518, USA
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27
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Uday S, Sakka S, Davies JH, Randell T, Arya V, Brain C, Tighe M, Allgrove J, Arundel P, Pryce R, Högler W, Shaw NJ. Elemental formula associated hypophosphataemic rickets. Clin Nutr 2018; 38:2246-2250. [PMID: 30314926 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hypophosphataemic rickets (HR) is usually secondary to renal phosphate wasting but may occur secondary to reduced intake or absorption of phosphate. We describe a series of cases of HR associated with the use of Neocate®, an amino-acid based formula (AAF). METHODS A retrospective review of cases with HR associated with AAF use presenting to centres across the United Kingdom. RESULTS 10 cases were identified, over a 9 month period, all associated with Neocate® use. The age at presentation was 5 months to 3 years. The majority (8/10) were born prematurely. Gastro oesophageal reflux disease (6/10) was the most frequent indication for AAF use. Radiologically apparent rickets was observed after a median of 8 months (range 3-15 months) of exclusive Neocate® feed. The majority (7/10) were diagnosed on the basis of incidental findings on radiographs: rickets (6/10) or fracture with osteopenia (5/10). All patients had typical biochemical features of HR with low serum phosphate, high alkaline phosphatase, normal serum calcium and 25 hydroxyvitamin D. However, in all cases the tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TRP) was ≥96%. Phosphate supplementation resulted in normalisation of serum phosphate within 1-16 weeks, and levels remained normal only after Neocate® cessation. In patients with sufficient follow up duration (4/10), normalisation of phosphate and radiological healing of rickets was noted after 6 months (range: 6-8 months) following discontinuation of Neocate®. CONCLUSION The presence of a normal TRP and resolution of hypophosphataemia and rickets following discontinuation of Neocate® indicates this is a reversible cause likely mediated by poor phosphate absorption. Close biochemical surveillance is recommended for children on Neocate®, especially in those with gastrointestinal co-morbidities, with consideration of a change in feed or phosphate supplementation in affected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Uday
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - S Sakka
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - J H Davies
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - T Randell
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - V Arya
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - C Brain
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - M Tighe
- Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole, UK
| | - J Allgrove
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - P Arundel
- Department of Metabolic Bone Disease, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - R Pryce
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, UK
| | - W Högler
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - N J Shaw
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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28
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Minamizaki T, Konishi Y, Sakurai K, Yoshioka H, Aubin JE, Kozai K, Yoshiko Y. Soluble Klotho causes hypomineralization in Klotho-deficient mice. J Endocrinol 2018; 237:285-300. [PMID: 29632215 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The type I transmembrane protein αKlotho (Klotho) serves as a coreceptor for the phosphaturic hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) in kidney, while a truncated form of Klotho (soluble Klotho, sKL) is thought to exhibit multiple activities, including acting as a hormone, but whose mode(s) of action in different organ systems remains to be fully elucidated. FGF23 is expressed primarily in osteoblasts/osteocytes and aberrantly high levels in the circulation acting via signaling through an FGF receptor (FGFR)-Klotho coreceptor complex cause renal phosphate wasting and osteomalacia. We assessed the effects of exogenously added sKL on osteoblasts and bone using Klotho-deficient (kl/kl) mice and cell and organ cultures. sKL induced FGF23 signaling in bone and exacerbated the hypomineralization without exacerbating the hyperphosphatemia, hypercalcemia and hypervitaminosis D in kl/kl mice. The same effects were seen in rodent bone models in vitro, in which we also detected formation of a sKL complex with FGF23-FGFR and decreased Phex (gene responsible for X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH)/osteomalacia) expression. Further, sKL-FGF23-dependent hypomineralization in vitro was rescued by soluble PHEX. These data suggest that exogenously added sKL directly participates in FGF23 signaling in bone and that PHEX is a downstream effector of the sKL-FGF23-FGFR axis in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Minamizaki
- Department of Calcified Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukiko Konishi
- Department of Calcified Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sakurai
- Department of Calcified Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Yoshioka
- Department of Calcified Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Jane E Aubin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Canada
| | - Katsuyuki Kozai
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Yoshiko
- Department of Calcified Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
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29
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Michałus I, Rusińska A. Rare, genetically conditioned forms of rickets: Differential diagnosis and advances in diagnostics and treatment. Clin Genet 2018; 94:103-114. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Michałus
- Department of Propedeutics Pediatrics and Bone Metabolic Diseases; Medical University of Lodz; Lodz Poland
| | - A. Rusińska
- Department of Propedeutics Pediatrics and Bone Metabolic Diseases; Medical University of Lodz; Lodz Poland
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30
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Shanbhogue VV, Hansen S, Jørgensen NR, Beck-Nielsen SS. Impact of Conventional Medical Therapy on Bone Mineral Density and Bone Turnover in Adult Patients with X-Linked Hypophosphatemia: A 6-Year Prospective Cohort Study. Calcif Tissue Int 2018; 102:321-328. [PMID: 29143140 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is a rare, inheritable disorder manifesting as rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. While conventional medical treatment with oral phosphate and alfacalcidol is recommended in childhood, it is undecided whether adults should continue therapy. The aim of this 6-year prospective study was to determine the impact of conventional medical treatment on areal bone mineral density (aBMD), bone turnover markers (BTMs) and measures of calcium homeostasis in 27 adult patients with XLH, 11 of whom received medical treatment. Lumbar spine and total hip aBMD, as assessed by DXA, and biochemical measures of calcium, phosphate, PTH, 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D2+3 (1,25(OH)2D), fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), P1NP and CTX were measured at baseline and at follow-up. The renal tubular reabsorption of PO4 (TmPO4/GFR) was calculated at both time points. Multilevel mixed-effects linear regression models were used for analyses. During the study period, spine and hip aBMD did not change significantly between treated and non-treated XLH patients. There was a trend towards a decrease in calcium, phosphate and TmPO4/GFR in the treatment group (p = 0.057, p = 0.080 and p = 0.063, respectively), whereas PTH, FGF23, 1,25(OH)2D and P1NP did not change significantly in either groups. However, CTX increased significantly in the treated compared to non-treated group (p = 0.044). Continuing conventional medical therapy in adulthood, although associated with increased bone resorption, does not promote or prevent loss of bone mass as evidenced from the stable aBMD of the hip and spine in XLH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Vinod Shanbhogue
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stinus Hansen
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niklas Rye Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- OPEN, Odense Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital/Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Signe Sparre Beck-Nielsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kolding Hospital at Lillebaelt Hospital, Sygehusvej 24, DK-6000, Kolding, Denmark.
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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Yamada S, Wallingford MC, Borgeia S, Cox TC, Giachelli CM. Loss of PiT-2 results in abnormal bone development and decreased bone mineral density and length in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:553-559. [PMID: 29133259 PMCID: PMC5739526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Normal bone mineralization requires phosphate oversaturation in bone matrix vesicles, as well as normal regulation of phosphate metabolism via the interplay among bone, intestine, and kidney. In turn, derangement of phosphate metabolism greatly affects bone function and structure. The type III sodium-dependent phosphate transporters, PiT-1 and PiT-2, are believed to be important in tissue phosphate metabolism and physiological bone formation, but their requirement and molecular roles in bone remain poorly investigated. In order to decipher the role of PiT-2 in bone, we examined normal bone development, growth, and mineralization in global PiT-2 homozygous knockout mice. PiT-2 deficiency resulted in reduced vertebral column, femur, and tibia length as well as mandibular dimensions. Micro-computed tomography analysis revealed that bone mineral density in the mandible, femur, and tibia were decreased, indicating that maintenance of bone function and structure is impaired in both craniofacial and long bones of PiT-2 deficient mice. Both cortical and trabecular thickness and mineral density were reduced in PiT-2 homozygous knockout mice compared with wild-type mice. These results suggest that PiT-2 is involved in normal bone development and growth and plays roles in cortical and trabecular bone metabolism feasibly by regulating local phosphate transport and mineralization processes in the bone. Further studies that evaluate bone cell-specific loss of PiT-2 are now warranted and may yield insight into complex mechanisms of bone development and growth, leading to identification of new therapeutic options for patients with bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Yamada
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mary C Wallingford
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Suhaib Borgeia
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Timothy C Cox
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Cecilia M Giachelli
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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32
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Gizard A, Rothenbuhler A, Pejin Z, Finidori G, Glorion C, de Billy B, Linglart A, Wicart P. Outcomes of orthopedic surgery in a cohort of 49 patients with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLHR). Endocr Connect 2017; 6:566-573. [PMID: 28954742 PMCID: PMC5633063 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLHR) is due to mutations in PHEX leading to unregulated production of FGF23 and hypophosphatemia. XLHR is characterized by leg bowing of variable severity. Phosphate supplements and oral vitamin analogs, partially or, in some cases, fully restore the limb straightness. Surgery is the alternative for severe or residual limb deformities. OBJECTIVE To retrospectively assess the results of surgical limb correction in XLHR (osteotomies and bone alignment except for 3 transient hemiepiphysiodesis). METHODS We analyzed the incidence of recurrence and post-surgical complications in 49 XLHR patients (29F, 20M) (mean age at diagnosis 6.0 years (± 7.1)). RESULTS At first surgery, the mean age was 13.4 years (± 5.0). Recurrence was observed in 14/49 (29%) patients. The number of additional operations significantly decreased with age (2.0 (± 0.9), 1.7 (± 1.0) and 1.2 (± 0.4) in children <11 years, between 11 and 15, and >15 years; P < 0.001). Incidence of recurrence seemed to be lower in patients with good metabolic control of the rickets (25% vs 33%). Complications were observed in 57% of patients. CONCLUSION We report a large series of surgical procedures in XLHR. Our results confirm that phosphate supplements and vitamin D analog therapy is the first line of treatment to correct leg bowing. Surgery before puberty is associated with a high risk of recurrence of the limb deformity. Such procedures should only be recommended, following multidisciplinary discussions, in patients with severe distortion leading to mechanical joint and ligament complications, or for residual deformities once growth plates have fused.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gizard
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic SurgeryBesançon University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - A Rothenbuhler
- APHPDepartment of Pediatric Endocrinology, Bicêtre Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Reference Center for Rare Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate MetabolismLe Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Plateforme d'Expertise Paris Sud Maladies Rares and Filière OSCARBicêtre Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Z Pejin
- APHPDepartment of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
| | - G Finidori
- APHPDepartment of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
| | - C Glorion
- APHPDepartment of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
| | - B de Billy
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic SurgeryBesançon University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - A Linglart
- APHPDepartment of Pediatric Endocrinology, Bicêtre Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Reference Center for Rare Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate MetabolismLe Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Plateforme d'Expertise Paris Sud Maladies Rares and Filière OSCARBicêtre Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- INSERM U1169Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, et Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - P Wicart
- Reference Center for Rare Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate MetabolismLe Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- APHPDepartment of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
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Asadzadeh Manjili F, Bakhshi Aliabad MH, Kalantar SM, Sahebzamani A, Safa A. Molecular and Biochemical Aspects of Hypophosphatemic Rickets; an Updated Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BASIC SCIENCE IN MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.15171/ijbsm.2017.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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34
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Kamiya N, Yamaguchi R, Aruwajoye O, Kim AJ, Kuroyanagi G, Phipps M, Adapala NS, Feng JQ, Kim HK. Targeted Disruption of NF1 in Osteocytes Increases FGF23 and Osteoid With Osteomalacia-like Bone Phenotype. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:1716-1726. [PMID: 28425622 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1, OMIM 162200), caused by NF1 gene mutations, exhibits multi-system abnormalities, including skeletal deformities in humans. Osteocytes play critical roles in controlling bone modeling and remodeling. However, the role of neurofibromin, the protein product of the NF1 gene, in osteocytes is largely unknown. This study investigated the role of neurofibromin in osteocytes by disrupting Nf1 under the Dmp1-promoter. The conditional knockout (Nf1 cKO) mice displayed serum profile of a metabolic bone disorder with an osteomalacia-like bone phenotype. Serum FGF23 levels were 4 times increased in cKO mice compared with age-matched controls. In addition, calcium-phosphorus metabolism was significantly altered (calcium reduced; phosphorus reduced; parathyroid hormone [PTH] increased; 1,25(OH)2 D decreased). Bone histomorphometry showed dramatically increased osteoid parameters, including osteoid volume, surface, and thickness. Dynamic bone histomorphometry revealed reduced bone formation rate and mineral apposition rate in the cKO mice. TRAP staining showed a reduced osteoclast number. Micro-CT demonstrated thinner and porous cortical bones in the cKO mice, in which osteocyte dendrites were disorganized as assessed by electron microscopy. Interestingly, the cKO mice exhibited spontaneous fractures in long bones, as found in NF1 patients. Mechanical testing of femora revealed significantly reduced maximum force and stiffness. Immunohistochemistry showed significantly increased FGF23 protein in the cKO bones. Moreover, primary osteocytes from cKO femora showed about eightfold increase in FGF23 mRNA levels compared with control cells. The upregulation of FGF23 was specifically and significantly inhibited by PI3K inhibitor Ly294002, indicating upregulation of FGF23 through PI3K in Nf1-deficient osteocytes. Taken together, these results indicate that Nf1 deficiency in osteocytes dramatically increases FGF23 production and causes a mineralization defect (ie, hyperosteoidosis) via the alteration of calcium-phosphorus metabolism. This study demonstrates critical roles of neurofibromin in osteocytes for osteoid mineralization. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Kamiya
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA.,Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Sports Medicine, Tenri University, Tenri, Japan
| | | | | | - Audrey J Kim
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Gen Kuroyanagi
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Matthew Phipps
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Naga Suresh Adapala
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA.,Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Harry Kw Kim
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX, USA.,Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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35
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Vijayan V, Gupta S. Role of osteocytes in mediating bone mineralization during hyperhomocysteinemia. J Endocrinol 2017; 233:243-255. [PMID: 28507207 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHCY) is a risk factor for osteoporosis but whether HHCY affects bone mineralization or not is still ambiguous. Herein we evaluated whether homocysteine affects tissue mineral density (TMD) of cortical bone and if so the role of osteocytes. CD1 mice administered with homocysteine (5 mg/100 g body weight, i.p.) for 7, 15 and 30 days showed temporal changes in TMD and osteocyte lacunar density in femoral cortices. Short-term administration of homocysteine (day 7) increased osteocyte lacunar density and reduced TMD evidenced by microCT50 while prolonged administration of homocysteine (day 30) reinstated TMD and lacunar density to baseline values. Major differences were decreased number of nucleated osteocyte lacunae, increased number of empty lacunae and cleaved caspase 3-positive osteocyte lacunae in day 30 HHCY bone evidenced by H&E staining and immunohistochemistry. Other differences were induction in mineralization genes like Dmp1, Phex and Sost in cortical bone by real-time PCR and increased number of Dmp1- and Sost-positive osteocyte lacunae in day 30 HHCY bone evidenced by immunohistochemistry. Both HHCY day 7 and day 30 samples showed reduced Young's modulus demonstrating that biomechanical property of bone was lost during early HHCY itself, which did not improve with recovery of TMD. Our results thus demonstrate occurrence of two phases in cortical bone upon HHCY: the early phase that involved loss of TMD and increase in osteocyte numbers and a late phase that involved osteocyte reprogramming, apoptosis and mineralization, which reinstated TMD but compromised biomechanical property. To conclude, osteocytes have a potential role in arbitrating bone pathogenesis during HHCY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viji Vijayan
- Molecular Sciences LaboratoryNational Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarika Gupta
- Molecular Sciences LaboratoryNational Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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36
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Sanchez CP, Mohan S. Genetic Knockout and Rescue Studies in Mice Unravel Abnormal Phosphorus Threshold in Hypophosphatemic Rickets. Endocrinology 2017; 158:455-457. [PMID: 28430915 PMCID: PMC5460786 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Medicine, and
- Orthopedics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92354; and
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California 92357
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37
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Lee BN, Jung HY, Chang HS, Hwang YC, Oh WM. Dental management of patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia. Restor Dent Endod 2017; 42:146-151. [PMID: 28503481 PMCID: PMC5426218 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2017.42.2.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is a hereditary metabolic disease caused by the loss of phosphate through the renal tubules into the urine, and an associated decrease in serum calcium and potassium phosphate. Its dental features include spontaneous dental abscesses that occur in the absence of trauma or dental caries. The aim of this case report was to describe the dental problems of XLH patients and to evaluate limitations in their treatment. A 14 year old male and a 38 year old female with XLH were referred to the Department of Conservative Dentistry for endodontic treatment. The dental findings were periapical abscesses without obvious trauma or caries. Conservative endodontic treatment was performed in teeth with pulp necrosis and abscess. In case 1, the treated teeth showed improvements in bone healing, without clinical symptoms. However, in case 2, the implants and the treated tooth showed hypermobility, and the final restoration was therefore postponed. Early diagnosis, periodic examinations, and communication with the patient's pediatrician are important in the dental management of patients with XLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Na Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry and Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hye-Yoon Jung
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry and Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hoon-Sang Chang
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry and Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yun-Chan Hwang
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry and Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Won-Mann Oh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry and Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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38
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Biosse Duplan M, Coyac BR, Bardet C, Zadikian C, Rothenbuhler A, Kamenicky P, Briot K, Linglart A, Chaussain C. Phosphate and Vitamin D Prevent Periodontitis in X-Linked Hypophosphatemia. J Dent Res 2016; 96:388-395. [PMID: 27821544 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516677528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is a rare genetic skeletal disease where increased phosphate wasting in the kidney leads to hypophosphatemia and prevents normal mineralization of bone and dentin. Here, we examined the periodontal status of 34 adults with XLH and separated them according to the treatment they received for hypophosphatemia. We observed that periodontitis frequency and severity were increased in adults with XLH and that the severity varied according to the hypophosphatemia treatment. Patients who benefited from an early and continuous vitamin D and phosphate supplementation during their childhood presented less periodontal attachment loss than patients with late or incomplete supplementation. Continued hypophosphatemia treatment during adulthood further improved the periodontal health. Extracted teeth from patients with late or incomplete supplementation showed a strong acellular cementum hypoplasia when compared with age-matched healthy controls. These results show that XLH disturbs not only bone and dentin formation but also cementum and that the constitutional defect of the attachment apparatus is associated with attachment loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Biosse Duplan
- 1 Service d'Odontologie, Hôpital Bretonneau, HUPNVS, AP-HP, Paris, France.,2 Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paris Descartes, Montrouge, France.,3 Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Métabolisme du Calcium et du Phosphore, Plateforme d'expertise Paris Sud Maladies rares, filière OSCAR, Hôpital Bicêtre-Paris Sud, AP-HP, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - B R Coyac
- 4 EA 2496, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paris Descartes, Montrouge, France
| | - C Bardet
- 4 EA 2496, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paris Descartes, Montrouge, France
| | - C Zadikian
- 1 Service d'Odontologie, Hôpital Bretonneau, HUPNVS, AP-HP, Paris, France.,2 Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paris Descartes, Montrouge, France
| | - A Rothenbuhler
- 3 Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Métabolisme du Calcium et du Phosphore, Plateforme d'expertise Paris Sud Maladies rares, filière OSCAR, Hôpital Bicêtre-Paris Sud, AP-HP, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,5 Service d'endocrinologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, HUPS, AP-HP, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - P Kamenicky
- 3 Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Métabolisme du Calcium et du Phosphore, Plateforme d'expertise Paris Sud Maladies rares, filière OSCAR, Hôpital Bicêtre-Paris Sud, AP-HP, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,5 Service d'endocrinologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, HUPS, AP-HP, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - K Briot
- 3 Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Métabolisme du Calcium et du Phosphore, Plateforme d'expertise Paris Sud Maladies rares, filière OSCAR, Hôpital Bicêtre-Paris Sud, AP-HP, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,6 Service de Rhumatologie, Hôpital Cochin, HUPC, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - A Linglart
- 3 Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Métabolisme du Calcium et du Phosphore, Plateforme d'expertise Paris Sud Maladies rares, filière OSCAR, Hôpital Bicêtre-Paris Sud, AP-HP, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,5 Service d'endocrinologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, HUPS, AP-HP, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - C Chaussain
- 1 Service d'Odontologie, Hôpital Bretonneau, HUPNVS, AP-HP, Paris, France.,3 Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Métabolisme du Calcium et du Phosphore, Plateforme d'expertise Paris Sud Maladies rares, filière OSCAR, Hôpital Bicêtre-Paris Sud, AP-HP, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,4 EA 2496, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paris Descartes, Montrouge, France
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Abstract
Osteocytes are differentiated osteoblasts that become surrounded by matrix during the process of bone formation. Acquisition of the osteocyte phenotype is achieved by profound changes in gene expression that facilitate adaptation to the changing cellular environment and constitute the molecular signature of osteocytes. During osteocytogenesis, the expression of genes that are characteristic of the osteoblast are altered and the expression of genes and/or proteins that impart dendritic cellular morphology, regulate matrix mineralization and control the function of cells at the bone surface are ordely modulated. The discovery of mutations in human osteocytic genes has contributed, in a large part, to our understanding of the role of osteocytes in bone homeostasis. Osteocytes are targets of the mechanical force imposed on the skeleton and have a critical role in integrating mechanosensory pathways with the action of hormones, which thereby leads to the orchestrated response of bone to environmental cues. Current, therapeutic approaches harness this accumulating knowledge by targeting osteocytic signalling pathways and messengers to improve skeletal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian I. Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
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40
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Abstract
Calcium is an important ion in cell signaling, hormone regulation, and bone health. Its regulation is complex and intimately connected to that of phosphate homeostasis. Both ions are maintained at appropriate levels to maintain the extracellular to intracellular gradients, allow for mineralization of bone, and to prevent extra skeletal and urinary calcification. The homeostasis involves the target organs intestine, parathyroid glands, kidney, and bone. Multiple hormones converge to regulate the extracellular calcium level: parathyroid hormone, vitamin D (principally 25(OH)D or 1,25(OH)2D), fibroblast growth factor 23, and α-klotho. Fine regulation of calcium homeostasis occurs in the thick ascending limb and collecting tubule segments via actions of the calcium sensing receptor and several channels/transporters. The kidney participates in homeostatic loops with bone, intestine, and parathyroid glands. Initially in the course of progressive kidney disease, the homeostatic response maintains serum levels of calcium and phosphorus in the desired range, and maintains neutral balance. However, once the kidneys are no longer able to appropriately respond to hormones and excrete calcium and phosphate, positive balance ensues leading to adverse cardiac and skeletal abnormalities. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1781-1800, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Moe
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Section of Nephrology, Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
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41
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Fritz A, Bertin A, Hanna P, Nualart F, Marcellini S. A Single Chance to Contact Multiple Targets: Distinct Osteocyte Morphotypes Shed Light on the Cellular Mechanism Ensuring the Robust Formation of Osteocytic Networks. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2016; 326:280-9. [PMID: 27381191 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The formation of the complex osteocytic network relies on the emission of long cellular processes involved in communication, mechanical strain sensing, and bone turnover control. Newly deposited osteocytic processes rapidly become trapped within the calcifying matrix, and, therefore, they must adopt their definitive conformation and contact their targets in a single morphogenetic event. However, the cellular mechanisms ensuring the robustness of this unique mode of morphogenesis remain unknown. To address this issue, we examined the developing calvaria of the amphibian Xenopus tropicalis by confocal, two-photon, and super-resolution imaging, and described flattened osteocytes lying within a woven bone structured in lamellae of randomly oriented collagen fibers. While most cells emit peripheral and perpendicular processes, we report two osteocytes morphotypes, located at different depth within the bone matrix and exhibiting distinct number and orientation of perpendicular cell processes. We show that this pattern is conserved with the chick Gallus gallus and suggest that the cellular microenvironment, and more particularly cell-cell contact, plays a fundamental role in the induction and stabilization of osteocytic processes. We propose that this intrinsic property might have been evolutionarily selected for its ability to robustly generate self-organizing osteocytic networks harbored by the wide variety of bone shapes and architectures found in extant and extinct vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Fritz
- Laboratory of Development and Evolution, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ariana Bertin
- Laboratory of Development and Evolution, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - Patricia Hanna
- Laboratory of Development and Evolution, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - Francisco Nualart
- Center for Advanced Microscopy (CMA Bio-Bio), University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - Sylvain Marcellini
- Laboratory of Development and Evolution, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
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42
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Prideaux M, Schutz C, Wijenayaka AR, Findlay DM, Campbell DG, Solomon LB, Atkins GJ. Isolation of osteocytes from human trabecular bone. Bone 2016; 88:64-72. [PMID: 27109824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes are essential regulators of bone homeostasis. However, they are difficult to study due to their location within the bone mineralised matrix. Although several techniques have been published for the isolation of osteocytes from mouse bone, no such technique has been described for human osteocytes. We have therefore developed a protocol for the isolation of osteocytes from human trabecular bone samples acquired during surgery. The cells were digested from the bone matrix by sequential collagenase and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) digestions and the cells from later digests displayed characteristic dendritic osteocyte morphology when cultured ex vivo. Furthermore, the cells expressed characteristic osteocyte marker genes, such as E11, dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), SOST, matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) and phosphate regulating endopeptidase homologue, X-linked (PHEX). In addition, genes associated with osteocyte perilacunar remodelling, including matrix metallopeptidase-13 (MMP13), cathepsin K (CTSK) and carbonic anhydrase 2 (CAR2) were expressed. The cells also responded to parathyroid hormone (PTH) by downregulating SOST mRNA expression and to 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) by upregulating fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) mRNA expression. Therefore, the cells behave in a similar manner to osteocytes in vivo. These cells represent an important tool in enhancing current knowledge in human osteocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Prideaux
- Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Christine Schutz
- Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Wakefield Orthopaedic Clinic, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Asiri R Wijenayaka
- Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - David M Findlay
- Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | | | - Lucian B Solomon
- Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Gerald J Atkins
- Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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Wacker MJ, Touchberry CD, Silswal N, Brotto L, Elmore CJ, Bonewald LF, Andresen J, Brotto M. Skeletal Muscle, but not Cardiovascular Function, Is Altered in a Mouse Model of Autosomal Recessive Hypophosphatemic Rickets. Front Physiol 2016; 7:173. [PMID: 27242547 PMCID: PMC4866514 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets (ARHR) is a heritable disorder characterized by hypophosphatemia, osteomalacia, and poor bone development. ARHR results from inactivating mutations in the DMP1 gene with the human phenotype being recapitulated in the Dmp1 null mouse model which displays elevated plasma fibroblast growth factor 23. While the bone phenotype has been well-characterized, it is not known what effects ARHR may also have on skeletal, cardiac, or vascular smooth muscle function, which is critical to understand in order to treat patients suffering from this condition. In this study, the extensor digitorum longus (EDL-fast-twitch muscle), soleus (SOL–slow-twitch muscle), heart, and aorta were removed from Dmp1 null mice and ex-vivo functional tests were simultaneously performed in collaboration by three different laboratories. Dmp1 null EDL and SOL muscles produced less force than wildtype muscles after normalization for physiological cross sectional area of the muscles. Both EDL and SOL muscles from Dmp1 null mice also produced less force after the addition of caffeine (which releases calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum) which may indicate problems in excitation contraction coupling in these mice. While the body weights of the Dmp1 null were smaller than wildtype, the heart weight to body weight ratio was higher. However, there were no differences in pathological hypertrophic gene expression compared to wildtype and maximal force of contraction was not different indicating that there may not be cardiac pathology under the tested conditions. We did observe a decrease in the rate of force development generated by cardiac muscle in the Dmp1 null which may be related to some of the deficits observed in skeletal muscle. There were no differences observed in aortic contractions induced by PGF2α or 5-HT or in endothelium-mediated acetylcholine-induced relaxations or endothelium-independent sodium nitroprusside-induced relaxations. In summary, these results indicate that there are deficiencies in both fast twitch and slow twitch muscle fiber type contractions in this model of ARHR, while there was less of a phenotype observed in cardiac muscle, and no differences observed in aortic function. These results may help explain skeletal muscle weakness reported by some patients with osteomalacia and need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Wacker
- Muscle Biology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City Kansas City, MO, USA
| | | | - Neerupma Silswal
- Muscle Biology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Leticia Brotto
- Bone-Muscle Collaborative Science, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Chris J Elmore
- Muscle Biology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Lynda F Bonewald
- Bone Biology Research Group, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Jon Andresen
- Muscle Biology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Marco Brotto
- Bone-Muscle Collaborative Science, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington Arlington, TX, USA
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Abstract
PTH and Vitamin D are two major regulators of mineral metabolism. They play critical roles in the maintenance of calcium and phosphate homeostasis as well as the development and maintenance of bone health. PTH and Vitamin D form a tightly controlled feedback cycle, PTH being a major stimulator of vitamin D synthesis in the kidney while vitamin D exerts negative feedback on PTH secretion. The major function of PTH and major physiologic regulator is circulating ionized calcium. The effects of PTH on gut, kidney, and bone serve to maintain serum calcium within a tight range. PTH has a reciprocal effect on phosphate metabolism. In contrast, vitamin D has a stimulatory effect on both calcium and phosphate homeostasis, playing a key role in providing adequate mineral for normal bone formation. Both hormones act in concert with the more recently discovered FGF23 and klotho, hormones involved predominantly in phosphate metabolism, which also participate in this closely knit feedback circuit. Of great interest are recent studies demonstrating effects of both PTH and vitamin D on the cardiovascular system. Hyperparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency have been implicated in a variety of cardiovascular disorders including hypertension, atherosclerosis, vascular calcification, and kidney failure. Both hormones have direct effects on the endothelium, heart, and other vascular structures. How these effects of PTH and vitamin D interface with the regulation of bone formation are the subject of intense investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Jalal Khundmiri
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Rebecca D. Murray
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Eleanor Lederer
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Robley Rex VA Medical Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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45
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Ren Y, Han X, Jing Y, Yuan B, Ke H, Liu M, Feng JQ. Sclerostin antibody (Scl-Ab) improves osteomalacia phenotype in dentin matrix protein 1(Dmp1) knockout mice with little impact on serum levels of phosphorus and FGF23. Matrix Biol 2015; 52-54:151-161. [PMID: 26721590 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Unlike treatments for most rickets, the treatment using 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3 has little efficacy on patients with hypophosphatemic rickets, a set of rare genetic diseases. Thus, understanding the local cause for osteomalacia in hypophosphatemic rickets and developing an effective treatment to restore mineralization in this rare disease has been a longstanding goal in medicine. Here, we used Dmp1 knockout (KO) mice (whose mutations led to the same type of autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets in humans) as the model in which the monoclonal antibody of sclerostin (Scl-Ab) was tested in two age groups for 8weeks: the prevention group (starting at age 4weeks) and the treatment group (starting at age 12weeks). Applications of Scl-Ab greatly improved the osteomalacia phenotype (>15%) and the biomechanical properties (3-point bending, ~60%) in the treated long-bone group. Our studies not only showed improvement of the osteomalacia in the alveolar bone, which has the highest bone metabolism rate, as well as the long bone phenotypes in treated mice. All these improvements attributed to the use of Scl-Ab are independent of the change in serum levels of phosphorus and FGF23, since Scl-Ab had little efficacy on those parameters. Finally, we propose a model to explain how Scl-Ab can improve the Dmp1 KO osteomalacia phenotype, in which the sclerostin level is already low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinshi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xianglong Han
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China
| | - Yan Jing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Baozhi Yuan
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison and Geriatric Research and Education Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Huazhu Ke
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA.
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46
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Hernando N, Myakala K, Simona F, Knöpfel T, Thomas L, Murer H, Wagner CA, Biber J. Intestinal Depletion of NaPi-IIb/Slc34a2 in Mice: Renal and Hormonal Adaptation. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:1925-37. [PMID: 25827490 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Na(+) -dependent phosphate-cotransporter NaPi-IIb (SLC34A2) is widely expressed, with intestine, lung, and testis among the organs with highest levels of mRNA abundance. In mice, the intestinal expression of NaPi-IIb is restricted to the ileum, where the cotransporter localizes specifically at the brush border membrane (BBM) and mediates the active transport of inorganic phosphate (Pi). Constitutive full ablation of NaPi-IIb is embryonically lethal whereas the global but inducible removal of the transporter in young mice leads to intestinal loss of Pi and lung calcifications. Here we report the generation of a constitutive but intestinal-specific NaPi-IIb/Slc34a2-deficient mouse model. Constitutive intestinal ablation of NaPi-IIb results in viable pups with normal growth. Homozygous mice are characterized by fecal wasting of Pi and complete absence of Na/Pi cotransport activity in BBM vesicles (BBMVs) isolated from ileum. In contrast, the urinary excretion of Pi is reduced in these animals. The plasma levels of Pi are similar in wild-type and NaPi-IIb-deficient mice. In females, the reduced phosphaturia associates with higher expression of NaPi-IIa and higher Na/Pi cotransport activity in renal BBMVs, as well as with reduced plasma levels of intact FGF-23. A similar trend is found in males. Thus, NaPi-IIb is the only luminal Na(+) -dependent Pi transporter in the murine ileum and its absence is fully compensated for in adult females by a mechanism involving the bone-kidney axis. The contribution of this mechanism to the adaptive response is less apparent in adult males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nati Hernando
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP). University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Komuraiah Myakala
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP). University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabia Simona
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP). University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Knöpfel
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP). University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Linto Thomas
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP). University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heini Murer
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP). University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carsten A Wagner
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP). University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Biber
- Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP). University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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47
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Iline-Vul T, Matlahov I, Grinblat J, Keinan-Adamsky K, Goobes G. Changes to the Disordered Phase and Apatite Crystallite Morphology during Mineralization by an Acidic Mineral Binding Peptide from Osteonectin. Biomacromolecules 2015. [PMID: 26207448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Noncollagenous proteins regulate the formation of the mineral constituent in hard tissue. The mineral formed contains apatite crystals coated by a functional disordered calcium phosphate phase. Although the crystalline phase of bone mineral was extensively investigated, little is known about the disordered layer's composition and structure, and less is known regarding the function of noncollagenous proteins in the context of this layer. In the current study, apatite was prepared with an acidic peptide (ON29) derived from the bone/dentin protein osteonectin. The mineral formed comprises needle-shaped hydroxyapatite crystals like in dentin and a stable disordered phase coating the apatitic crystals as shown using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and solid-state NMR techniques. The peptide, embedded between the mineral particles, reduces the overall phosphate content in the mineral formed as inferred from inductively coupled plasma and elemental analysis results. Magnetization transfers between disordered phase species and apatitic phase species are observed for the first time using 2D (1)H-(31)P heteronuclear correlation NMR measurements. The dynamics of phosphate magnetization transfers reveal that ON29 decreases significantly the amount of water molecules in the disordered phase and increases slightly their content at the ordered-disordered interface. The peptide decreases hydroxyl to disordered phosphate transfers within the surface layer but does not influence transfer within the bulk crystalline mineral. Overall, these results indicate that control of crystallite morphology and properties of the inorganic component in hard tissue by biomolecules is more involved than just direct interaction between protein functional groups and mineral crystal faces. Subtler mechanisms such as modulation of the disordered phase composition and structural changes at the ordered-disordered interface may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taly Iline-Vul
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University , Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Irina Matlahov
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University , Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Judith Grinblat
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University , Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | | | - Gil Goobes
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University , Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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48
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathways are essential regulators of vertebrate skeletal development. FGF signaling regulates development of the limb bud and formation of the mesenchymal condensation and has key roles in regulating chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and bone and mineral homeostasis. This review updates our review on FGFs in skeletal development published in Genes & Development in 2002, examines progress made on understanding the functions of the FGF signaling pathway during critical stages of skeletogenesis, and explores the mechanisms by which mutations in FGF signaling molecules cause skeletal malformations in humans. Links between FGF signaling pathways and other interacting pathways that are critical for skeletal development and could be exploited to treat genetic diseases and repair bone are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Pierre J Marie
- UMR-1132, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Hopital Lariboisiere, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
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49
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Tosi LL, Warman ML. Mechanistic and therapeutic insights gained from studying rare skeletal diseases. Bone 2015; 76:67-75. [PMID: 25819040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rare bone diseases account for 5% of all birth defects and can cause significant morbidity throughout patients' lives. Significant progress is being made to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these diseases. This paper summarizes presentation highlights of a workshop on Rare Skeletal Diseases convened to explore how the study of rare diseases has influenced the field's understanding of bone anabolism and catabolism and directed the search for new therapies benefiting patients with rare conditions as well as patients with common skeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Tosi
- Division of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Matthew L Warman
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Boston Children's Hospital, 320 Longwood Avenue, Room EN260.1, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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50
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Kamel-ElSayed SA, Tiede-Lewis LM, Lu Y, Veno PA, Dallas SL. Novel approaches for two and three dimensional multiplexed imaging of osteocytes. Bone 2015; 76:129-40. [PMID: 25794783 PMCID: PMC4591054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although osteocytes have historically been viewed as quiescent cells, it is now clear that they are highly active cells in bone and play key regulatory roles in diverse skeletal functions, including mechanotransduction, phosphate homeostasis and regulation of osteoblast and osteoclast activity. Three dimensional imaging of embedded osteocytes and their dendritic connections within intact bone specimens can be quite challenging and many of the currently available methods are actually imaging the lacunocanalicular network rather than the osteocytes themselves. With the explosion of interest in the field of osteocyte biology, there is an increased need for reliable ways to image these cells in live and fixed bone specimens. Here we report the development of reproducible methods for 2D and 3D imaging of osteocytes in situ using multiplexed imaging approaches in which the osteocyte cell membrane, nucleus, cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix can be imaged simultaneously in various combinations. We also present a new transgenic mouse line expressing a membrane targeted-GFP variant selectively in osteocytes as a novel tool for in situ imaging of osteocytes and their dendrites in fixed or living bone specimens. These methods have been multiplexed with a novel method for labeling of the lacunocanalicular network using fixable dextran, which enables aspects of the osteocyte cell structure and lacunocanalicular system to be simultaneously imaged. The application of these comprehensive approaches for imaging of osteocytes in situ should advance research into osteocyte biology and function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan A Kamel-ElSayed
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri, Kansas City, 615 E. 25th Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; Biomedical Sciences Department, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, 414 O'Dowd Hall, Rochester MI, 48309, USA; Medical Physiology Department, Assiut University School of Medicine, 71516 Asyut, Egypt
| | - LeAnn M Tiede-Lewis
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri, Kansas City, 615 E. 25th Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Yongbo Lu
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri, Kansas City, 615 E. 25th Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave., Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Patricia A Veno
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri, Kansas City, 615 E. 25th Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Sarah L Dallas
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri, Kansas City, 615 E. 25th Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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