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Al-Saif LA, Aljawhri SA, Eissa OG, Mahmoud RH, Said ES. Effect of Amphetamine Dependence on Redox State via Alteration of Urinary Levels of Major and Trace Elements: A Case-Control Study in the Saudi Population. Cureus 2024; 16:e59819. [PMID: 38846242 PMCID: PMC11156246 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Drug and substance abuse remains a major medical problem worldwide. Amphetamines are potent stimulants of the central nervous system. Amphetamine abuse is highly prevalent among drug-dependents. This study was conducted in Qassim, Saudi Arabia, to evaluate amphetamine's toxic effects on major and trace elements and their correlation with redox status. Methods The study involved amphetamine-only patients admitted to the Erada Rehabilitation Centre from March to October 2023. Urine samples were analysed from both normal subjects and amphetamine-dependent groups. Results Urinary sodium and chloride levels were significantly higher in the amphetamine-dependent group than in the control group, while their calcium levels decreased. Lipid peroxidase levels significantly increased in people with a substance use disorder (SUD), indicating oxidative stress. Together, their total antioxidant capacity decreased. Zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), sodium (Na), and total antioxidant capacity levels were positively correlated with lipid peroxidase. Conclusions Amphetamine-dependent people are more likely to experience a variety of health problems. This study found a direct correlation between an imbalance in major and trace elements and the redox status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lira A Al-Saif
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, SAU
| | - Said A Aljawhri
- Department of Laboratory, Erada Medical Rehabilitation Centre in Qassim, Ministry of Health, Buraydah, SAU
| | - Osama G Eissa
- Department of Psychiatry, Erada Medical Rehabilitation Centre in Qassim, Ministry of Health, Buraydah, SAU
| | - Rania H Mahmoud
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, EGY
| | - Eman S Said
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, SAU
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, EGY
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2
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De Simone G, Mazza B, Vellucci L, Barone A, Ciccarelli M, de Bartolomeis A. Schizophrenia Synaptic Pathology and Antipsychotic Treatment in the Framework of Oxidative and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Translational Highlights for the Clinics and Treatment. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040975. [PMID: 37107350 PMCID: PMC10135787 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a worldwide mental illness characterized by alterations at dopaminergic and glutamatergic synapses resulting in global dysconnectivity within and between brain networks. Impairments in inflammatory processes, mitochondrial functions, energy expenditure, and oxidative stress have been extensively associated with schizophrenia pathophysiology. Antipsychotics, the mainstay of schizophrenia pharmacological treatment and all sharing the common feature of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy, may affect antioxidant pathways as well as mitochondrial protein levels and gene expression. Here, we systematically reviewed the available evidence on antioxidants' mechanisms in antipsychotic action and the impact of first- and second-generation compounds on mitochondrial functions and oxidative stress. We further focused on clinical trials addressing the efficacy and tolerability of antioxidants as an augmentation strategy of antipsychotic treatment. EMBASE, Scopus, and Medline/PubMed databases were interrogated. The selection process was conducted in respect of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. Several mitochondrial proteins involved in cell viability, energy metabolism, and regulation of oxidative systems were reported to be significantly modified by antipsychotic treatment with differences between first- and second-generation drugs. Finally, antioxidants may affect cognitive and psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia, and although the evidence is only preliminary, the results indicate that further studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe De Simone
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mazza
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Licia Vellucci
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annarita Barone
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Ciccarelli
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment-Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair on Health Education and Sustainable Development, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
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3
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Emerging roles of brain metabolism in cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 142:104892. [PMID: 36181925 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Here we discuss the role of diverse environmental manipulations affecting cognition with special regard to psychiatric conditions. We present evidence supporting a direct causal correlation between the valence of the environmental stimulation and some psychopathological traits and how the environment influences brain structure and function with special regard to oxidative stress and mitochondrial activity. Increasing experimental evidence supports a role for mitochondrial dysfunctions in neuropsychiatric disorders. Brain mitochondria are considered crucial mediators of allostasis, that is the capability to adapt to stress via a complex interaction between the autonomic, metabolic, and immune systems to maintain cellular homeostasis. In this process, mitochondria act as highly dynamic integrators by sensing and transducing stressors into adaptation mechanisms via metabolic stress mediators, such as glucocorticoids and catecholamines. Alterations in cellular homeostasis induced by chronic stress are thought to predispose to disease by triggering the so-called "mitochondrial allostatic load". This process is characterized by functional and structural changes of the mitochondria, ultimately leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial DNA damage and apoptosis. In this review we discuss the role of diverse environmental manipulations to affect cognition with special regard to psychiatric conditions. How the environment influences brain structure and function, and the interactions between rearing conditions, oxidative stress and mitochondrial activity are fundamental questions that are still poorly understood. As will be discussed, increasing experimental evidence supports a role for mitochondrial dysfunctions in neuropsychiatric disorders. Brain mitochondria are considered crucial mediators of allostasis, that is the capability to adapt to stress via a complex interaction between the autonomic, metabolic, and immune systems to maintain cellular homeostasis. In this process, mitochondria act as highly dynamic integrators by sensing and transducing stressors into adaptation mechanisms via metabolic stress mediators, such as glucocorticoids and catecholamines. Alterations in cellular homeostasis induced by chronic stress are thought to predispose to disease by triggering the so-called "mitochondrial allostatic load". This process is characterized by functional and structural changes of the mitochondria, ultimately leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial DNA damage and apoptosis. The brain requires considerable mitochondrial reserve not only to sustain basal neuronal needs but a also to provide increasing energy demands during stress. Consistently with these high energetic requirements, it is reasonable to hypothesise that the brain is particularly vulnerable to mitochondrial defects. Thus, even subtle metabolic alterations might have a substantial impact on cognitive functions. Over the last decade, several experimental evidence supported the hypothesis that a suboptimal mitochondrial function, which could be of genetic origin or acquired following adverse life events, is a key vulnerability factor for stress-related psychopathologies. Chronic psychological stress is a major promoter of anxiety as well as of oxidative damage, as shown in several studies. Recent evidence from mouse models harbouring mutations in mitochondrial genes demonstrated the role of mitochondria in modulating the response to acute psychological stress. However, it has yet to be determined whether mitochondrial dysfunctions are the cause or the consequence of anxiety. In this review, we discuss how adverse psychosocial environments can impact mitochondrial bioenergetics at the molecular level and we gather evidence from several studies linking energy metabolism and stress resilience/vulnerability. Moreover, we review recent findings supporting that metabolic dysfunction can underlie deficits in complex social behaviours. As will be discussed, aberrations in mitochondrial functionality have been found in the nucleus accumbens of highly anxious mice and mediate low social competitiveness. In addition, alterations in sociability can be reversed by enhancing mitochondrial functions. Recent evidence also demonstrated that a specific mutation in mitochondrial DNA, previously linked to autism spectrum disorder, produces autistic endophenotypes in mice by altering respiration chain and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Finally, we discuss a "Negative Enrichment" model that can explain some of the psychopathological conditions relevant to humans. Evidence of a direct causal correlation of valence of environmental stimulation and psychopathological traits will be presented, and possible molecular mechanisms that focus on oxidative stress. Collectively, the findings described here have been achieved with a wide set of behavioural and cognitive tasks with translational validity. Thus, they will be useful for future work aimed to elucidate the fine metabolic alterations in psychopathologies and devise novel approaches targeting mitochondria to alleviate these conditions.
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Zegers-Delgado J, Blanlot C, Calderon F, Yarur HE, Novoa J, Vega-Quiroga I, Bastias CP, Gysling K. Reactive oxygen species modulate locomotor activity and dopamine extracellular levels induced by amphetamine in rats. Behav Brain Res 2022; 427:113857. [PMID: 35331742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The increase of dopamine (DA) in the reward system is related to the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse and hyper locomotion induced by psychostimulants. The increase of DA induced by drugs of abuse ge nerates high amounts of ROS by monoamines metabolization. It has been showed that ROS could modulate psychomotor response and reinforcing effects induced by drugs of abuse as cocaine and methamphetamine (METH). The aim of this study is to evaluate the relation of ROS and amphetamine (AMPH). Here, we show that pretreatment of the ROS scavenger 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPOL) attenuates the induction of locomotion and oxidative stress generated in nucleus accumbens (Nac) by acute AMPH administration. Interestingly, TEMPOL also attenuates the increase of DA induced by AMPH in Nac. Finally, TEMPOL reduces DAT phosphorylation when AMPH is co-infused in Nac synaptosomes. Taking together, our results suggest that ROS modulate AMPH effects in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zegers-Delgado
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Millenium Science Nucleus in Stress and Addiction, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, 8331150, Chile.
| | - Camila Blanlot
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Millenium Science Nucleus in Stress and Addiction, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
| | - Florencia Calderon
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Millenium Science Nucleus in Stress and Addiction, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
| | - Hector E Yarur
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Millenium Science Nucleus in Stress and Addiction, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
| | - Javier Novoa
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Millenium Science Nucleus in Stress and Addiction, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
| | - Ignacio Vega-Quiroga
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Millenium Science Nucleus in Stress and Addiction, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
| | - Cristian P Bastias
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Millenium Science Nucleus in Stress and Addiction, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
| | - Katia Gysling
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Millenium Science Nucleus in Stress and Addiction, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, 8331150, Chile.
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5
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Benvenutti R, Gallas-Lopes M, Sachett A, Marcon M, Strogulski NR, Reis CG, Chitolina R, Piato A, Herrmann AP. How do zebrafish (Danio rerio) respond to MK-801 and amphetamine? Relevance for assessing schizophrenia-related endophenotypes in alternative model organisms. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:2844-2859. [PMID: 34496062 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia pathophysiology has been associated with dopaminergic hyperactivity, NMDA receptor hypofunction, and redox dysregulation. Most behavioral assays and animal models to study this condition were developed in rodents, leaving room for species-specific biases that could be avoided by cross-species approaches. As MK-801 and amphetamine are largely used in mice and rats to mimic schizophrenia features, this study aimed to compare the effects of these drugs in several zebrafish (Danio rerio) behavioral assays. Male and female adult zebrafish were exposed to MK-801 (1, 5, and 10 μM) or amphetamine (0.625, 2.5, and 10 mg/L) and observed in paradigms of locomotor activity and social behavior. Oxidative parameters were quantified in brain tissue. Our results demonstrate that MK-801 disrupted social interaction, an effect that resembles the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. It also altered locomotion in a context-dependent manner, with hyperactivity when fish were tested in the presence of social cues and hypoactivity when tested alone. On the other hand, exposure to amphetamine was devoid of effects on locomotion and social behavior, while it increased lipid peroxidation in the brain. Key outcomes induced by MK-801 in rodents, such as social interaction deficit and locomotor alterations, were replicated in zebrafish, corroborating previous studies and reinforcing the use of zebrafish to study schizophrenia-related endophenotypes. More studies are necessary to assess the predictive validity of preclinical paradigms with this species and ultimately optimize the screening of potential novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radharani Benvenutti
- Departmento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Matheus Gallas-Lopes
- Departmento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Adrieli Sachett
- Departmento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Matheus Marcon
- Departmento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Nathan Ryzewski Strogulski
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos Guilherme Reis
- Departmento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Chitolina
- Departmento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Angelo Piato
- Departmento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Herrmann
- Departmento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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6
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Jîtcă G, Ősz BE, Tero-Vescan A, Vari CE. Psychoactive Drugs-From Chemical Structure to Oxidative Stress Related to Dopaminergic Neurotransmission. A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:381. [PMID: 33806320 PMCID: PMC8000782 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, more and more young people want to experience illegal, psychoactive substances, without knowing the risks of exposure. Besides affecting social life, psychoactive substances also have an important effect on consumer health. We summarized and analyzed the published literature data with reference to the mechanism of free radical generation and the link between chemical structure and oxidative stress related to dopaminergic neurotransmission. This review presents data on the physicochemical properties, on the ability to cross the blood brain barrier, the chemical structure activity relationship (SAR), and possible mechanisms by which neuronal injuries occur due to oxidative stress as a result of drug abuse such as "bath salts", amphetamines, or cocaine. The mechanisms of action of ingested compounds or their metabolites involve intermediate steps in which free radicals are generated. The brain is strongly affected by the consumption of such substances, facilitating the induction of neurodegenerative diseases. It can be concluded that neurotoxicity is associated with drug abuse. Dependence and oxidative stress are linked to inhibition of neurogenesis and the onset of neuronal death. Understanding the pathological mechanisms following oxidative attack can be a starting point in the development of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Jîtcă
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.J.); (C.E.V.)
| | - Bianca E. Ősz
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.J.); (C.E.V.)
| | - Amelia Tero-Vescan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| | - Camil E. Vari
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.J.); (C.E.V.)
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7
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Amphetamine-induced alteration to gaze parameters: A novel conceptual pathway and implications for naturalistic behavior. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 199:101929. [PMID: 33091542 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamine produces a multiplicity of well-documented end-order biochemical, pharmacological and biobehavioural effects. Mechanistically, amphetamine downregulates presynaptic and postsynaptic striatal monoamine (primarily dopaminergic) systems, producing alterations to key brain regions which manifest as stereotyped ridged behaviour which occurs under both acute and chronic dosing schedules and persists beyond detoxification. Despite evidence of amphetamine-induced visual attentional dysfunction, no conceptual synthesis has yet captured how characteristic pharmaco-behavioural processes are critically implicated via these pathways, nor described the potential implications for safety-sensitive behaviours. Drawing on known pathomechanisms, we propose a cross-disciplinary, novel conceptual functional system framework for delineating the biobehavioural consequences of amphetamine use on visual attentional capacity and discuss the implications for functional and behavioural outcomes. Specifically, we highlight the manifest implications for behaviours that are conceptually driven and highly dependent on visual information processing for timely execution of visually-guided movements. Following this, we highlight the potential impact on safety-sensitive, but common behaviours, such as driving a motor vehicle. The close pathophysiological relationship between oculomotor control and higher-order cognitive processes further suggests that dynamic measurement of movement related to the motion of the eye (gaze behaviour) may be a simple, effective and direct measure of behavioural performance capabilities in naturalistic settings. Consequently, we discuss the potential efficacy of ocular monitoring for the detection and monitoring of driver states for this drug user group, and potential wider application. Significance statement: We propose a novel biochemical-physiological-behavioural pathway which delineates how amphetamine use critically alters oculomotor function, visual-attentional performance and information processing capabilities. Given the manifest implications for behaviours that are conceptually driven and highly dependent on these processes, we recommend oculography as a novel means of detecting and monitoring gaze behaviours during naturalistic tasks such as driving. Real-word examination of gaze behaviour therefore present as an effective means to detect driver impairment and prevent performance degradation due to these drugs.
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8
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Oxidation-reduction mechanisms in psychiatric disorders: A novel target for pharmacological intervention. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 210:107520. [PMID: 32165136 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While neurotransmitter dysfunction represents a key component in mental illnesses, there is now a wide agreement for a central pathophysiological hub that includes hormones, neuroinflammation, redox mechanisms as well as oxidative stress. With respect to oxidation-reduction (redox) mechanisms, preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that an imbalance in the pro/anti-oxidative homeostasis toward the increased production of substances with oxidizing potential may contribute to the etiology and manifestation of different psychiatric disorders. The substantial and continous demand for energy renders the brain highly susceptible to disturbances in its energy supply, especially following exposure to stressful events, which may lead to overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species under conditions of perturbed antioxidant defenses. This will eventually induce different molecular alterations, including extensive protein and lipid peroxidation, increased blood-brain barrier permeability and neuroinflammation, which may contribute to the changes in brain function and morphology observed in mental illnesses. This view may also reconcile different key concepts for psychiatric disorders, such as the neurodevelopmental origin of these diseases, as well as the vulnerability of selective cellular populations that are critical for specific functional abnormalities. The possibility to pharmacologically modulate the redox system is receiving increasing interest as a novel therapeutic strategy to counteract the detrimental effects of the unbalance in brain oxidative mechanisms. This review will describe the main mechanisms and mediators of the redox system and will examine the alterations of oxidative stress found in animal models of psychiatric disorders as well as in patients suffering from mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. In addition, it will discuss studies that examined the effects of psychotropic drugs, including antipsychotics and antidepressants, on the oxidative balance as well as studies that investigated the effectiveness of a direct modulation of oxidative mechanisms in counteracting the behavioral and functional alterations associated with psychiatric disorders, which supports the promising role of the redox system as a novel therapeutic target for the improved treatment of brain disorders.
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9
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Chan ST, McCarthy MJ, Vawter MP. Psychiatric drugs impact mitochondrial function in brain and other tissues. Schizophr Res 2020; 217:136-147. [PMID: 31744750 PMCID: PMC7228833 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have been linked to the etiology of schizophrenia (SZ). However, studies of mitochondria in SZ might be confounded by the effects of pharmacological treatment with antipsychotic drugs (APDs) and other common medications. This review summarizes findings on relevant mitochondria mechanisms underlying SZ, and the potential impact of psychoactive drugs including primarily APDs, but also antidepressants and anxiolytics. The summarized data suggest that APDs impair mitochondria function by decreasing Complex I activity and ATP production and dissipation of the mitochondria membrane potential. At the same time, in the brains of patients with SZ, antipsychotic drug treatment normalizes gene expression modules enriched in mitochondrial genes that are decreased in SZ. This indicates that APDs may have both positive and negative effects on mitochondria. The available evidence suggests three conclusions i) alterations in mitochondria functions in SZ exist prior to APD treatment, ii) mitochondria alterations in SZ can be reversed by APD treatment, and iii) APDs directly cause impairment of mitochondria function. Overall, the mechanisms of action of psychiatric drugs on mitochondria are both direct and indirect; we conclude the effects of APDs on mitochondria may contribute to both their therapeutic and metabolic side effects. These studies support the hypothesis that neuronal mitochondria are an etiological factor in SZ. Moreover, APDs and other drugs must be considered in the evaluation of this pathophysiological role of mitochondria in SZ. Considering these effects, pharmacological actions on mitochondria may be a worthwhile target for further APD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna T Chan
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Human Behavior and Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, USA; School of Medicine University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Michael J McCarthy
- Psychiatry Service VA San Diego Healthcare System, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Human Behavior and Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, USA.
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10
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Lv Q, Guo Y, Zhu M, Geng R, Cheng X, Bao C, Wang Y, Huang X, Zhang C, Hao Y, Li Z, Yi Z. Predicting individual responses to lithium with oxidative stress markers in drug-free bipolar disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 2019; 20:778-789. [PMID: 31595816 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2019.1663929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: This is the first study to investigate the oxidative stress (OxS) levels in drug-free bipolar disorder (BD) patients and their association with lithium response.Methods: A total of 61 drug-free BD patients and 49 controls were included. Patients treated with lithium were followed-up for 6 weeks. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured at baseline and at the end of the sixth week.Results: Compared to controls, the SOD levels were lower, whereas the MDA were higher in the BD-depression (BD-D) group (both P < 0.001). GSH-Px levels were higher in both the BD-D and the BD-mania (BD-M) group (both P < 0.001). Both GSH-Px and MDA levels in the BD (P = 0.009, P < 0.001) and the BD-D subgroup (P = 0.006, P = 0.001) decreased significantly after the 6-week treatment with lithium. Interestingly, both GSH-Px and MDA levels decreased in responders (P = 0.03, P = 0.002) but not in the non-responders of BD-D (both p > 0.05). Moreover, the reduction in the MDA levels were associated with lithium response (B = 1.47, Wald statistic = 5.94, P = 0.015, odds ratio = 4.35, 95% confidence interval 1.33-14.20).Conclusions: Our study demonstrates an imbalance of OxS in drug-free BD, especially BD-D. Lithium reduces the GSH-Px and MDA levels in BD patients. The reduction in MDA levels may predict individual responsiveness to lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyu Lv
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Minghuan Zhu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruijie Geng
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cheng
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenxi Bao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingyi Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinxin Huang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Hao
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zezhi Li
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenghui Yi
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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11
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Schimites PI, Segat HJ, Teixeira LG, Martins LR, Mangini LT, Baccin PS, Rosa HZ, Milanesi LH, Burger ME, Soares AV. Gallic acid prevents ketamine-induced oxidative damages in brain regions and liver of rats. Neurosci Lett 2019; 714:134560. [PMID: 31622649 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ketamine (KET) is an anesthetic agent widely used in human and veterinary medicine. According to studies, KET is associated to direct neutorotoxic damages due to its capacity to induce oxidative stress. Because of the free radical generation in the organism and its relation with diseases' development, there is a growing interest to study antioxidant molecules, such as gallic acid (GA), a natural phenolic compound. AIM Evaluate the GA antioxidant potential for the prevention of oxidative damage in the brain and liver tissue of rats exposed to acute KET administration. MATERIAL AND METHODS 32 Wistar male rats received GA (by gavage, 13.5 mg/kg) for three consecutive days, 24 h after the last GA dose, animals were anesthetized with KET (50 mg/kg, i.m.). All animals were euthanized by decapitation 60 min after KET administration. The liver, brain cortex and hippocampus were removed and homogenized for biochemical analysis. RESULTS In brain cortex, KET increased reactive species (RS) generation, protein carbonyls (PC) levels and reduced non-protein thiols (NPSH) levels, while GA pre-treatment reduced PC and increased NPSH levels. KET increased PC and decreased NPSH levels in the hippocampus, and GA reduced PC and NPSH levels. In the liver, no difference was observed in the RS generation, while KET induced and increase of PC levels and decreased NPSH levels, while GA pre-treatment prevented it. CONCLUSION GA administration can prevent oxidative damage caused by acute KET administration and minimize its noxious effects. Further studies are needed to evidence GA antioxidant properties regarding KET chronic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I Schimites
- Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria-UFSM-RS, Brazil
| | - H J Segat
- Departamento de Patologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria-UFSM-RS, Brazil
| | - L G Teixeira
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS-RS, Brazil
| | - L R Martins
- Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria-UFSM-RS, Brazil
| | - L T Mangini
- Residência Multidisciplinar em anestesiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS-RS, Brazil
| | - P S Baccin
- Departamento de Pequenos animais; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria-UFSM-RS, Brazil
| | - H Z Rosa
- Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria-UFSM-RS, Brazil
| | - L H Milanesi
- Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria-UFSM-RS, Brazil
| | - M E Burger
- Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria-UFSM-RS, Brazil
| | - A V Soares
- Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria-UFSM-RS, Brazil.
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12
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Amphetamine Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cells through the PP2A/AKT/GSK3β Pathway. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:233-240. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9880-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Crosstalk between endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress in schizophrenia: The dawn of new therapeutic approaches. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:589-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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14
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The impact of chronic mild stress on long-term depressive behavior in rats which have survived sepsis. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 94:47-53. [PMID: 28662375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study was created to investigate the effects of chronic mild stress (CMS) on the depressive behavior and neurochemical parameters of rats that were subjected to sepsis. Wistar rats were subjected to a CMS protocol, and sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP). The animals were then divided into 4 separate groups; Control + Sham (n = 20), Control + CLP (n = 30), CMS + Sham (n = 20) and CMS + CLP (n = 30). Body weight, food and water intake and mortality were measured on a daily basis for a period of 10 days after the induction of sepsis. Locomotor activity, splash and forced swimming tests were performed ten days after CLP. At the end of the test period, the animals were euthanized, and the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were removed to determine the levels of cytokines and oxidative damage. Our results show that there was no significant interaction between CMS and CLP in relation to locomotor activity and the forced swimming test. However, we did observe a significant decrease in total grooming time in the Control + CLP and CMS + Sham groups, with the CMS + CLP group showing behavior similar to that of the control animals. This was found to be related to a decrease in the levels of brain cytokines, and not to oxidative damage parameters. Collectively, our results suggest that a previous stress caused by CMS can protect the brain against the systemic acute and severe stress elicited by sepsis.
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15
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Topiramate via NMDA, AMPA/kainate, GABA A and Alpha2 receptors and by modulation of CREB/BDNF and Akt/GSK3 signaling pathway exerts neuroprotective effects against methylphenidate-induced neurotoxicity in rats. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:1369-1387. [PMID: 28795276 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1771-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic abuse of methylphenidate (MPH) often causes neuronal cell death. Topiramate (TPM) carries neuroprotective effects, but its exact mechanism of action remains unclear. In the present study, the role of various doses of TPM and its possible mechanisms, receptors and signaling pathways involved against MPH-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration were evaluated in vivo. Thus, domoic acid (DOM) was used as AMPA/kainate receptor agonist, bicuculline (BIC) as GABAA receptor antagonist, ketamine (KET) as NMDA receptor antagonist, yohimbine (YOH) as α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist and haloperidol (HAL) was used as dopamine D2 receptor antagonist. Open field test (OFT) was used to investigate the disturbances in motor activity. Hippocampal neurodegenerative parameters were evaluated. Protein expressions of CREB/BDNF and Akt/GSK3 signaling pathways were also evaluated. Cresyl violet staining was performed to show and confirm the changes in the shape of the cells. TPM (70 and 100 mg/kg) reduced MPH-induced rise in lipid peroxidation, oxidized form of glutathione (GSSG), IL-1β and TNF-α levels, Bax expression and motor activity disturbances. In addition, TPM treatment increased Bcl-2 expression, the level of reduced form of glutathione (GSH) and the levels and activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase enzymes. TPM also inhibited MPH-induced hippocampal degeneration. Pretreatment of animals with DOM, BIC, KET and YOH inhibited TPM-induced neuroprotection and increased oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neuroapoptosis and neurodegeneration while reducing CREB, BDNF and Akt protein expressions. Also pretreatment with DOM, BIC, KET and YOH inhibited TPM-induced decreases in GSK3. It can be concluded that the mentioned receptors by modulation of CREB/BDNF and Akt/GSK3 pathways, are involved in neuroprotection of TPM against MPH-induced neurodegeneration.
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16
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Motaghinejad M, Motevalian M, Fatima S. Mediatory role of NMDA, AMPA/kainate, GABA A and Alpha 2 receptors in topiramate neuroprotective effects against methylphenidate induced neurotoxicity in rat. Life Sci 2017; 179:37-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Israel Y, Karahanian E, Ezquer F, Morales P, Ezquer M, Rivera-Meza M, Herrera-Marschitz M, Quintanilla ME. Acquisition, Maintenance and Relapse-Like Alcohol Drinking: Lessons from the UChB Rat Line. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:57. [PMID: 28420969 PMCID: PMC5378819 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article addresses the biological factors that influence: (i) the acquisition of alcohol intake; (ii) the maintenance of chronic alcohol intake; and (iii) alcohol relapse-like drinking behavior in animals bred for their high-ethanol intake. Data from several rat strains/lines strongly suggest that catalase-mediated brain oxidation of ethanol into acetaldehyde is an absolute requirement (up 80%–95%) for rats to display ethanol’s reinforcing effects and to initiate chronic ethanol intake. Acetaldehyde binds non-enzymatically to dopamine forming salsolinol, a compound that is self-administered. In UChB rats, salsolinol: (a) generates marked sensitization to the motivational effects of ethanol; and (b) strongly promotes binge-like drinking. The specificity of salsolinol actions is shown by the finding that only the R-salsolinol enantiomer but not S-salsolinol accounted for the latter effects. Inhibition of brain acetaldehyde synthesis does not influence the maintenance of chronic ethanol intake. However, a prolonged ethanol withdrawal partly returns the requirement for acetaldehyde synthesis/levels both on chronic ethanol intake and on alcohol relapse-like drinking. Chronic ethanol intake, involving the action of lipopolysaccharide diffusing from the gut, and likely oxygen radical generated upon catechol/salsolinol oxidation, leads to oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation, known to potentiate each other. Data show that the administration of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) a strong antioxidant inhibits chronic ethanol maintenance by 60%–70%, without inhibiting its initial intake. Intra-cerebroventricular administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), known to release anti-inflammatory cytokines, to elevate superoxide dismutase levels and to reverse ethanol-induced hippocampal injury and cognitive deficits, also inhibited chronic ethanol maintenance; further, relapse-like ethanol drinking was inhibited up to 85% for 40 days following intracerebral stem cell administration. Thus: (i) ethanol must be metabolized intracerebrally into acetaldehyde, and further into salsolinol, which appear responsible for promoting the acquisition of the early reinforcing effects of ethanol; (ii) acetaldehyde is not responsible for the maintenance of chronic ethanol intake, while other mechanisms are indicated; (iii) the systemic administration of NAC, a strong antioxidant markedly inhibits the maintenance of chronic ethanol intake; and (iv) the intra-cerebroventricular administration of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant MSCs inhibit both the maintenance of chronic ethanol intake and relapse-like drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yedy Israel
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Karahanian
- Center for Biomedical Research, Universidad Autónoma de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Ezquer
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del DesarrolloSantiago, Chile
| | - Paola Morales
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Ezquer
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del DesarrolloSantiago, Chile
| | - Mario Rivera-Meza
- Department of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Mario Herrera-Marschitz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - María E Quintanilla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of ChileSantiago, Chile
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18
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Tung CS, Chang ST, Huang CL, Huang NK. The neurotoxic mechanisms of amphetamine: Step by step for striatal dopamine depletion. Neurosci Lett 2017; 639:185-191. [PMID: 28065841 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMPH) is a commonly abused psychostimulant that induces neuronal cell death/degeneration in humans and experimental animals. Although multiple neurotoxic mechanisms of AMPH have been intensively investigated, the interplay between these mechanisms has remained elusive. In this study, we used a rat model of AMPH-induced long-lasting striatal dopamine (DA) depletion and identified mechanisms of neurotoxicity, energy failure, excitotoxicity, and oxidative stress. Pretreatment with nicotinamide (NAM, a co-factor for the electron transport chain) blocked AMPH-induced free radical formation, energy failure, and striatal DA decrease. Also, MK-801 (a NMDA receptor antagonist) blocked AMPH-induced free radical formation and striatal DA but not energy failure decrease, indicating excitotoxicity may occur before free radical formation and after energy failure. Thus, these results show that during AMPH intoxication, energy failure, excitotoxicity, and free radical formation are orchestrated consecutively to mediate the depletion of striatal DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Se Tung
- Division of Medical Research and Education, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shang-Tang Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chuen-Lin Huang
- Medical Research Center, Cardinal Tien Hospital, Hsintien, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Physiology & Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Nai-Kuei Huang
- Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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19
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Motaghinejad M, Motevalian M, Shabab B. Neuroprotective effects of various doses of topiramate against methylphenidate induced oxidative stress and inflammation in rat isolated hippocampus. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 43:360-71. [PMID: 26718459 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) abuse causes neurodegeneration. The neuroprotective effects of topiramate (TPM) have been reported but its putative mechanism remains unclear. The current study evaluates the role of various doses of TPM on protection of rat hippocampal cells from MPH-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in vivo. Seventy adult male rats were divided into six groups. Group 1 received normal saline (0.7 mL/rat) and group 2 was injected with MPH (10 mg/kg) for 21 days. Groups 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 concurrently were treated by MPH (10 mg/kg) and TPM (10, 30, 50, 70 and 100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)), respectively for 21 days. After drug administration, the open field test (OFT) was used to investigate motor activity. Oxidative, antioxidant and inflammatory factors were measured in isolated hippocampus. Also, the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level was measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. Cresyl violet staining of Dentate Gyrus (DG) and CA1 cell layers of the hippocampus were also performed. MPH significantly disturbs motor activity in OFT and TPM (70 and 100 mg/kg) decreased this disturbance. Also MPH significantly increased lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial reduced state of glutathione (GSH) level, interleukin (IL)-1β and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and BDNF level in isolated hippocampal cells. Also superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activity significantly decreased. Various doses of TPM attenuated these effects and significantly decreased MPH-induced oxidative damage, inflammation and hippocampal cell loss and increased BDNF level. This study suggests that TPM has the potential to be used as a neuroprotective agent against oxidative stress and neuroinflammation induced by frequent use of MPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Motaghinejad
- Razi Drug Research Centre and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manijeh Motevalian
- Razi Drug Research Centre and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Shabab
- Solid Dosage Form Department, Iran Hormone Pharmaceutical Company, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Neuroprotective effects of various doses of topiramate against methylphenidate-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in isolated rat amygdala: the possible role of CREB/BDNF signaling pathway. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:1463-1477. [PMID: 27665547 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) abuse damages brain cells. The neuroprotective effects of topiramate (TPM) have been reported previously, but its exact mechanism of action still remains unclear. This study investigated the in vivo role of various doses of TPM in the protection of rat amygdala cells against methylphenidate-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. Seventy adult male rats were divided into seven groups. Groups 1 and 2 received normal saline (0.7 ml/rat) and MPH (10 mg/kg), respectively, for 21 days. Groups 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 were concurrently treated with MPH (10 mg/kg) and TPM (10, 30, 50, 70, and 100 mg/kg), respectively, for 21 days. elevated plus maze (EPM) was used to assess motor activity disturbances. In addition, oxidative, antioxidantand inflammatory factors and CREB, Ak1, CAMK4, MAPK3, PKA, BDNF, and c FOS gene levels were measured by RT-PCR, and also, CREB and BDNF protein levels were measured by WB in isolated amygdalae. MPH significantly disturbed motor activity and TPM (70 and 100 mg/kg) neutralized its effects. MPH significantly increased lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial GSSG levels and IL-1β and TNF-α level and CAMK4 gene expression in isolated amygdala cells. In contrast, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities and CREB, BDNF Ak1, MAPK3, PKA, BDNF, and c FOS expression significantly decreased. The various doses of TPM attenuated these effects of MPH. It seems that TPM can be used as a neuroprotective agent and is a good candidate against MPH-induced neurodegeneration.
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Oxidative Stress Implications in the Affective Disorders: Main Biomarkers, Animal Models Relevance, Genetic Perspectives, and Antioxidant Approaches. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:3975101. [PMID: 27563374 PMCID: PMC4983669 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3975101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The correlation between the affective disorders and the almost ubiquitous pathological oxidative stress can be described in a multifactorial way, as an important mechanism of central nervous system impairment. Whether the obvious changes which occur in oxidative balance of the affective disorders are a part of the constitutive mechanism or a collateral effect yet remains as an interesting question. However it is now clear that oxidative stress is a component of these disorders, being characterized by different aspects in a disease-dependent manner. Still, there are a lot of controversies regarding the relevance of the oxidative stress status in most of the affective disorders and despite the fact that most of the studies are showing that the affective disorders development can be correlated to increased oxidative levels, there are various studies stating that oxidative stress is not linked with the mood changing tendencies. Thus, in this minireview we decided to describe the way in which oxidative stress is involved in the affective disorders development, by focusing on the main oxidative stress markers that could be used mechanistically and therapeutically in these deficiencies, the genetic perspectives, some antioxidant approaches, and the relevance of some animal models studies in this context.
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22
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Motaghinejad M, Motevalian M. Involvement of AMPA/kainate and GABAA receptors in topiramate neuroprotective effects against methylphenidate abuse sequels involving oxidative stress and inflammation in rat isolated hippocampus. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 784:181-91. [PMID: 27105819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Abuses of methylphenidate (MPH) as psychostimulant cause neural damage of brain cells. Neuroprotective properties of topiramate (TPM) have been indicated in several studies but its exact mechanism of action remains unclear. The current study evaluates protective role of various doses of TPM and its mechanism of action in MPH induced oxidative stress and inflammation. The neuroprotective effects of various doses of TPM against MPH induced oxidative stress and inflammation were evaluated and then the action of TPM was studied in presence of domoic acid (DOM), as AMPA/kainate receptor agonist and bicuculline (BIC) as GABAA receptor antagonist, in isolated rat hippocampus. Open Field Test (OFT) was used to investigate motor activity changes. Oxidative, antioxidant and inflammatory factors were measured in isolated hippocampus. TPM (70 and 100mg/kg) decreased MPH induced motor activity disturbances and inhibit MPH induced oxidative stress and inflammation. On the other hand pretreatment of animals with DOM or BIC, inhibit this effect of TPM and potentiate MPH induced motor activity disturbances and increased lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial oxidized form of glutathione (GSSG) level, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in isolated hippocampal cells and decreased reduced form of glutathione (GSH) level, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activity. It seems that TPM can protect cells of hippocampus from oxidative stress and neuroinflammation and it could be partly by activation of GABAA receptor and inhibition of AMPA/kainite receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Motaghinejad
- Razi Drug Research Center & Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Manijeh Motevalian
- Razi Drug Research Center & Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Schmitt GC, Arbo MD, Lorensi AL, Jacques ALB, Nascimento SND, Mariotti KDC, Garcia SC, Dallegrave E, Leal MB, Limberger RP. Gender differences in biochemical markers and oxidative stress of rats after 28 days oral exposure to a mixture used for weight loss containing p-synephrine, ephedrine, salicin, and caffeine. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502016000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The association of p-synephrine, ephedrine, salicin, and caffeine in dietary supplements and weight loss products is very common worldwide, even though ephedrine has been prohibited in many countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate a 28-day oral exposure toxicity profile of p-synephrine, ephedrine, salicin, and caffeine mixture (10:4:6:80 w/w respectively) in male and female Wistar rats. Body weight and signs of toxicity, morbidity, and mortality were observed daily. After 28 days, animals were euthanized and blood collected for hematological, biochemical, and oxidative stress evaluation. No clinical signs of toxicity, significant weight loss or deaths occurred, nor were there any significant alterations in hematological parameters. Biochemical and oxidative stress biomarkers showed lipid peroxidation, and hepatic and renal damage (p < 0.05; ANOVA/Bonferroni) in male rats (100 and 150 mg/kg) and a reduction (p < 0.05; ANOVA/Bonferroni) in glutathione (GSH) levels in all male groups. Female groups displayed no indications of oxidative stress or biochemical alterations. The different toxicity profile displayed by male and female rats suggests a hormonal influence on mixture effects. Results demonstrated that the tested mixture can alter oxidative status and promote renal and hepatic damages.
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Barbosa DJ, Capela JP, Feio-Azevedo R, Teixeira-Gomes A, Bastos MDL, Carvalho F. Mitochondria: key players in the neurotoxic effects of amphetamines. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1695-725. [PMID: 25743372 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1478-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamines are a class of psychotropic drugs with high abuse potential, as a result of their stimulant, euphoric, emphathogenic, entactogenic, and hallucinogenic properties. Although most amphetamines are synthetic drugs, of which methamphetamine, amphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("ecstasy") represent well-recognized examples, the use of natural related compounds, namely cathinone and ephedrine, has been part of the history of humankind for thousands of years. Resulting from their amphiphilic nature, these drugs can easily cross the blood-brain barrier and elicit their well-known psychotropic effects. In the field of amphetamines' research, there is a general consensus that mitochondrial-dependent pathways can provide a major understanding concerning pathological processes underlying the neurotoxicity of these drugs. These events include alterations on tricarboxylic acid cycle's enzymes functioning, inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport chain's complexes, perturbations of mitochondrial clearance mechanisms, interference with mitochondrial dynamics, as well as oxidative modifications in mitochondrial macromolecules. Additionally, other studies indicate that amphetamines-induced neuronal toxicity is closely regulated by B cell lymphoma 2 superfamily of proteins with consequent activation of caspase-mediated downstream cell death pathway. Understanding the molecular mechanisms at mitochondrial level involved in amphetamines' neurotoxicity can help in defining target pathways or molecules mediating these effects, as well as in developing putative therapeutic approaches to prevent or treat the acute- or long-lasting neuropsychiatric complications seen in human abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel José Barbosa
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal. .,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal.
| | - João Paulo Capela
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,FP-ENAS (Unidade de Investigação UFP em energia, Ambiente e Saúde), CEBIMED (Centro de Estudos em Biomedicina), Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Rua 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Feio-Azevedo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Armanda Teixeira-Gomes
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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Modafinil effects on behavior and oxidative damage parameters in brain of wistar rats. Behav Neurol 2014; 2014:917246. [PMID: 25431526 PMCID: PMC4238168 DOI: 10.1155/2014/917246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of modafinil (MD) on behavioral and oxidative damage to protein and lipid in the brain of rats were evaluated. Wistar rats were given a single administration by gavage of water or MD (75, 150, or 300 mg/kg). Behavioral parameters were evaluated in open-field apparatus 1, 2, and 3 h after drug administration. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyl formation were measured in the brain. MD increased locomotor activity at the highest dose 1 and 3 h after administration. MD administration at the dose of 300 mg/kg increased visits to the center of open-field 1 h after administration; however, 3 h after administration, all administered doses of MD increased visits to the open-field center. MD 300 mg/kg increased lipid damage in the amygdala, hippocampus, and striatum. Besides, MD increased protein damage in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus; however, this effect varies depending on the dose administered. In contrast, the administration of MD 75 and 300 mg/kg decreased the protein damage in the striatum. This study demonstrated that the MD administration induces behavioral changes, which was depending on the dose used. In addition, the effects of MD on oxidative damage parameters seemed to be in specific brain region and doses.
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Oxidative stress markers in affective disorders. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 65:1558-71. [PMID: 24553004 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71517-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Affective disorders are a medical condition with a complex biological pattern of etiology, involving genetic and epigenetic factors, along with different environmental stressors. Increasing numbers of studies indicate that induction of oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) pathways, which is accompanied by immune-inflammatory response, might play an important role in the pathogenic mechanisms underlying many major psychiatric disorders, including depression and bipolar disorder. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species have been shown to impair the brain function by modulating activity of principal neurotransmitter (e.g., glutamatergic) systems involved in the neurobiology of depression. Both preclinical and clinical studies revealed that depression is associated with altered levels of oxidative stress markers and typically reduced concentrations of several endogenous antioxidant compounds, such as glutathione, vitamin E, zinc and coenzyme Q10, or enzymes, including glutathione peroxidase, and with an impairment of the total antioxidant status. These oxidative stress parameters can be normalized by successful antidepressant therapy. On the other hand, some antioxidants (zinc, N-acetylcysteine, omega-3 free fatty acids) may exhibit antidepressant properties or enhance standard antidepressant therapy. These observations introduce new potential targets for the development of therapeutic interventions based on antioxidant compounds. The present paper reviews selected animal and human studies providing evidence that oxidative stress is implicated in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression and bipolar disorder.
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27
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Mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia: an evolutionary perspective. Hum Genet 2014; 134:13-21. [PMID: 25312050 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-014-1491-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe psychiatric illness with a lifetime prevalence of 0.4 %. A disturbance of energy metabolism has been suggested as part of the etiopathogenesis of the disorder. Several lines of evidence have proposed a connection between etiopathogenesis of SCZ and human brain evolution, which was characterized by an increase in the energy requirement, demanding a co-evolution of the mitochondrial system. Mitochondria are key players in brain energy homeostasis and multiple lines of evidence suggest that the system is disrupted in SCZ. In this review, we will describe the current knowledge on pathways/system involved in the human brain evolution as well as the main theories regarding the evolutionary origin of SCZ. We will furthermore discuss the role of mitochondria in the context of brain energy metabolism and its role in the etiopathogenesis of SCZ. Understanding SCZ in the context of human brain evolution opens a new perspective to elucidate pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the origin and/or portions of the complex symptomatology of this severe mental disorder.
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Bauer IE, Pascoe MC, Wollenhaupt-Aguiar B, Kapczinski F, Soares JC. Inflammatory mediators of cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 56:18-27. [PMID: 24862657 PMCID: PMC4167370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent studies have pointed to neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and neurotrophic factors as key mediators in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Little is however known about the cascade of biological episodes underlying the cognitive deficits observed during the acute and euthymic phases of bipolar disorder (BD). The aim of this review is to assess the potential association between cognitive impairment and biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and neurotrophic activity in BD. METHODS Scopus (all databases), Pubmed and Ovid Medline were systematically searched with no language or year restrictions, up to November 2013, for human studies that collected both inflammatory markers and cognitive data in BD. Selected search terms were bipolar disorder, depression, mania, psychosis, inflammatory, cognitive and neurotrophic. RESULTS Ten human studies satisfied the criteria for consideration. The findings showed that high levels of peripheral inflammatory-cytokine, oxidative stress and reduced brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were associated with poor cognitive performance. The BDNF val66met polymorphism is a potential vulnerability factor for cognitive impairment in BD. CONCLUSIONS Current data provide preliminary evidence of a link between the cognitive decline observed in BD and mechanisms of neuroinflammation and neuroprotection. The identification of BD specific inflammatory markers and polymorphisms in inflammatory response genes may be of assistance for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle E. Bauer
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 77054 Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michaela C. Pascoe
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 440, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bianca Wollenhaupt-Aguiar
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia – Translacional em Medicina (INCT), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Flavio Kapczinski
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia – Translacional em Medicina (INCT), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jair C. Soares
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 77054 Houston, TX, United States
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Mitochondrial dysfunction in aging rat brain regions upon chlorpyrifos toxicity and cold stress: an interactive study. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 34:737-56. [PMID: 24744124 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and consequent energy depletion are the major causes of oxidative stress resulting to bring alterations in the ionic homeostasis causing loss of cellular integrity. Our previous studies have shown the age-associated interactive effects in rat central nervous system (CNS) upon co-exposure to chlorpyrifos (CPF) and cold stress leading to macromolecular oxidative damage. The present study elucidates a possible mechanism by which CPF and cold stress interaction cause(s) mitochondrial dysfunction in an age-related manner. In this study, the activity levels of Krebs cycle enzymes and electron transport chain (ETC) protein complexes were assessed in the isolated fraction of mitochondria. CPF and cold stress (15 and 20 °C) exposure either individually or in combination decreased the activity level of Krebs cycle enzymes and ETC protein complexes in discrete regions of rat CNS. The findings confirm that cold stress produces significant synergistic effect in CPF intoxicated aging rats. The synergism between CPF and cold stress at 15 °C caused a higher depletion of respiratory enzymes in comparison with CPF and cold stress alone and together at 20 °C indicating the extent of deleterious functional alterations in discrete regions of brain and spinal cord (SC) which may result in neurodegeneration and loss in neuronal metabolic control. Hence, co-exposure of CPF and cold stress is more dangerous than exposure of either alone. Among the discrete regions studied, the cerebellum and medulla oblongata appears to be the most susceptible regions when compared to cortex and SC. Furthermore, the study reveals a gradual decrease in sensitivity to CPF toxicity as the rat matures.
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Streck EL, Gonçalves CL, Furlanetto CB, Scaini G, Dal-Pizzol F, Quevedo J. Mitochondria and the central nervous system: searching for a pathophysiological basis of psychiatric disorders. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PSIQUIATRIA 2014; 36:156-67. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2013-1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio L. Streck
- Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Brazil; National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Brazil; Center of Excellence in Applied Neurosciences of Santa Catarina (NENASC), Brazil
| | - Cinara L. Gonçalves
- Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Brazil; National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Brazil; Center of Excellence in Applied Neurosciences of Santa Catarina (NENASC), Brazil
| | - Camila B. Furlanetto
- Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Brazil; National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Brazil; Center of Excellence in Applied Neurosciences of Santa Catarina (NENASC), Brazil
| | - Giselli Scaini
- Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Brazil; National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Brazil; Center of Excellence in Applied Neurosciences of Santa Catarina (NENASC), Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Brazil; National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Brazil; Center of Excellence in Applied Neurosciences of Santa Catarina (NENASC), Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Brazil; Center of Excellence in Applied Neurosciences of Santa Catarina (NENASC), Brazil; UNESC, Brazil
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31
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Protein phosphatases but not reactive oxygen species play functional role in acute amphetamine-mediated dopamine release. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 66:831-41. [PMID: 23625176 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9608-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Drug abuse-induced neurodegeneration can be triggered by elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Involvement of oxidative stress in acute amphetamine (AMPH)-mediated dopamine (DA) release, however, has not been completely understood yet. In order to elucidate the dopaminergic response of PC12 cells to a single dose of 10 μM AMPH, ROS production was measured as related to the extracellular DA level. Due to the spontaneous oxidation of peroxide-sensitive fluorophore 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) to 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF), the increase in fluorescence could not be unambiguously attributed to AMPH-triggered ROS production. Based on Amplex Red fluorescence, no ROS production was detected after acute AMPH application. Our data strongly suggest that ROS development was not the main triggering factor for immediate DA release after acute AMPH treatment. On the other hand, AMPH-induced elevation of DA levels in rat brain striatal slices was quenched by the water soluble antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) at 10 mM. In this study, we also investigated the contribution of protein phosphatases to the AMPH-induced rat brain striatal dopaminergic response. The experimental protocol, double AMPH challenge was applied for screening the effect of NAC and cantharidin on AMPH-mediated DA release. Here we show that AMPH-mediated DA release increased nearly twofold in striatal rat brain slices pretreated for 30 min with 1000 μM cantharidin, a selective PP1 and PP2A inhibitor. These findings prove the lack of ROS inhibitory action on protein phosphatase activity in acute AMPH-mediated DA efflux.
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Gonçalves J, Baptista S, Silva AP. Psychostimulants and brain dysfunction: a review of the relevant neurotoxic effects. Neuropharmacology 2014; 87:135-49. [PMID: 24440369 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Psychostimulants abuse is a major public concern because is associated with serious health complications, including devastating consequences on the central nervous system (CNS). The neurotoxic effects of these drugs have been extensively studied. Nevertheless, numerous questions and uncertainties remain in our understanding of these toxic events. Thus, the purpose of the present manuscript is to review cellular and molecular mechanisms that might be responsible for brain dysfunction induced by psychostimulants. Topics reviewed include some classical aspects of neurotoxicity, such as monoaminergic system and mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity and hyperthermia. Moreover, recent literature has suggested new phenomena regarding the toxic effects of psychostimulants. Thus, we also reviewed the impact of these drugs on neuroinflammatory response, blood-brain barrier (BBB) function and neurogenesis. Assessing the relative importance of these mechanisms on psychostimulants-induced brain dysfunction presents an exciting challenge for future research efforts. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'CNS Stimulants'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Sofia Baptista
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal.
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Fenproporex increases locomotor activity and alters energy metabolism, and mood stabilizers reverse these changes: a proposal for a new animal model of mania. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:877-92. [PMID: 24126971 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8566-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fenproporex (Fen) is converted in vivo into amphetamine, which is used to induce mania-like behaviors in animals. In the present study, we intend to present a new animal model of mania. In order to prove through face, construct, and predictive validities, we evaluated behavioral parameters (locomotor activity, stereotypy activity, and fecal boli amount) and brain energy metabolism (enzymes citrate synthase; malate dehydrogenase; succinate dehydrogenase; complexes I, II, II-III, and IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain; and creatine kinase) in rats submitted to acute and chronic administration of fenproporex, treated with lithium (Li) and valproate (VPA). The administration of Fen increased locomotor activity and decreased the activity of Krebs cycle enzymes, mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, and creatine kinase, in most brain structures evaluated. In addition, treatment with mood stabilizers prevented and reversed this effect. Our results are consistent with the literature that demonstrates behavioral changes and mitochondrial dysfunction caused by psychostimulants. These findings suggest that chronic administration of Fen may be a potential animal model of mania.
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34
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Perfeito R, Cunha-Oliveira T, Rego AC. Reprint of: revisiting oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease-resemblance to the effect of amphetamine drugs of abuse. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 62:186-201. [PMID: 23743292 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive neurological disease associated with a loss of dopaminergic neurons. In most cases the disease is sporadic but genetically inherited cases also exist. One of the major pathological features of PD is the presence of aggregates that localize in neuronal cytoplasm as Lewy bodies, mainly composed of α-synuclein (α-syn) and ubiquitin. The selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons suggests that dopamine itself may contribute to the neurodegenerative process in PD. Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress constitute key pathogenic events of this disorder. Thus, in this review we give an actual perspective to classical pathways involving these two mechanisms of neurodegeneration, including the role of dopamine in sporadic and familial PD, as well as in the case of abuse of amphetamine-type drugs. Mutations in genes related to familial PD causing autosomal dominant or recessive forms may also have crucial effects on mitochondrial morphology, function, and oxidative stress. Environmental factors, such as MPTP and rotenone, have been reported to induce selective degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathways leading to α-syn-positive inclusions, possibly by inhibiting mitochondrial complex I of the respiratory chain and subsequently increasing oxidative stress. Recently, increased risk for PD was found in amphetamine users. Amphetamine drugs have effects similar to those of other environmental factors for PD, because long-term exposure to these drugs leads to dopamine depletion. Moreover, amphetamine neurotoxicity involves α-syn aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Therefore, dopamine and related oxidative stress, as well as mitochondrial dysfunction, seem to be common links between PD and amphetamine neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Perfeito
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Cunha-Oliveira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Rego
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
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35
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Effects of acute and chronic administration of fenproporex on DNA damage parameters in young and adult rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 380:171-6. [PMID: 23636618 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1670-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic and multifactorial disease, whose prevalence is increasing in many countries. Pharmaceutical strategies for the treatment of obesity include drugs that regulate food intake, thermogenesis, fat absorption, and fat metabolism. Fenproporex is the second most commonly consumed amphetamine-based anorectic worldwide; this drug is rapidly converted in vivo into amphetamine, which is associated with neurotoxicity. In this context, the present study evaluated DNA damage parameters in the peripheral blood of young and adult rats submitted to an acute administration and chronic administration of fenproporex. In the acute administration, both young and adult rats received a single injection of fenproporex (6.25, 12.5 or 25 mg/kg i.p.) or vehicle. In the chronic administration, both young and adult rats received one daily injection of fenproporex (6.25, 12.5, or 25 mg/kg i.p.) or Tween for 14 days. 2 h after the last injection, the rats were killed by decapitation and their peripheral blood removed for evaluation of DNA damage parameters by alkaline comet assay. Our study showed that acute administration of fenproporex in young and adult rats presented higher levels of damage index and frequency in the DNA. However, chronic administration of fenproporex in young and adult rats did not alter the levels of DNA damage in both parameters of comet assay. The present findings showed that acute administration of fenproporex promoted damage in DNA, in both young and adult rats. Our results are consistent with other reports which showed that other amphetamine-derived drugs also caused DNA damage. We suggest that the activation of an efficient DNA repair mechanism may occur after chronic exposition to fenproporex. Our results are consistent with other reports that showed some amphetamine-derived drugs also caused DNA damage.
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36
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Steckert AV, Valvassori SS, Varela RB, Mina F, Resende WR, Bavaresco DV, Ornell F, Dal-Pizzol F, Quevedo J. Effects of sodium butyrate on oxidative stress and behavioral changes induced by administration of d-AMPH. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:425-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Perfeito R, Cunha-Oliveira T, Rego AC. Revisiting oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease--resemblance to the effect of amphetamine drugs of abuse. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1791-806. [PMID: 22967820 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.08.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive neurological disease associated with a loss of dopaminergic neurons. In most cases the disease is sporadic but genetically inherited cases also exist. One of the major pathological features of PD is the presence of aggregates that localize in neuronal cytoplasm as Lewy bodies, mainly composed of α-synuclein (α-syn) and ubiquitin. The selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons suggests that dopamine itself may contribute to the neurodegenerative process in PD. Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress constitute key pathogenic events of this disorder. Thus, in this review we give an actual perspective to classical pathways involving these two mechanisms of neurodegeneration, including the role of dopamine in sporadic and familial PD, as well as in the case of abuse of amphetamine-type drugs. Mutations in genes related to familial PD causing autosomal dominant or recessive forms may also have crucial effects on mitochondrial morphology, function, and oxidative stress. Environmental factors, such as MPTP and rotenone, have been reported to induce selective degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathways leading to α-syn-positive inclusions, possibly by inhibiting mitochondrial complex I of the respiratory chain and subsequently increasing oxidative stress. Recently, increased risk for PD was found in amphetamine users. Amphetamine drugs have effects similar to those of other environmental factors for PD, because long-term exposure to these drugs leads to dopamine depletion. Moreover, amphetamine neurotoxicity involves α-syn aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Therefore, dopamine and related oxidative stress, as well as mitochondrial dysfunction, seem to be common links between PD and amphetamine neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Perfeito
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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38
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Cerebrospinal fluid metabolome in mood disorders-remission state has a unique metabolic profile. Sci Rep 2012; 2:667. [PMID: 22993692 PMCID: PMC3446657 DOI: 10.1038/srep00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted metabolomics provides an approach to quantify metabolites involved in specific molecular pathways. We applied an electrochemistry-based, targeted metabolomics platform to define changes in tryptophan, tyrosine, purine and related pathways in the depressed and remitted phases of major depressive disorder (MDD). Biochemical profiles in the cerebrospinal fluid of unmedicated depressed (n = 14; dMDD) or remitted MDD subjects (n = 14; rMDD) were compared against those in healthy controls (n = 18; HC). The rMDD group showed differences in tryptophan and tyrosine metabolism relative to the other groups. The rMDD group also had higher methionine levels and larger methionine-to-glutathione ratios than the other groups, implicating methylation and oxidative stress pathways. The dMDD sample showed nonsignificant differences in the same direction in several of the metabolic branches assessed. The reductions in metabolites associated with tryptophan and tyrosine pathways in rMDD may relate to the vulnerability this population shows for developing depressive symptoms under tryptophan or catecholamine depletion.
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Peripheral oxidative damage in early-stage mood disorders: a nested population-based case-control study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2012; 15:1043-50. [PMID: 22008234 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145711001532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic toxicity is a relevant dimension of pathophysiology in bipolar disorder, and oxidative damage is one potential link between central and peripheral pathology. Although there is mounting evidence that chronic bipolar disorder is associated with oxidative stress, studies in the early stages of bipolar disorder are scarce, and heavily reliant on clinical in lieu of population studies. The objective of this study was to confirm leading hypotheses about the role of oxidative damage in bipolar disorder. To that end, we nested a case-control study in a population-based study of young adults aged 18-24 yr. After an initial psychopathology screen, all people with a lifetime history of (hypo)mania and matched controls underwent a structured diagnostic interview. This yielded a sample of 231 participants, in whom we measured serum protein carbonyl content (PCC) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). People with bipolar disorder had higher PCC levels than healthy subjects. Those with major depression were not different from control subjects in either PCC or TBARS levels. Both bipolar disorder and major depression were associated with higher PCC levels in the a priori regression model controlling for possible confounders. These findings indicate that protein oxidative damage is present from early stages and can be seen as a sign of early illness activity in mood disorders.
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da-Rosa DD, Valvassori SS, Steckert AV, Ornell F, Ferreira CL, Lopes-Borges J, Varela RB, Dal-Pizzol F, Andersen ML, Quevedo J. Effects of lithium and valproate on oxidative stress and behavioral changes induced by administration of m-AMPH. Psychiatry Res 2012; 198:521-6. [PMID: 22429481 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In the last years our research group has studied and validated the animal model of mania induced by dextroamphetamine (d-AMPH). Considering the lack of animal models of mania reported in the literature; this study evaluated the possibilities to validate the animal model induced by methamphetamine (m-AMPH). Then, we evaluated the effects of lithium (Li), valproate (VPA) on the behavior and parameters of oxidative damage in rat brain after administration of m-AMPH. In the prevention treatment, Wistar rats were pretreated with Li, VPA or saline (Sal) for 14 days, and then, between days 8 and 14, rats were treated with m-AMPH (1, 0.5 or 0.25 mg/kg) or Sal. In the reversal treatment, rats were first given m-AMPH (0.25 mg/kg) or Sal. Locomotor behavior was assessed using the open-field task and parameters of oxidative damage were measured in brain structures. Our results show that the hyperactivity was prevented and reverted by Li and VPA only when m-AMPH was administered in the dose of 0.25mg/kg. In addition, the m-AMPH in all doses administrated induced oxidative damage in both structures tested in two models. Li and VPA reversed and prevented this impairment, however in a way dependent of cerebral area, the dose of m-AMPH and technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayane D da-Rosa
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and National Institute for Translational Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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41
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Abstract
Major psychiatric illnesses such as mood disorders and schizophrenia are chronic, recurrent mental illnesses that affect the lives of millions of individuals. Although these disorders have traditionally been viewed as 'neurochemical diseases', it is now clear that they are associated with impairments of synaptic plasticity and cellular resilience. Although most patients with these disorders do not have classic mitochondrial disorders, there is a growing body of evidence to suggest that impaired mitochondrial function may affect key cellular processes, thereby altering synaptic functioning and contributing to the atrophic changes that underlie the deteriorating long-term course of these illnesses. Enhancing mitochondrial function could represent an important avenue for the development of novel therapeutics and also presents an opportunity for a potentially more efficient drug-development process.
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Park C, Park SK. Molecular links between mitochondrial dysfunctions and schizophrenia. Mol Cells 2012; 33:105-10. [PMID: 22358509 PMCID: PMC3887718 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-2284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder with both neurochemical and neurodevelopmental components in the pathogenesis. Growing pieces of evidence indicate that schizophrenia has pathological components that can be attributable to the abnormalities of mitochondrial function, which is supported by the recent finding suggesting mitochondrial roles for Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1). In this minireview, we briefly summarize the current understanding of the molecular links between mitochondrial dysfunctions and the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, covering recent findings from human genetics, functional genomics, proteomics, and molecular and cell biological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cana Park
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784,
Korea
| | - Sang Ki Park
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784,
Korea
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Pinheiro RMC, de Lima MNM, Fries GR, Garcia VA, Presti-Torres J, Hallmenschlager LH, Alcalde LA, Roesler R, Andersen ML, Quevedo J, Kapczinski F, Schröder N. Early life stress exacerbates cognitive dysfunction induced by d-amphetamine: amelioration by valproic acid. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 119:627-37. [PMID: 22218930 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0754-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that experiences taking place early in life have a profound influence on brain development, interacting with the genetic background and determining differences in the vulnerability to the onset of bipolar disorder when the individual is exposed to a second adverse event later in life. Here, we investigated the effects of exposure to an early adverse life event (maternal deprivation) and to a later adverse life event [D-amphetamine (AMPH)] on cognition in an animal model of mania. We have previously demonstrated that that repeated AMPH exposure produces severe and persistent cognitive impairment, which was more pronounced when the animals were maternal deprived, suggesting that the early adverse life event could be potentiating the effects of the exposure to the second adverse life event later in life. Here, we show that valproic acid ameliorated the cognitive deficits induced by AMPH, but it was not effective when the animals were exposed to both stressors: maternal deprivation and AMPH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Mary Carvalho Pinheiro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University, Av Ipiranga, 6681 Prédio 12D, Sala 340, Porto Alegre, RS 90619-900, Brazil
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Differences between dextroamphetamine and methamphetamine: behavioral changes and oxidative damage in brain of Wistar rats. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 119:31-8. [PMID: 21858431 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0691-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study methamphetamine (m-AMPH) and dextroamphetamine (d-AMPH) were compared to determine the potency of the two drugs on behavior and oxidative damage in brain of rats. Male adult Wistar rats were given single (acute administration) or repeated (chronic administration, 14 days) intraperitoneal injections of saline (0.9% NaCl), d-AMPH (2 mg/kg) or m-AMPH (0.25, 0.5, 1 or 2 mg/kg). Locomotor activity was evaluated in open-field apparatus 2 h after the last drug injection. Additionally, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyl formation were measured in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus and striatum. In both experiments, d-AMPH and m-AMPH (all doses administered) increased the locomotor activity of animals, meantime, no significant difference between d-AMPH and m-AMPH was observed. d-AMPH and m-AMPH increased lipid and protein damage, but m-AMPH was more potent than d-AMPH, however, this effect varies depending on the brain region and the experimental protocol. The results of this study show that d-AMPH and m-AMPH have similar behavioral effects, which previous studies had already reported. On the other hand, this study demonstrated that the m-AMPH induces oxidative damage greater than d-AMPH, showing neurochemical differences previously unknown.
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Bošković M, Vovk T, Kores Plesničar B, Grabnar I. Oxidative stress in schizophrenia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 9:301-12. [PMID: 22131939 PMCID: PMC3131721 DOI: 10.2174/157015911795596595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that oxidative damage exists in schizophrenia. Available literature about possible mechanisms of oxidative stress induction was reviewed. Furthermore, possibilities of measuring biomarkers of schizophrenia outside the central nervous system compartment, their specificity for different types of schizophrenia and potential therapeutic strategies to prevent oxidative injuries in schizophrenia were discussed. Data were extracted from published literature found in Medline, Embase, Biosis, Cochrane and Web of Science, together with hand search of references. Search terms were: schizophrenia, oxidative stress, antipsychotics, antioxidants and fatty acids. Finding a sensitive, specific and non invasive biomarker of schizophrenia, which could be measured in peripheral tissue, still stays an important task. Antioxidant enzymes, markers of lipid peroxidation, oxidatively modified proteins and DNA are most commonly used. As it considers the supplemental therapy, according to our meta-analysis vitamin E could potentially improve tardive dyskinesia, while for the effect of therapy with polyunsaturated fatty acids there is no clear evidence. Oxidative stress is a part of the pathology in schizophrenia and appears as a promising field to develop new therapeutic strategies. There is a need for well designed, placebo controlled trials with supplementation therapy in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Bošković
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Vovk
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Iztok Grabnar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Hallak JEC, Crippa JAS, Quevedo J, Roesler R, Schröder N, Nardi AE, Kapczinski F. National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM): advancing the field of translational medicine and mental health. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2011; 32:83-90. [PMID: 20339739 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462010000100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Translational medicine has been described as the integrated application of innovative pharmacology tools, biomarkers, clinical methods, clinical technologies and study designs to improve the understanding of medical disorders. In medicine, translational research offers an opportunity for applying the findings obtained from basic research to every-day clinical applications. The National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine is comprised of six member institutions (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Universidade de São Paulo-Ribeirão Preto, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Universidade Estadual de Santa Catarina and a core facility that serves all centers). The objectives of the project are divided into four areas: Institutional, Research, Human Resources and Technology for the Community and Productive Sector. METHOD In this manuscript, we describe some of the approaches used to attain the main objectives of the National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine, which include the development of 1) animal models for bipolar disorder; 2) strategies to investigate neurobehavioral function and cognitive dysfunction associated with brain disorders; 3) experimental models of brain function and behavior, neuropsychiatric disorders, cell proliferation, and cancer; 4) Simulated Public Speaking and 5) Virtual reality simulation for inducing panic disorder and agoraphobia. CONCLUSION The main focus of the National Science and Technology Institute for Translational Medicine is the development of more useful methods that allow for a better application of basic research-based knowledge to the medical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime E C Hallak
- National Science and Technology Institute (INCT) for Translational Medicine, Brazil.
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47
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Sarnyai Z, Alsaif M, Bahn S, Ernst A, Guest PC, Hradetzky E, Kluge W, Stelzhammer V, Wesseling H. Behavioral and molecular biomarkers in translational animal models for neuropsychiatric disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2011; 101:203-38. [PMID: 22050853 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387718-5.00008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Modeling neuropsychiatric disorders in animals poses a significant challenge due to the subjective nature of diverse often overlapping symptoms, lack of objective biomarkers and diagnostics, and the rudimentary understanding of the pathophysiology. Successful translational research requires animal models that can inform about disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Here, we review behavioral and neurobiological findings from selected animal models, based on presumed etiology and risk factors, for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. We focus on the use of appropriate statistical tools and newly developed Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) to link biomarkers from animal models with the human disease. We argue that this approach will lead to development of only the most robust animal models for specific psychiatric disorders and may ultimately lead to better understanding of the pathophysiology and identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Sarnyai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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48
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Schmidt AJ, Krieg JC, Clement HW, Gebhardt S, Schulz E, Heiser P. Impact of drugs approved for treating ADHD on the cell survival and energy metabolism: an in-vitro study in human neuronal and immune cells. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24:1829-33. [PMID: 19605603 DOI: 10.1177/0269881109105563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative and antioxidative properties of psychostimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamine are discussed controversially. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of psychostimulants and atomoxetine in different concentrations between 31.25 and 5000 ng/ml on the survival of human neuronal (neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y) and immune (monocytic U-937) cells and the impact of psychostimulants and atomoxetine in different concentrations between 500 and 5000 ng/ml on energy metabolism (adenosine triphosphate [ATP] content) in SH-SY5Y cells. Statistical analysis revealed that incubation for 24 h with amphetamine led to a significantly enhanced cell survival in both cell lines after treatment with various (32.5, 125, 250 and 1250 ng/ml) concentrations. Methylphenidate and atomoxetine induced a significantly enhanced cell survival at lower concentrations in the SH-SY5Y cell line, whereas in the U-937 cell line higher concentrations increased the cell survival. Incubation with the highest concentration of methylphenidate (5000 ng/ml) caused a significant reduction of cell survival in both cell types. Measurement of ATP contents in the neuronal cell line revealed no significant effects of the investigated compounds. Our results show that the examined substances exert concentration-dependent effects on cell survival in both applied cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
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Mustak MS, Hegde ML, Dinesh A, Britton GB, Berrocal R, Subba Rao K, Shamasundar NM, Rao KSJ, Sathyanarayana Rao TS. Evidence of altered DNA integrity in the brain regions of suicidal victims of Bipolar Depression. Indian J Psychiatry 2010; 52:220-8. [PMID: 21180406 PMCID: PMC2990821 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5545.70974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) integrity plays a significant role in cell function. There are limited studies with regard to the role of DNA damage in bipolar affective disorder (BP). In the present study, we have assessed DNA integrity, conformation, and stability in the brain region of bipolar depression (BD) patients (n=10) compared to age-matched controls (n=8). Genomic DNA was isolated from 10 postmortem BD patients' brain regions (frontal cortex, Pons, medulla, thalamus, cerebellum, hypothalamus, Parietal, temporal, occipital lobe, and hippocampus) and from the age-matched control subjects. DNA from the frontal cortex, pons, medulla, and thalamus showed significantly higher number of strand breaks in BD (P<0.01) compared to the age-matched controls. However, DNA from the hippocampus region was intact and did not show any strand breaks. The stability studies also indicated that the melting temperature and ethidium bromide binding pattern were altered in the DNA of BD patients' brain regions, except in the hippocampus. The conformation studies showed B-A or secondary B-DNA conformation (instead of the normal B-DNA) in BD patients' brain regions, with the exception of the hippocampus. The levels of redox metals such as Copper (Cu) and Iron (Fe) were significantly elevated in the brain regions of the sufferers of BD, while the Zinc (Zn) level was decreased. In the hippocampus, there was no change in the Fe or Cu levels, whereas, the Zn level was elevated. There was a clear correlation between Cu and Fe levels versus strand breaks in the brain regions of the BD. To date, as far as we are aware, this is a new comprehensive database on stability and conformations of DNA in different brain regions of patients affected with BD. The biological significance of these findings is discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Mustak
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
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50
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Role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:1295-301. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0195-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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