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Munshi S, Alarbi AM, Zheng H, Kuplicki R, Burrows K, Figueroa-Hall LK, Victor TA, Aupperle RL, Khalsa SS, Paulus MP, Teague TK, Savitz J. Increased expression of ER stress, inflammasome activation, and mitochondrial biogenesis-related genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02695-2. [PMID: 39174649 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02695-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
A subset of major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by immune system dysfunction, but the intracellular origin of these immune changes remains unclear. Here we tested the hypothesis that abnormalities in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammasome activity and mitochondrial biogenesis contribute to the development of systemic inflammation in MDD. RT-qPCR was used to measure mRNA expression of key organellar genes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from 186 MDD and 67 healthy control (HC) subjects. The comparative CT (2-ΔΔCT) method was applied to quantify mRNA expression using GAPDH as the reference gene. After controlling for age, sex, BMI, and medication status using linear regression models, expression of the inflammasome (NLRC4 and NLRP3) and the ER stress (XBP1u, XBP1s, and ATF4) genes was found to be significantly increased in the MDD versus the HC group. Sensitivity analyses excluding covariates yielded similar results. After excluding outliers, expression of the inflammasome genes was no longer statistically significant but expression of the ER stress genes (XBP1u, XBP1s, and ATF4) remained significant and the mitochondrial biogenesis gene, MFN2, was significantly increased in the MDD group. NLRC4 and MFN2 were positively correlated with serum C-reactive protein concentrations, while ASC trended significant. The altered expression of inflammasome activation, ER stress, and mitochondrial biogenesis pathway components suggest that dysfunction of these organelles may play a role in the pathogenesis of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyabrata Munshi
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK, 74136, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Avenue, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA.
| | - Ahlam M Alarbi
- Integrative Immunology Center, Department of Surgery and Department of Psychiatry, University of Oklahoma - School of Community Medicine, 4502 E. 41st St., Tulsa, OK, 74135, USA
| | - Haixia Zheng
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK, 74136, USA
- Oxley College of Health and Natural Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 74199, USA
| | - Rayus Kuplicki
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK, 74136, USA
| | - Kaiping Burrows
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK, 74136, USA
| | - Leandra K Figueroa-Hall
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK, 74136, USA
- Oxley College of Health and Natural Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 74199, USA
| | - Teresa A Victor
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK, 74136, USA
| | - Robin L Aupperle
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK, 74136, USA
- Oxley College of Health and Natural Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 74199, USA
| | - Sahib S Khalsa
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK, 74136, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Martin P Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK, 74136, USA
- Oxley College of Health and Natural Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 74199, USA
| | - T Kent Teague
- Integrative Immunology Center, Department of Surgery and Department of Psychiatry, University of Oklahoma - School of Community Medicine, 4502 E. 41st St., Tulsa, OK, 74135, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Center for Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 1111 W. 17th St., Tulsa, OK, 74107, USA
| | - Jonathan Savitz
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK, 74136, USA
- Oxley College of Health and Natural Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 74199, USA
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Munshi S, Alarbi A, Zheng H, Kuplicki R, Burrows K, Figueroa-Hall L, Victor T, Aupperle R, Khalsa S, Paulus M, Teague TK, Savitz J. Increased expression of ER stress, inflammasome activation, and mitochondrial biogenesis-related genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in major depressive disorder. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3564760. [PMID: 38260352 PMCID: PMC10802690 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3564760/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
A subset of major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by immune system dysfunction, but the intracellular origin of these immune changes remains unclear. Here we tested the hypothesis that abnormalities in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammasome activity and mitochondrial biogenesis contribute to the development of systemic inflammation in MDD. RT-qPCR was used to measure mRNA expression of key organellar genes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from 186 MDD and 67 healthy control (HC) subjects. The comparative CT (2-ΔΔCT) method was applied to quantify mRNA expression using GAPDH as the reference gene. After controlling for age, sex, BMI, and medication status using linear regression models, expression of the inflammasome (NLRC4 and NLRP3) and the ER stress (XBP1u, XBP1s, and ATF4) genes was found to be significantly increased in the MDD versus the HC group. After excluding outliers, expression of the inflammasome genes was no longer statistically significant but expression of the ER stress genes (XBP1u, XBP1s, and ATF4) and the mitochondrial biogenesis gene, MFN2, was significantly increased in the MDD group. ASC and MFN2 were positively correlated with serum C-reactive protein concentrations. The altered expression of inflammasome activation, ER stress, and mitochondrial biogenesis pathway components suggest that dysfunction of these organelles may play a role in the pathogenesis of MDD.
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Díaz-Hung ML, Hetz C. Proteostasis and resilience: on the interphase between individual's and intracellular stress. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:305-317. [PMID: 35337729 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A long proportion of the population is resilient to the negative consequences of stress. Glucocorticoids resulting from endocrine responses to stress are essential adaptive mediators, but also drive alterations to brain function, negatively impacting neuronal connectivity, synaptic plasticity, and memory-related processes. Recent evidence has indicated that organelle function and cellular stress responses are relevant determinant of vulnerability and resistance to environmental stress. At the molecular level, a fundamental mechanism of cellular stress adaptation is the maintenance of proteostasis, which also have key roles in sustaining basal neuronal function. Here, we discuss recent evidence suggesting that proteostasis unbalance at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum, the main site for protein folding in the cell, represents a possible mechanistic link between individuals and cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Li Díaz-Hung
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; FONDAP Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; FONDAP Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.
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The regulation of animal behavior by cellular stress responses. Exp Cell Res 2021; 405:112720. [PMID: 34217715 PMCID: PMC8363813 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellular stress responses exist to detect the effects of stress on cells, and to activate protective mechanisms that promote resilience. As well as acting at the cellular level, stress response pathways can also regulate whole organism responses to stress. One way in which animals facilitate their survival in stressful environments is through behavioral adaptation; this review considers the evidence that activation of cellular stress responses plays an important role in mediating the changes to behavior that promote organismal survival upon stress.
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Díaz-Hung ML, Martínez G, Hetz C. Emerging roles of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in the nervous system: A link with adaptive behavior to environmental stress? INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 350:29-61. [PMID: 32138903 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stressors elicit a neuroendocrine response leading to increased levels of glucocorticoids, allowing the organism to adapt to environmental changes and maintain homeostasis. Glucocorticoids have a broad effect in the body, modifying the activity of the immune system, metabolism, and behavior through the activation of receptors in the limbic system. Chronic exposition to stressors operates as a risk factor for psychiatric diseases such as depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Among the cellular alterations observed as a consequence of environmental stress, alterations to organelle function at the level of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are emerging as possible factors contributing to neuronal dysfunction. ER proteostasis alterations elicit the unfolded protein response (UPR), a conserved signaling network that re-establish protein homeostasis. In addition, in the context of brain function, the UPR has been associated to neurodevelopment, synaptic plasticity and neuronal connectivity. Recent studies suggest a role of the UPR in the adaptive behavior to stress, suggesting a mechanistic link between environmental and cellular stress. Here, we revise recent evidence supporting an evolutionary connection between the neuroendocrine system and the UPR to modulate behavioral adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Li Díaz-Hung
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela Martínez
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States.
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Balakrishnan B, Siddiqi A, Mella J, Lupo A, Li E, Hollien J, Johnson J, Lai K. Salubrinal enhances eIF2α phosphorylation and improves fertility in a mouse model of Classic Galactosemia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:165516. [PMID: 31362041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Loss of galactose-1 phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) activity in humans results in Classic Galactosemia, and the GalT-deficient (GalT-/-) mouse mimics the patient condition. GalT-/- ovaries display elevated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker, BiP, and downregulated canonical phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (Pi3k)/protein kinase B (Akt) growth/pro-survival signaling. Numbers of primordial follicles are reduced in the mutants, recapitulating the accelerated ovarian aging seen in human patients. We previously found that oral administration of the compound Salubrinal (an eIF2α phosphatase inhibitor), resulted in reduction of ovarian BiP expression, rescued Pi3k/Akt signaling, and a doubling of primordial follicles in GalT-/- adults. Here, we further characterized galactosemic stress in GalT-/- mice versus wild-type (WT) controls, and examined whether Salubrinal treatment improved broader reproductive parameters. We assessed the expression levels of factors of the unfolded protein response (UPR), and found that BiP, phospho-Perk, and phospho-eIF2α were all elevated in GalT-/- ovaries. However, neither IKK activation (NFκB pathway) nor alternative Xbp1 splicing downstream of ER membrane protein Ire1α activation was induced, suggesting an Xbp1-independent UPR in galactosemic stress. Moreover, Salubrinal treatment significantly increased the number of ovulated eggs in mutant animals after gonadotrophic superovulation. Salubrinal treatment also normalized estrus cycle stage lengths and resulted in significantly larger litter sizes than vehicle-treated mutants. Overall, we show that Salubrinal protects against galactosemia-induced primordial follicle loss in a fashion that includes suppressing the de-phosphorylation of eIF2α, and that intervention in this way significantly improves and extends ovarian function, fertility, and fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Balakrishnan
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, United States
| | - A Siddiqi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, United States
| | - J Mella
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah College of Science, United States
| | - A Lupo
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, United States
| | - E Li
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, United States
| | - J Hollien
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah College of Science, United States
| | - J Johnson
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado, United States.
| | - K Lai
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, United States.
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Abstract
The brain undergoes several changes at structural, molecular, and cellular levels leading to alteration in its functions and these processes are primarily maintained by proteostasis in cells. However, an imbalance in proteostasis due to the abnormal accumulation of protein aggregates induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. This event, in turn, activate the unfolded protein response; however, in most neurodegenerative conditions and brain injury, an uncontrolled unfolded protein response elicits memory dysfunction. Although the underlying signaling mechanism for impairment of memory function following induction of ER stress remains elusive, recent studies have highlighted that inactivation of a transcription factor, CREB, which is essential for synaptic function and memory formation, plays an essential role for ER stress-induced synaptic and memory dysfunction. In this review, current studies and most updated view on how ER stress affects memory function in both physiological and pathological conditions will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilkantha Sen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Martínez G, Khatiwada S, Costa-Mattioli M, Hetz C. ER Proteostasis Control of Neuronal Physiology and Synaptic Function. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:610-624. [PMID: 29945734 PMCID: PMC7268632 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal proteostasis is maintained by the dynamic integration of different processes that regulate the synthesis, folding, quality control, and localization of proteins. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves as a fundamental pillar of the proteostasis network, and is emerging as a key compartment to sustain normal brain function. The unfolded protein response (UPR), the main mechanism that copes with ER stress, plays a central role in the quality control of many ion channels and receptors, in addition to crosstalk with signaling pathways that regulate connectivity, synapse formation, and neuronal plasticity. We provide here an overview of recent advances in the involvement of the UPR in maintaining neuronal proteostasis, and discuss its emerging role in brain development, neuronal physiology, and behavior, as well as the implications for neurodegenerative diseases involving cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Martínez
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sanjeev Khatiwada
- Department of Neuroscience, Memory and Brain Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mauro Costa-Mattioli
- Department of Neuroscience, Memory and Brain Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Mercado G, Castillo V, Soto P, López N, Axten JM, Sardi SP, Hoozemans JJ, Hetz C. Targeting PERK signaling with the small molecule GSK2606414 prevents neurodegeneration in a model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 112:136-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Won SB, Kwon YH. Maternal Consumption of Low-Isoflavone Soy Protein Isolate Confers the Increased Predisposition to Alcoholic Liver Injury in Adult Rat Offspring. Nutrients 2018. [PMID: 29534433 PMCID: PMC5872750 DOI: 10.3390/nu10030332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Offspring of female rats fed either a casein (CAS) diet or a low-isoflavone soy protein isolate (SPI) diet were compared in an animal model of chronic ethanol consumption to investigate whether maternal diet regulates the adaptive responses of offspring to postnatal ethanol exposure and potentially affects the development of liver disease in later life. Female rats were fed either a CAS or an SPI diet before mating, and during pregnancy and lactation. Male offspring from the same litter were pair-fed either a control or ethanol diet for six weeks (CAS/CON, CAS/EtOH, SPI/CON, and SPI/EtOH groups). Serum aminotransferase activities and hepatic inflammatory indicators were higher in the SPI/EtOH group than in the CAS/EtOH group. Ethanol consumption increased serum homocysteine levels, hepatic S-adenosylmethionine:S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio, and hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress only in offspring of SPI-fed female rats. Total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and mRNA levels of hepatic genes involved in HDL cholesterol assembly were reduced in the SPI group in response to ethanol consumption. In conclusion, offspring of SPI-fed female rats were more susceptible to the later development of alcoholic liver disease than offspring of CAS-fed female rats. Furthermore, maternal SPI consumption altered one-carbon metabolism and cholesterol metabolism of offspring fed an ethanol diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Bom Won
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Young Hye Kwon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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Murao N, Nishitoh H. Role of the unfolded protein response in the development of central nervous system. J Biochem 2017; 162:155-162. [PMID: 28903548 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvx047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an intracellular homeostatic signalling pathway that is induced by accumulated misfolded/unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The UPR is closely associated with the development of disease in several tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS), in response to ER stress. More recently, the unique features and importance of the UPR have been revealed in neural stem cells (NSCs) and differentiated CNS cells [neurons and glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes)]. Although several UPR signalling pathways dynamically change in each CNS cell during brain development, the role of UPR signalling in CNS cells (especially NSCs and glial cells) under pathological or physiological conditions is poorly understood. Here, we discuss and summarize the recent progress in understanding how the UPR regulates the proliferation, differentiation, maturation and viability of CNS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Murao
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Hideki Nishitoh
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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Otabe H, Nibuya M, Shimazaki K, Toda H, Suzuki G, Nomura S, Shimizu K. Electroconvulsive seizures enhance autophagy signaling in rat hippocampus. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 50:37-43. [PMID: 24316174 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The putative antidepressive mechanisms of a series of electroconvulsive seizures (ECS) are the following: 1) downregulation of monoaminergic receptor expression in several brain regions, 2) upregulation of the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and 3) increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus. In this study, we used Western blot techniques to present another mechanism in which ECS enhances the autophagy signaling that is involved in the machinery related to synaptic and neural plasticity. Antibodies for conjugated Atg5-Atg12 (58kD) and cleaved light chain protein 3-II (LC3-II; 14 kD) were used to detect autophagy signals. An antibody for cleaved caspase-3 (17 kD) was used to detect alterations in apoptotic signals. Mature BDNF (14kD) expression in the hippocampus was evaluated in order to qualify the effectiveness of the ECS or stress-loading treatment. While significantly increased autophagy signals and no increases in apoptotic signals were detected in the ECS-treated rat hippocampus, the reverse (increased apoptotic signals and no altered autophagy signals) was observed in stressed rat hippocampus. No neuronal cell loss but new mossy fiber sprouting has been reported to accompany multiple ECS treatments, and recent studies have revealed that autophagy processes regulate the number of specific neurotransmitter receptors and the plasticity of synaptic components. The present study illustrated the neuroplastic and neurotrophic profiles of ECS and the neurotoxic impact of severe stress loading on hippocampal regions. This is the first report to demonstrate increased autophagy signals in ECS-treated rat hippocampus and no alterations in autophagy signals in stress-loaded rat hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Otabe
- Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masashi Nibuya
- Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Kuniko Shimazaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical School, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Toda
- Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Go Suzuki
- Division of Behavioral Sciences, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan; Military Medicine Research Unit, Test and Evaluation Command, Japan Ground Self Defense Force, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soichiro Nomura
- Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kunio Shimizu
- Division of Behavioral Sciences, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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Hetz C, Mollereau B. Disturbance of endoplasmic reticulum proteostasis in neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Neurosci 2014; 15:233-49. [PMID: 24619348 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a homeostatic mechanism by which cells regulate levels of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Although it is well characterized in non-neuronal cells, a proliferation of papers over the past few years has revealed a key role for the UPR in normal neuronal function and as an important driver of neurodegenerative diseases. A complex scenario is emerging in which distinct UPR signalling modules have specific and even opposite effects on neurodegeneration depending on the disease context. Here, we provide an overview of the most recent findings addressing the biological relevance of ER stress in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Hetz
- 1] Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. [2] Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. [3] Neurounion Biomedical Foundation, Santiago, Chile. [4] Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Bertrand Mollereau
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Cell, CNRS UMR5239, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UMS3444 Biosciences Lyon Gerland, University of Lyon, Lyon 69364, France
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Sommerweiss D, Gorski T, Richter S, Garten A, Kiess W. Oleate rescues INS-1E β-cells from palmitate-induced apoptosis by preventing activation of the unfolded protein response. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 441:770-6. [PMID: 24189472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.10.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saturated free fatty acids (FFAs), such as palmitate, cause β-cell apoptosis whereas unsaturated FFAs, e.g. oleate, are not harmful. The toxicity of palmitate could be mediated through endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress which triggers the activation of a signal responding cascade also called unfolded protein response (UPR). We investigated whether or not palmitate induced β-cell apoptosis through UPR activation and whether or not oleate as a monounsaturated fatty acid could counteract these effects. METHODS INS-1E β-cells were incubated with palmitate [0.5mM], oleate [1mM] or the combination [0.5/1mM] for 1, 6 and 24h. Viability and induction of apoptosis were measured by WST-1 assay and FITC-Annexin/PI-staining, respectively. Western blot analyses were performed for UPR specific proteins and mRNA expression of target molecules was determined by qPCR. RESULTS Palmitate significantly decreased viability (29±8.8%) of INS-1E β-cells compared to controls after 24h. Stimulation with oleate showed no effect on viability but the combination of oleate and palmitate improved viability compared to palmitate treated cells (55±9.3%) or controls (26±5.3%). The number of apoptotic cells was increased 2-fold after 24h incubation with palmitate compared to controls. Again, oleate showed no effect but in combination ameliorated the effect of palmitate to control level. Phosphorylation of eIF2α was increased after 6 and 24h incubation with palmitate. In contrast, oleate had no effect and in combination prevented phosphorylation of eIF2α. Increased Xbp1 splicing was visible already 6h after palmitate treatment and remained elevated at 24h. The combination with oleate abolished Xbp1 splicing. Interestingly, mRNA expression of the chaperones Bip, Pdi, Calnexin and Grp94 was not altered by FFA treatment. Only the proapoptotic transcription factor Chop was significantly enhanced by palmitate incubation. In accordance with sustained cell survival the combination as well as oleate alone, did not result in increased Chop levels compared to controls. In summary, we showed that oleate protects INS-1E β-cells from palmitate-induced apoptosis by the suppression of ER stress which was independent of chaperone activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietlind Sommerweiss
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Germany
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16
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Hosoi T, Ogawa K, Ozawa K. Homocysteine induces X-box-binding protein 1 splicing in the mice brain. Neurochem Int 2009; 56:216-20. [PMID: 20018221 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2009] [Revised: 12/05/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has been suggested that hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor of neurodegenerative diseases, although, the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. Here, we found peripheral application of homocysteine increases X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) splicing in the several areas of the mice brain, such as hippocampus, hypothalamus and cortex. Time-course experiments indicated that XBP1 splicing was observed from 2h, which was decreased thereafter. On the other hand, we did not observe GRP78 or CHOP induction in homocysteine-treated mice brain. As XBP1 is spliced in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ER stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of CNS diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, homocysteine-induced XBP1 splicing would be a key mechanism for such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Hosoi
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
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17
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Association of X-box binding protein 1 ( XBP1) genotype with morning cortisol and 1-year clinical course after a major depressive episode. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 12:281-3. [PMID: 19154631 PMCID: PMC3773868 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145708009863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's involve the cellular 'unfolded protein' (UPR) stress response. Psychiatric illnesses such as depressive disorders are thought to involve brain stress-response pathways. The XBP1 gene encodes a key transcription factor in the UPR stress response and therefore could be involved in the pathophysiology of depressive disorders. A functional polymorphism (-116C-->G) in the XBP1 promoter was linked in some studies to bipolar disorder. Among 132 adults (mean age 39 yr) who presented with a major depressive episode, this polymorphism was found to be associated with a worse course during 1-yr prospective follow-up. In a subgroup (n=22), the polymorphism was associated with higher plasma levels of the stress hormone cortisol. The results suggest that hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical and cellular stress pathways involving the XBP1 gene may be involved in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. These relationships merit further study.
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18
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Aberrant endoplasmic reticulum stress response in lymphoblastoid cells from patients with bipolar disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 12:33-43. [PMID: 18771604 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145708009358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response has been suggested as a possible pathophysiological mechanism of bipolar disorder (BD). The expression of ER stress-related genes, spliced form or unspliced form of XBP1, GRP78 (HSPA5), GRP94 (HSP90B1), CHOP (DDIT3), and calreticulin (CALR), were examined in lymphoblastoid cells derived from 59 patients with BD and 59 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Basal mRNA levels and induction by 4 h or 12 h of treatment with two ER stressors, thapsigargin or tunicamycin, were examined using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Induction of the spliced form of XBP1 as well as total XBP1 by thapsigargin was significantly attenuated in patients with BD. Induction of GRP94 by thapsigargin was also decreased in the BD group. A haplotype of GRP94, protective against BD, exhibited significantly higher GRP94 expression upon ER stress. This report confirms and extends earlier observations of impaired ER stress response in larger samples of lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from BD patients. Altered ER stress response may play a role in the pathophysiology of BD by altering neural development and plasticity.
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19
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Perspectives on genetic animal models of serotonin toxicity. Neurochem Int 2008; 52:649-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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20
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Unfolded protein response transcription factor XBP-1 does not influence prion replication or pathogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:757-62. [PMID: 18178615 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0711094105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a conserved adaptive reaction that increases cell survival under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions. X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP-1) is a key transcriptional regulator of the UPR that activates genes involved in protein folding, secretion, and degradation to restore ER function. The occurrence of chronic ER stress has been extensively described in neurodegenerative conditions linked to protein misfolding and aggregation. However, the role of the UPR in the CNS has not been addressed directly. Here we describe the generation of a brain-specific XBP-1 conditional KO strain (XBP-1(Nes-/-)). XBP-1(Nes-/-) mice are viable and do not develop any spontaneous neurological dysfunction, although ER stress signaling in XBP-1(Nes-/-) primary neuronal cell cultures was impaired. To assess the function of XBP-1 in pathological conditions involving protein misfolding and ER stress, we infected XBP-1(Nes-/-) mice with murine prions. To our surprise, the activation of stress responses triggered by prion replication was not influenced by XBP-1 deficiency. Neither prion aggregation, neuronal loss, nor animal survival was affected. Hence, this most highly conserved arm of the UPR may not contribute to the occurrence or pathology of neurodegenerative conditions associated with prion protein misfolding despite predictions that such diseases are related to ER stress and irreversible neuronal damage.
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Kakiuchi C, Ishiwata M, Nanko S, Kunugi H, Minabe Y, Nakamura K, Mori N, Fujii K, Umekage T, Tochigi M, Kohda K, Sasaki T, Yamada K, Yoshikawa T, Kato T. Association analysis of HSP90B1 with bipolar disorder. J Hum Genet 2007; 52:794-803. [PMID: 17805476 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-007-0188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Pathophysiological role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response signaling has been suggested for bipolar disorder. The goal of this study was to test the genetic association between bipolar disorder and an ER chaperone gene, HSP90B1 (GRP94/gp96), which is located on a candidate locus, 12q23.3. We tested the genetic association between bipolar disorder and HSP90B1 by case-control studies in two independent Japanese sample sets and by a transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) in NIMH Genetics initiative bipolar trio samples (NIMH trios). We also performed gene expression analysis of HSP90B1 in lymphoblastoid cells. Among the 11 SNPs tested, rs17034977 showed significant association in both Japanese sample sets. The frequency of the SNP was lower in NIMH samples than in Japanese samples and there was no significant association in NIMH trios. Gene expression analysis of HSP90B1 in lymphoblastoid cells suggested a possible relationship between the associated SNP and mRNA levels. HSP90B1 may have a pathophysiological role in bipolar disorder in the Japanese population, though further study will be needed to understand the underlying functional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Kakiuchi
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mizuho Ishiwata
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nanko
- Department of Psychiatry and Genome Research Center, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Minabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Norio Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kumiko Fujii
- Department of Psychiatry, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Tadashi Umekage
- Department of Psychiatry, Health Service Center, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tochigi
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Kohda
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Sasaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Health Service Center, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamada
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Kato
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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Wakizono T, Sawamura T, Shimizu K, Nibuya M, Suzuki G, Toda H, Hirano J, Kikuchi A, Takahashi Y, Nomura S. Stress vulnerabilities in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Physiol Behav 2007; 90:687-95. [PMID: 17254618 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Revised: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the effects of inescapable electric foot shocks (ISs) on rats by using a subsequent avoidance/escape task performed in a shuttle box as an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this study, the behavioral differences and the effects of chronic stress exposure prior to IS were examined among male rats of the Wistar, Fischer 344, and Lewis strains. In concordance with our previous report on the Wistar rats, we observed the characteristic features of PTSD in all three rat strains tested, that is, the hyperactive and hypoactive bidirectional behavioral changes that are associated with hypervigilant and hyperarousal behavior, and the numbing and avoidant behavior, respectively. The induction of hypoactive behaviors after IS was most exaggerated in the Fischer and Lewis strains. Although the count of hyperactive behaviors was maximal in the Fischer strain both at basal levels without IS and after IS, the increase in the rate of hyperactive behaviors by IS was the most prominent in the Lewis strain. In addition, preloaded chronic variable stress (CVS) enhanced the degree of hyperactive behavioral changes in the Wistar strain. Thus, we consider that the present study further validates the use of shuttle box paradigm as an animal model of PTSD by demonstrating the vulnerability due to genetic background and environmental preloaded stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Wakizono
- Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
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