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Reid BM. Early life stress and iron metabolism in developmental psychoneuroimmunology. Brain Behav Immun Health 2024; 40:100824. [PMID: 39161875 PMCID: PMC11331713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
An estimated 250 million children face adverse health outcomes from early life exposure to severe or chronic social, economic, and nutritional adversity, highlighting/emphasizing the pressing concern about the link between ELS and long-term implications on mental and physical health. There is significant overlap between populations experiencing high levels of chronic stress and those experiencing iron deficiency, spotlighting the potential role of iron as a key mediator in this association. Iron, an essential micronutrient for brain development and immune function, is often depleted in stress conditions. Iron deficiency among the most common nutrient deficiencies in the world. Fetal and infant iron status may thus serve as a crucial intermediary between early chronic psychological stress and subsequent immune system changes to impact neurodevelopment. The review presents a hypothesized pathway between early life stress (ELS), iron deficiency, and neurodevelopment through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and the IL-6-hepcidin axis. This hypothesis is derived from (1) evidence that stress impacts iron status (2) long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes that are shared by ELS and iron deficiency exposure, and (3) possible mechanisms for how iron may mediate the relation between ELS and iron deficiency through alterations in the developing immune system. The article concludes by proposing future research directions, emphasizing the need for rigorous studies to elucidate how stress and iron metabolism interact to modify the developing immune system. Understanding these mechanisms could open new avenues for improving human health and neurodevelopment for women and children globally, making it a timely and vital area of study in psychoneuroimmunology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brie M. Reid
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, USA
- Center for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, USA
- Department of Psychology, Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, USA
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Li J, Sun Y, Bi H. Exploring molecular mechanisms of diazinon toxicity in HT22 hippocampal neurons through integrated miRNA and mRNA profiling. Comput Biol Med 2024; 182:109091. [PMID: 39241324 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Diazinon (DZN), a persistent organophosphate insecticide, has been associated with neurotoxic effects, particularly in the hippocampus. However, the specific molecular mechanisms of DZN-induced hippocampal toxicity remain unknown. In this study, we analyzed the mRNA and miRNA expression patterns of HT22 cells following exposure to DZN (125 μM), and the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were conducted subsequently. The integration of miRNA sequencing (miRNA-seq) and mRNA sequencing (mRNA-seq) data identified 33 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMIs, 15 up-regulated and 18 down-regulated) and 271 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEMs, 69 up-regulated and 202 down-regulated) targeted by the DEMIs. Moreover, the 3 most central mRNAs (ITGAV, FN1, and EGFR) and 7 associated miRNAs (mmu-miR-700-5p, mmu-miR-26a-2-3p, mmu-miR-452-3p, mmu-miR-25-3p, mmu-miR-582-5p, mmu-miR-467a-5p, and mmu-miR-467b-5p) were screened and validated using quantitative real-time PCR. Furthermore, the GO analysis revealed that the identified DEMs were enriched in biological adhesion extracellular matrix, and growth factor binding, while the KEGG analysis suggested that the enriched DEMs were involved in ECM-receptor interaction, mTOR signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and AMPK signaling pathway. Our results may aid in elucidating the underlying mechanisms associated with DZN-induced hippocampal toxicity and provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis of neurotoxicity triggered by other organophosphorus pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Yun Long District, Xuzhou, 221000, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, 1 Zhiyuan Road, Lin Gui District, Guilin, 541001, China
| | - Haoran Bi
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Yun Long District, Xuzhou, 221000, China.
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Nguyen HD, Jo WH, Cha JO, Hoang NHM, Kim MS. Elucidation of the effects of 2,5-hexandione as a metabolite of n-hexane on cognitive impairment in leptin-knockout mice (C57BL/6-Lepem1Shwl/Korl). Toxicol Res 2024; 40:389-408. [PMID: 38911537 PMCID: PMC11187033 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-024-00228-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Exposure to n-hexane and its metabolite 2,5-hexandione (HD) is a well-known cause of neurotoxicity, particularly in the peripheral nervous system. To date, few studies have focused on the neurotoxic effects of HD on cognitive impairment. Exposure to HD and diabetes mellitus can exacerbate neurotoxicity. There are links among HD, diabetes mellitus, and cognitive impairment; however, the specific mechanisms underlying them remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the neurotoxic effects of HD on cognitive impairment in ob/ob (C57BL/6-Lepem1Shwl/Korl) mice. We found that HD induced cognitive impairment by altering the expression of genes (FN1, AGT, ACTA2, MYH11, MKI67, MET, CTGF, and CD44), miRNAs (mmu-miR15a-5p, mmu-miR-17-5p, and mmu-miR-29a-3p), transcription factors (transcription factor AP-2 alpha [TFAP2A], serum response factor [Srf], and paired box gene 4 [PAX4]), and signaling pathways (ERK/CERB, PI3K/AKT, GSK-3β/p-tau/amyloid-β), as well as by causing neuroinflammation (TREM1/DAP12/NF-κB), oxidative stress, and apoptosis. The prevalent use of n-hexane in various industrial applications (for instance, shoe manufacturing, printing inks, paints, and varnishes) suggests that individuals with elevated body weight and glucose levels and those employed in high-risk workplaces have greater probability of cognitive impairment. Therefore, implementing screening strategies for HD-induced cognitive dysfunction is crucial. Graphical abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43188-024-00228-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Duc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922 Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hee Jo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ok Cha
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922 Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Hong Minh Hoang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922 Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922 Republic of Korea
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Erber LN, Luo A, Gong Y, Beeson M, Tu M, Tran P, Chen Y. Iron Deficiency Reprograms Phosphorylation Signaling and Reduces O-GlcNAc Pathways in Neuronal Cells. Nutrients 2021; 13:E179. [PMID: 33430126 PMCID: PMC7826960 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Micronutrient sensing is critical for cellular growth and differentiation. Deficiencies in essential nutrients such as iron strongly affect neuronal cell development and may lead to defects in neuronal function that cannot be remedied by subsequent iron supplementation. To understand the adaptive intracellular responses to iron deficiency in neuronal cells, we developed and utilized a Stable Isotopic Labeling of Amino acids in Cell culture (SILAC)-based quantitative phosphoproteomics workflow. Our integrated approach was designed to comprehensively elucidate the changes in phosphorylation signaling under both acute and chronic iron-deficient cell models. In addition, we analyzed the differential cellular responses between iron deficiency and hypoxia (oxygen-deprived) in neuronal cells. Our analysis identified nearly 16,000 phosphorylation sites in HT-22 cells, a hippocampal-derived neuronal cell line, more than ten percent of which showed at least 2-fold changes in response to either hypoxia or acute/chronic iron deficiency. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that iron deficiency altered key metabolic and epigenetic pathways including the phosphorylation of proteins involved in iron sequestration, glutamate metabolism, and histone methylation. In particular, iron deficiency increased glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase (GFPT1) phosphorylation, which is a key enzyme in the glucosamine biosynthesis pathway and a target of 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), leading to reduced GFPT1 enzymatic activity and consequently lower global O-GlcNAc modification in neuronal cells. Taken together, our analysis of the phosphoproteome dynamics in response to iron and oxygen deprivation demonstrated an adaptive cellular response by mounting post-translational modifications that are critical for intracellular signaling and epigenetic programming in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke N. Erber
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (L.N.E.); (A.L.); (Y.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Ang Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (L.N.E.); (A.L.); (Y.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Yao Gong
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (L.N.E.); (A.L.); (Y.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Montana Beeson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.B.); (P.T.)
| | - Maolin Tu
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (L.N.E.); (A.L.); (Y.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Phu Tran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.B.); (P.T.)
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (L.N.E.); (A.L.); (Y.G.); (M.T.)
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Wang YC, Huang APH, Yuan SP, Huang CY, Wu CC, Poly TN, Atique S, Kung WM. Association between Anemia and Risk of Parkinson Disease. Behav Neurol 2021; 2021:8360627. [PMID: 34306250 PMCID: PMC8279865 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8360627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
METHODS We systematically searched articles on electronic databases such as PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar between January 1, 2000 and July 30, 2020. Articles were independently evaluated by two authors. We included observational studies (case-control and cohort) and calculated the risk ratios (RRs) for associated with anemia and PD. Heterogeneity among the studies was assessed using the Q and I 2 statistic. We utilized the random-effect model to calculate the overall RR with 95% CI. RESULTS A total of 342 articles were identified in the initial searches, and 7 full-text articles were evaluated for eligibility. Three articles were further excluded for prespecified reasons including insufficient data and duplications, and 4 articles were included in our systematic review and meta-analysis. A random effect model meta-analysis of all 4 studies showed no increased risk of PD in patients with anemia (N = 4, RRadjusted = 1.17 (95% CI: 0.94-1.45, p = 0.15). However, heterogeneity among the studies was significant (I 2 = 92.60, p = <0.0001). The pooled relative risk of PD in female patients with anemia was higher (N = 3, RRadjusted = 1.14 (95% CI: 0.83-1.57, p = 0.40) as compared to male patients with anemia (N = 3, RRadjusted = 1.09 (95% CI: 0.83-1.42, p = 0.51). CONCLUSION This is the first meta-analysis that shows that anemia is associated with higher risk of PD when compared with patients without anemia. However, more studies are warranted to evaluate the risk of PD among patients with anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Chin Wang
- 1Department of Emergency, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- 2Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Abel Po-Hao Huang
- 3Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Po Yuan
- 4Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- 5Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- 6Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Ya Huang
- 7Taiwan College of Healthcare Executives, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Chen Wu
- 8Department of Exercise and Health Promotion, College of Kinesiology and Health, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tahmina Nasrin Poly
- 4Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Suleman Atique
- 9Department of Health Informatics, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Woon-Man Kung
- 8Department of Exercise and Health Promotion, College of Kinesiology and Health, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Grubić Kezele T, Ćurko-Cofek B. Age-Related Changes and Sex-Related Differences in Brain Iron Metabolism. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2601. [PMID: 32867052 PMCID: PMC7551829 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element that participates in numerous cellular processes. Any disruption of iron homeostasis leads to either iron deficiency or iron overload, which can be detrimental for humans' health, especially in elderly. Each of these changes contributes to the faster development of many neurological disorders or stimulates progression of already present diseases. Age-related cellular and molecular alterations in iron metabolism can also lead to iron dyshomeostasis and deposition. Iron deposits can contribute to the development of inflammation, abnormal protein aggregation, and degeneration in the central nervous system (CNS), leading to the progressive decline in cognitive processes, contributing to pathophysiology of stroke and dysfunctions of body metabolism. Besides, since iron plays an important role in both neuroprotection and neurodegeneration, dietary iron homeostasis should be considered with caution. Recently, there has been increased interest in sex-related differences in iron metabolism and iron homeostasis. These differences have not yet been fully elucidated. In this review we will discuss the latest discoveries in iron metabolism, age-related changes, along with the sex differences in iron content in serum and brain, within the healthy aging population and in neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Grubić Kezele
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
- Clinical Department for Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Krešimirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Božena Ćurko-Cofek
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
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Iron-responsive-like elements and neurodegenerative ferroptosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:395-413. [PMID: 32817306 PMCID: PMC7433652 DOI: 10.1101/lm.052282.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A set of common-acting iron-responsive 5′untranslated region (5′UTR) motifs can fold into RNA stem loops that appear significant to the biology of cognitive declines of Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), Lewy body dementia (LDD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neurodegenerative diseases exhibit perturbations of iron homeostasis in defined brain subregions over characteristic time intervals of progression. While misfolding of Aβ from the amyloid-precursor-protein (APP), alpha-synuclein, prion protein (PrP) each cause neuropathic protein inclusions in the brain subregions, iron-responsive-like element (IRE-like) RNA stem–loops reside in their transcripts. APP and αsyn have a role in iron transport while gene duplications elevate the expression of their products to cause rare familial cases of AD and PDD. Of note, IRE-like sequences are responsive to excesses of brain iron in a potential feedback loop to accelerate neuronal ferroptosis and cognitive declines as well as amyloidosis. This pathogenic feedback is consistent with the translational control of the iron storage protein ferritin. We discuss how the IRE-like RNA motifs in the 5′UTRs of APP, alpha-synuclein and PrP mRNAs represent uniquely folded drug targets for therapies to prevent perturbed iron homeostasis that accelerates AD, PD, PD dementia (PDD) and Lewy body dementia, thus preventing cognitive deficits. Inhibition of alpha-synuclein translation is an option to block manganese toxicity associated with early childhood cognitive problems and manganism while Pb toxicity is epigenetically associated with attention deficit and later-stage AD. Pathologies of heavy metal toxicity centered on an embargo of iron export may be treated with activators of APP and ferritin and inhibitors of alpha-synuclein translation.
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Ghio AJ, Soukup JM, Dailey LA, Madden MC. Air pollutants disrupt iron homeostasis to impact oxidant generation, biological effects, and tissue injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 151:38-55. [PMID: 32092410 PMCID: PMC8274387 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Air pollutants cause changes in iron homeostasis through: 1) a capacity of the pollutant, or a metabolite(s), to complex/chelate iron from pivotal sites in the cell or 2) an ability of the pollutant to displace iron from pivotal sites in the cell. Through either pathway of disruption in iron homeostasis, metal previously employed in essential cell processes is sequestered after air pollutant exposure. An absolute or functional cell iron deficiency results. If enough iron is lost or is otherwise not available within the cell, cell death ensues. However, prior to death, exposed cells will attempt to reverse the loss of requisite metal. This response of the cell includes increased expression of metal importers (e.g. divalent metal transporter 1). Oxidant generation after exposure to air pollutants includes superoxide production which functions in ferrireduction necessary for cell iron import. Activation of kinases and phosphatases and transcription factors and increased release of pro-inflammatory mediators also result from a cell iron deficiency, absolute or functional, after exposure to air pollutants. Finally, air pollutant exposure culminates in the development of inflammation and fibrosis which is a tissue response to the iron deficiency challenging cell survival. Following the response of increased expression of importers and ferrireduction, activation of kinases and phosphatases and transcription factors, release of pro-inflammatory mediators, and inflammation and fibrosis, cell iron is altered, and a new metal homeostasis is established. This new metal homeostasis includes increased total iron concentrations in cells with metal now at levels sufficient to meet requirements for continued function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ghio
- From the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Joleen M Soukup
- From the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lisa A Dailey
- From the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael C Madden
- From the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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9
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Cord Blood-Derived Exosomal CNTN2 and BDNF: Potential Molecular Markers for Brain Health of Neonates at Risk for Iron Deficiency. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102478. [PMID: 31623079 PMCID: PMC6835945 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal iron deficiency anemia, obesity, and diabetes are prevalent during pregnancy. All are associated with neonatal brain iron deficiency (ID) and neurodevelopmental impairment. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles involved in cell–cell communication. Contactin-2 (CNTN2), a neural-specific glycoprotein, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are important in neurodevelopment and found in exosomes. We hypothesized that exosomal CNTN2 and BDNF identify infants at risk for brain ID. Umbilical cord blood samples were measured for iron status. Maternal anemia, diabetes, and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. Cord blood exosomes were isolated and validated for the exosomal marker CD81 and the neural-specific exosomal marker CNTN2. Exosomal CNTN2 and BDNF levels were quantified by ELISA. Analysis of CNTN2 and BDNF levels as predictors of cord blood iron indices showed a direct correlation between CNTN2 and ferritin in all neonates (n = 79, β = 1.75, p = 0.02). In contrast, BDNF levels inversely correlated with ferritin (β = −1.20, p = 0.03), with stronger association in female neonates (n = 37, β = −1.35, p = 0.06), although there is no evidence of a sex-specific effect. Analysis of maternal risk factors for neonatal brain ID as predictors of exosomal CNTN2 and BDNF levels showed sex-specific relationships between infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs) and CNTN2 levels (Interaction p = 0.0005). While male IDMs exhibited a negative correlation (n = 42, β = −0.69, p = 0.02), female IDMs showed a positive correlation (n = 37, β = 0.92, p = 0.01) with CNTN2. A negative correlation between BNDF and maternal BMI was found with stronger association in female neonates (per 10 units BMI, β = −0.60, p = 0.04). These findings suggest CNTN2 and BNDF are respective molecular markers for male and female neonates at risk for brain ID. This study supports the potential of exosomal markers to assess neonatal brain status in at-risk infants.
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Targeting the Iron-Response Elements of the mRNAs for the Alzheimer's Amyloid Precursor Protein and Ferritin to Treat Acute Lead and Manganese Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040994. [PMID: 30823541 PMCID: PMC6412244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic value of inhibiting translation of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) offers the possibility to reduce neurotoxic amyloid formation, particularly in cases of familial Alzheimer’s disease (AD) caused by APP gene duplications (Dup–APP) and in aging Down syndrome individuals. APP mRNA translation inhibitors such as the anticholinesterase phenserine, and high throughput screened molecules, selectively inhibited the uniquely folded iron-response element (IRE) sequences in the 5’untranslated region (5’UTR) of APP mRNA and this class of drug continues to be tested in a clinical trial as an anti-amyloid treatment for AD. By contrast, in younger age groups, APP expression is not associated with amyloidosis, instead it acts solely as a neuroprotectant while facilitating cellular ferroportin-dependent iron efflux. We have reported that the environmental metallotoxins Lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn) cause neuronal death by interfering with IRE dependent translation of APP and ferritin. The loss of these iron homeostatic neuroprotectants thereby caused an embargo of iron (Fe) export from neurons as associated with excess unstored intracellular iron and the formation of toxic reactive oxidative species (ROS). We propose that APP 5’UTR directed translation activators can be employed therapeutically to protect neurons exposed to high acute Pb and/or Mn exposure. Certainly, high potency APP translation activators, exemplified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) pre-approved M1 muscarinic agonist AF102B and high throughput-screened APP 5’UTR translation activators, are available for drug development to treat acute toxicity caused by Pb/Mn exposure to neurons. We conclude that APP translation activators can be predicted to prevent acute metal toxicity to neurons by a mechanism related to the 5’UTR specific yohimbine which binds and targets the canonical IRE RNA stem loop as an H-ferritin translation activator.
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11
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Barks A, Fretham SJB, Georgieff MK, Tran PV. Early-Life Neuronal-Specific Iron Deficiency Alters the Adult Mouse Hippocampal Transcriptome. J Nutr 2018; 148:1521-1528. [PMID: 30169712 PMCID: PMC6258792 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Iron deficiency (ID) compromises the developing nervous system, including the hippocampus, resulting in later-life deficits despite iron repletion. The iron-dependent molecular changes driving these lasting deficits, and the effect of early iron repletion, are incompletely understood. Previous studies have utilized dietary models of maternal-fetal ID anemia (IDA) to address these questions; however, concurrent anemia prevents delineation of the specific role of iron. Objective The aim of the study was to isolate the effects of developmental ID on adult hippocampal gene expression and to determine if iron repletion reverses these effects in a mouse model of nonanemic hippocampal neuronal ID. Methods Nonanemic, hippocampus-specific neuronal ID was generated by using a Tet-OFF dominant negative transferrin receptor (DN-TFR1) mouse model that impairs cellular iron uptake. Hippocampal ID was reversed with doxycycline at postnatal day 21 (P21) in a subset of mice to create 2 experimental groups, chronically iron-deficient and formerly iron-deficient mice, which were compared with their respective doxycycline-treated and untreated iron-sufficient controls. RNA from adult male hippocampi was sequenced. Paired-end reads were analyzed for differential expression. Differentially expressed genes were analyzed in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Results A total of 346 genes were differentially expressed in adult, chronically iron-deficient hippocampi compared with controls. ID dysregulated genes in critical neurodevelopmental pathways, including axonal guidance, CDK5, Ephrin receptor, Rac, and Neurotrophin/Trk signaling. Iron repletion at P21 normalized adult hippocampal expression of 198 genes; however, genes involved in cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) signaling, neurocognition, and neurologic disease remained dysregulated in adulthood. Conclusions Chronic ID during development, independent of anemia, alters the adult mouse hippocampal transcriptome. Restoring iron status during a known critical period of hippocampal neurodevelopment incompletely normalized these changes, suggesting a need for additional studies to identify the most effective timeline for iron therapy, and adjunctive treatments that can fully restore ID-induced molecular changes, particularly in human populations in whom chronic ID is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Barks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | - Phu V Tran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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12
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A bis-(rhodamine)-based off–on colorimetric and fluorescent probe for Fe3+ ion detection in serum and bioimaging. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Hooper C, De Souto Barreto P, Coley N, Cesari M, Payoux P, Salabert AS, Andrieu S, Vellas B. Cross-sectional Associations of Fatigue with Cerebral β-Amyloid in Older Adults at Risk of Dementia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:173. [PMID: 29164115 PMCID: PMC5681742 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatigue is a common symptom in the elderly and has also been associated with impaired cognition in older adults. Hence, we sought to explore the cross-sectional relationship between fatigue and cerebral β-amyloid (Aβ) in 269 elderly individuals reporting subjective memory complaints from the Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial. Standard uptake value ratios (SUVRs) were generated by [18F] florbetapir positron emission tomography (PET) using the cerebellum as a reference. Cortical-to-cerebellar SUVRs (cortical-SUVRs) were obtained using the mean signal from the frontal cortex, temporal cortex, parietal cortex, precuneus, anterior cingulate, and posterior cingulate. Other brain regions independently assessed were the anterior cingulate, anterior putamen, caudate, hippocampus, medial orbitofrontal cortex, occipital cortex, parietal cortex, pons, posterior cingulate, posterior putamen, precuneus, semioval center, and temporal cortex. Fatigue was defined according to two questions retrieved from the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale. Chronic fatigue was defined as meeting fatigue criteria at two consecutive clinical visits 6 months apart between study baseline and 1 year (visits were performed at baseline, 6 months and 1 year then annually). Cross-sectional associations between fatigue variables and cerebral Aβ were explored using fully adjusted multiple linear regression models. We found no statistically significant cross-sectional associations between fatigue assessed at the clinical visit closest to PET and Aβ in any brain region. Similarly, chronic fatigue was not significantly associated with Aβ load. Sensitivity analysis in subjects with a Clinical Dementia Rating of 0.5 showed that fatigue reported at the clinical visit closest to PET was, however, weakly associated with increased Aβ in the hippocampus (B-coefficient: 0.07, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.12, p = 0.016). These preliminary results suggest that fatigue might be associated with Aβ in brain regions associated with Alzheimer’s disease in subjects in the early stages of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudie Hooper
- Gérontopôle, Department of Geriatrics, CHU Toulouse, Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Philipe De Souto Barreto
- Gérontopôle, Department of Geriatrics, CHU Toulouse, Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France.,UMR1027 INSERM, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicola Coley
- UMR1027 INSERM, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Matteo Cesari
- Gérontopôle, Department of Geriatrics, CHU Toulouse, Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France.,UMR1027 INSERM, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Payoux
- UMR 1214, Toulouse Neuroimaging Center, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Sophie Salabert
- UMR 1214, Toulouse Neuroimaging Center, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Andrieu
- Gérontopôle, Department of Geriatrics, CHU Toulouse, Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France.,UMR1027 INSERM, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Vellas
- Gérontopôle, Department of Geriatrics, CHU Toulouse, Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France.,UMR1027 INSERM, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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14
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Shephard F, Greville-Heygate O, Liddell S, Emes R, Chakrabarti L. Analysis of Mitochondrial haemoglobin in Parkinson's disease brain. Mitochondrion 2016; 29:45-52. [PMID: 27181046 PMCID: PMC4940210 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is an early feature of neurodegeneration. We have shown there are mitochondrial haemoglobin changes with age and neurodegeneration. We hypothesised that altered physiological processes are associated with recruitment and localisation of haemoglobin to these organelles. To confirm a dynamic localisation of haemoglobin we exposed Drosophila melanogaster to cyclical hypoxia with recovery. With a single cycle of hypoxia and recovery we found a relative accumulation of haemoglobin in the mitochondria compared with the cytosol. An additional cycle of hypoxia and recovery led to a significant increase of mitochondrial haemoglobin (p<0.05). We quantified ratios of human mitochondrial haemoglobin in 30 Parkinson's and matched control human post-mortem brains. Relative mitochondrial/cytosolic quantities of haemoglobin were obtained for the cortical region, substantia nigra and cerebellum. In age matched post-mortem brain mitochondrial haemoglobin ratios change, decreasing with disease duration in female cerebellum samples (n=7). The change is less discernible in male cerebellum (n=18). In cerebellar mitochondria, haemoglobin localisation in males with long disease duration shifts from the intermembrane space to the outer membrane of the organelle. These new data illustrate dynamic localisation of mitochondrial haemoglobin within the cell. Mitochondrial haemoglobin should be considered in the context of gender differences characterised in Parkinson's disease. It has been postulated that cerebellar circuitry may be activated to play a protective role in individuals with Parkinson's. The changing localisation of intracellular haemoglobin in response to hypoxia presents a novel pathway to delineate the role of the cerebellum in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya Shephard
- University of Nottingham, Faculty of Medicine, SVMS, Sutton Bonington Campus, LE12 5RD, England, UK
| | - Oliver Greville-Heygate
- University of Nottingham, Faculty of Medicine, SVMS, Sutton Bonington Campus, LE12 5RD, England, UK
| | - Susan Liddell
- Division of Animal Sciences, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, LE12 5RD, England, UK
| | - Richard Emes
- University of Nottingham, Faculty of Medicine, SVMS, Sutton Bonington Campus, LE12 5RD, England, UK
| | - Lisa Chakrabarti
- University of Nottingham, Faculty of Medicine, SVMS, Sutton Bonington Campus, LE12 5RD, England, UK.
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15
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Meadowcroft MD, Connor JR, Yang QX. Cortical iron regulation and inflammatory response in Alzheimer's disease and APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mice: a histological perspective. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:255. [PMID: 26257600 PMCID: PMC4511841 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of iron homeostasis and increased glial response are known to occur in brains afflicted by Alzheimer's disease (AD). While the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model recapitulates the hallmark amyloid-beta plaque pathology of AD, it does so in a different neuronal mileu than humans. Understanding the iron characteristics and glial response of the APP/PS1 model is important when testing new treatment procedures and translating these results. Brain tissue from AD patients, APP/PS1 mice, and controls were stained for iron, H- and L-ferritin, microglia, astrocytes, Aβ40∕42, and degenerating neurons. The histological data demonstrate differences in ferritin, iron distribution, gliosis, and Aβ plaque composition between APP/PS1 and AD tissue. Specifically, an association between focal iron deposition and Aβ plaques is found ubiquitously throughout the AD tissue and is not observed in the APP/PS1 mouse model. Ferritin, microglia, and astrocyte staining show differential response patterns to amyloid plaques in AD and the APP/PS1 tissue. Aβ 40 and 42 antibody and thioflavin staining demonstrate morphological differences in plaque composition. The histological data support the hypothesis that iron distribution, iron management, and glial response histologically differ between the APP/PS1 and AD brain. Acknowledging the caveat that there are distinct plaque, iron, and glial contrasts between the AD brain and the APP/PS1 mouse is crucial when utilizing this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Meadowcroft
- Department of Neurosurgery, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine Hershey, PA, USA ; Department of Radiology (The Center for NMR Research), Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Qing X Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine Hershey, PA, USA ; Department of Radiology (The Center for NMR Research), Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine Hershey, PA, USA
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16
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Jellen LC, Lu L, Wang X, Unger EL, Earley CJ, Allen RP, Williams RW, Jones BC. Iron deficiency alters expression of dopamine-related genes in the ventral midbrain in mice. Neuroscience 2013; 252:13-23. [PMID: 23911809 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A clear link exists between iron deficiency (ID) and nigrostriatal dopamine malfunction. This link appears to play an important role in at least restless legs syndrome (RLS) if not several other neurological diseases. Yet, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The effects of ID on gene expression in the brain have not been studied extensively. Here, to better understand how exactly ID alters dopamine functioning, we investigated the effects of ID on gene expression in the brain, seeking to identify any potential transcription-based mechanisms. We used six strains of recombinant inbred mice (BXD type) known to differ in susceptibility to ID in the brain. Upon weaning, we subjected mice from each strain to either an iron-deficient or iron-adequate diet. After 100 days of dietary treatment, we measured the effects of ID on gene expression in the ventral midbrain, a region containing the substantia nigra. The substantia nigra is the base of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway and a region particularly affected by iron loss in RLS. We screened for ID-induced changes in expression, including changes in that of both iron-regulating and dopamine-related genes. Results revealed a number of expression changes occurring in ID, with large strain-dependent differences in the genes involved and number of expression changes occurring. In terms of dopamine-related genes, results revealed ID-induced expression changes in three genes with direct ties to nigrostriatal dopamine functioning, two of which have never before been implicated in an iron-dopamine pathway. These were stromal cell-derived factor 1 (Cxcl12, or SDF-1), a ferritin regulator and potent dopamine neuromodulator, and hemoglobin, beta adult chain 1 (Hbb-b1), a gene recently shown to play a functional role in dopaminergic neurons. The extent of up-regulation of these genes varied by strain. This work not only demonstrates a wide genetic variation in the transcriptional response to ID in the brain, but also reveals two novel biochemical pathways by which iron may potentially alter dopamine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Jellen
- Neuroscience Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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17
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Thompson PM, Jahanshad N. Ironing out neurodegeneration: is iron intake important during the teenage years? Expert Rev Neurother 2013; 12:629-31. [PMID: 22650162 DOI: 10.1586/ern.12.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Rao R, Tkac I, Unger EL, Ennis K, Hurst A, Schallert T, Connor J, Felt B, Georgieff MK. Iron supplementation dose for perinatal iron deficiency differentially alters the neurochemistry of the frontal cortex and hippocampus in adult rats. Pediatr Res 2013; 73:31-7. [PMID: 23095980 PMCID: PMC3563322 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2012.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term prefrontal cortex (PFC)- and hippocampus-based cognitive deficits are the sequelae of perinatal iron deficiency, despite iron supplementation starting in the newborn period. Whether high-dose iron supplementation prevents these deficits is yet to be determined. METHODS Perinatal iron deficiency was induced in rat pups using a low-iron (3 mg/kg diet) diet during gestation until postnatal day (P)8. Iron was supplemented using a standard (40 mg/kg diet) or a 10-fold higher (400 mg/kg diet) iron-containing diet until P21. PFC and hippocampal neurochemistry was determined using in vivo (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy at 9.4 Tesla on P90. RESULTS Both standard and 10-fold higher iron supplementation doses corrected anemia and brain iron deficiency by P21. The neurochemical profile of the PFC in both supplementation groups was comparable with the control group. In the hippocampus, standard-dose iron supplementation resulted in lower concentrations of N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and phosphoethanolamine (PE) and higher concentrations of N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) and glycerophosphocholine + phosphocholine (GPC + PC). High-dose iron supplementation resulted in lower PE and higher GPC + PC concentrations. CONCLUSION The iron supplementation dose for perinatal iron deficiency differentially alters the neurochemical profile of the PFC and hippocampus in adults. The neurochemical changes suggest altered glutamatergic neurotransmission, hypomyelination, and abnormal phospholipid metabolism in the formerly iron-deficient (FID) hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Ivan Tkac
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Erica L. Unger
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen Ennis
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Amy Hurst
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Timothy Schallert
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas-Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - James Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Barbara Felt
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael K. Georgieff
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, USA,Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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19
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Skjørringe T, Møller LB, Moos T. Impairment of interrelated iron- and copper homeostatic mechanisms in brain contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:169. [PMID: 23055972 PMCID: PMC3456798 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron and copper are important co-factors for a number of enzymes in the brain, including enzymes involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and myelin formation. Both shortage and an excess of iron or copper will affect the brain. The transport of iron and copper into the brain from the circulation is strictly regulated, and concordantly protective barriers, i.e., the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BCB) have evolved to separate the brain environment from the circulation. The uptake mechanisms of the two metals interact. Both iron deficiency and overload lead to altered copper homeostasis in the brain. Similarly, changes in dietary copper affect the brain iron homeostasis. Moreover, the uptake routes of iron and copper overlap each other which affect the interplay between the concentrations of the two metals in the brain. The divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT1) is involved in the uptake of both iron and copper. Furthermore, copper is an essential co-factor in numerous proteins that are vital for iron homeostasis and affects the binding of iron-response proteins to iron-response elements in the mRNA of the transferrin receptor, DMT1, and ferroportin, all highly involved in iron transport. Iron and copper are mainly taken up at the BBB, but the BCB also plays a vital role in the homeostasis of the two metals, in terms of sequestering, uptake, and efflux of iron and copper from the brain. Inside the brain, iron and copper are taken up by neurons and glia cells that express various transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Skjørringe
- Section of Neurobiology, Biomedicine Group, Institute of Medicine and Health Technology, Aalborg University Aalborg, Denmark ; Center for Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Kennedy Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Monnot AD, Zheng G, Zheng W. Mechanism of copper transport at the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier: influence of iron deficiency in an in vitro model. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2012; 237:327-33. [PMID: 22442359 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element that requires tight homeostatic regulation to ensure appropriate supply while not causing cytotoxicity due to its strong redox potential. Our previous in vivo study has shown that iron deficiency (FeD) increases Cu levels in brain tissues, particularly in the choroid plexus, where the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier resides. This study was designed to elucidate the mechanism by which FeD results in excess Cu accumulation at the blood-CSF barrier. The effect of FeD on cellular Cu retention and transporters Cu transporter-1 (Ctr1), divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), antioxidant protein-1 (ATOX1) and ATP7A was examined in choroidal epithelial Z310 cells. The results revealed that deferoximine treatment (FeD) resulted in 70% increase in cellular Cu retention (P < 0.05). A significant increase in the mRNA levels of DMT1, but not Ctr1, was also observed after FeD treatment, suggesting a critical role of DMT1 in cellular Cu regulation during FeD. Knocking down Ctr1 or DMT1 resulted in significantly lower Cu uptake by Z310 cells, whereas the knocking down of ATOX1 or ATP7A led to substantial increases of cellular retention of Cu. Taken together, these results suggest that Ctr1, DMT1, ATOX1 and ATP7A contribute to Cu transport at the blood-CSF barrier, and that the accumulation of intracellular Cu found in the Z310 cells during FeD appears to be mediated, at least in part, via the upregulation of DMT1 after FeD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Monnot
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, CIVL1169, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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21
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Tran PV, Fretham SJB, Wobken J, Miller BS, Georgieff MK. Gestational-neonatal iron deficiency suppresses and iron treatment reactivates IGF signaling in developing rat hippocampus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E316-24. [PMID: 22068601 PMCID: PMC3287363 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00369.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gestational-neonatal iron deficiency, a common micronutrient deficiency affecting the offspring of more than 30% of pregnancies worldwide, leads to long-term cognitive and behavioral abnormalities. Preclinical models of gestational-neonatal iron deficiency result in reduced energy metabolism and expression of genes critical for neuronal plasticity and cognitive function, which are associated with a smaller hippocampal volume and abnormal neuronal dendrite growth. Because insulin-like growth factor (IGF) modulates early postnatal cellular growth, differentiation, and survival, we used a dietary-induced rat model to assess the effects of gestational iron deficiency on activity of the IGF system. We hypothesized that gestational iron deficiency attenuates postnatal hippocampal IGF signaling and results in downstream effects that contribute to hippocampal anatomic and functional deficits. At postnatal day (P) 15 untreated gestational-neonatal iron deficiency markedly suppressed hippocampal IGF activation and protein kinase B signaling, and reduced neurogenesis, while elevating extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression. Iron treatment beginning at P7 restored IGF signaling, increased neurogenesis, and normalized all parameters by the end of rapid hippocampal differentiation (P30). Expression of the neuron-specific synaptogenesis marker, disc-large homolog 4 (PSD95), increased more rapidly than the glia-specific myelination marker, myelin basic protein, following iron treatment, suggesting a more robust response to iron therapy in IGF-I-dependent neurons than IGF-II-dependent glia. Collectively, our findings suggest that IGF dysfunction is in part responsible for hippocampal abnormalities in untreated iron deficiency. Early postnatal iron treatment of gestational iron deficiency reactivates the IGF system and promotes neurogenesis and differentiation in the hippocampus during a critical developmental period.
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MESH Headings
- Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/diet therapy
- Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/metabolism
- Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/pathology
- Animals
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Hippocampus/pathology
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3/genetics
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3/metabolism
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/genetics
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/genetics
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/metabolism
- Iron, Dietary/administration & dosage
- Iron, Dietary/therapeutic use
- Lactation
- Male
- Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
- Neurogenesis
- Neurons/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Insulin/genetics
- Receptor, Insulin/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Somatomedins/genetics
- Somatomedins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Phu V Tran
- Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, USA.
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22
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Kawano F, Oke Y, Nomura S, Fujita R, Ohira T, Nakai N, Ohira Y. Responses of HSC70 expression in diencephalon to iron deficiency anemia in rats. J Physiol Sci 2011; 61:445-56. [PMID: 21811788 PMCID: PMC10717792 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-011-0164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A powdered diet containing 100 or 3 ppm Fe was fed to rats starting at the age of 3 weeks. The voluntary activity level was checked using a wheel in the cage during the 17th week after the beginning of supplementation. Significantly less activity was seen in the 3 ppm Fe group during both light and dark periods. After 20 weeks, the blood and diencephalon were sampled from both groups. Lower hematocrit and blood hemoglobin content was observed in the 3 ppm Fe group. The level of 70 kDa heat shock cognate (HSC70) expression was greater in the diencephalon of the 3 ppm Fe group. In addition, the distribution of HSC70 was determined by proximity ligation assay. More HSC70-positive as well as total cells were noted in several areas of the diencephalon of the iron-deficient rats. The altered expression and distribution of HSC70 might play some role in the neurological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Kawano
- Section of Applied Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Oke
- Section of Applied Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Sachiko Nomura
- Section of Applied Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Ryo Fujita
- Section of Applied Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Takashi Ohira
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Naoya Nakai
- Section of Applied Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Ohira
- Section of Applied Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 Japan
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23
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Jougleux JL, Rioux FM, Church MW, Fiset S, Surette ME. Mild maternal iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy and lactation in guinea pigs causes abnormal auditory function in the offspring. J Nutr 2011; 141:1390-5. [PMID: 21613451 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.135715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency (ID) anemia (IDA) adversely affects different aspects of the nervous system such as myelinogenesis, neurotransmitters synthesis, brain myelin composition, and brain fatty acid and eicosanoid metabolism. Infant neurophysiological outcome in response to maternal IDA is underexplored, especially mild to moderate maternal IDA. Furthermore, most human research has focused on childhood ID rather than prenatal or neonatal ID. Thus, our study evaluated the consequences of mild maternal IDA during pregnancy and lactation on the offsprings' auditory function using the auditory brainstem response (ABR). This technique provides objective measures of auditory acuity, neural transmission times along the peripheral and brainstem portions of the auditory pathway, and postnatal brain maturation. Female guinea pigs (n = 10/group) were fed an iron sufficient diet (ISD) or an iron deficient diet (IDD) (144 and 11.7 mg iron/kg) during their acclimation, gestation, and lactation periods. From postnatal d (PNd) 9 onward, the ISD was given to all weaned offspring. ABR were collected from the offspring on PNd24 using a broad range of stimulus intensities in response to 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 kHz tone pips. IDA siblings (n = 4), [corrected] compared with the IS siblings (n = 5), had significantly elevated ABR thresholds (hearing loss) in response to all tone pips. These physiological disturbances were primarily due to a sensorineural hearing loss, as revealed by the ABR's latency-intensity curves. These results indicate that mild maternal IDA during gestation and lactation altered the hearing and nervous system development of the young offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Jougleux
- Département des Sciences des Aliments et de Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1K7P4, Canada
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24
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Bartzokis G, Lu PH, Tingus K, Peters DG, Amar CP, Tishler TA, Finn JP, Villablanca P, Altshuler LL, Mintz J, Neely E, Connor JR. Gender and iron genes may modify associations between brain iron and memory in healthy aging. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:1375-84. [PMID: 21389980 PMCID: PMC3096807 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Brain iron increases with age and is abnormally elevated early in the disease process in several neurodegenerative disorders that impact memory including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Higher brain iron levels are associated with male gender and presence of highly prevalent allelic variants in genes encoding for iron metabolism proteins (hemochromatosis H63D (HFE H63D) and transferrin C2 (TfC2)). In this study, we examined whether in healthy older individuals memory performance is associated with increased brain iron, and whether gender and gene variant carrier (IRON+) vs noncarrier (IRON-) status (for HFE H63D/TfC2) modify the associations. Tissue iron deposited in ferritin molecules can be measured in vivo with magnetic resonance imaging utilizing the field-dependent relaxation rate increase (FDRI) method. FDRI was assessed in hippocampus, basal ganglia, and white matter, and IRON+ vs IRON- status was determined in a cohort of 63 healthy older individuals. Three cognitive domains were assessed: verbal memory (delayed recall), working memory/attention, and processing speed. Independent of gene status, worse verbal-memory performance was associated with higher hippocampal iron in men (r=-0.50, p=0.003) but not in women. Independent of gender, worse verbal working memory performance was associated with higher basal ganglia iron in IRON- group (r=-0.49, p=0.005) but not in the IRON+ group. Between-group interactions (p=0.006) were noted for both of these associations. No significant associations with white matter or processing speed were observed. The results suggest that in specific subgroups of healthy older individuals, higher accumulations of iron in vulnerable gray matter regions may adversely impact memory functions and could represent a risk factor for accelerated cognitive decline. Combining genetic and MRI biomarkers may provide opportunities to design primary prevention clinical trials that target high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Bartzokis
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6968, USA.
| | - Po H Lu
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen Tingus
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Douglas G Peters
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chetan P Amar
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Todd A Tishler
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J Paul Finn
- Department of Radiology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pablo Villablanca
- Department of Radiology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lori L Altshuler
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jim Mintz
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth Neely
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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25
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Monnot AD, Behl M, Ho S, Zheng W. Regulation of brain copper homeostasis by the brain barrier systems: effects of Fe-overload and Fe-deficiency. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 256:249-57. [PMID: 21315754 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining brain Cu homeostasis is vital for normal brain function. The role of systemic Fe deficiency (FeD) or overload (FeO) due to metabolic diseases or environmental insults in Cu homeostasis in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain tissues remains unknown. This study was designed to investigate how blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-SCF barrier (BCB) regulated Cu transport and how FeO or FeD altered brain Cu homeostasis. Rats received an Fe-enriched or Fe-depleted diet for 4 weeks. FeD and FeO treatment resulted in a significant increase (+55%) and decrease (-56%) in CSF Cu levels (p<0.05), respectively; however, neither treatment had any effect on CSF Fe levels. The FeD, but not FeO, led to significant increases in Cu levels in brain parenchyma and the choroid plexus. In situ brain perfusion studies demonstrated that the rate of Cu transport into the brain parenchyma was significantly faster in FeD rats (+92%) and significantly slower (-53%) in FeO rats than in controls. In vitro two chamber Transwell transepithelial transport studies using primary choroidal epithelial cells revealed a predominant efflux of Cu from the CSF to blood compartment by the BCB. Further ventriculo-cisternal perfusion studies showed that Cu clearance by the choroid plexus in FeD animals was significantly greater than control (p<0.05). Taken together, our results demonstrate that both the BBB and BCB contribute to maintain a stable Cu homeostasis in the brain and CSF. Cu appears to enter the brain primarily via the BBB and is subsequently removed from the CSF by the BCB. FeD has a more profound effect on brain Cu levels than FeO. FeD increases Cu transport at the brain barriers and prompts Cu overload in the CNS. The BCB plays a key role in removing the excess Cu from the CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Monnot
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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26
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Chouliaras L, Sierksma ASR, Kenis G, Prickaerts J, Lemmens MAM, Brasnjevic I, van Donkelaar EL, Martinez-Martinez P, Losen M, De Baets MH, Kholod N, van Leeuwen F, Hof PR, van Os J, Steinbusch HWM, van den Hove DLA, Rutten BPF. Gene-environment interaction research and transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20953364 PMCID: PMC2952897 DOI: 10.4061/2010/859101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of the sporadic form of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains largely unknown. Recent evidence has suggested that gene-environment interactions (GxE) may play a crucial role in its development and progression. Whereas various susceptibility loci have been identified, like the apolipoprotein E4 allele, these cannot fully explain the increasing prevalence of AD observed with aging. In addition to such genetic risk factors, various environmental factors have been proposed to alter the risk of developing AD as well as to affect the rate of cognitive decline in AD patients. Nevertheless, aside from the independent effects of genetic and environmental risk factors, their synergistic participation in increasing the risk of developing AD has been sparsely investigated, even though evidence points towards such a direction. Advances in the genetic manipulation of mice, modeling various aspects of the AD pathology, have provided an excellent tool to dissect the effects of genes, environment, and their interactions. In this paper we present several environmental factors implicated in the etiology of AD that have been tested in transgenic animal models of the disease. The focus lies on the concept of GxE and its importance in a multifactorial disease like AD. Additionally, possible mediating mechanisms and future challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chouliaras
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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27
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Jacka FN, Kremer PJ, Leslie ER, Berk M, Patton GC, Toumbourou JW, Williams JW. Associations between diet quality and depressed mood in adolescents: results from the Australian Healthy Neighbourhoods Study. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2010; 44:435-42. [PMID: 20397785 DOI: 10.3109/00048670903571598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adolescence frequently coincides with the onset of psychiatric illness and depression is commonly observed in adolescents. Recent data suggest a role for diet quality in adult depression. Given the importance of adequate nutrition for brain development, it is of interest to examine whether diet quality is also related to depression in adolescents. METHODS The study examined 7114 adolescents, aged 10-14 years, who participated in the Australian Healthy Neighbourhoods Study. Healthy and unhealthy diet quality scores were derived from a dietary questionnaire. The Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire for adolescents measured depression. Adjustments were made for age, gender, socioeconomic status, parental education, parental work status, family conflict, poor family management, dieting behaviours, body mass index, physical activity, and smoking. RESULTS Compared to the lowest category of the healthy diet score, the adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for symptomatic depression across categories (C) was: C2 = 0.61 (0.45-0.84); C3 = 0.58 (0.43-0.79); C4 = 0.47 (0.35-0.64); and C5 = 0.55 (0.40-0.77). Compared to the lowest quintile, the adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for symptomatic depression across increasing quintiles of the unhealthy diet score were: Q2 = 1.03 (0.87-1.22); Q3 = 1.22 (1.03-1.44); Q4 = 1.29 (1.12-1.50); and Q5 = 1.79 (1.52-2.11). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate an association between diet quality and adolescent depression that exists over and above the influence of socioeconomic, family, and other potential confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice N Jacka
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences: Barwon Health, Geelong, Vic. 3220, Australia.
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Savica R, Grossardt BR, Carlin JM, Icen M, Bower JH, Ahlskog JE, Maraganore DM, Steensma DP, Rocca WA. Anemia or low hemoglobin levels preceding Parkinson disease: a case-control study. Neurology 2009; 73:1381-7. [PMID: 19858460 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181bd80c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been suggested that anemia may be a risk factor for dementia, for restless legs syndrome, and for Parkinson disease (PD). Thus, we investigated the association of anemia with the subsequent risk of PD using a case-control study design. METHODS We used the medical records-linkage system of the Rochester Epidemiology Project to identify 196 subjects who developed PD in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1976 through 1995. Each incident case was matched by age (+/-1 year) and sex to a general population control. We reviewed the complete medical records of cases and controls in the system to detect anemia defined using the World Health Organization criteria. RESULTS Anemia was more common in the history of cases than of controls (odds ratio 2.00, 95% confidence interval 1.31-3.06, p = 0.001). The association remained significant after adjustment for cigarette smoking, exposure to pesticides, or hysterectomy (in women). The association was not significantly different between men and women, or between PD patients with or without rest tremor. Analyses stratified by time of onset of anemia showed a greater association for anemia that started 20 to 29 years before the onset of PD. Hemoglobin levels were slightly but consistently lower in cases than in controls across all ages. CONCLUSIONS Our results support an association between anemia experienced early in life and the later development of Parkinson disease. The interpretation of this association remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Savica
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Williams
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, 572 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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