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Liu J, Wang Y, Gao B, Zhang K, Li H, Ren J, Huo F, Zhao B, Zhang L, Zhang S, He H. Ionic Liquid Gating Induces Anomalous Permeation through Membrane Channel Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13588-13597. [PMID: 38695646 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Membrane channel proteins (MCPs) play key roles in matter transport through cell membranes and act as major targets for vaccines and drugs. For emerging ionic liquid (IL) drugs, a rational understanding of how ILs affect the structure and transport function of MCP is crucial to their design. In this work, GPU-accelerated microsecond-long molecular dynamics simulations were employed to investigate the modulating mechanism of ILs on MCP. Interestingly, ILs prefer to insert into the lipid bilayer and channel of aquaporin-2 (AQP2) but adsorb on the entrance of voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav). Molecular trajectory and free energy analysis reflect that ILs have a minimal impact on the structure of MCPs but significantly influence MCP functions. It demonstrates that ILs can decrease the overall energy barrier for water through AQP2 by 1.88 kcal/mol, whereas that for Na+ through Nav is increased by 1.70 kcal/mol. Consequently, the permeation rates of water and Na+ can be enhanced and reduced by at least 1 order of magnitude, respectively. Furthermore, an abnormal IL gating mechanism was proposed by combining the hydrophobic nature of MCP and confined water/ion coordination effects. More importantly, we performed experiments to confirm the influence of ILs on AQP2 in human cells and found that treatment with ILs significantly accelerated the changes in cell volume in response to altered external osmotic pressure. Overall, these quantitative results will not only deepen the understanding of IL-cell interactions but may also shed light on the rational design of drugs and disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanlei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Longzihu New Energy Laboratory, Zhengzhou Institute of Emerging Industrial Technology, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Bo Gao
- School of Systems Science and Institute of Nonequilibrium Systems, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Systems Science and Institute of Nonequilibrium Systems, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jing Ren
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Feng Huo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Longzihu New Energy Laboratory, Zhengzhou Institute of Emerging Industrial Technology, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Baofeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Suojiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Longzihu New Energy Laboratory, Zhengzhou Institute of Emerging Industrial Technology, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Hongyan He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Longzihu New Energy Laboratory, Zhengzhou Institute of Emerging Industrial Technology, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Olver DJ, Benson JD. Meta-analysis of the Boyle van 't Hoff relation: Turgor and leak models explain non-ideal volume equilibrium. Cryobiology 2023; 113:104581. [PMID: 37661046 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2023.104581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
There has been much recent attention paid to the interaction of cell volume, its regulation, and the molecular biology of the cell. Cells are generally assumed to behave as linear osmometers, with their water volume linearly proportionate to the inverse of osmotic pressure as described by the Boyle van 't Hoff (BvH) relation. This study evaluates the generality of this and other long-standing assumptions about cell responses to anisotonic conditions. We present alternative models that account for osmoregulation including mechanical resistance to volumetric expansion (the turgor model) and ion-osmolyte leakage (the leak model). To evaluate the generality of the BvH relation and determine the suitability of alternative models, we performed a comprehensive survey of the literature and a careful analysis of the resulting data, and then we used these data to compare among models. We identified 137 articles published from 1964 to 2019 spanning 14 animal species and 26 cell types and determined the BvH relation is not an appropriate general model but is adequate when restricted to the hypertonic region. In contrast, models that account for either mechanical resistance or ion-osmolyte leakage fit well to almost all collected data. The leak model has fitted parameters that are in the same range as the current literature estimate, while the turgor model typically requires an elastic modulus value of one or multiple orders of magnitude larger than literature values. However, confirmation of the underlying mechanism of osmotic regulation is required at the cell-specific level and cannot be assumed a priori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J Olver
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - James D Benson
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada.
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Critical Role of Aquaporins in Cancer: Focus on Hematological Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174182. [PMID: 36077720 PMCID: PMC9455074 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Aquaporins are proteins able to regulate the transfer of water and other small substances such as ions, glycerol, urea, and hydrogen peroxide across cellular membranes. AQPs provide for a huge variety of physiological phenomena; their alteration provokes several types of pathologies including cancer and hematological malignancies. Our review presents data revealing the possibility of employing aquaporins as biomarkers in patients with hematological malignancies and evaluates the possibility that interfering with the expression of aquaporins could represent an effective treatment for hematological malignancies. Abstract Aquaporins are transmembrane molecules regulating the transfer of water and other compounds such as ions, glycerol, urea, and hydrogen peroxide. Their alteration has been reported in several conditions such as cancer. Tumor progression might be enhanced by aquaporins in modifying tumor angiogenesis, cell volume adaptation, proteases activity, cell–matrix adhesions, actin cytoskeleton, epithelial–mesenchymal transitions, and acting on several signaling pathways facilitating cancer progression. Close connections have also been identified between the aquaporins and hematological malignancies. However, it is difficult to identify a unique action exerted by aquaporins in different hemopathies, and each aquaporin has specific effects that vary according to the class of aquaporin examined and to the different neoplastic cells. However, the expression of aquaporins is altered in cell cultures and in patients with acute and chronic myeloid leukemia, in lymphoproliferative diseases and in multiple myeloma, and the different expression of aquaporins seems to be able to influence the efficacy of treatment and could have a prognostic significance, as greater expression of aquaporins is correlated to improved overall survival in leukemia patients. Finally, we assessed the possibility that modifying the aquaporin expression using aquaporin-targeting regulators, specific monoclonal antibodies, and even aquaporin gene transfer could represent an effective therapy of hematological malignancies.
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Hou Y, Jing J, Luo Y, Xu F, Xie W, Ma L, Xia X, Wei Q, Lin Y, Li KH, Chu Z. A Versatile, Incubator-Compatible, Monolithic GaN Photonic Chipscope for Label-Free Monitoring of Live Cell Activities. ADVANCED SCIENCE 2022; 9:e2200910. [PMID: 35404518 PMCID: PMC9189681 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to quantitatively monitor various cellular activities is critical for understanding their biological functions and the therapeutic response of cells to drugs. Unfortunately, existing approaches such as fluorescent staining and impedance-based methods are often hindered by their multiple time-consuming preparation steps, sophisticated labeling procedures, and complicated apparatus. The cost-effective, monolithic gallium nitride (GaN) photonic chip has been demonstrated as an ultrasensitive and ultracompact optical refractometer in a previous work, but it has never been applied to cell studies. Here, for the first time, the so-called GaN chipscope is proposed to quantitatively monitor the progression of different intracellular processes in a label-free manner. Specifically, the GaN-based monolithic chip enables not only a photoelectric readout of cellular/subcellular refractive index changes but also the direct imaging of cellular/subcellular ultrastructural features using a customized differential interference contrast (DIC) microscope. The miniaturized chipscope adopts an ultracompact design, which can be readily mounted with conventional cell culture dishes and placed inside standard cell incubators for real-time observation of cell activities. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, its applications are explored in 1) cell adhesion dynamics monitoring, 2) drug screening, and 3) cell differentiation studies, highlighting its potential in broad fundamental cell biology studies as well as in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hou
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Jixiang Jing
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Yumeng Luo
- School of Microelectronics Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Wenyan Xie
- Department of Biotherapy State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
| | - Linjie Ma
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Xingyu Xia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Qiang Wei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre Hong Kong Science Park Shatin New Territories Hong Kong
| | - Kwai Hei Li
- School of Microelectronics Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
- School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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Membrane Repairing Capability of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells Is Regulated by Drug Resistance and Epithelial-Mesenchymal-Transition. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12040428. [PMID: 35448398 PMCID: PMC9029135 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12040428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane separates the interior of the cells from the extracellular fluid and protects the cell from disruptive external factors. Therefore, the self-repairing capability of the membrane is crucial for cells to maintain homeostasis and survive in a hostile environment. Here, we found that micron-sized membrane pores induced by cylindrical atomic force microscope probe puncture resealed significantly (~1.3-1.5 times) faster in drug-resistant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines than in their drug-sensitive counterparts. Interestingly, we found that such enhanced membrane repairing ability was due to the overexpression of annexin in drug-resistant NSCLC cells. In addition, a further ~50% reduction in membrane resealing time (i.e., from ~23 s to ~13 s) was observed through the epithelial-mesenchymal-transition, highlighting the superior viability and potential of highly aggressive tumor cells using membrane resealing as an indicator for assessing the drug-resistivity and pathological state of cancer.
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6
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Yang Y, Jiang H. Intercellular water exchanges trigger soliton-like waves in multicellular systems. Biophys J 2022; 121:1610-1618. [PMID: 35395246 PMCID: PMC9117941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oscillations and waves are ubiquitous in living cellular systems. Generations of these spatio-temporal patterns are generally attributed to some mechanochemical feedbacks. Here, we treat cells as open systems, i.e., water and ions can pass through the cell membrane passively or actively, and reveal a new origin of wave generation. We show that osmotic shocks above a shock threshold will trigger self-sustained cell oscillations and result in long-range waves propagating without decrement, a phenomenon that is analogous to the excitable medium. The travelling wave propagates along intercellular osmotic pressure gradient and its wave speed scales with the magnitude of intercellular water flows. Furthermore, we also find that the travelling wave exhibits several hallmarks of solitary waves. Together, our findings predict a new mechanism of wave generation in living multicellular systems. The ubiquity of intercellular water exchanges implies that this mechanism may be relevant to a broad class of systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehua Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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7
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Yan Z, Xia X, Cho WC, Au DW, Shao X, Fang C, Tian Y, Lin Y. Rapid Plastic Deformation of Cancer Cells Correlates with High Metastatic Potential. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101657. [PMID: 35014196 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis plays a crucial role in tumor development, however, lack of quantitative methods to characterize the capability of cells to undergo plastic deformations has hindered the understanding of this important process. Here, a microfluidic system capable of imposing precisely controlled cyclic deformation on cells and therefore probing their viscoelastic and plastic characteristics is developed. Interestingly, it is found that significant plastic strain can accumulate rapidly in highly invasive cancer cell lines and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from late-stage lung cancer patients with a characteristic time of a few seconds. In constrast, very little irreversible deformation is observed in the less invasive cell lines and CTCs from early-stage lung cancer patients, highlighting the potential of using the plastic response of cells as a novel marker in future cancer study. Furthermore, author showed that the observed irreversible deformation should originate mainly from cytoskeleton damage, rather than plasticity of the cell nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zishen Yan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
- HKU‐Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU‐SIRI) Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Xingyu Xia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
- HKU‐Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU‐SIRI) Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology Queen Elizabeth Hospital Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Dennis W. Au
- Department of Clinical Oncology Queen Elizabeth Hospital Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Xueying Shao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
- HKU‐Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU‐SIRI) Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
- HKU‐Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU‐SIRI) Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
- HKU‐Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU‐SIRI) Shenzhen Guangdong China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre Hong Kong Science Park Shatin, New Territories Hong Kong
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8
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Wu D, Hou Y, Chu Z, Wei Q, Hong W, Lin Y. Ligand Mobility-Mediated Cell Adhesion and Spreading. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:12976-12983. [PMID: 35282676 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cells live in a highly dynamic environment where their physical connection and communication with the outside are achieved through receptor-ligands binding. Therefore, a precise knowledge of the interaction between receptors and ligands is critical for our understanding of how cells execute different biological duties. Interestingly, recent evidence has shown that the mobility of ligands at the cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interface significantly affects the adhesion and spreading of cells, while the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we present a modeling investigation to address this critical issue. Specifically, by adopting the Langevin dynamics, the random movement of ligands was captured by assigning a stochastic force along with a viscous drag on them. After that, the evolution of adhesion and subsequent spreading of cells were analyzed by considering the force-regulated binding/breakage of individual molecular bonds connecting polymerizing actin bundles inside the cell to the ECM. Interestingly, a biphasic relationship between adhesion and ligand diffusivity was predicted, resulting in maximized cell spreading at intermediate mobility of ligand molecules. In addition, this peak position was found to be dictated by the aggregation of ligands, effectively reducing their diffusivity, and how fast bond association/dissociation can occur. These predictions are in excellent agreement with our experimental observations where distinct ligand mobility was introduced by tuning the interactions between the self-assembly polymer coating and the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 000000, China
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yong Hou
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 000000, China
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 000000, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Wei Hong
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 000000, China
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 000000, China
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9
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Fang C, Yao J, Zhang Y, Lin Y. Active chemo-mechanical feedbacks dictate the collective migration of cells on patterned surfaces. Biophys J 2022; 121:1266-1275. [PMID: 35183521 PMCID: PMC9034249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has demonstrated that, when cultured on micro-patterned surfaces, living cells can move in a coordinated manner and form distinct migration patterns, including flowing chain, suspended propagating bridge, rotating vortex, etc. However, the fundamental question of exactly how and why cells migrate in these fashions remains elusive. Here, we present a theoretical investigation to show that the tight interplay between internal cellular activities, such as chemo-mechanical feedbacks and polarization, and external geometrical constraints are behind these intriguing experimental observations. In particular, on narrow strip patterns, strongly force-dependent cellular contractility and intercellular adhesion were found to be critical for reinforcing the leading edge of the migrating cell monolayer and eventually result in the formation of suspended cell bridges flying over nonadhesive regions. On the other hand, a weak force-contractility feedback led to the movement of cells like a flowing chain along the adhesive strip. Finally, we also showed that the random polarity forces generated in migrating cells are responsible for driving them into rotating vortices on strips with width above a threshold value (~10 times the size of the cell).
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10
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Pausch TM, Bartel M, Cui J, Aubert O, Mitzscherling C, Liu X, Gesslein B, Schuisky P, Kommoss FKF, Bruckner T, Golriz M, Mehrabi A, Hackert T. SmartPAN: in vitro and in vivo proof-of-safety assessments for an intra-operative predictive indicator of postoperative pancreatic fistula. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 130:542-552. [PMID: 35040273 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic surgery is complicated by untreated fluid leakage, but no tenable techniques exist to detect and close leakage sites during surgery. A novel hydrogel called SmartPAN has been developed to meet this need and is here assessed for safety before trials on human patients. Firstly, resazurin assays were used to test the cytotoxic effects of SmartPAN's active bromothymol blue (BTB) indicator and its solution of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) on normal (HPDE: Human Pancreatic Duct Epithelial) or carcinomic (FAMPAC) human pancreatic cells. Cells incubated with BTB showed no significant reduction in cell viability below threshold safety levels. However, PBS had a mild cytotoxic effect on FAMPAC cells. Secondly, SmartPAN's pathological effects were evaluated in vivo by applying 4 mL SmartPAN to a porcine (Sus scrofa domesticus) model of pancreatic resection. There were no significant differences in macroscopic and microscopic pathologies between pigs treated with SmartPAN or saline. Thirdly, measurements using HPLC-MS/MS demonstrate that BTB does not cross into the bloodstream and was eliminated from the body within two days of surgery. Overall, SmartPAN appears safe in the short-term and ready for first-in-human trials because its components are either biocompatible or quickly neutralized by dilution and drainage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Pausch
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - Marc Bartel
- Institute of Legal and Traffic Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jiaqu Cui
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - Ophelia Aubert
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - Clara Mitzscherling
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - Xinchun Liu
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | | | | | - Felix K F Kommoss
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Bruckner
- Institute of Legal and Traffic Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammad Golriz
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - Arianeb Mehrabi
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - Thilo Hackert
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
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11
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Modelling Nuclear Morphology and Shape Transformation: A Review. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11070540. [PMID: 34357190 PMCID: PMC8304582 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11070540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most important cellular compartments, the nucleus contains genetic materials and separates them from the cytoplasm with the nuclear envelope (NE), a thin membrane that is susceptible to deformations caused by intracellular forces. Interestingly, accumulating evidence has also indicated that the morphology change of NE is tightly related to nuclear mechanotransduction and the pathogenesis of diseases such as cancer and Hutchinson–Gilford Progeria Syndrome. Theoretically, with the help of well-designed experiments, significant progress has been made in understanding the physical mechanisms behind nuclear shape transformation in different cellular processes as well as its biological implications. Here, we review different continuum-level (i.e., energy minimization, boundary integral and finite element-based) approaches that have been developed to predict the morphology and shape change of the cell nucleus. Essential gradients, relative advantages and limitations of each model will be discussed in detail, with the hope of sparking a greater research interest in this important topic in the future.
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12
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Yang Y, Jiang H. Mechanical properties of external confinement modulate the rounding dynamics of cells. Biophys J 2021; 120:2306-2316. [PMID: 33864788 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated that mitotic cells can round up against external impediments. However, how the stiffness of external confinement affects the dynamics of rounding force/pressure and cell volume remains largely unknown. Here, we develop a theoretical framework to study the rounding of adherent cells confined between a substrate and a cantilever. We show that the rounding force and pressure increase exclusively with the effective confinement on the cell, which is related to the cantilever stiffness and the separation between cantilever and substrate. Remarkably, an increase of cantilever stiffness from 0.001 to 1 N/m can lead to a 100-fold change in rounding force. This model also predicts an active role of confinement stiffness in regulating the dynamics of cell volume and hydrostatic pressure. We find that the dynamic changes of cellular volume and hydrostatic pressure after osmotic shocks are opposite if the cantilever is soft, whereas the dynamic changes of cellular volume and pressure are the same if the cantilever is stiff. Taken together, this work demonstrates that confinement stiffness appears as a critical regulator in regulating the dynamics of rounding force and pressure. Our findings also indicate that the difference in cantilever stiffness need to be considered when comparing the measured rounding force and pressure from various experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehua Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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13
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Zannetti A, Benga G, Brunetti A, Napolitano F, Avallone L, Pelagalli A. Role of Aquaporins in the Physiological Functions of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122678. [PMID: 33322145 PMCID: PMC7763964 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of membrane water channel proteins that control osmotically-driven water transport across cell membranes. Recent studies have focused on the assessment of fluid flux regulation in relation to the biological processes that maintain mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) physiology. In particular, AQPs seem to regulate MSC proliferation through rapid regulation of the cell volume. Furthermore, several reports have shown that AQPs play a crucial role in modulating MSC attachment to the extracellular matrix, their spread, and migration. Shedding light on how AQPs are able to regulate MSC physiological functions can increase our knowledge of their biological behaviours and improve their application in regenerative and reparative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Zannetti
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR, Via T. De Amicis 95, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Gheorghe Benga
- Romanian Academy, Cluj-Napoca Branch, Strada Republicii 9, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Arturo Brunetti
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Napolitano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Veterinaria 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Avallone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, via Veterinaria 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pelagalli
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR, Via T. De Amicis 95, 80145 Naples, Italy
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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14
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McEvoy E, Han YL, Guo M, Shenoy VB. Gap junctions amplify spatial variations in cell volume in proliferating tumor spheroids. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6148. [PMID: 33262337 PMCID: PMC7708487 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19904-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained proliferation is a significant driver of cancer progression. Cell-cycle advancement is coupled with cell size, but it remains unclear how multiple cells interact to control their volume in 3D clusters. In this study, we propose a mechano-osmotic model to investigate the evolution of volume dynamics within multicellular systems. Volume control depends on an interplay between multiple cellular constituents, including gap junctions, mechanosensitive ion channels, energy-consuming ion pumps, and the actomyosin cortex, that coordinate to manipulate cellular osmolarity. In connected cells, we show that mechanical loading leads to the emergence of osmotic pressure gradients between cells with consequent increases in cellular ion concentrations driving swelling. We identify how gap junctions can amplify spatial variations in cell volume within multicellular spheroids and, further, describe how the process depends on proliferation-induced solid stress. Our model may provide new insight into the role of gap junctions in breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin McEvoy
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yu Long Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vivek B Shenoy
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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15
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Hui TH, Shao X, Au DW, Cho WC, Lin Y. Detection of the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition of invasive non-small cell lung cancer cells by their membrane undulation spectra. RSC Adv 2020; 10:29999-30006. [PMID: 35518210 PMCID: PMC9056320 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06255c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A cancer cell changes its state from being epithelial- to mesenchymal-like in a dynamic manner during tumor progression. For example, it is well known that mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) is essential for cancer cells to regain the capability of seeding on and then invading secondary/tertiary regions. However, there is no fast yet reliable method for detecting this transition. Here, we showed that membrane undulation of invasive cancer cells could be used as a novel marker for MET detection, both in invasive model cell lines and repopulated circulating tumor cells (rCTCs) from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Specifically, using atomic force microscopy (AFM), it was found that the surface oscillation spectra of different cancer cells, after undergoing MET, all exhibited two distinct peaks from 0.001 to 0.007 Hz that are absent in the spectra before MET. In addition, by adopting the long short-term memory (LSTM) based recurrent neural network learning algorithm, we showed that the positions of recorded membrane undulation peaks can be used to predict the occurrence of MET in invasive NSCLC cells with high accuracy (>90% for model cell lines and >80% for rCTCs when benchmarking against the conventional bio-marker vimentin). These findings demonstrate the potential of our approach in achieving rapid MET detection with a much reduced cell sample size as well as quantifying changes in the mesenchymal level of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Hui
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR China.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR China .,HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI) Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - X Shao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR China .,HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI) Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - D W Au
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Hong Kong SAR China
| | - W C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Y Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR China .,HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI) Shenzhen Guangdong China
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16
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Choi JS, Smith AST, Williams NP, Matsubara T, Choi M, Kim JW, Kim HJ, Choi S, Kim DH. Nanopatterned Nafion microelectrode arrays for in vitro cardiac electrophysiology. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1910660. [PMID: 33244297 PMCID: PMC7688058 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201910660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report nanopatterned Nafion microelectrode arrays for in vitro cardiac electrophysiology. With the aim of defining sophisticated Nafion nanostructures with highly ionic conductivity, fabrication parameters such as Nafion concentration and curing temperature were optimized. By increasing curing temperature and Nafion concentration, we were able to control the replication fidelity of Nafion nanopatterns when copied from a PDMS master mold. We also found that cross-sectional morphology and ion current density of nanopatterned Nafion strongly depends on the fabrication parameters. To investigate this dependency, current-voltage analysis was conducted using organic electrochemical transistors (OECT) overlaid with patterned Nafion substrates. Nanopatterned Nafion was found to allow higher ion current densities than unpatterned surfaces. Furthermore, higher curing temperatures were found to render Nafion layers with higher ion/electrical transfer properties. To optimize nanopattern dimensions, electrical current flows, and film uniformity, a final configuration consisting of 5% nanopatterned Nafion cured at 65°C was chosen. Multielectrode arrays (MEAs) were then covered with optimized Nafion nanopatterns and used for electrophysiological analysis of two types of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSCs-CMs). These data highlight the suitability of nanopatterned Nafion, combined with MEAs, for enhancing the cellular environment of iPSC-CMs for use in electrophysiological analysis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Seob Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
| | - Alec S T Smith
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Nisa P Williams
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Tatsuya Matsubara
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 226-85603, Japan
| | - Minji Choi
- Convergence Medical Device Research Center, Gumi Electronics and Information Technology Research Institute (GERI), 350-27, Gumidaero, Gumi, Gyeongbuk 39253, South Korea
| | - Joon-Wan Kim
- Laboratoryfor Future Interdisciplinary Research of Science and Technology (FIRST), Institute of Innovative Research(IIR), Tokyo Institute of Technology,J3-12, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hyung Jin Kim
- Convergence Medical Device Research Center, Gumi Electronics and Information Technology Research Institute (GERI), 350-27, Gumidaero, Gumi, Gyeongbuk 39253, South Korea
| | - Seungkeun Choi
- Division of Engineering and Mathematics, Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, 18115 Campus Way NE, Bothell, WA 98011, United States
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States
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17
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Miermont A, Lee SWL, Adriani G, Kamm RD. Quantitative screening of the effects of hyper-osmotic stress on cancer cells cultured in 2- or 3-dimensional settings. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13782. [PMID: 31551497 PMCID: PMC6760113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50198-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of precise cell volume is critical for cell survival. Changes in extracellular osmolarity affect cell volume and may impact various cellular processes such as mitosis, mitochondrial functions, DNA repair as well as cell migration and proliferation. Much of what we know about the mechanisms of cell osmoregulation comes from in vitro two-dimensional (2D) assays that are less physiologically relevant than three-dimensional (3D) in vitro or in vivo settings. Here, we developed a microfluidic model to study the impact of hyper-osmotic stress on the migration, proliferation and ion channel/transporter expression changes of three metastatic cell lines (MDA-MB-231, A549, T24) in 2D versus 3D environments. We observed a global decrease in cell migration and proliferation upon hyper-osmotic stress treatment, with similar responses between 2D and 3D conditions. Specific ion channels/aquaporins are over-expressed in metastatic cells and play a central role during osmo-regulation. Therefore, the effects of hyper-osmotic stress on two transporters, aquaporin 5 (AQP5) and the transient receptor potential cation channel (TRPV4), was investigated. While hyper-osmotic stress had no major impact on the transporters of cells cultured in 2D, cells embedded in collagen gel (3D) decreased their AQP5 expression and exhibited a reduction in intra-cellular translocation of TRPV4. Furthermore, cell dispersion from T24 aggregates embedded in 3D collagen gel decreased with higher levels of hyper-osmotic stress. In conclusion, this study provides evidence on the impact of hyper-osmotic stress on various aspects of metastatic cell progression and highlights the importance of having a 3D cell culture platform in investigating molecular players involved in cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Miermont
- Stem Genomics, IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sharon Wei Ling Lee
- BioSystems and Micromechanics, IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Biomedical Sciences Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Giulia Adriani
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Biomedical Sciences Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roger D Kamm
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States.
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18
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Hui TH, Cho WC, Fong HW, Yu M, Kwan KW, Ngan KC, Wong KH, Tan Y, Yao S, Jiang H, Gu Z, Lin Y. An electro-osmotic microfluidic system to characterize cancer cell migration under confinement. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20190062. [PMID: 31164075 PMCID: PMC6597772 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a novel electro-osmotic microfluidic system to apply precisely controlled osmolarity gradients to cancer cells in micro-channels. We observed that albeit adhesion is not required for cells to migrate in such a confined microenvironment, the migrating velocity of cells is strongly influenced by the interactions between the cells and the channel wall, with a stronger adhesion leading to diminished cell motility. Furthermore, through examining more than 20 different types of cancer cells, we found a linear positive correlation between the protein concentration of the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and the cell migrating speed. Knockdown of AQP4 in invasive re-populated cancer stem cells reduced their migration capability down to the level that is comparable to their parental cancer cells. Interestingly, these observations can all be quantitatively explained by the osmotic engine model where the cell movement is assumed to be driven by cross-membrane ion/water transport, while adhesion acts as a frictional resistance against the cell motility. By providing versatile and controllable features in regulating and characterizing the migration capability of cells, our system may serve as a useful tool in quantifying how cell motility is influenced by different physical and biochemical factors, as well as elucidating the mechanisms behind, in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. H. Hui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - W. C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - H. W. Fong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - M. Yu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - K. W. Kwan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - K. C. Ngan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - K. H. Wong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Y. Tan
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - S. Yao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - H. Jiang
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Z. Gu
- Shum Yiu Foon Shum Bik Chuen Memorial Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y. Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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19
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Interrogating the Electromechanical Regulation of Cellular Volume at the Single-Cell Level. Biophys J 2019; 114:2030-2031. [PMID: 29742395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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20
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Gong B, Wei X, Qian J, Lin Y. Modeling and Simulations of the Dynamic Behaviors of Actin-Based Cytoskeletal Networks. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3720-3734. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gong
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Xi Wei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Qian
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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21
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Fang C, Hui TH, Wei X, Yan Z, Qian J, Lin Y. Interaction and fusion dynamics between cellular blebs. J Biomech 2018; 81:113-121. [PMID: 30366658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Membrane blebbing, as a mechanism for cells to regulate their internal pressure and membrane tension, is believed to play important roles in processes such as cell migration, spreading and apoptosis. However, the fundamental question of how different blebs interact with each other during their life cycles remains largely unclear. Here, we report a combined theoretical and experimental investigation to examine how the growth and retraction of a cellular bleb are influenced by neighboring blebs as well as the fusion dynamics between them. Specifically, a boundary integral model was developed to describe the shape evolution of cell membrane during the blebbing/retracting process. We showed that a drop in the intracellular pressure will be induced by the formation of a bleb whose retraction then restores the pressure level. Consequently, the volume that a second bleb can reach was predicted to heavily depend on its initial weakened size and the time lag with respect to the first bleb, all in quantitative agreement with our experimental observations. In addition, it was found that as the strength of membrane-cortex adhesion increases, the possible coalescence of two neighboring blebs changes from smooth fusion to abrupt coalescence and eventually to no fusion at all. Phase diagrams summarizing the dependence of such transition on key physical factors, such as the intracellular pressure and bleb separation, were also obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tsz Hin Hui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xi Wei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zishen Yan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin Qian
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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22
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Yellin F, Li Y, Sreenivasan VKA, Farrell B, Johny MB, Yue D, Sun SX. Electromechanics and Volume Dynamics in Nonexcitable Tissue Cells. Biophys J 2018; 114:2231-2242. [PMID: 29742416 PMCID: PMC5961520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell volume regulation is fundamentally important in phenomena such as cell growth, proliferation, tissue homeostasis, and embryogenesis. How the cell size is set, maintained, and changed over a cell's lifetime is not well understood. In this work we focus on how the volume of nonexcitable tissue cells is coupled to the cell membrane electrical potential and the concentrations of membrane-permeable ions in the cell environment. Specifically, we demonstrate that a sudden cell depolarization using the whole-cell patch clamp results in a 50% increase in cell volume, whereas hyperpolarization results in a slight volume decrease. We find that cell volume can be partially controlled by changing the chloride or the sodium/potassium concentrations in the extracellular environment while maintaining a constant external osmotic pressure. Depletion of external chloride leads to a volume decrease in suspended HN31 cells. Introducing cells to a high-potassium solution causes volume increase up to 50%. Cell volume is also influenced by cortical tension: actin depolymerization leads to cell volume increase. We present an electrophysiology model of water dynamics driven by changes in membrane potential and the concentrations of permeable ions in the cells surrounding. The model quantitatively predicts that the cell volume is directly proportional to the intracellular protein content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Yellin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yizeng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Brenda Farrell
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Manu B Johny
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David Yue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sean X Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
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23
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Yan Z, Hui TH, Fong HW, Shao X, Cho WC, Ngan KC, Yip TC, Lin Y. An electroporation platform for Erlotinib resistance screening in living non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aa99e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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24
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Hui TH, Tang YH, Yan Z, Yip TC, Fong HW, Cho WC, Ngan KC, Shum HC, Lin Y. Cadherin- and Rigidity-Dependent Growth of Lung Cancer Cells in a Partially Confined Microenvironment. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 4:446-455. [PMID: 33418735 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During tumor development, cancer cells constantly confront different types of extracellular barriers. However, fundamental questions like whether tumor cells will continue to grow against confinement or away from it and what key factors govern this process remain poorly understood. To address these issues, here we examined the growth dynamics of human lung epithelial carcinoma A549 cells partially confined in micrometer-sized cylindrical pores with precisely controlled wall stiffness. It was found that, after reaching confluency, the cell monolayer enclosed by a compliant wall was able to keep growing and pushing the boundary, eventually leading to a markedly enlarged pore. In contrast, a much reduced in-plane growth and elevated strain level among cells were observed when the confining wall becomes stiff. Furthermore, under such circumstance, cells switched their growth from within the monolayer to along the out-of-plane direction, resulting in cell stacking. We showed that these observations can be well explained by a simple model taking into account the deformability of the wall and the threshold stress for inhibiting cell growth. Interestingly, cadherins were found to play an important role in the proliferation and stress buildup within the cell monolayer by aggregating at cell-cell junctions. The stiff confinement led to an elevated expression level of cadherins. Furthermore, inhibition of N-cadherin resulted in a significantly suppressed cell growth under the same confining conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Hui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.,HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Kejizhong second Rd., Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Y H Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Z Yan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.,HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Kejizhong second Rd., Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - T C Yip
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - H W Fong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - W C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - K C Ngan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - H C Shum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.,HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Kejizhong second Rd., Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Y Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.,HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Kejizhong second Rd., Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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