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Aydin DD, Taşkınalp O, Uluçam E, Karadağ H, Özfidan GK, Topuz R, Ersoy O. The effect of acute and chronic formaldehyde exposure on learning and memory in male and female rats. Int J Neurosci 2023:1-9. [PMID: 38152865 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2023.2300728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM Formaldehyde is a chemical that lies behind the various systemical failures in organism. Many products that people use contain formaldehyde. Owing to its tissue fixative properties, scientists who work in life sciences are exposed to this substance more than others. Several studies have shown that formaldehyde affects the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus, which play crucial roles in memory consolidation. In this study, we aimed to investigate anxiety levels and indicate the short and long term effects of formaldehyde and sex-related differences by exposing formaldehyde to male and female rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Formaldehyde (10 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally for 7 days for acute exposure and 30 days for chronic exposure. Cognitive assessment was performed using fear conditioning, elevated plus maze, and Morris water maze tests. TUNEL staining was used to identify apoptosis in the brains obtained after decapitation. RESULTS Exposure to intraperitoneal formaldehyde does not impair learning and memory in acute and chronic periods and has no effect on depression or anxiety. After acute exposure, apoptosis was observed in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions in males. When the cognitive test results were examined, no differences were found between the experimental and control groups. There was also no significant difference between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Dönmez Aydin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Oğuz Taşkınalp
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Enis Uluçam
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Hakan Karadağ
- Faculty of Medicine Department of Pharmacology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Gülnur Kızılay Özfidan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Ruhan Topuz
- Faculty of Medicine Department of Pharmacology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Onur Ersoy
- School of Health Sciences, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
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Zhang L, Yang Y, Zhang L, Ma J, Sun R, Tian Y, Yuan X, Liu B, Yu T, Jiang Z. Identification of long non-coding RNA in formaldehyde-induced cardiac dysplasia in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 174:113653. [PMID: 36758786 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde exposure during pregnancy can cause fetal congenital heart disease (CHD). However, the regulatory mechanism remains unclear. Studies on the biology of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) show that lncRNAs can influence cardiac development and disease. However, expression patterns and regulatory mechanisms of action of lncRNAs in formaldehyde-induced CHD remain unclear. We used high-throughput sequencing strategies as a means of identifying lncRNA expression profiles in heart tissues of normal and formaldehyde-exposed newborn rats. Overall, 763 differentially expressed lncRNAs were identified, including 325 and 438 that were respectively up-regulated and down-regulated. GO and KEGG analyses indicated that the Ras and hedgehog signaling pathways may be important regulatory pathways in CHD caused by exposure to formaldehyde. A lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA co-expression network was constructed and a key miRNA, rno-miR-665, was identified. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis verified that the novel lncRNAs: MSTRG.27313.2, MSTRG.30629.2, MSTRG.36520.33, MSTRG.91234.1, and MSTRG.91233.9, were upregulated in the formaldehyde-exposed group. These differentially expressed lncRNAs identified during formaldehyde-induced CHD in newborn rats help explain CHD pathogenesis and provide an effective reference for diagnosing and treating CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Road No. 59 Haier, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Linyi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Linyi, 276000, PR China
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Road No. 59 Haier, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ruicong Sun
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Road No. 59 Haier, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yu Tian
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Road No. 59 Haier, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Yuan
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Road No. 59 Haier, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, PR China
| | - Bingyu Liu
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Road No. 59 Haier, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, PR China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Road No. 59 Haier, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, PR China; Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Road No. 38 Dengzhou, Qingdao, 266021, PR China.
| | - Zhirong Jiang
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Road No. 59 Haier, Qingdao, 266100, Shandong, PR China.
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AlMatrouk A, Lemons K, Ogura T, Lin W. Modification of the Peripheral Olfactory System by Electronic Cigarettes. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:2621-2644. [PMID: 34661289 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) are used by millions of adolescents and adults worldwide. Commercial e-liquids typically contain flavorants, propylene glycol, and vegetable glycerin with or without nicotine. These chemical constituents are detected and evaluated by chemosensory systems to guide and modulate vaping behavior and product choices of e-cig users. The flavorants in e-liquids are marketing tools. They evoke sensory percepts of appealing flavors through activation of chemical sensory systems to promote the initiation and sustained use of e-cigs. The vast majority of flavorants in e-liquids are volatile odorants, and as such, the olfactory system plays a dominant role in perceiving these molecules that enter the nasal cavity either orthonasally or retronasally during vaping. In addition to flavorants, e-cig aerosol contains a variety of by-products generated through heating the e-liquids, including odorous irritants, toxicants, and heavy metals. These harmful substances can directly and adversely impact the main olfactory epithelium (MOE). In this article, we first discuss the olfactory contribution to e-cig flavor perception. We then provide information on MOE cell types and their major functions in olfaction and epithelial maintenance. Olfactory detection of flavorants, nicotine, and odorous irritants and toxicants are also discussed. Finally, we discuss the cumulated data on modification of the MOE by flavorant exposure and toxicological impacts of formaldehyde, acrolein, and heavy metals. Together, the information presented in this overview may provide insight into how e-cig exposure may modify the olfactory system and adversely impact human health through the alteration of the chemosensory factor driving e-cig use behavior and product selections. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:2621-2644, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah AlMatrouk
- General Department of Criminal Evidence, Forensic Laboratories, Ministry of Interior, Farwaniyah, Kuwait.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kayla Lemons
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tatsuya Ogura
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Weihong Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Niu H, Xie R, Li L, Zhang X, Wei X, Deng J, Li Z. WITHDRAWN: Resveratrol partially prevents learning and memory deficits in rats exposed to gaseous formaldehyde. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020:S1382-6689(20)30179-4. [PMID: 32976996 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huatao Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Ran Xie
- Department of PET-CT, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Lanjiang Li
- College of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650031, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Experimental Demonstration Center, College of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650031, China
| | - Xiaohan Wei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Tissue Embryology, College of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650031, China
| | - Jie Deng
- Department of Human Anatomy and Tissue Embryology, College of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650031, China
| | - Zhongming Li
- Department of Human Anatomy and Tissue Embryology, College of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650031, China.
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Li G, Yang J, Ling S. Formaldehyde exposure alters miRNA expression profiles in the olfactory bulb. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:387-93. [PMID: 26161908 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1062580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that inhaling formaldehyde (FA) causes damage to the central nervous system. However, it is unclear whether FA can disturb the function of the olfactory bulb. Using a microarray, we found that FA inhalation altered the miRNA expression profile. Functional enrichment analysis of the predicted targets of the changed miRNA showed that the enrichment canonical pathways and networks associated with cancer and transcriptional regulation. FA exposure disrupts miRNA expression profiles within the olfactory bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifa Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , P.R. China
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Tulpule K, Dringen R. Formaldehyde in brain: an overlooked player in neurodegeneration? J Neurochem 2013; 127:7-21. [PMID: 23800365 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is an environmental pollutant that is also generated in substantial amounts in the human body during normal metabolism. This aldehyde is a well-established neurotoxin that affects memory, learning, and behavior. In addition, in several pathological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, an increase in the expression of formaldehyde-generating enzymes and elevated levels of formaldehyde in brain have been reported. This article gives an overview on the current knowledge on the generation and metabolism of formaldehyde in brain cells as well as on formaldehyde-induced alterations in metabolic processes. Brain cells have the potential to generate and to dispose formaldehyde. In culture, both astrocytes and neurons efficiently oxidize formaldehyde to formate which can be exported or further oxidized. Although moderate concentrations of formaldehyde are not acutely toxic for brain cells, exposure to formaldehyde severely affects their metabolism as demonstrated by the formaldehyde-induced acceleration of glycolytic flux and by the rapid multidrug resistance protein 1-mediated export of glutathione from both astrocytes and neurons. These formaldehyde-induced alterations in the metabolism of brain cells may contribute to the impaired cognitive performance observed after formaldehyde exposure and to the neurodegeneration in diseases that are associated with increased formaldehyde levels in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketki Tulpule
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pashan, Pune, India
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Bell IR, Schwartz GE, Boyer NN, Koithan M, Brooks AJ. Advances in Integrative Nanomedicine for Improving Infectious Disease Treatment in Public Health. Eur J Integr Med 2013; 5:126-140. [PMID: 23795222 PMCID: PMC3685499 DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infectious diseases present public health challenges worldwide. An emerging integrative approach to treating infectious diseases is using nanoparticle (NP) forms of traditional and alternative medicines. Advantages of nanomedicine delivery methods include better disease targeting, especially for intracellular pathogens, ability to cross membranes and enter cells, longer duration drug action, reduced side effects, and cost savings from lower doses. METHODS We searched Pubmed articles in English with keywords related to nanoparticles and nanomedicine. Nanotechnology terms were also combined with keywords for drug delivery, infectious diseases, herbs, antioxidants, homeopathy, and adaptation. RESULTS NPs are very small forms of material substances, measuring 1-100 nanometers along at least one dimension. Compared with bulk forms, NPs' large ratio of surface-area-to-volume confers increased reactivity and adsorptive capacity, with unique electromagnetic, chemical, biological, and quantum properties. Nanotechnology uses natural botanical agents for green manufacturing of less toxic NPs. DISCUSSION Nanoparticle herbs and nutriceuticals can treat infections via improved bioavailability and antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects. Recent studies demonstrate that homeopathic medicines may contain source and/or silica nanoparticles because of their traditional manufacturing processes. Homeopathy, as a form of nanomedicine, has a promising history of treating epidemic infectious diseases, including malaria, leptospirosis and HIV/AIDS, in addition to acute upper respiratory infections. Adaptive changes in the host's complex networks underlie effects. CONCLUSIONS Nanomedicine is integrative, blending modern technology with natural products to reduce toxicity and support immune function. Nanomedicine using traditional agents from alternative systems of medicine can facilitate progress in integrative public health approaches to infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris R. Bell
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, the University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, the University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Psychology, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- College of Nursing, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Medicine (Integrative Medicine), the University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Gary E. Schwartz
- Department of Psychiatry, the University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Psychology, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Medicine (Integrative Medicine), the University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Mary Koithan
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, the University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
- College of Nursing, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Medicine (Integrative Medicine), the University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Audrey J. Brooks
- Department of Psychology, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Medicine (Integrative Medicine), the University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Tang XQ, Zhuang YY, Zhang P, Fang HR, Zhou CF, Gu HF, Zhang H, Wang CY. Formaldehyde impairs learning and memory involving the disturbance of hydrogen sulfide generation in the hippocampus of rats. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 49:140-9. [PMID: 23108488 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA), a well-known indoor and outdoor pollutant, has been implicated as the responsible agent in the development of neurocognitive disorders. Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S), the third gasotransimitter, is an endogenous neuromodulator, which facilitates the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation, involving the functions of learning and memory. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of intracerebroventricular injection of FA on the formation of learning and memory and the generation of endogenous H(2)S in the hippocampus of rats. We found that the intracerebroventricular injection of FA in rats impairs the function of learning and memory in the Morris water maze and novel object recognition test and increases the formation of apoptosis and lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus. We also showed that FA exposure inhibits the expression of cystathionine β-synthase, the major enzyme responsible for endogenous H(2)S generation in hippocampus and decreases the production of endogenous H(2)S in hippocampus in rats. These results suggested that FA-disturbed generation of endogenous H(2)S in hippocampus leads to the oxidative stress-mediated neuron damage, ultimately impairing the function of learning and memory. Our findings imply that the disturbance of endogenous H(2)S generation in hippocampus is a potential contributing mechanism underling FA-caused learning and memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Tang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, University of South China, 28 W Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001 Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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Hetherington L, Battershill J. Review of evidence for a toxicological mechanism of idiopathic environmental intolerance. Hum Exp Toxicol 2012; 32:3-17. [PMID: 23060407 DOI: 10.1177/0960327112457189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic environmental intolerance (IEI) is a medically unexplained disorder characterised by a wide variety of unspecific symptoms in different organ systems and attributed to nontoxic concentrations of chemicals and other environmental factors that are tolerated by the majority of individuals. Both exposure to chemicals and behavioural conditioning are considered as possible contributors to the development of IEI. However, owing to the heterogeneity of the condition, it is difficult to separate the toxicological, physiological and psychological aspects of IEI. Here, we review the evidence for postulated toxicologically mediated mechanisms for IEI. Available data do not support either a classical receptor-mediated or an idiosyncratic toxicological mechanism. Furthermore, if there were convincing evidence for a psychological cause for many patients with IEI, then this would suggest that the priority for the future is the development of psychological treatments for IEI. Finally, we advocate genome wide screening of IEI patients to elucidate genotypic features of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lh Hetherington
- General Toxicology Group, Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Health Protection Agency, Didcot, Oxon, UK.
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Bell IR. Multiple Chemical Sensitivity Syndrome. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-1793-8.00030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Liu Y, Ye Z, Yang H, Zhou L, Fan D, He S, Chui D. Disturbances of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment proteins in hippocampal synaptosomes contribute to cognitive impairment after repetitive formaldehyde inhalation in male rats. Neuroscience 2010; 169:1248-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Barker JM, Galea LAM. Males show stronger contextual fear conditioning than females after context pre-exposure. Physiol Behav 2010; 99:82-90. [PMID: 19879284 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 10/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol affects the structure and function of the hippocampus. We have found that repeated estradiol affects neurogenesis and cell death in the hippocampus of adult female, but not male rats. In the present study we sought to determine whether using the same regimen of estradiol would influence hippocampus-dependent behaviour. Adult male and female rats were given estradiol or sesame oil for 15 days, and then tested using a contextual pre-exposure paradigm in which performance depends on the hippocampus. The time spent freezing displayed by rats was scored on subsequent days in (1) the training context, (2) a novel context in which rats had never been shocked, and (3) the training context a second time. Irrespective of treatment, males showed stronger memory for the context by exhibiting greater freezing in both the training context exposures and the novel context. Previous estradiol treatment, in either sex, did not affect the ability to learn and retain information about the training context. However, female rats treated with estradiol and exposed to a novel context after fear conditioning exhibited less freezing behaviour than controls. Taken together, our results demonstrate that gonadectomized male rats outperform females, regardless of previous treatment with estradiol, on a hippocampus-contextual fear conditioning test, and that previous estradiol treatment has a subtle effect on performance in female but not male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Barker
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Brain Research Centre, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Liu Y, Ye Z, Luo H, Sun M, Li M, Fan D, Chui D. Inhalative formaldehyde exposure enhances aggressive behavior and disturbs monoamines in frontal cortex synaptosome of male rats. Neurosci Lett 2009; 464:113-6. [PMID: 19545605 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) exposure is known to be toxic to central nervous system of mammals. In this paper, we evaluated the aggressive behavior after repetitive inhalative FA exposure to male SD rats, and explored the potential mechanism. The rats, ranging from 160 to 180 g, were randomly designated into the orchiectomized (ORX) group, the control and the inhalative FA treatment groups. Eight rats underwent orchiectomy surgery. Three days after the orchiectomy surgery, the inhalative FA (monitored to be 13.5+/-1.5 ppm) treatment began. We found that the male SD rats, those were exposed to FA showed more aggressive behavior compared to the control. And the ORX rats exhibited less aggressive behavior than the control. Furthermore, the dopamine increased and 5-HT decreased significantly in frontal cortex synaptosome after inhalative FA treatment. It is the first to evaluate aggressive behavior and identified monoamines disturbances in the frontal cortex synaptosome after the repetitive inhalative FA exposure to rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory for Neureoscience, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, PR China
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van Thriel C, Kiesswetter E, Schäper M, Juran SA, Blaszkewicz M, Kleinbeck S. Odor annoyance of environmental chemicals: sensory and cognitive influences. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2008; 71:776-785. [PMID: 18569576 DOI: 10.1080/15287390801985596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In low concentrations, environment pollutants like volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may be perceived via olfaction. Modulators of odor-mediated health effects include age, gender, or personality traits related to chemical sensitivity. Severe multi-organ symptoms in response to odors also characterize a syndrome referred to as idiopathic environmental intolerance (IEI). One prominent feature of IEI is self-reported odor hypersensitivity that is usually not accompanied by enhanced olfactory functioning. The impact of interindividual differences in olfactory functioning on chemosensory perceptions is sparsely investigated, and therefore this study addressed the influences of different types of modulators, including olfactory functioning. In a psychophysical scaling experiment, an age-stratified sample of 44 males and females was examined. After controlled application of nine concentrations of six chemicals by flow-olfactometry, the participants rated four olfactory and nine trigeminal perceptions. Weak effects were found for gender and age, as well as some modulating effects of self-reported chemical sensitivity and odor discrimination ability. For chemical sensitivity, the results were as expected: Subjects with higher sensitivity reported stronger perceptions. The individual odor threshold (n-butanol) exerted no influence on the subjects' ratings of olfactory and trigeminal perceptions. Surprisingly, above-average odor discrimination ability was associated with lower ratings of odor intensity and nausea. This particular aspect of olfactory functioning might be a reflection of a more objective odor evaluation model buffering emotional responses to environmental odors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph van Thriel
- Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.
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Ahmed S, Tsukahara S, Yamamoto S, Kunugita N, Arashidani K, Fujimaki H. Effects of low-level formaldehyde exposure on synaptic plasticity-related gene expression in the hippocampus of immunized mice. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 186:104-11. [PMID: 17434604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 12/26/2006] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of inhalative exposure to formaldehyde (FA, 400 ppb) on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits (NR2A and NR2B), dopamine receptor subtypes (D1 and D2), cyclic AMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB)-1, CREB-2, FosB/DeltaFosB, and transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor (TRPV1) in the hippocampus of ovalbumin-immunized mice using quantitative real-time PCR. Western blot analyses for pCREB were performed. The mRNA levels of NR2A, D1 and D2 receptors, and CREB-1 were significantly increased by FA, but NR2B, CREB-2, FosB/DeltaFosB, and TRPV1 mRNA levels remained unchanged. Treatment with MK-801 normalized the mRNA levels induced by FA. There was no significant effect of FA exposure and MK-801 treatment on the protein level of pCREB. These results indicate that FA exposure selectively up-regulates hippocampal gene expression in immunologically sensitized mice. The FA effects are presumably mediated by glutamatergic neurotransmission through NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohel Ahmed
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Ibaraki, Japan
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Bell IR. Multiple Chemical Sensitivity Syndrome. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-2954-0.50038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pamplona FA, Prediger RDS, Pandolfo P, Takahashi RN. The cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 facilitates the extinction of contextual fear memory and spatial memory in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 188:641-9. [PMID: 16947018 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-006-0514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Previous studies demonstrated that pharmacological blockade of CB1 cannabinoid receptors decreases the extinction of conditioned fear and spatial memory in rodents. However, the effects of CB1 cannabinoid receptor activation in this response remain unclear. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of the cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN) and the cannabinoid antagonist SR 147778 (SR) on the extinction of contextual fear memory in rats 24 h or 30 days after fear conditioning. METHODS For fear conditioning, rats were placed in the conditioning chamber for 3 min and received a 1-s electric foot shock (1.5 mA). Retrieval testing consisted of a 3-min exposure to the conditioning chamber and extinction training consisted of successive 9-min exposures at 24-h intervals. Rats were also evaluated in the open field and water maze reversal task. RESULTS The administration of SR (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) and WIN (0.25 mg/kg, i.p.) before extinction training disrupted and facilitated, respectively, the extinction of 24 h contextual fear memory. These effects were not related to any disturbance in memory retrieval, unconditioned freezing expression, or locomotor activity. WIN (0.25 mg/kg, i.p.) also facilitated the extinction of 30-day-old contextual fear memory, while the prior administration of SR (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) antagonized this response. The facilitative effect of WIN on memory extinction does not seem to be specific for contextual fear memory because it was also observed in the water maze reversal task. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest cannabinoid receptor agonists as potential drugs to treat anxiety disorders related to the retrieval of aversive memories.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzoxazines
- Conditioning, Psychological/drug effects
- Extinction, Psychological/drug effects
- Fear
- Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic/drug effects
- Male
- Maze Learning/drug effects
- Memory/drug effects
- Morpholines/pharmacology
- Naphthalenes/pharmacology
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício A Pamplona
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88049-900, Brazil
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Correll CM, Rosenkranz JA, Grace AA. Chronic cold stress alters prefrontal cortical modulation of amygdala neuronal activity in rats. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58:382-91. [PMID: 16023619 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Revised: 03/29/2005] [Accepted: 04/06/2005] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that long-term exposure to stress can sensitize animals to subsequent novel or acute stressors. Stressors affect amygdala activity, and the prefrontal cortex has been implicated in the regulation of responses to stress. Little is known, however, about how the physiology of amygdala neurons is altered by chronic stressors or the role of the prefrontal cortex in these changes. METHODS We used in vivo extracellular recordings from neurons in the rat central and basolateral amygdala nuclei to examine the effects of chronic stress on the basal firing and responses of amygdala neurons to a novel stressor. Additionally, prefrontal cortical afferents were severed to examine its role in the modulation of the response to stressors. RESULTS Chronic exposure to cold enhanced the sensitivity of central amygdala neurons to footshock. A portion of this may be due to enhanced basolateral amygdala output. Furthermore, prefrontal cortical regulation of this response is weakened by chronic stress. CONCLUSIONS The physiology of the amygdala is altered by chronic stress. Furthermore, the prefrontal cortical regulation of these responses may be weakened after chronic stress. This is a potential biological substrate for abnormal affect upon chronic stress and its effect on affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Correll
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Classical conditioning is a form of associative learning, based on the pioneering work of I. P. Pavlov: due to its association with an unconditioned stimulus that induces an unconditioned response, an initially neutral stimulus will become a conditioned stimulus evoking a conditioned response in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus. One important area for the application of conditioning principles is the regulation of physiological systems in general, and endocrine responses and its concomitant changes specifically. Conditioned endocrine responses were predominantly addressed in animal studies so far, mainly examining conditioned insulin production (and blood-glucose change) and corticosterone release. RECENT FINDINGS There are very few studies on classical conditioning of endocrine responses in the annual period of this review. The advancement, however, is that some are conducted with humans. Recently, as a new avenue, hormones and neurotransmitters have been examined as mediators of basic conditioning processes. Moreover, there is an increasing interest in gender-specific conditioning responses which are influenced by gonadal hormones. SUMMARY Research on classical conditioning demonstrates that endocrine systems are adaptable to environmental signals. Likewise, the endocrine status of an organism (at least with regard to glucocorticoids and gonadal hormones) was shown to modify classically conditioned responses. Partly due to the high expenditure of conducting conditioning experiments, the quantity of studies is limited, but there is a need to extend this research to humans. In sum, the application of conditioning paradigms constitutes an important research tool for behavioral medicine as well as psychiatry to examine brain-behavior relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Stockhorst
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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Jones SV, Heldt SA, Davis M, Ressler KJ. Olfactory-mediated fear conditioning in mice: simultaneous measurements of fear-potentiated startle and freezing. Behav Neurosci 2005; 119:329-35. [PMID: 15727538 PMCID: PMC2881597 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.119.1.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates that mice display olfactory-cued fear as measured with both freezing and fear-potentiated startle. Following a preconditioning test to measure any unconditioned responses to odor, mice received 5 pairings of a 10-s odor with a 0.25-s, 0.4-mA footshock. The next day, startle and freezing were measured in the presence and absence of the odor. Both fear measures increased after training with amyl acetate (Experiment 1) and acetophenone (Experiment 2). The enhancement of startle did not occur when the same number of odors and shocks were presented in an unpaired fashion (Experiment 3). Furthermore, mice were able to discriminate between an odor paired with shock and a nonreinforced odor (Experiment 4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth V Jones
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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