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Chartampila E, Elayouby KS, Leary P, LaFrancois JJ, Alcantara-Gonzalez D, Jain S, Gerencer K, Botterill JJ, Ginsberg SD, Scharfman HE. Choline supplementation in early life improves and low levels of choline can impair outcomes in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.05.12.540428. [PMID: 37214805 PMCID: PMC10197642 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.12.540428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Maternal choline supplementation (MCS) improves cognition in Alzheimer's disease (AD) models. However, effects of MCS on neuronal hyperexcitability in AD are unknown. We investigated effects of MCS in a well-established mouse model of AD with hyperexcitability, the Tg2576 mouse. The most common type of hyperexcitability in Tg2576 mice are generalized EEG spikes (interictal spikes; IIS). IIS also are common in other mouse models and occur in AD patients. Im mouse models, hyperexcitability is also reflected by elevated expression of the transcription factor ΔFosB in the granule cells (GCs) of the dentate gyrus (DG), which are the principal cell type. Therefore we studied ΔFosB expression in GCs. We also studied the the neuronal marker NeuN within hilar neurons of the DG because other studies have reduced NeuN protein expression is a sign of oxidative stress or other pathology. This is potentially important because hilar neurons regulate GC excitability. Tg2576 breeding pairs received a diet with a relatively low, intermediate or high concentration of choline. After weaning, all mice received the intermediate diet. In offspring of mice fed the high choline diet, IIS frequency declined, GC ΔFosB expression was reduced, and NeuN expression was restored. Using the novel object location task, spatial memory improved. In contrast, offspring exposed to the relatively low choline diet had several adverse effects, such as increased mortality. They had the weakest hilar NeuN immunoreactivity and greatest GC ΔFosB protein expression. However, their IIS frequency was low, which was surprising. The results provide new evidence that a diet high in choline in early life can improve outcomes in a mouse model of AD, and relatively low choline can have mixed effects. This is the first study showing that dietary choline can regulate hyperexcitability, hilar neurons, ΔFosB and spatial memory in an animal model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissavet Chartampila
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962
- Current address:Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27510
| | - Karim S. Elayouby
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962
- Current address: Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Paige Leary
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 100016
| | - John J. LaFrancois
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - David Alcantara-Gonzalez
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Swati Jain
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962
| | - Kasey Gerencer
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962
- Current address: Department of Psychology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469
| | - Justin J. Botterill
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962
- Current address: Department of Anatomy, Physiology, & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5
| | - Stephen D. Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 100016
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine New York, NY 10016
- NYU Neuroscience Institute,, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Helen E. Scharfman
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 100016
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine New York, NY 10016
- NYU Neuroscience Institute,, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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Cognitive and plastic recurrent neural network clock model for the judgment of time and its variations. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3852. [PMID: 36890223 PMCID: PMC9995505 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30894-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study in the field of computational neurosciences was to simulate and predict inter-individual variability in time judgements with different neuropsychological properties. We propose and test a Simple Recurrent Neural Network-based clock model that is able to account for inter-individual variability in time judgment by adding four new components into the clock system: the first relates to the plasticity of the neural system, the second to the attention allocated to time, the third to the memory of duration, and the fourth to the learning of duration by iteration. A simulation with this model explored its fit with participants' time estimates in a temporal reproduction task undertaken by both children and adults, whose varied cognitive abilities were assessed with neuropsychological tests. The simulation successfully predicted 90% of temporal errors. Our Cognitive and Plastic RNN-Clock model (CP-RNN-Clock), that takes into account the interference arising from a clock system grounded in cognition, was thus validated.
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Lorents A, Ruitenberg M, Schomaker J. Novelty-induced memory boosts in humans: The when and how. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14410. [PMID: 36942255 PMCID: PMC10023963 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel information potentially signals danger or reward and behavioral and psychophysiological studies have suggested that the brain prioritizes its processing. Some effects of novelty even go beyond the stimulus itself. Studies in animals have robustly shown that exposure to novel stimulation can promote memory for information presented before or after this exposure. Research regarding effects of novelty on memory in humans is lagging, but in the last few years, several studies have emerged that suggest that memory-facilitating effects of novelty also exist in humans. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of these studies. We identified several factors that have been shown to influence whether novelty promotes memory or not, including the timing between the novel experience and the learning events, the involvement with the novel material, and population characteristics (such as clinical diagnosis or age). Finally, we link the behavioral findings to potential neurobiological mechanisms and discuss the relevance of specific findings in light of potential clinical and educational applications that could leverage novelty to improve memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Lorents
- Department of Health Medical and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | - M.F.L. Ruitenberg
- Department of Health Medical and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, the Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, the Netherlands
| | - J. Schomaker
- Department of Health Medical and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, the Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author. Department of Health Medical and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, the Netherlands.
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Cheng RK, Liao RM. Investigating Temporal Memory Strength and Time-Based Impulse Control Using the DRL Task. TIMING & TIME PERCEPTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/22134468-bja10064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL) responding is a schedule-controlled behavior sometimes used in timing research, but also received critics of not providing a pure measure of timing due to the influence of the subject’s motivation or inhibitory control. Nevertheless, we argue that the DRL task provides a unique approach to study how timing and emotion interact with each other. Here, we review evidence showing that male rats prenatally treated with choline supplementation had difficulty in acquiring longer criterion times in the DRL task. This was possibly due to the stronger memory strength of their previously learned shorter criterion times. Female rats, in contrast, performed better than male rats in the same task, but those receiving prenatal choline supplementation were the best performers in this task with longer criterion times because they required less training. Like all female rats, male rats treated with prenatal choline supplementation made very few burst responses, suggesting that the treatment improved male rats’ emotional regulation when facing ‘frustrating’ outcomes. The differential impulse control plus different memory strength of the rats trained in the DRL task revealed the potential interaction of sex hormones and prenatal choline supplementation, a rare combination in a single animal study on timing and time perception. In summary, although the DRL task is certainly not the best timing task, it may be useful in assisting us in better understanding how time perception participates in emotional regulation, especially relevant when the emotion is triggered by a failure in timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruey-Kuang Cheng
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ruey-Ming Liao
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei 11605, Taiwan
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Mind, Brain and Learning, National Cheng-Chi University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, Asian University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Duszkiewicz AJ, McNamara CG, Takeuchi T, Genzel L. Novelty and Dopaminergic Modulation of Memory Persistence: A Tale of Two Systems. Trends Neurosci 2018; 42:102-114. [PMID: 30455050 PMCID: PMC6352318 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation to the ever-changing world is critical for survival, and our brains are particularly tuned to remember events that differ from previous experiences. Novel experiences induce dopamine release in the hippocampus, a process which promotes memory persistence. While axons from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) were generally thought to be the exclusive source of hippocampal dopamine, recent studies have demonstrated that noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) corelease noradrenaline and dopamine in the hippocampus and that their dopamine release boosts memory retention as well. In this opinion article, we propose that the projections originating from the VTA and the LC belong to two distinct systems that enhance memory of novel events. Novel experiences that share some commonality with past ones (‘common novelty’) activate the VTA and promote semantic memory formation via systems memory consolidation. By contrast, experiences that bear only a minimal relationship to past experiences (‘distinct novelty’) activate the LC to trigger strong initial memory consolidation in the hippocampus, resulting in vivid and long-lasting episodic memories. Novelty induces dopamine release in the hippocampus, triggering memory consolidation to boost memory persistence. Two dopaminergic systems (the ventral tegmental area- and locus coeruleus-hippocampus systems) can stabilise memory through novelty-induced dopamine release in the hippocampus. Novel experiences can be viewed as a spectrum, from experiences that, while clearly novel, share some commonality with past experiences (‘common novelty’), to more fundamentally distinct experiences that bear minimal relationships to past experiences (‘distinct novelty’). We propose that events characterised by ‘common novelty’ boost memory retention via activation of the ventral tegmental area-hippocampus system, resulting in initial consolidation followed by systems consolidation to create neocortical, semantic, long-term memories. We further propose that events characterised by ‘distinct novelty’ lead to the boost of detailed hippocampal, episodic, long-term memory via activation of the locus coeruleus-hippocampus system through strong upregulation of the synaptic tagging and capture mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Duszkiewicz
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Colin G McNamara
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tomonori Takeuchi
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Lisa Genzel
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University and Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Gu BM, Kukreja K, Meck WH. Oscillation patterns of local field potentials in the dorsal striatum and sensorimotor cortex during the encoding, maintenance, and decision stages for the ordinal comparison of sub- and supra-second signal durations. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 153:79-91. [PMID: 29778763 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ordinal comparison of successively presented signal durations requires (a) the encoding of the first signal duration (standard), (b) maintenance of temporal information specific to the standard duration in memory, and (c) timing of the second signal duration (comparison) during which a comparison is made of the first and second durations. Rats were first trained to make ordinal comparisons of signal durations within three time ranges using 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0-s standard durations. Local field potentials were then recorded from the dorsal striatum and sensorimotor cortex in order to investigate the pattern of neural oscillations during each phase of the ordinal-comparison process. Increased power in delta and theta frequency ranges was observed during both the encoding and comparison stages. Active maintenance of a selected response, "shorter" or "longer" (counter-balanced across left and right levers), was represented by an increase of theta and delta oscillations in the contralateral striatum and cortex. Taken together, these data suggest that neural oscillations in the delta-theta range play an important role in the encoding, maintenance, and comparison of signal durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon-Mi Gu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Keshav Kukreja
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Warren H Meck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Turgeon M, Lustig C, Meck WH. Cognitive Aging and Time Perception: Roles of Bayesian Optimization and Degeneracy. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:102. [PMID: 27242513 PMCID: PMC4870863 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review outlines the basic psychological and neurobiological processes associated with age-related distortions in timing and time perception in the hundredths of milliseconds-to-minutes range. The difficulty in separating indirect effects of impairments in attention and memory from direct effects on timing mechanisms is addressed. The main premise is that normal aging is commonly associated with increased noise and temporal uncertainty as a result of impairments in attention and memory as well as the possible reduction in the accuracy and precision of a central timing mechanism supported by dopamine-glutamate interactions in cortico-striatal circuits. Pertinent to these findings, potential interventions that may reduce the likelihood of observing age-related declines in timing are discussed. Bayesian optimization models are able to account for the adaptive changes observed in time perception by assuming that older adults are more likely to base their temporal judgments on statistical inferences derived from multiple trials than on a single trial's clock reading, which is more susceptible to distortion. We propose that the timing functions assigned to the age-sensitive fronto-striatal network can be subserved by other neural networks typically associated with finely-tuned perceptuo-motor adjustments, through degeneracy principles (different structures serving a common function).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Turgeon
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cindy Lustig
- Department of Psychology, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Warren H. Meck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke UniversityDurham, NC, USA
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8
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Hoffmann LC, Cicchese JJ, Berry SD. Harnessing the power of theta: natural manipulations of cognitive performance during hippocampal theta-contingent eyeblink conditioning. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:50. [PMID: 25918501 PMCID: PMC4394696 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurobiological oscillations are regarded as essential to normal information processing, including coordination and timing of cells and assemblies within structures as well as in long feedback loops of distributed neural systems. The hippocampal theta rhythm is a 3–12 Hz oscillatory potential observed during cognitive processes ranging from spatial navigation to associative learning. The lower range, 3–7 Hz, can occur during immobility and depends upon the integrity of cholinergic forebrain systems. Several studies have shown that the amount of pre-training theta in the rabbit strongly predicts the acquisition rate of classical eyeblink conditioning and that impairment of this system substantially slows the rate of learning. Our lab has used a brain-computer interface (BCI) that delivers eyeblink conditioning trials contingent upon the explicit presence or absence of hippocampal theta. A behavioral benefit of theta-contingent training has been demonstrated in both delay and trace forms of the paradigm with a two- to four-fold increase in learning speed. This behavioral effect is accompanied by enhanced amplitude and synchrony of hippocampal local field potential (LFP)s, multi-unit excitation, and single-unit response patterns that depend on theta state. Additionally, training in the presence of hippocampal theta has led to increases in the salience of tone-induced unit firing patterns in the medial prefrontal cortex, followed by persistent multi-unit activity during the trace interval. In cerebellum, rhythmicity and precise synchrony of stimulus time-locked LFPs with those of hippocampus occur preferentially under the theta condition. Here we review these findings, integrate them into current models of hippocampal-dependent learning and suggest how improvement in our understanding of neurobiological oscillations is critical for theories of medial temporal lobe processes underlying intact and pathological learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren C Hoffmann
- Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas Austin, TX, USA
| | - Joseph J Cicchese
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Miami University Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Stephen D Berry
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Miami University Oxford, OH, USA
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9
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Gu BM, van Rijn H, Meck WH. Oscillatory multiplexing of neural population codes for interval timing and working memory. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 48:160-85. [PMID: 25454354 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interval timing and working memory are critical components of cognition that are supported by neural oscillations in prefrontal-striatal-hippocampal circuits. In this review, the properties of interval timing and working memory are explored in terms of behavioral, anatomical, pharmacological, and neurophysiological findings. We then describe the various neurobiological theories that have been developed to explain these cognitive processes - largely independent of each other. Following this, a coupled excitatory - inhibitory oscillation (EIO) model of temporal processing is proposed to address the shared oscillatory properties of interval timing and working memory. Using this integrative approach, we describe a hybrid model explaining how interval timing and working memory can originate from the same oscillatory processes, but differ in terms of which dimension of the neural oscillation is utilized for the extraction of item, temporal order, and duration information. This extension of the striatal beat-frequency (SBF) model of interval timing (Matell and Meck, 2000, 2004) is based on prefrontal-striatal-hippocampal circuit dynamics and has direct relevance to the pathophysiological distortions observed in time perception and working memory in a variety of psychiatric and neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon-Mi Gu
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hedderik van Rijn
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Warren H Meck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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10
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Fischer V, Both M, Draguhn A, Egorov AV. Choline-mediated modulation of hippocampal sharp wave-ripple complexesin vitro. J Neurochem 2014; 129:792-805. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Fischer
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Heidelberg University; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Martin Both
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Heidelberg University; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Andreas Draguhn
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Heidelberg University; Heidelberg Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience (BCCN) Heidelberg/Mannheim; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Alexei V. Egorov
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Heidelberg University; Heidelberg Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience (BCCN) Heidelberg/Mannheim; Heidelberg Germany
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11
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MacDonald CJ, Fortin NJ, Sakata S, Meck WH. Retrospective and Prospective Views on the Role of the Hippocampus in Interval Timing and Memory for Elapsed Time. TIMING & TIME PERCEPTION 2014. [DOI: 10.1163/22134468-00002020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The overlap of neural circuits involved in episodic memory, relational learning, trace conditioning, and interval timing suggests the importance of hippocampal-dependent processes. Identifying the functional and neural mechanisms whereby the hippocampus plays a role in timing and decision-making, however, has been elusive. In this article we describe recent neurobiological findings, including the discovery of hippocampal ‘time cells’, dependency of duration discriminations in the minutes range on hippocampal function, and the correlation of hippocampal theta rhythm with specific features of temporal processing. These results provide novel insights into the ways in which the hippocampus might interact with the striatum in order to support both retrospective and prospective timing. Suggestions are also provided for future research on the role of the hippocampus in memory for elapsed time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. MacDonald
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory & RIKEN–MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Norbert J. Fortin
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Shogo Sakata
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Warren H. Meck
- Systems and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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12
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Abstract
In 1984, there was considerable evidence that the hippocampus was important for spatial learning and some evidence that it was also involved in duration discrimination. The article "Hippocampus, Time, and Memory" (Meck, Church, & Olton, 1984), however, was the first to isolate the effects of hippocampal damage on specific stages of temporal processing. In this review, to celebrate the 30th anniversary of Behavioral Neuroscience, we look back on factors that contributed to the long-lasting influence of this article. The major results were that a fimbria-fornix lesion (a) interferes with the ability to retain information in temporal working memory, and (b) distorts the content of temporal reference memory, but (c) did not decrease sensitivity to signal duration. This was the first lesion experiment in which the results were interpreted by a well-developed theory of behavior (scalar timing theory). It has led to extensive research on the role of the hippocampus in temporal processing by many investigators. The most important ones are the development of computational models with plausible neural mechanisms (such as the striatal beat-frequency model of interval timing), the use of multiple behavioral measures of timing, and empirical research on the neural mechanisms of timing and temporal memory using ensemble recording of neurons in prefrontal-striatal-hippocampal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren H. Meck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University
| | - Russell M. Church
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences,
Brown University
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13
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Tucci V. Sleep, circadian rhythms, and interval timing: evolutionary strategies to time information. Front Integr Neurosci 2012; 5:92. [PMID: 22319478 PMCID: PMC3250947 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2011.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Valter Tucci
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Genova, Italy
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14
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Teki S, Grube M, Griffiths TD. A unified model of time perception accounts for duration-based and beat-based timing mechanisms. Front Integr Neurosci 2012; 5:90. [PMID: 22319477 PMCID: PMC3249611 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2011.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate timing is an integral aspect of sensory and motor processes such as the perception of speech and music and the execution of skilled movement. Neuropsychological studies of time perception in patient groups and functional neuroimaging studies of timing in normal participants suggest common neural substrates for perceptual and motor timing. A timing system is implicated in core regions of the motor network such as the cerebellum, inferior olive, basal ganglia, pre-supplementary, and supplementary motor area, pre-motor cortex as well as higher-level areas such as the prefrontal cortex. In this article, we assess how distinct parts of the timing system subserve different aspects of perceptual timing. We previously established brain bases for absolute, duration-based timing and relative, beat-based timing in the olivocerebellar and striato-thalamo-cortical circuits respectively (Teki et al., 2011). However, neurophysiological and neuroanatomical studies provide a basis to suggest that timing functions of these circuits may not be independent. Here, we propose a unified model of time perception based on coordinated activity in the core striatal and olivocerebellar networks that are interconnected with each other and the cerebral cortex through multiple synaptic pathways. Timing in this unified model is proposed to involve serial beat-based striatal activation followed by absolute olivocerebellar timing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundeep Teki
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London London, UK
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15
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Abstract
Mechanism is at the heart of understanding, and this chapter addresses underlying brain mechanisms and pathways of cognition and the impact of sleep on these processes, especially those serving learning and memory. This chapter reviews the current understanding of the relationship between sleep/waking states and cognition from the perspective afforded by basic neurophysiological investigations. The extensive overlap between sleep mechanisms and the neurophysiology of learning and memory processes provide a foundation for theories of a functional link between the sleep and learning systems. Each of the sleep states, with its attendant alterations in neurophysiology, is associated with facilitation of important functional learning and memory processes. For rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, salient features such as PGO waves, theta synchrony, increased acetylcholine, reduced levels of monoamines and, within the neuron, increased transcription of plasticity-related genes, cumulatively allow for freely occurring bidirectional plasticity, long-term potentiation (LTP) and its reversal, depotentiation. Thus, REM sleep provides a novel neural environment in which the synaptic remodelling essential to learning and cognition can occur, at least within the hippocampal complex. During non-REM sleep Stage 2 spindles, the cessation and subsequent strong bursting of noradrenergic cells and coincident reactivation of hippocampal and cortical targets would also increase synaptic plasticity, allowing targeted bidirectional plasticity in the neocortex as well. In delta non-REM sleep, orderly neuronal reactivation events in phase with slow wave delta activity, together with high protein synthesis levels, would facilitate the events that convert early LTP to long-lasting LTP. Conversely, delta sleep does not activate immediate early genes associated with de novo LTP. This non-REM sleep-unique genetic environment combined with low acetylcholine levels may serve to reduce the strength of cortical circuits that activate in the ~50% of delta-coincident reactivation events that do not appear in their waking firing sequence. The chapter reviews the results of manipulation studies, typically total sleep or REM sleep deprivation, that serve to underscore the functional significance of the phenomenological associations. Finally, the implications of sleep neurophysiology for learning and memory will be considered from a larger perspective in which the association of specific sleep states with both potentiation or depotentiation is integrated into mechanistic models of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina R Poe
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Li X, Li D, Voss LJ, Sleigh JW. The comodulation measure of neuronal oscillations with general harmonic wavelet bicoherence and application to sleep analysis. Neuroimage 2009; 48:501-14. [PMID: 19615451 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain functions are related to neuronal networks of different sizes and distribution, and neuronal networks of different sizes oscillate at different frequencies. Thus the synchronization of neuronal networks is often reflected by cross-frequency interaction. The description of this cross-frequency interaction is therefore a crucial issue in understanding the modulation mechanisms between neuronal populations. A number of different kinds of interaction between frequencies have been reported. In this paper, we develop a general harmonic wavelet transform based bicoherence using a phase randomization method. This allows us to measure the comodulation of oscillations between different frequency bands in neuronal populations. The performance of the method is evaluated by a simulation study. The results show that the improved wavelet bicoherence method can detect a reliable phase coupling value, and also identify zero bicoherence for waves that are not phase-coupled. Spurious bicoherences can be effectively eliminated through the phase randomization method. Finally, this method is applied to electrocorticogram data recorded from rats during transitions between slow-wave sleep, rapid-eye movement sleep and waking. The phase coupling in rapid-eye movement sleep is statistically lower than that during slow-wave sleep, and slightly less than those in the wakeful state. The degree of phase coupling in rapid-eye movement sleep after slow-wave sleep is greater than in rapid-eye movement sleep prior to waking. This method could be applied to investigate the cross-frequency interactions in other physiological signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Li
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066004, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Williams
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, 572 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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