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Svare F, Ghosh F. Pressure-Related Effects on Homeostatic Müller Cell Proteins in the Adult Porcine in Vitro Retina. Curr Eye Res 2024; 49:303-313. [PMID: 38078662 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2286932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore early pressure-related effects on Müller cell homeostatic proteins in the in vitro adult porcine retina. METHODS Retinal explants were subjected to 0-, 10-, 30-, or 60-mmHg of pressure for 24 or 48 h in culture. Retinal explants fixed immediately after enucleation were used as controls. Müller cell proteins were evaluated by GFAP, GS, CRALBP, and bFGF immunohistochemistry. RESULTS GFAP-labeling revealed no differences in fluorescence intensity after 24 or 48 h in any of the pressure groups compared with control retinas. However, a higher intensity was found in the 30- and 60-mmHg groups compared with 0-mmHg counterparts after 24 and 48 h. A higher intensity in GS-labeled sections was found in the 10-and 60-mmHg groups compared with controls and remaining pressure groups after 48 h. Compared with control retinas, CRALBP labeling revealed a higher intensity in the 60-mmHg group after 24 h and in the 10-, 30-, and 60-mmHg groups after 48 h. After 24 and 48 h, a lower intensity was found in bFGF-labeled cells in the 0-, 10-, and 30-mmHg groups compared with controls, while no difference was seen for the 60-mmHg group. CONCLUSIONS Müller cells in the cultured porcine adult retina respond early to pressure by altering the expression of GFAP as well as the homeostatic proteins GS, CRALBP, and bFGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Svare
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Ghosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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2
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Lin S, Shang X, Wang X, Chu X, Hu C, Si Y, Chen DF, Zhou W, Kong YXG, Liang Y. Decreased macular deep capillary plexus is associated with functional progression of normal tension glaucoma patients with unilateral visual field loss. Br J Ophthalmol 2024; 108:188-194. [PMID: 36575622 DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2022-322362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) metrics of the superficial/deep macular retina are associated with the development of visual field (VF) loss in the fellow eyes of normal tension glaucoma (NTG) patients with unilateral VF loss. METHODS A longitudinal study was conducted in which 61 eyes with normal VF (mean VF mean deviation -0.7±1.6 dB) from 61 NTG patients were included. All subjects underwent OCTA imaging, spectral-domain-OCT imaging and VF testing. OCTA metrics of superficial capillary plexus and deep capillary plexus (DCP) in the macular region were measured. Relationships between baseline OCTA metrics, demographics and ocular characteristics and the risk of VF glaucoma progression were analysed with a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 38 months, 11 fellow eyes (18.0%) with normal VF at baseline were determined to have VF progression, while 21.3% of affected eyes had VF progression. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, decreased baseline DCP in the fellow eyes was significantly associated with future VF progression (HR 1.33, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.73, p=0.031). CONCLUSION Decreased DCP was associated with a higher risk of developing VF damage in NTG patients with unilateral VF loss. Assessments of DCP may help improve the evaluation of the risk of functional deterioration in fellow eyes with an initially normal VF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigeng Lin
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Shang
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xizhong Chu
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengju Hu
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuqing Si
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - De-Fu Chen
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weihe Zhou
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Xiang George Kong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yuanbo Liang
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Fernández-Albarral JA, Ramírez AI, de Hoz R, Matamoros JA, Salobrar-García E, Elvira-Hurtado L, López-Cuenca I, Sánchez-Puebla L, Salazar JJ, Ramírez JM. Glaucoma: from pathogenic mechanisms to retinal glial cell response to damage. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1354569. [PMID: 38333055 PMCID: PMC10850296 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1354569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease of the retina characterized by the irreversible loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) leading to visual loss. Degeneration of RGCs and loss of their axons, as well as damage and remodeling of the lamina cribrosa are the main events in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Different molecular pathways are involved in RGC death, which are triggered and exacerbated as a consequence of a number of risk factors such as elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), age, ocular biomechanics, or low ocular perfusion pressure. Increased IOP is one of the most important risk factors associated with this pathology and the only one for which treatment is currently available, nevertheless, on many cases the progression of the disease continues, despite IOP control. Thus, the IOP elevation is not the only trigger of glaucomatous damage, showing the evidence that other factors can induce RGCs death in this pathology, would be involved in the advance of glaucomatous neurodegeneration. The underlying mechanisms driving the neurodegenerative process in glaucoma include ischemia/hypoxia, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. In glaucoma, like as other neurodegenerative disorders, the immune system is involved and immunoregulation is conducted mainly by glial cells, microglia, astrocytes, and Müller cells. The increase in IOP produces the activation of glial cells in the retinal tissue. Chronic activation of glial cells in glaucoma may provoke a proinflammatory state at the retinal level inducing blood retinal barrier disruption and RGCs death. The modulation of the immune response in glaucoma as well as the activation of glial cells constitute an interesting new approach in the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Fernández-Albarral
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Matamoros
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Salobrar-García
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Elvira-Hurtado
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés López-Cuenca
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Sánchez-Puebla
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Salazar
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Miao Y, Zhao GL, Cheng S, Wang Z, Yang XL. Activation of retinal glial cells contributes to the degeneration of ganglion cells in experimental glaucoma. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 93:101169. [PMID: 36736070 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor for neurodegeneration in glaucoma. Glial cells, which play an important role in normal functioning of retinal neurons, are well involved into retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration in experimental glaucoma animal models generated by elevated IOP. In response to elevated IOP, mGluR I is first activated and Kir4.1 channels are subsequently inhibited, which leads to the activation of Müller cells. Müller cell activation is followed by a complex process, including proliferation, release of inflammatory and growth factors (gliosis). Gliosis is further regulated by several factors. Activated Müller cells contribute to RGC degeneration through generating glutamate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity, releasing cytotoxic factors and inducing microglia activation. Elevated IOP activates microglia, and following morphological and functional changes, these cells, as resident immune cells in the retina, show adaptive immune responses, including an enhanced release of pro-inflammatory factors (tumor neurosis factor-α, interleukins, etc.). These ATP and Toll-like receptor-mediated responses are further regulated by heat shock proteins, CD200R, chemokine receptors, and metabotropic purinergic receptors, may aggravate RGC loss. In the optic nerve head, astrogliosis is initiated and regulated by a complex reaction process, including purines, transmitters, chemokines, growth factors and cytokines, which contributes to RGC axon injury through releasing pro-inflammatory factors and changing extracellular matrix in glaucoma. The effects of activated glial cells on RGCs are further modified by the interplay among different types of glial cells. This review is concluded by presenting an in-depth discussion of possible research directions in this field in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanying Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guo-Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shuo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhongfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xiong-Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Svare F, Ghosh F. Beneficial and Detrimental Pressure-Related Effects on Inner Neurons in the Adult Porcine In Vitro Retina. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2023; 12:19. [PMID: 36780140 PMCID: PMC9927757 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.2.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore pressure-related effects in the adult porcine retina in vitro. Methods Retinal explants were subjected to 0, 10, 30, or 60 mmHg of pressure for 24 or 48 hours in culture. Overall tissue damage in sections was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase media levels, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and TUNEL staining. Inner retinal neurons were evaluated by protein kinase C alpha (rod bipolar cells), CHX10 (overall bipolar cell population), parvalbumin (amacrine cells), and RBPMS (ganglion cells) immunohistochemistry. Results All retinas kept in culture displayed increased pyknosis and apoptosis compared with directly fixed controls. The 10-mmHg explants displayed attenuation of overall tissue damage compared with the 0-, 30-, and 60-mmHg counterparts. No difference in the number of rod bipolar cells was seen in the 10-mmHg explants compared with directly fixed controls, whereas significantly fewer cells were detected in the remaining pressure groups. No difference in the number of ganglion cells in the 0-, 10-, and 60-mmHg groups was seen compared with directly fixed controls after 24 hours, whereas a lower number was found in the 30-mmHg counterpart. A decline of ganglion cells was found in the 0-, 10-, and 60-mmHg group after 48 hours, but no further decrease was seen in the 30-mmHg group. No differences were detected in overall bipolar and amacrine cells in the pressure groups after 24 hours compared with directly fixed controls. Conclusions A moderate amount of pressure attenuates culture-related retinal neurodegeneration. Rod bipolar cells are specifically vulnerable to excessive pressure. Translational Relevance These findings are relevant for glaucoma-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Svare
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Ghosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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6
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Rahimi M, Leahy S, Matei N, Burford J, Blair NP, Shahidi M. Impairments of retinal hemodynamics and oxygen metrics in ocular hypertension-induced ischemia-reperfusion. Exp Eye Res 2022; 225:109278. [PMID: 36252653 PMCID: PMC10985794 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is an established model for retinal neurodegeneration. However, there is limited knowledge of retinal physiological metrics and their relationships to retinal function and morphology in the I/R model. The purpose of the study was to test the hypotheses that retinal hemodynamic and oxygen metrics are impaired and associated with visual dysfunction, retinal thinning, and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss due to I/R injury. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was increased in one eye of 10 rats for 90 min followed by reperfusion. Fellow eyes served as controls. After one week of reperfusion, multimodal imaging was performed to quantify total retinal blood flow (TRBF) and retinal vascular oxygen contents. Retinal oxygen delivery (DO2) and metabolism (MO2) were calculated. Pattern-evoked electroretinography (PERG) and optical coherence tomography were performed to measure RGC function and retinal thicknesses, respectively. RGCs were counted from retina whole mounts. After one week of reperfusion, TRBF was lower in study eyes than in control eyes (p < 0.0003). Similarly, DO2 and MO2 were reduced in study eyes compared to control eyes (p < 0.003). PERG amplitude, TRT, IRT, ORT, and RGCs were also lower in study eyes (p ≤ 0.01). DO2 and MO2 were correlated with PERG amplitude, TRT, IRT, and ORT (r ≥ 0.6, p ≤ 0.005). The findings improve knowledge of physiological metrics affected by I/R injury and have the potential for identifying biomarkers of injury and outcomes for evaluating experimental treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Rahimi
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Sophie Leahy
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Nathanael Matei
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - James Burford
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Norman P Blair
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mahnaz Shahidi
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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7
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Morphological Changes of Glial Lamina Cribrosa of Rats Suffering from Chronic High Intraocular Pressure. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:bioengineering9120741. [PMID: 36550947 PMCID: PMC9774533 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9120741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Deformations or remodeling of the lamina cribrosa (LC) induced by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) are associated with optic nerve injury. The quantitative analysis of the morphology changes of the LC will provide the basis for the study of the pathogenesis of glaucoma. After the chronic high-IOP rat model was induced by cauterizing episcleral veins with 5-Fluorouracil subconjunctival injection, the optic nerve head (ONH) cross sections were immunohistochemically stained at 2 w, 4 w, 8 w, and 12 w. Then the sections were imaged by a confocal microscope, and six morphological parameters of the ONH were calculated after the images were processed using Matlab. The results showed that the morphology of the ONH changed with the duration of chronic high IOP. The glial LC pore area fraction, the ratio of glial LC pore area to the glial LC tissue area, first decreased at 2 w and 4 w and then increased to the same level as the control group at 8 w and continued to increase until 12 w. The number and density of nuclei increased significantly at 8 w in the glial LC region. The results might mean the fraction of glial LC beam increased and astrocytes proliferated at the early stage of high IOP. Combined with the images of the ONH, the results showed the glial LC was damaged with the duration of chronic elevated IOP.
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Ye D, Xu Y, Shi Y, Fan M, Lu P, Bai X, Feng Y, Hu C, Cui K, Tang X, Liao J, Huang W, Xu F, Liang X, Huang J. Anti-PANoptosis is involved in neuroprotective effects of melatonin in acute ocular hypertension model. J Pineal Res 2022; 73:e12828. [PMID: 36031799 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acute ocular hypertension (AOH) is the most important characteristic of acute glaucoma, which can lead to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and permanent vision loss. So far, approved effective therapy is still lacking in acute glaucoma. PANoptosis (pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis), which consists of three key modes of programmed cell death-apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis-may contribute to AOH-induced RGC death. Previous studies have demonstrated that melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) exerts a neuroprotective effect in many retinal degenerative diseases. However, whether melatonin is anti-PANoptotic and neuroprotective in the progression of acute glaucoma remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to explore the role of melatonin in AOH retinas and its underlying mechanisms. The results showed that melatonin treatment attenuated the loss of ganglion cell complex thickness, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, and RGC after AOH injury, and improved the amplitudes of a-wave, b-wave, and oscillatory potentials in the electroretinogram. Additionally, the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling-positive cells was decreased, and the upregulation of cleaved caspase-8, cleaved caspase-3, Bax, and Bad and downregulation of Bcl-2 and p-Bad were inhibited after melatonin administration. Meanwhile, both the expression and activation of MLKL, RIP1, and RIP3, along with the number of PI-positive cells, were reduced in melatonin-treated mice, and p-RIP3 was in both RGC and microglia/macrophage after AOH injury. Furthermore, melatonin reduced the expression of NLRP3, ASC, cleaved caspase-1, gasdermin D (GSDMD), and cleaved GSDMD, and decreased the number of Iba1/interleukin-1β-positive cells. In conclusion, melatonin ameliorated retinal structure, prevented retinal dysfunction after AOH, and exerted a neuroprotective effect via inhibition of PANoptosis in AOH retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Matthew Fan
- Yale College, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Peng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanlin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaixuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Liao
- Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning, China
| | - Fan Xu
- Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Ophthalmology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoling Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
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Van Hook MJ. Influences of Glaucoma on the Structure and Function of Synapses in the Visual System. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:842-861. [PMID: 35044228 PMCID: PMC9587776 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Glaucoma is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder of the visual system associated with sensitivity to intraocular pressure (IOP). It is the leading irreversible cause of vision loss worldwide, and vision loss results from damage and dysfunction of the retinal output neurons known as retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Recent Advances: Elevated IOP and optic nerve injury triggers pruning of RGC dendrites, altered morphology of excitatory inputs from presynaptic bipolar cells, and disrupted RGC synaptic function. Less is known about RGC outputs, although evidence to date indicates that glaucoma is associated with altered mitochondrial and synaptic structure and function in RGC-projection targets in the brain. These early functional changes likely contribute to vision loss and might be a window into early diagnosis and treatment. Critical Issues: Glaucoma affects different RGC populations to varying extents and along distinct time courses. The influence of glaucoma on RGC synaptic function as well as the mechanisms underlying these effects remain to be determined. Since RGCs are an especially energetically demanding population of neurons, altered intracellular axon transport of mitochondria and mitochondrial function might contribute to RGC synaptic dysfunction in the retina and brain as well as RGC vulnerability in glaucoma. Future Directions: The mechanisms underlying differential RGC vulnerability remain to be determined. Moreover, the timing and mechanisms of RGCs synaptic dysfunction and degeneration will provide valuable insight into the disease process in glaucoma. Future work will be able to capitalize on these findings to better design diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to detect disease and prevent vision loss. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 842-861.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Van Hook
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science and Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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10
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McDonald MA, Stevenson CH, Kersten HM, Danesh-Meyer HV. Eye Movement Abnormalities in Glaucoma Patients: A Review. Eye Brain 2022; 14:83-114. [PMID: 36105571 PMCID: PMC9467299 DOI: 10.2147/eb.s361946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common condition that relies on careful clinical assessment to diagnose and determine disease progression. There is growing evidence that glaucoma is associated not only with loss of retinal ganglion cells but also with degeneration of cortical and subcortical brain structures associated with vision and eye movements. The effect of glaucoma pathophysiology on eye movements is not well understood. In this review, we examine the evidence surrounding altered eye movements in glaucoma patients compared to healthy controls, with a focus on quantitative eye tracking studies measuring saccades, fixation, and optokinetic nystagmus in a range of visual tasks. The evidence suggests that glaucoma patients have alterations in several eye movement domains. Patients exhibit longer saccade latencies, which worsen with increasing glaucoma severity. Other saccadic abnormalities include lower saccade amplitude and velocity, and difficulty inhibiting reflexive saccades. Fixation is pathologically altered in glaucoma with reduced stability. Optokinetic nystagmus measures have also been shown to be abnormal. Complex visual tasks (eg reading, driving, and navigating obstacles), integrate these eye movements and result in behavioral adaptations. The review concludes with a summary of the evidence and recommendations for future research in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A McDonald
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Clark H Stevenson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hannah M Kersten
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Eye Institute, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen V Danesh-Meyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Eye Institute, Auckland, New Zealand
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11
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Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: From Basic Research to Clinical Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147908. [PMID: 35887254 PMCID: PMC9323454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by relapses and autoimmunity caused by antibodies against the astrocyte water channel protein aquaporin-4. Over the past decade, there have been significant advances in the biologic knowledge of NMOSD, which resulted in the IDENTIFICATION of variable disease phenotypes, biomarkers, and complex inflammatory cascades involved in disease pathogenesis. Ongoing clinical trials are looking at new treatments targeting NMOSD relapses. This review aims to provide an update on recent studies regarding issues related to NMOSD, including the pathophysiology of the disease, the potential use of serum and cerebrospinal fluid cytokines as disease biomarkers, the clinical utilization of ocular coherence tomography, and the comparison of different animal models of NMOSD.
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12
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Yan Z, Liao H, Deng C, Zhong Y, Mayeesa TZ, Zhuo Y. DNA damage and repair in the visual center in the rhesus monkey model of glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2022; 219:109031. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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13
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Lucas-Ruiz F, Galindo-Romero C, Albaladejo-García V, Vidal-Sanz M, Agudo-Barriuso M. Mechanisms implicated in the contralateral effect in the central nervous system after unilateral injury: focus on the visual system. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2125-2131. [PMID: 33818483 PMCID: PMC8354113 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.310670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina, as part of the central nervous system is an ideal model to study the response of neurons to injury and disease and to test new treatments. During the last decade is becoming clear that unilateral lesions in bilateral areas of the central nervous system trigger an inflammatory response in the contralateral uninjured site. This effect has been better studied in the visual system where, as a rule, one retina is used as experimental and the other as control. Contralateral retinas in unilateral models of retinal injury show neuronal degeneration and glial activation. The mechanisms by which this adverse response in the central nervous system occurs are discussed in this review, focusing primarily on the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Lucas-Ruiz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
| | - Caridad Galindo-Romero
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
| | - Virginia Albaladejo-García
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Departamento de Oftalmología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria-Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIBArrixaca) Murcia, Spain
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14
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Protective effect of Acer palmatum Thunb. leaf extract on mice with steroid-induced ocular hypertension. Mol Cell Toxicol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-021-00173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Arslan GD, Olgun A, Ozcan D, Gökcal E, Guven D, Asil T. Assessment of Cerebral Vasomotor Reactivity in Patients With Primary Open-angle Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension Using the Breath-Holding Index. J Glaucoma 2021; 30:157-163. [PMID: 33074963 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000001711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PRCIS Patients with ocular hypertension (OHT) do not show impaired cerebral vasodilation responses to hypercapnia but patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) do. Impaired vasoreactivity in patients with POAG may have neuronal or vascular origins and increase stroke risk. PURPOSE To investigate changes in cerebral blood flow and cerebral vasomotor reactivity using the breath-holding index in patients with POAG and OHT, to examine whether these parameters contribute to the risk of ischemic stroke. METHODS Thirty patients with POAG, 30 patients with OHT, and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects were included in this university hospital-based, cross-sectional, and observational study. Eyes with a greater degree of visual field loss and/or more severe optic disc damage were selected for the study in patients with POAG, whereas in patients with OHT and controls, the study eye was chosen randomly. The mean blood flow velocity and breath-holding index were measured in the middle cerebral artery ipsilaterally in patient and control groups, by using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. RESULTS The mean blood flow velocity and breath-holding indexes were significantly lower in patients with POAG than in the control group (all P<0.05). In the OHT group, the mean blood flow velocity and breath-holding indexes were not different from those in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Patients with POAG have impaired vasodilation response to hypercapnia. Presumably, the neuronal changes and deterioration of the endothelium-mediated vasodilatation in patients with glaucoma may disrupt the regulation of arteries and potentially present functional insufficiency on vasoreactivity. Moreover, impaired cerebral vascular regulation may contribute to the increased risk of stroke in patients with POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Delil Ozcan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Health Sciences Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital
| | - Elif Gökcal
- Department of Neurology, Bezmialem Vakif University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Guven
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Health Sciences Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital
| | - Talip Asil
- Department of Neurology, Bezmialem Vakif University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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16
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Baudouin C, Kolko M, Melik-Parsadaniantz S, Messmer EM. Inflammation in Glaucoma: From the back to the front of the eye, and beyond. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 83:100916. [PMID: 33075485 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of glaucoma is complex, multifactorial and not completely understood. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and/or impaired retinal blood flow may cause initial optic nerve damage. In addition, age-related oxidative stress in the retina concurrently with chronic mechanical and vascular stress is crucial for the initiation of retinal neurodegeneration. Oxidative stress is closely related to cell senescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation, which are involved in glaucoma progression. Accumulating evidence from animal glaucoma models and from human ocular samples suggests a dysfunction of the para-inflammation in the retinal ganglion cell layer and the optic nerve head. Moreover, quite similar mechanisms in the anterior chamber could explain the trabecular meshwork dysfunction and the elevated IOP in primary open-angle glaucoma. On the other hand, ocular surface disease due to topical interventions is the most prominent and visible consequence of inflammation in glaucoma, with a negative impact on filtering surgery failure, topical treatment efficacy, and possibly on inflammation in the anterior segment. Consequently, glaucoma appears as an outstanding eye disease where inflammatory changes may be present to various extents and consequences along the eye structure, from the ocular surface to the posterior segment, and the visual pathway. Here we reviewed the inflammatory processes in all ocular structures in glaucoma from the back to the front of the eye and beyond. Our approach was to explain how para-inflammation is necessary to maintain homoeostasis, and to describe abnormal inflammatory findings observed in glaucomatous patients or in animal glaucoma models, supporting the hypothesis of a dysregulation of the inflammatory balance toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Possible anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches in glaucoma are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Baudouin
- Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, IHU Foresight, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
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17
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Mi XS, Feng Q, Lo ACY, Chang RCC, Chung SK, So KF. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides related RAGE and Aβ levels in the retina of mice with acute ocular hypertension and promote maintenance of blood retinal barrier. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:2344-2352. [PMID: 32594059 PMCID: PMC7749484 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.284998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study verified the protective effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) on retinal neurons and blood vessels in acute ocular hypertension (AOH) mice. To investigate the effect of LBP on the reactivity of retinal glial cells, an AOH mouse model was established in one eye by maintaining ocular hypertension of 90 mmHg for 60 minutes. Either LBP solution (1 mg/kg) or phosphate-buffered saline was administrated to the mice by gavage daily, starting 7 days before the AOH insult and continuing until the mice were sacrificed for specimen collection on day 4 post-insult. After AOH insult, increased numbers of astrocytes and microglia were observed, together with decreased expression of the following glial cell biomarkers in the retinal ganglion cells of AOH mice: glial fibrillary acidic protein, glutamine synthetase, aquaporin-4, S-100 proteins, ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1, amyloid precursor protein and receptor of advanced glycosylation end-products. After intervention with LBP, the above changes were significantly reduced. Remarkably, morphological remodeling of blood vessel-associated retinal astrocytes, marked by glial fibrillary acidic protein, was also observed. These results, taken together, suggest that LBP regulated the production of amyloid-β and expression of receptor of advanced glycosylation end-products, as well as mediating the activity of retinal glial cells, which may lead to the promotion of better maintenance of the blood-retinal barrier and improved neuronal survival in AOH insult. This study was approved by the Committee for the Use of Live Animals in Teaching and Research (approval No. CULTRA-#1664-08).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Song Mi
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province; Changsha Academician Expert Workstation, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; School of Biomedical Science, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Amy Cheuk Yin Lo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; School of Biomedical Science, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Sookja Kim Chung
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao Special Administrative Region; School of Biomedical Science, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province; Changsha Academician Expert Workstation, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha, Hunan Province; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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18
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Glaucoma: A Degenerative Optic Neuropathy Related to Neuroinflammation? Cells 2020; 9:cells9030535. [PMID: 32106630 PMCID: PMC7140467 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the world and remains a major public health problem. To date, incomplete knowledge of this disease’s pathophysiology has resulted in current therapies (pharmaceutical or surgical) unfortunately having only a slowing effect on disease progression. Recent research suggests that glaucomatous optic neuropathy is a disease that shares common neuroinflammatory mechanisms with “classical” neurodegenerative pathologies. In addition to the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), neuroinflammation appears to be a key element in the progression and spread of this disease. Indeed, early reactivity of glial cells has been observed in the retina, but also in the central visual pathways of glaucoma patients and in preclinical models of ocular hypertension. Moreover, neuronal lesions are not limited to retinal structure, but also occur in central visual pathways. This review summarizes and puts into perspective the experimental and clinical data obtained to date to highlight the need to develop neuroprotective and immunomodulatory therapies to prevent blindness in glaucoma patients.
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19
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Bhandari A, Smith JC, Zhang Y, Jensen AA, Reid L, Goeser T, Fan S, Ghate D, Van Hook MJ. Early-Stage Ocular Hypertension Alters Retinal Ganglion Cell Synaptic Transmission in the Visual Thalamus. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:426. [PMID: 31607867 PMCID: PMC6761307 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonopathy is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases including glaucoma, where elevated intraocular pressure (ocular hypertension, OHT) stresses retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons as they exit the eye and form the optic nerve. OHT causes early changes in the optic nerve such as axon atrophy, transport inhibition, and gliosis. Importantly, many of these changes appear to occur prior to irreversible neuronal loss, making them promising points for early diagnosis of glaucoma. It is unknown whether OHT has similarly early effects on the function of RGC output to the brain. To test this possibility, we elevated eye pressure in mice by anterior chamber injection of polystyrene microbeads. Five weeks post-injection, bead-injected eyes showed a modest RGC loss in the peripheral retina, as evidenced by RBPMS antibody staining. Additionally, we observed reduced dendritic complexity and lower spontaneous spike rate of On-αRGCs, targeted for patch clamp recording and dye filling using a Opn4-Cre reporter mouse line. To determine the influence of OHT on retinal projections to the brain, we expressed Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in melanopsin-expressing RGCs by crossing the Opn4-Cre mouse line with a ChR2-reporter mouse line and recorded post-synaptic responses in thalamocortical relay neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus evoked by stimulation with 460 nm light. The use of a Opn4-Cre reporter system allowed for expression of ChR2 in a narrow subset of RGCs responsible for image-forming vision in mice. Five weeks following OHT induction, paired pulse and high-frequency stimulus train experiments revealed that presynaptic vesicle release probability at retinogeniculate synapses was elevated. Additionally, miniature synaptic current frequency was slightly reduced in brain slices from OHT mice and proximal dendrites of post-synaptic dLGN relay neurons, assessed using a Sholl analysis, showed a reduced complexity. Strikingly, these changes occurred prior to major loss of RGCs labeled with the Opn4-Cre mouse, as indicated by immunofluorescence staining of ChR2-expressing retinal neurons. Thus, OHT leads to pre- and post-synaptic functional and structural changes at retinogeniculate synapses. Along with RGC dendritic remodeling and optic nerve transport changes, these retinogeniculate synaptic changes are among the earliest signs of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Bhandari
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jennie C Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Aaron A Jensen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Lisa Reid
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Toni Goeser
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Shan Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Deepta Ghate
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Matthew J Van Hook
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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20
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Hirahara Y, Wakabayashi T, Koike T, Gamo K, Yamada H. Change in phospholipid species of retinal layer in traumatic optic neuropathy model. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:325-337. [PMID: 31385342 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Injured optic nerves induce death in almost all retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and cause a loss of axons. To date, we have studied injured RGC axon regeneration by using a traumatic optic nerve injury (TONI) rodent model, and we revealed that axonal regeneration is induced by the graft of an autologous peripheral nerve. The efficient approach to the regeneration of axons thus needs an environmental adjustment of RGC. However, the RGC environment induced by TONI remains unknown. Here, we analyzed female and male C57BL/6 mouse retinal tissue alterations in detail after TONI and focused on the major phospholipid species that are enriched in the whole retina. Reactive astrocyte accumulation, glia scar formation, and demyelination were observed in the injured optic nerve area, while RGC cell death, astrocyte accumulation, and Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positive Müller cell increases were detected in the retinal layer. Furthermore, phosphatidylinositol (PI) 18:0/20:4 was localized to three nuclear layer structures: the ganglion cell layer (GCL), the inner nuclear layer (INL), and the outer nuclear layer (ONL) in control retina; however, the localization of 18:0/20:4 PI in TONI was disturbed. Meanwhile, phosphatidylserine (PS) 18:0/22:6 showed that the expression was specifically in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) with similar signal intensity in both cases. Other PS species and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were differentially localized in the retinal layer; however, the expressions of PE including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were affected by TONI. These results suggest that not only GCL but also other retinal layers were influenced by TONI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Hirahara
- Department of Anatomy, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Taro Koike
- Department of Anatomy, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keizo Gamo
- Department of Anatomy, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisao Yamada
- Department of Anatomy, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
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21
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Li XX, Zhang Z, Zeng HY, Wu S, Liu L, Zhang JX, Liu Q, Yang DY, Wang NL. Selective Early Glial Reactivity in the Visual Pathway Precedes Axonal Loss, Following Short-Term Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure Reduction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:3394-3404. [PMID: 30025070 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine the early glial reactivity and neuron damage in response to short-term cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFp) reduction, as compared with intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation. Methods The experiment included 54 male Sprague-Dawley rats with elevated translaminar cribrosa pressure difference (TLPD), defined as IOP minus CSFp. These rats underwent either continuous CSF drainage for 6 hours (n = 18), or unilateral IOP elevation to 40 mm Hg for 6 hours (n = 18). For control, 18 normal rats were anesthetized for 6 hours. Orthograde axonal transport was examined by intravitreal injection of 3% rhodamine-β-isothiocyanate. We also used transmission electron microscopy to display the ultrastructural features of retinal ganglion cell axons in the optic nerve head. Early glial reactivity in the retina, lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), and superior colliculus (SC) was detected by immunostaining and Western blot for the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and glutamine synthetase (GS). We also observed the glial reactivity in the inferior colliculus and hippocampus to rule out possible influences of CSF dynamics and composition. Results Anterograde staining with 3% rhodamine-β-isothiocyanate revealed decreased fluorescence intensity of the SC and LGN projected from both lower CSFp and higher IOP eyes. Transmission electron microscopy showed loss of axons from the optic nerve head in the high-IOP group, but not in the low-CSFp group. Compared with the anesthesia control group, GFAP expression was significantly increased in the retina, LGN, and SC, whereas GS expression was only increased in the retina following CSFp reduction. However, their expressions were not significantly elevated in the inferior colliculus and hippocampus. In the high-IOP group, expressions of GFAP and GS were significantly increased in the retina, LGN, and SC. Conclusions Visual system neurons may be much more sensitive than other nervous tissues. Following short-term CSFp reduction, early glial reactivity may precede axonal loss. Changes of translaminar cribrosa pressure difference in both experimental low-CSFp and high-IOP groups induce selective early glial reactivity. The neuron damage from abnormally low CSFp may be pathogenetically similar to high IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xia Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Yang Zeng
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China
| | - Shen Wu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xue Zhang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China
| | - Di Ya Yang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing, China
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22
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Mutlu U, Ikram MK, Roshchupkin GV, Bonnemaijer PWM, Colijn JM, Vingerling JR, Niessen WJ, Ikram MA, Klaver CCW, Vernooij MW. Thinner retinal layers are associated with changes in the visual pathway: A population-based study. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:4290-4301. [PMID: 29935103 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that thinner retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL), assessed on optical coherence tomography (OCT), are reflecting global brain atrophy. Yet, little is known on the relation of these layers with specific brain regions. Using voxel-based analysis, we aimed to unravel specific brain regions associated with these retinal layers. We included 2,235 persons (mean age: 67.3 years, 55% women) from the Rotterdam Study (2007-2012) who had gradable retinal OCT images and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, including diffusion tensor (DT) imaging. Thicknesses of peripapillary RNFL and perimacular GCL were measured using an automated segmentation algorithm. Voxel-based morphometry protocols were applied to process DT-MRI data. We investigated the association between retinal layer thickness with voxel-wise gray matter density and white matter microstructure by performing linear regression models. We found that thinner RNFL and GCL were associated with lower gray matter density in the visual cortex, and with lower fractional anisotropy and higher mean diffusivity in white matter tracts that are part of the optic radiation. Furthermore, thinner GCL was associated with lower gray matter density of the thalamus. Thinner RNFL and GCL are associated with gray and white matter changes in the visual pathway suggesting that retinal thinning on OCT may be specifically associated with changes in the visual pathway rather than with changes in the global brain. These findings may serve as a basis for understanding visual symptoms in elderly patients, patients with Alzheimer's disease, or patients with posterior cortical atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unal Mutlu
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mohammad K Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gennady V Roshchupkin
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter W M Bonnemaijer
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna M Colijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes R Vingerling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wiro J Niessen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Imaging Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Mohammad A Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Meike W Vernooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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23
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Evanson NK, Guilhaume-Correa F, Herman JP, Goodman MD. Optic tract injury after closed head traumatic brain injury in mice: A model of indirect traumatic optic neuropathy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197346. [PMID: 29746557 PMCID: PMC5944994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult male C57BL/6J mice have previously been reported to have motor and memory deficits after experimental closed head traumatic brain injury (TBI), without associated gross pathologic damage or neuroimaging changes detectable by magnetic resonance imaging or diffusion tensor imaging protocols. The presence of neurologic deficits, however, suggests neural damage or dysfunction in these animals. Accordingly, we undertook a histologic analysis of mice after TBI. Gross pathology and histologic analysis using Nissl stain and NeuN immunohistochemistry demonstrated no obvious tissue damage or neuron loss. However, Luxol Fast Blue stain revealed myelin injury in the optic tract, while Fluoro Jade B and silver degeneration staining revealed evidence of axonal neurodegeneration in the optic tract as well as the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and superior colliculus (detectable at 7 days, but not 24 hours, after injury). Fluoro Jade B staining was not detectable in other white matter tracts, brain regions or in cell somata. In addition, there was increased GFAP staining in these optic tract, lateral geniculate, and superior colliculus 7 days post-injury, and morphologic changes in optic tract microglia that were detectable 24 hours after injury but were more prominent 7 days post-injury. Interestingly, there were no findings of degeneration or gliosis in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which is also heavily innervated by the optic tract. Using micro-computed tomography imaging, we also found that the optic canal appears to decrease in diameter with a dorsal-ventral load on the skull, which suggests that the optic canal may be the site of injury. These results suggest that there is axonal degeneration in the optic tract and a subset of directly innervated areas, with associated neuroinflammation and astrocytosis, which develop within 7 days of injury, and also suggest that this weight drop injury may be a model for studying indirect traumatic optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan K. Evanson
- Division of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Fernanda Guilhaume-Correa
- Division of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - James P. Herman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Goodman
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
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24
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Lin28B promotes Müller glial cell de-differentiation and proliferation in the regenerative rat retinas. Oncotarget 2018; 7:49368-49383. [PMID: 27384999 PMCID: PMC5226514 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal regeneration and repair are severely impeded in higher mammalian animals. Although Müller cells can be activated and show some characteristics of progenitor cells when injured or under pathological conditions, they quickly form gliosis scars. Unfortunately, the basic mechanisms that impede retinal regeneration remain unknown. We studied retinas from Royal College of Surgeon (RCS) rats and found that let-7 family molecules, let-7e and let-7i, were significantly overexpressed in Müller cells of degenerative retinas. It demonstrated that down-regulation of the RNA binding protein Lin28B was one of the key factors leading to the overexpression of let-7e and let-7i. Lin28B ectopic expression in the Müller cells suppressed overexpression of let-7e and let-7i, stimulated and mobilized Müller glia de-differentiation, proliferation, promoted neuronal commitment, and inhibited glial fate acquisition of de-differentiated Müller cells. ERG recordings revealed that the amplitudes of a-wave and b-wave were improved significantly after Lin28B was delivered into the subretinal space of RCS rats. In summary, down-regulation of Lin28B as well as up-regulation of let-7e and let-7i may be the main factors that impede Müller cell de-differentiation and proliferation in the retina of RCS rats.
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25
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Roche SL, Ruiz-Lopez AM, Moloney JN, Byrne AM, Cotter TG. Microglial-induced Müller cell gliosis is attenuated by progesterone in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Glia 2017; 66:295-310. [PMID: 29034506 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Norgestrel, a progesterone analogue, has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Neuroprotection is achieved in part through Norgestrels anti-inflammatory properties, alleviating detrimental microglial activity. Gliosis is a feature of many neurodegenerative diseases of the retina, including retinitis pigmentosa. Müller glia, a type of macroglia found in the retina, are major contributors of gliosis, characterized by the upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Microglia-Müller glia crosstalk has been implicated in the initiation of gliosis. In the rd10 retina, increased microglial activity and gliotic events are observed prior to the onset of photoreceptor loss. We hypothesized that Norgestrels dampening effects on harmful microglial activity would consequently impact on gliosis. In the current study, we explore the role of microglia-Müller glia crosstalk in degeneration and Norgestrel-mediated neuroprotection in the rd10 retina. Norgestrels neuroprotective effects in the rd10 retina coincide with significant decreases in both microglial activity and Müller cell gliosis. Using a Müller glial cell line, rMC-1, and isolated microglia, we show that rd10 microglia stimulate GFAP production in rMC-1 cells. Norgestrel attenuates gliosis through direct actions on both microglia and Müller glia. Norgestrel reduces the release of harmful stimuli from microglia, such as interferon-γ, which might otherwise signal to Müller glia and stimulate gliosis. We propose that Norgestrel also targets Müller cell gliosis directly, by limiting the availability of pSTAT3, a known transcription factor for GFAP. These findings highlight an important aspect to Norgestrels neuroprotective effects in the diseased retina, in combating Müller cell gliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Roche
- Cell Development and Disease Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ana M Ruiz-Lopez
- Cell Development and Disease Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jennifer N Moloney
- Cell Development and Disease Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ashleigh M Byrne
- Cell Development and Disease Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomas G Cotter
- Cell Development and Disease Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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26
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Wang J, Qu D, An J, Yuan G, Liu Y. Integrated microarray analysis provided novel insights to the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:8735-8746. [PMID: 28990066 PMCID: PMC5779953 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is characterized as a visual field defect, which is the second most common cause of blindness. The present study performed an integrated analysis of microarray studies of glaucoma derived from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Following the identification of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in glaucoma compared with normal control (NC) tissues, the functional annotation, glaucoma-specific protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and transcriptional regulatory network constructions were performed. The acute intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation rat models were established and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed for DEGs expression confirmation. Three datasets were downloaded from GEO. A total of 97 DEGs, 82 upregulated and 15 downregulated were identified in glaucoma compared with NC groups with false discovery rate <0.05. Response to virus and immune response were two significantly enriched GO terms in glaucoma. Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation was a significantly enriched pathway of DEGs in glaucoma. According to the PPI network, HDAC1, HBN, UBR4 and PDK1 were hub proteins in glaucoma. FOXD3, HNF-4 and AP-1 were the three transcription factors (TFs) derived from top 10 TFs which covered the majority of downstream DEGs in glaucoma. Based on the RT-qPCR results, the expression levels of 3 DEGs, raftlin, lipid raft linker 1 (RFTN1), PBX homeobox 1 (PBX1), HDAC1 were significantly upregulated and the expression of GEM was significantly downregulated in acute IOP elevation rat model at the first and fifth day. These four DEGs had the same expression pattern with our integrated analysis. Therefore, the current study concluded that 6 DEGs, including HEPH, SELENBP1, RFTN1, ID1, HDAC-1 and PBX1 and three TFs, including FOXD3, HNF-4 and AP-1 may be involved with the pathogenesis of glaucoma. The findings of the current study may improve diagnosis and drug design for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Daofei Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Jinghong An
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Guoming Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yufu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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27
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Do YJ, Sul JW, Jang KH, Kang NS, Kim YH, Kim YG, Kim E. A novel RIPK1 inhibitor that prevents retinal degeneration in a rat glaucoma model. Exp Cell Res 2017; 359:30-38. [PMID: 28803066 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In glaucoma, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are exposed to ischemic stress with elevation of the intraocular pressure and are subsequently lost. Necroptosis, a type of regulated necrosis, is known to play a pivotal role in this loss. We observed that receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), the key player of necroptosis, was activated by diverse ischemic stresses, including TCZ, chemical hypoxia (CH), and oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD). In this study, we introduce a RIPK1-inhibitory compound (RIC) with a novel scaffold. RIC inhibited downstream events following RIPK1 activation, including necrosome formation and mitochondrial dysfunction in RGC5 cells. Moreover, RIC protected RGCs against ischemic injury in the rat glaucoma model, which was induced by acute high intraocular pressure. However, RIC displayed biochemical characteristics that are distinct from those of previous RIPK1 inhibitors (necrostatin-1; Nec-1 and Compound 27; Cpd27). RIC protected RGCs against OGD insult, while Nec-1 and Cpd27 did not. Conversely, Nec-1 and Cpd27 protected RGCs from TNF-stimulated death, while RIC failed to inhibit the death of RGCs. This implies that RIPK1 activates alternative pathways depending on the context of the ischemic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ju Do
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Won Sul
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hong Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Sook Kang
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- Kukjepharma R&D Center, Sanseong-ro 47, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15437, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Gwan Kim
- Kukjepharma R&D Center, Sanseong-ro 47, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15437, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Involvement of the MEK-ERK/p38-CREB/c-fos signaling pathway in Kir channel inhibition-induced rat retinal Müller cell gliosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1480. [PMID: 28469203 PMCID: PMC5431154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01557-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have demonstrated that activation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors downregulated Kir channels in chronic ocular hypertension (COH) rats, thus contributing to Müller cell gliosis, characterized by upregulated expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). In the present study, we explored possible signaling pathways linking Kir channel inhibition and GFAP upregulation. In normal retinas, intravitreal injection of BaCl2 significantly increased GFAP expression in Müller cells, which was eliminated by co-injecting mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor U0126. The protein levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase1/2 (p-ERK1/2) and its upstream regulator, p-MEK, were significantly increased, while the levels of phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) and p38 kinase (p-p38) remained unchanged. Furthermore, the protein levels of phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (p-CREB) and c-fos were also increased, which were blocked by co-injecting ERK inhibitor FR180204. In purified cultured rat Müller cells, BaCl2 treatment induced similar changes in these protein levels apart from p-p38 levels and the p-p38:p38 ratio showing significant upregulation. Moreover, intravitreal injection of U0126 eliminated the upregulated GFAP expression in COH retinas. Together, these results suggest that Kir channel inhibition-induced Müller cell gliosis is mediated by the MEK-ERK/p38-CREB/c-fos signaling pathway.
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29
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Wang J, Valiente-Soriano FJ, Nadal-Nicolás FM, Rovere G, Chen S, Huang W, Agudo-Barriuso M, Jonas JB, Vidal-Sanz M, Zhang X. MicroRNA regulation in an animal model of acute ocular hypertension. Acta Ophthalmol 2017; 95:e10-e21. [PMID: 27535721 PMCID: PMC6213559 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To analyse miRNA regulation in a rat model of acute ocular hypertension (AOH). Methods Acute ocular hypertension (AOH) was induced in the left eye of adult albino rats by inserting a cannula connected with a saline container into the anterior chamber. The contralateral eye served as a control. Seven days later, animals were killed. Retinas were used either for quantitative analysis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and microglial cells or for miRNA array hybridization, qRT‐PCR and Western blotting. Results Anatomically, AOH caused axonal degeneration, a significant loss of RGCs and a significant increase in microglial cells in the ganglion cell layer. The miRNAs microarray analysis revealed 31 differentially expressed miRNAs in the AOH versus control group, and the regulation of 12 selected microRNAs was further confirmed by qRT‐PCR. Bioinformatic analysis indicates that several signalling pathways are putatively regulated by the validated miRNAs. Of particular interest was the inflammatory pathway signalled by mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs). In agreement with the in silico analysis, p38 MAP kinase, tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) and iNOS proteins were significantly upregulated in the AOH retinas. Conclusions Acute IOP elevation led to changes in the expression of miRNAs, whose target genes were associated with the regulation of microglia‐mediated neuroinflammation or neural apoptosis. Addressing miRNAs in the process of retinal ischaemia and optic nerve damage in association with high IOP elevation may open new avenues in preventing retinal ganglion cell apoptosis and may serve as target for future therapeutic regimen in acute ocular hypertension and retinal ischaemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
- Eye Center of Shandong University; The Second Hospital of Shandong University; Jinan China
| | - Francisco J. Valiente-Soriano
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Murcia and Murcian Institute of Biosanitary Research-Hospital Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca); Murcia Spain
| | - Francisco M. Nadal-Nicolás
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Murcia and Murcian Institute of Biosanitary Research-Hospital Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca); Murcia Spain
| | - Giuseppe Rovere
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Murcia and Murcian Institute of Biosanitary Research-Hospital Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca); Murcia Spain
| | - Shida Chen
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Wenbin Huang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Marta Agudo-Barriuso
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Murcia and Murcian Institute of Biosanitary Research-Hospital Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca); Murcia Spain
| | - Jost B. Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology; Medical Faculty Mannheim; Heidelberg University; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Murcia and Murcian Institute of Biosanitary Research-Hospital Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca); Murcia Spain
| | - Xiulan Zhang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Sun Yat-Sen University; Guangzhou China
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30
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Zhao J, Zhu TH, Chen WC, Peng SM, Huang XS, Cho KS, Chen DF, Liu GS. Optic neuropathy and increased retinal glial fibrillary acidic protein due to microbead-induced ocular hypertension in the rabbit. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:1732-1739. [PMID: 28003971 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.12.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To characterize whether a glaucoma model with chronic elevation of the intraocular pressure (IOP) was able to be induced by anterior chamber injection of microbeads in rabbits. METHODS In order to screen the optimal dose of microbead injection, IOP was measured every 3d for 4wk using handheld applanation tonometer after a single intracameral injection of 10 µL, 25 µL, 50 µL or 100 µL microbeads (5×106 beads/mL; n=6/group) in New Zealand White rabbits. To prolong IOP elevation, two intracameral injections of 50 µL microbeads or phosphate buffer saline (PBS) were made respectively at days 0 and 21 (n=24/group). The fellow eye was not treated. At 5wk after the second injection of microbeads or PBS, bright-field microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to assess the changes in the retina. The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the retina was evaluated by immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot at 5wk after the second injection of microbeads. RESULTS Following a single intracameral injection of 10 µL, 25 µL, 50 µL or 100 µL microbead, IOP levels showed a gradual increase and a later decrease over a 4wk period after a single injection of microbead into the anterior chamber of rabbits. A peak IOP was observed at day 15 after injection. No significant difference in peak value of IOP was found between 10 µL and 25 µL groups (17.13±1.25 mm Hg vs 17.63±0.74 mm Hg; P=0.346). The peak value of IOP from 50 µL group (23.25±1.16 mm Hg) was significantly higher than 10 µL and 25 µL groups (all P<0.05). Administration of 100 µL microbead solution (23.00±0.93 mm Hg) did not lead to a significant increase in IOP compared to the 50 µL group (P=0.64). A prolonged elevated IOP duration up to 8wk was achieved by administering two injections of 50 µL microbeads (20.48±1.21 mm Hg vs 13.60±0.90 mm Hg in PBS-injected group; P<0.05). The bright-field and TEM were used to assess the changes of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Compared with PBS-injected group, the extended IOP elevation was associated with the degeneration of optic nerve, the reduction of RGC axons (47.16%, P<0.05) and the increased GFAP expression in the retina (4.74±1.10 vs 1.00±0.46, P<0.05). CONCLUSION Two injections of microbeads into the ocular anterior chamber of rabbits lead to a prolonged IOP elevation which results in structural abnormality as well as loss in RGCs and their axons without observable ocular structural damage or inflammatory response. We have therefore established a novel and practical model of experimental glaucoma in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry Affiliated to Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518040, Guangdong Province, China; Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen 518040, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tian-Hui Zhu
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen 518040, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wen-Chieh Chen
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen 518040, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shi-Ming Peng
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen 518040, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Sheng Huang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen 518040, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kin-Sang Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA
| | - Dong Feng Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA
| | - Guei-Sheung Liu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne 3002, Australia; Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne 3002, Australia
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31
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Activated Müller Cells Involved in ATP-Induced Upregulation of P2X 7 Receptor Expression and Retinal Ganglion Cell Death. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9020715. [PMID: 27738636 PMCID: PMC5050355 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9020715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), an ATP-gated ion channel, plays an important role in glaucomatous retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptotic death, in which activated retinal Müller glial cells may be involved by releasing ATP. In the present study, we investigated whether and how activated Müller cells may induce changes in P2X7R expression in RGCs by using immunohistochemistry and Western blot techniques. Intravitreal injection of DHPG, a group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR I) agonist, induced upregulation of GFAP expression, suggestive of Müller cell activation (gliosis), as we previously reported. Accompanying Müller cell activation, P2X7R protein expression was upregulated, especially in the cells of ganglion cell layer (GCL), which was reversed by coinjection of brilliant blue G (BBG), a P2X7R blocker. In addition, intravitreal injection of ATP also induced upregulation of P2X7R protein expression. Similar results were observed in cultured retinal neurons by ATP treatment. Moreover, both DHPG and ATP intravitreal injection induced a reduction in the number of fluorogold retrogradely labeled RGCs, and the DHPG effect was partially rescued by coinjection of BBG. All these results suggest that activated Müller cells may release ATP and, in turn, induce upregulation of P2X7R expression in the cells of GCL, thus contributing to RGC death.
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32
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Zhang Y, Liang W, Wu G, Zhang X, Wen G. Magnetization transfer imaging reveals geniculocalcarine and striate area degeneration in primary glaucoma: a preliminary study. Acta Radiol Open 2016; 5:2058460116666876. [PMID: 27651931 PMCID: PMC5019197 DOI: 10.1177/2058460116666876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease that affects both the retina and central visual pathway. Magnetization transfer imaging (MTI) is a sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that can detect degenerative changes in the brain. Purpose To investigate the geniculocalcarine (GCT) and striate areas in primary glaucoma patients using region of interest (ROI) analysis of magnetization transfer ratio (MTR). Material and Methods Twenty patients with primary glaucoma in both eyes were compared with 31 healthy control patients. All of the participants were examined on a 3.0 T scanner using a three-dimensional T1-weighted spoiled gradient recalled acquisition (SPGR) with and without a MT saturation pulse. A two-sample t-test was used to evaluate the MTR difference between the groups. P < 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance. Results The MTR of the glaucoma group was lower than the healthy controls in both the bilateral GCT (t = 3.781, P = 0.001) and striate areas (t = 4.177, P = 0.000). Conclusion The MTR reductions in the bilateral GCT and striate areas suggest that there is GCT demyelination and striate area degeneration in primary glaucoma. These neurodegenerative effects may be induced as a direct effect of retrograde axonal degeneration along with the indirect effect of anterograde trans-synaptic degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- ZhongShan Ophthalmic center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, PR China
| | - Wenwen Liang
- Department of Radiology, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guang Dong, PR China
| | - Guijun Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, GuangDong, PR China
| | - Xuelin Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guang Dong, PR China
| | - Ge Wen
- Department of Radiology, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guang Dong, PR China
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33
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Murphy MC, Conner IP, Teng CY, Lawrence JD, Safiullah Z, Wang B, Bilonick RA, Kim SG, Wollstein G, Schuman JS, Chan KC. Retinal Structures and Visual Cortex Activity are Impaired Prior to Clinical Vision Loss in Glaucoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31464. [PMID: 27510406 PMCID: PMC4980591 DOI: 10.1038/srep31464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide and its pathogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we measured the structure, metabolism and function of the visual system by optical coherence tomography and multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging in healthy subjects and glaucoma patients with different degrees of vision loss. We found that inner retinal layer thinning, optic nerve cupping and reduced visual cortex activity occurred before patients showed visual field impairment. The primary visual cortex also exhibited more severe functional deficits than higher-order visual brain areas in glaucoma. Within the visual cortex, choline metabolism was perturbed along with increasing disease severity in the eye, optic radiation and visual field. In summary, this study showed evidence that glaucoma deterioration is already present in the eye and the brain before substantial vision loss can be detected clinically using current testing methods. In addition, cortical cholinergic abnormalities are involved during trans-neuronal degeneration and can be detected non-invasively in glaucoma. The current results can be of impact for identifying early glaucoma mechanisms, detecting and monitoring pathophysiological events and eye-brain-behavior relationships, and guiding vision preservation strategies in the visual system, which may help reduce the burden of this irreversible but preventable neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Murphy
- NeuroImaging Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ian P Conner
- NeuroImaging Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cindy Y Teng
- NeuroImaging Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jesse D Lawrence
- NeuroImaging Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zaid Safiullah
- NeuroImaging Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Richard A Bilonick
- UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Seong-Gi Kim
- NeuroImaging Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Gadi Wollstein
- UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joel S Schuman
- UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kevin C Chan
- NeuroImaging Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,UPMC Eye Center, Ophthalmology and Visual Science Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Nguyen HT, Tangutooru SM, Rountree CM, Kantzos AJK, Tarlochan F, Yoon WJ, Troy JB. Thalamic Visual Prosthesis. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2016; 63:1573-80. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2016.2567300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Chang SW, Kim HI, Kim GH, Park SJ, Kim IB. Increased Expression of Osteopontin in Retinal Degeneration Induced by Blue Light-Emitting Diode Exposure in Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:58. [PMID: 27504084 PMCID: PMC4958628 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional adhesive glycoprotein that is implicated in a variety of pro-inflammatory as well as neuroprotective and repair-promoting effects in the brain. As a first step towards understanding the role of OPN in retinal degeneration (RD), we examined changes in OPN expression in a mouse model of RD induced by exposure to a blue light-emitting diode (LED). RD was induced in BALB/c mice by exposure to a blue LED (460 nm) for 2 h. Apoptotic cell death was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. In order to investigate changes in OPN in RD, western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed. Anti-OPN labeling was compared to that of anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which is a commonly used marker for retinal injury or stress including inflammation. OPN expression in RD retinas markedly increased at 24 h after exposure, was sustained through 72 h, and subsided at 120 h. Increased OPN expression was observed co-localized with microglial cells in the outer nuclear layer (ONL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), and subretinal space. Expression was restricted to the central retina in which photoreceptor cell death occurred. Interestingly, OPN expression in the ONL/OPL was closely associated with microglia, whereas most of the OPN plaques observed in the subretinal space were not. Immunogold electron microscopy demonstrated that OPN was distributed throughout the cytoplasm of microglia and in nearby fragments of degenerating photoreceptors. In addition, we found that OPN was induced more acutely and with greater region specificity than GFAP. These results indicate that OPN may be a more useful marker for retinal injury or stress, and furthermore act as a microglial pro-inflammatory mediator and a phagocytosis-inducing opsonin in the subretinal space. Taken together, our data suggest that OPN plays an important role in the pathogenesis of RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Wook Chang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Il Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of KoreaSeoul, Korea; Gyeongju St. Mary's Eye ClinicGyeongju, Korea
| | - Gyu Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of KoreaSeoul, Korea; Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of KoreaSeoul, Korea
| | - Su Jin Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of KoreaSeoul, Korea; Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of KoreaSeoul, Korea
| | - In-Beom Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of KoreaSeoul, Korea; Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of KoreaSeoul, Korea; Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of KoreaSeoul, Korea
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Retinal Macroglial Responses in Health and Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:2954721. [PMID: 27294114 PMCID: PMC4887628 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2954721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Due to their permanent and close proximity to neurons, glial cells perform essential tasks for the normal physiology of the retina. Astrocytes and Müller cells (retinal macroglia) provide physical support to neurons and supplement them with several metabolites and growth factors. Macroglia are involved in maintaining the homeostasis of extracellular ions and neurotransmitters, are essential for information processing in neural circuits, participate in retinal glucose metabolism and in removing metabolic waste products, regulate local blood flow, induce the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), play fundamental roles in local immune response, and protect neurons from oxidative damage. In response to polyetiological insults, glia cells react with a process called reactive gliosis, seeking to maintain retinal homeostasis. When malfunctioning, macroglial cells can become primary pathogenic elements. A reactive gliosis has been described in different retinal pathologies, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetes, glaucoma, retinal detachment, or retinitis pigmentosa. A better understanding of the dual, neuroprotective, or cytotoxic effect of macroglial involvement in retinal pathologies would help in treating the physiopathology of these diseases. The extensive participation of the macroglia in retinal diseases points to these cells as innovative targets for new drug therapies.
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Central visual pathways in glaucoma: evidence for distal mechanisms of neuronal self-repair. J Neuroophthalmol 2016; 35 Suppl 1:S29-37. [PMID: 26274834 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
As in other age-related neurodegenerative diseases, progression of neurodegeneration in glaucoma involves early axonopathy. In glaucoma, this is marked by degradation of active transport along retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons projecting from the retina to the brain. In experimental systems, transport degradation occurs first in the most distal site in the RGC projection, the superior colliculus (SC) of the midbrain. Even as degradation progresses from one retinotopic sector to the next, important structures in the affected sectors persist, including synapses from RGC axon terminals onto SC neurons. This structural persistence is accompanied by focally increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor in hypertrophic SC astrocyte glia and defines a therapeutic window of opportunity. Thus, central brain structures in glaucoma may respond to disease-relevant stress by induction of mechanisms useful for maintaining retinal signals.
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Mac Nair CE, Schlamp CL, Montgomery AD, Shestopalov VI, Nickells RW. Retinal glial responses to optic nerve crush are attenuated in Bax-deficient mice and modulated by purinergic signaling pathways. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:93. [PMID: 27126275 PMCID: PMC4850653 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0558-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) soma death is a consequence of optic nerve damage, including in optic neuropathies like glaucoma. The activation of the innate immune network in the retina after nerve damage has been linked to RGC pathology. Since the eye is immune privileged, innate immune functions are the responsibility of the glia, specifically the microglia, astrocytes, and Müller cells that populate the retina. Glial activation, leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines, is a hallmark feature of retinal injury resulting from optic nerve damage and purported to elicit secondary degeneration of RGC somas. Methods A mouse model of optic nerve crush (ONC) was used to study retinal glial activation responses. RGC apoptosis was blocked using Bax-deficient mice. Glial activation responses were monitored by quantitative PCR and immunofluorescent labeling in retinal sections of activation markers. ATP signaling pathways were interrogated using P2X receptor agonists and antagonists and Pannexin 1 (Panx1)-deficient mice with RGC-specific deletion. Results ONC induced activation of both macroglia and microglia in the retina, and both these responses were dramatically muted if RGC death was blocked by deletion of the Bax gene. Macroglial, but not microglial, activation was modulated by purinergic receptor activation. Release of ATP after optic nerve damage was not mediated by PANX1 channels in RGCs. Conclusions RGC death in response to ONC plays a principal stimulatory role in the retinal glial activation response. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0558-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Mac Nair
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 571A Medical Sciences-1300 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 3170-10K/L MFCB, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Cassandra L Schlamp
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 571A Medical Sciences-1300 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Angela D Montgomery
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 571A Medical Sciences-1300 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Valery I Shestopalov
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 900 N.W. 17th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 900 N.W. 17th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Robert W Nickells
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 571A Medical Sciences-1300 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Imasawa M, Tanabe J, Kashiwagi F, Kashiwagi K. Efficacy and Safety of Switching Latanoprost Monotherapy to Bimatoprost Monotherapy or Combination of Brinzolamide and Latanoprost. Open Ophthalmol J 2016; 10:94-102. [PMID: 27073587 PMCID: PMC4800778 DOI: 10.2174/1874364101610010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To prospectively assess the efficacy and safety of switching to bimatoprost monotherapy or brinzolamide and latanoprost combination therapy in patients who had been receiving latanoprost monotherapy. Methods: A prospective, open-label study was conducted. Patients with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension who had been receiving latanoprost monotherapy for three months or more were enrolled. Bimatoprost was substituted for latanoprost in one eye (BIM group), and brinzolamide was added to the latanoprost in the other eye (BRZ group) simultaneously. The patients underwent examinations at 6 weeks (visit 1) and 12 weeks (visit 2) after changing therapies. Subsequently, the treatments were returned to latanoprost monotherapy. The patients underwent another examination 6 weeks (visit 3) after the return to latanoprost. The parameters examined were intraocular pressure (IOP), conjunctival hyperemia, and corneal epithelial damage. Results: Twenty-six patients (13 men and 13 women) completed the protocol. Both groups showed a significant IOP reduction at visits 1 and 2 compared with the baseline, with a similar magnitude (BIM group: P = 0.016 at visit 1, P = 0.025 at visit 2, BRZ group: P = 0.0006 at visit 1, P = 0.028 at visit 2). The IOPs at the baseline and on visit 3 were similar in both groups (P = 0.7). The two groups showed no changes in either conjunctival hyperemia or corneal epithelial damage compared with the baseline. Conclusion: Bimatoprost monotherapy and brinzolamide adjunctive to latanoprost similarly reduced the IOP, with no additive adverse effects, compared with latanoprost monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Imasawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nirasaki Municipal Hospital, Nirasaki, Yamanashi, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | | | | | - Kenji Kashiwagi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
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Sapienza A, Raveu AL, Reboussin E, Roubeix C, Boucher C, Dégardin J, Godefroy D, Rostène W, Reaux-Le Goazigo A, Baudouin C, Melik Parsadaniantz S. Bilateral neuroinflammatory processes in visual pathways induced by unilateral ocular hypertension in the rat. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:44. [PMID: 26897546 PMCID: PMC4761202 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0509-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the world. The major risk factor is elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) leading to progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death from the optic nerve (ON) to visual pathways in the brain. Glaucoma has been reported to share mechanisms with neurodegenerative disorders. We therefore hypothesize that neuroinflammatory mechanisms in central visual pathways may contribute to the spread of glaucoma disease. The aim of the present study was to analyze the neuroinflammation processes that occur from the pathological retina to the superior colliculi (SCs) in a rat model of unilateral ocular hypertension induced by episcleral vein cauterization (EVC). RESULTS Six weeks after unilateral (right eye) EVC in male Long-Evans rats, we evaluated both the neurodegenerative process and the neuroinflammatory state in visual pathway tissues. RGCs immunolabeled (Brn3a(+)) in ipsilateral whole flat-mounted retina demonstrated peripheral RGC loss associated with tissue macrophage/microglia activation (CD68(+)). Gene expression analysis of hypertensive and normotensive retinas revealed a significant increase of pro-inflammatory genes such as CCL2, IL-1β, and Nox2 mRNA expression compared to naïve eyes. Importantly, we found an upregulation of pro-inflammatory markers such as IL-1β and TNFα and astrocyte and tissue macrophage/microglia activation in hypertensive and normotensive RGC projection sites in the SCs compared to a naïve SC. To understand how neuroinflammation in the hypertensive retina is sufficient to damage both right and left SCs and the normotensive retina, we used an inflammatory model consisting in an unilateral stereotaxic injection of TNFα (25 ng/μl) in the right SC of naïve rats. Two weeks after TNFα injection, using an optomotor test, we observed that rats had visual deficiency in both eyes. Furthermore, both SCs showed an upregulation of genes and proteins for astrocytes, microglia, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, notably IL-1β. In addition, both retinas exhibited a significant increase of inflammatory markers compared to a naïve retina. CONCLUSIONS All these data evidence the complex role played by the SCs in the propagation of neuroinflammatory events induced by unilateral ocular hypertension and provide a new insight into the spread of neurodegenerative diseases such as glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Sapienza
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Raveu
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Reboussin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Roubeix
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Céline Boucher
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Julie Dégardin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - David Godefroy
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - William Rostène
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Annabelle Reaux-Le Goazigo
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Baudouin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.,CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DHOS CIC, 28 rue de Charenton, 75012, Paris, France.,Department Ophthalmology, Hopital Ambroise Pare, AP HP, F-92100, Boulogne, France.,University Versailles St Quentin En Yvelines, F-78180, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Stéphane Melik Parsadaniantz
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris 06, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France. .,INSERM U968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France. .,CNRS UMR_7210, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, 75012, Paris, France.
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Psychophysical testing in rodent models of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Exp Eye Res 2015; 141:154-63. [PMID: 26144667 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Processing of visual information begins in the retina, with photoreceptors converting light stimuli into neural signals. Ultimately, signals are transmitted to the brain through signaling networks formed by interneurons, namely bipolar, horizontal and amacrine cells providing input to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which form the optic nerve with their axons. As part of the chronic nature of glaucomatous optic neuropathy, the increasing and irreversible damage and ultimately loss of neurons, RGCs in particular, occurs following progressive damage to the optic nerve head (ONH), eventually resulting in visual impairment and visual field loss. There are two behavioral assays that are typically used to assess visual deficits in glaucoma rodent models, the visual water task and the optokinetic drum. The visual water task can assess an animal's ability to distinguish grating patterns that are associated with an escape from water. The optokinetic drum relies on the optomotor response, a reflex turning of the head and neck in the direction of the visual stimuli, which usually consists of rotating black and white gratings. This reflex is a physiological response critical for keeping the image stable on the retina. Driven initially by the neuronal input from direction-selective RGCs, this reflex is comprised of a number of critical sensory and motor elements. In the presence of repeatable and defined stimuli, this reflex is extremely well suited to analyze subtle changes in the circuitry and performance of retinal neurons. Increasing the cycles of these alternating gratings per degree, or gradually reducing the contrast of the visual stimuli, threshold levels can be determined at which the animal is no longer tracking the stimuli, and thereby visual function of the animal can be determined non-invasively. Integrating these assays into an array of outcome measures that determine multiple aspects of visual function is a central goal in vision research and can be realized, for example, by the combination of measuring optomotor reflex function with electroretinograms (ERGs) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the retina. These structure-function correlations in vivo are urgently needed to identify disease mechanisms as potential new targets for drug development. Such a combination of the experimental assessment of the optokinetic reflex (OKR) or optomotor response (OMR) with other measures of retinal structure and function is especially valuable for research on GON. The chronic progression of the disease is characterized by a gradual decrease in function accompanied by a concomitant increase in structural damage to the retina, therefore the assessment of subtle changes is key to determining the success of novel intervention strategies.
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Song X, Wang G, Zhang T, Feng L, An P, Zhu Y. Functional magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of visual cortex activation in patients with anterior visual pathway lesions. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:692-6. [PMID: 25745465 PMCID: PMC4347010 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the secondary visual cortex functional disorder in patients with glaucoma and large pituitary adenoma by functional magnetic resonance imaging, and to determine the correlation between visual field defect and primary visual cortex activation. Results showed that single eye stimulation resulted in bilateral visual cortex activation in patients with glaucoma or large pituitary adenoma. Compared with the normal control group, the extent and intensity of visual cortex activation was decreased after left and right eye stimulation, and functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed a correlation between visual field defects and visual cortex activation in patients with glaucoma and large pituitary adenoma. These functional magnetic resonance imaging data suggest that anterior optic pathway lesions can cause secondary functional disorder of the visual cortex, and that visual defects are correlated with visual cortex activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Song
- Department of Radiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guohua Wang
- Department of Radiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Department of Radiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Peng An
- Department of Radiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yueli Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
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Dekeyster E, Aerts J, Valiente-Soriano FJ, De Groef L, Vreysen S, Salinas-Navarro M, Vidal-Sanz M, Arckens L, Moons L. Ocular hypertension results in retinotopic alterations in the visual cortex of adult mice. Curr Eye Res 2015; 40:1269-83. [PMID: 25615273 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.990983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glaucoma is a group of optic neuropathies characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Since ocular hypertension (OHT) is a main risk factor, current therapies are predominantly based on lowering eye pressure. However, a subset of treated patients continues to lose vision. More research into pathological mechanisms underlying glaucoma is therefore warranted in order to develop novel therapeutic strategies. In this study we investigated the impact of OHT from eye to brain in mice. METHODS Monocular hypertension (mOHT) was induced in CD-1 mice by laser photocoagulation (LP) of the perilimbal and episcleral veins. The impact on the retina and its main direct target area, the superficial superior colliculus (sSC), was examined via immunostainings for Brn3a, VGluT2 and GFAP. Alterations in neuronal activity in V1 and extrastriate areas V2L and V2M were assessed using in situ hybridization for the activity reporter gene zif268. RESULTS Transient mOHT resulted in diffuse and sectorial RGC degeneration. In the sSC contralateral to the OHT eye, a decrease in VGluT2 immunopositive synaptic connections was detected one week post LP, which appeared to be retinotopically linked to the sectorial RGC degeneration patterns. In parallel, hypoactivity was discerned in contralateral retinotopic projection zones in V1 and V2. Despite complete cortical reactivation 4 weeks post LP, in the sSC no evidence for recovery of RGC synapse density was found and also the concomitant inflammation was not completely resolved. Nevertheless, sSC neurons appeared healthy upon histological inspection and subsequent analysis of cell density revealed no differences between the ipsi- and contralateral sSC. CONCLUSION In addition to RGC death, OHT induces loss of synaptic connections and neuronal activity in the visual pathway and is accompanied by an extensive immune response. Our findings stress the importance of looking beyond the eye and including the whole visual system in glaucoma research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Dekeyster
- a Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Jeroen Aerts
- b Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, Department of Biology , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium and
| | | | - Lies De Groef
- a Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Samme Vreysen
- b Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, Department of Biology , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium and
| | - Manuel Salinas-Navarro
- a Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Manuel Vidal-Sanz
- c Department of Ophthalmology , University of Murcia and IMIB-Arrixaca , Murcia , Spain
| | - Lutgarde Arckens
- b Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neuroproteomics, Department of Biology , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium and
| | - Lieve Moons
- a Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
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Chidlow G, Wood JPM, Casson RJ. Expression of inducible heat shock proteins Hsp27 and Hsp70 in the visual pathway of rats subjected to various models of retinal ganglion cell injury. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114838. [PMID: 25535743 PMCID: PMC4275305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducible heat shock proteins (Hsps) are upregulated in the central nervous system in response to a wide variety of injuries. Surprisingly, however, no coherent picture has emerged regarding the magnitude, duration and cellular distribution of inducible Hsps in the visual system following injury to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The current study sought, therefore, to achieve the following two objectives. The first aim of this study was to systematically characterise the patterns of Hsp27 and −70 expression in the retina and optic nerve in four discrete models of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration: axonal injury (ON crush), somato-dendritic injury (NMDA-induced excitotoxicity), chronic hypoperfusion (bilateral occlusion of the carotid arteris) and experimental glaucoma. The second aim was to document Hsp27 and −70 expression in the optic tract, the subcortical retinorecipient areas of the brain, and the visual cortex during Wallerian degeneration of RGC axons. Hsp27 was robustly upregulated in the retina in each injury paradigm, with the chronic models, 2VO and experimental glaucoma, displaying a more persistent Hsp27 transcriptional response than the acute models. Hsp27 expression was always associated with astrocytes and with a subset of RGCs in each of the models excluding NMDA. Hsp27 was present within astrocytes of the optic nerve/optic tract in control rats. During Wallerian degeneration, Hsp27 was upregulated in the optic nerve/optic tract and expressed de novo by astrocytes in the lateral geniculate nucleus and the stratum opticum of the superior colliculus. Conversely, the results of our study indicate Hsp70 was minimally induced in any of the models of injury, either in the retina, or in the optic nerve/optic tract, or in the subcortical, retinorecipient areas of the brain. The findings of the present study augment our understanding of the involvement of Hsp27 and Hsp70 in the response of the visual system to RGC degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glyn Chidlow
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Frome Road, Adelaide SA-5000, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide SA-5000, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - John P. M. Wood
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Frome Road, Adelaide SA-5000, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide SA-5000, Australia
| | - Robert J. Casson
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Frome Road, Adelaide SA-5000, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide SA-5000, Australia
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Taylor L, Arnér K, Ghosh F. First Responders: Dynamics of Pre-Gliotic Müller Cell Responses in The Isolated Adult Rat Retina. Curr Eye Res 2014; 40:1245-60. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.988360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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46
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Chiba S, Funato S, Horiuchi N, Matsumoto K, Inokuma H, Furuoka H, Kobayashi Y. Optic pathway degeneration in Japanese black cattle. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 77:147-54. [PMID: 25421501 PMCID: PMC4363015 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of the optic pathway has been reported in various animal species including cattle. We experienced a case of bilateral optic tract degeneration characterized by severe gliosis in a Japanese black cattle without any obvious visual defects. To evaluate the significance, pathological nature and pathogenesis of the lesions, we examined the optic pathway in 60 cattle (41 Japanese black, 13 Holstein and 6 crossbreed) with or without ocular abnormalities. None of these animals had optic canal stenosis. Degenerative changes with severe gliosis in the optic pathway, which includes the optic nerve, optic chiasm and optic tract, were only observed in 8 Japanese black cattle with or without ocular abnormalities. Furthermore, strong immunoreactivity of glial fibrillary acidic protein was observed in the retinal stratum opticum and ganglion cell layer in all 5 cattle in which the optic pathway lesions could be examined. As etiological research, we also examined whether the
concentrations of vitamin A and vitamin B12 or bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection was associated with optic pathway degeneration. However, our results suggested that the observed optic pathway degeneration was probably not caused by these factors. These facts indicate the presence of optic pathway degeneration characterized by severe gliosis that has never been reported in cattle without bilateral compressive lesions in the optic pathway or bilateral severe retinal atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Chiba
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Mac Nair CE, Fernandes KA, Schlamp CL, Libby RT, Nickells RW. Tumor necrosis factor alpha has an early protective effect on retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve crush. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:194. [PMID: 25407441 PMCID: PMC4245774 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0194-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy that is characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) initiated by damage to axons in the optic nerve. The degeneration and death of RGCs has been thought to occur in two waves. The first is axogenic, caused by direct insult to the axon. The second is somatic, and is thought to be caused by the production of inflammatory cytokines from the activated retinal innate immune cells. One of the cytokines consistently linked to glaucoma and RGC damage has been TNFα. Despite strong evidence implicating this protein in neurodegeneration, a direct injection of TNFα does not mimic the rapid loss of RGCs observed after acute optic nerve trauma or exposure to excitotoxins. This suggests that our understanding of TNFα signaling is incomplete. METHODS RGC death was induced by optic nerve crush in mice. The role of TNFα in this process was examined by quantitative PCR of Tnfα gene expression, and quantification of cell loss in Tnfα (-/-) mice or in wild-type animals receiving an intraocular injection of exongenous TNFα either before or after crush. Signaling pathways downstream of TNFα were examined by immunolabeling for JUN protein accumulation or activation of EGFP expression in NFκB reporter mice. RESULTS Optic nerve crush caused a modest increase in Tnfα gene expression, with kinetics similar to the activation of both macroglia and microglia. A pre-injection of TNFα attenuated ganglion cell loss after crush, while ganglion cell loss was more severe in Tnfα (-/-) mice. Conversely, over the long term, a single exposure to TNFα induced extrinsic apoptosis in RGCs. Müller cells responded to exogenous TNFα by accumulating JUN and activating NFκB. CONCLUSION Early after optic nerve crush, TNFα appears to have a protective role for RGCs, which may be mediated through Müller cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Mac Nair
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 571A MSC - 1300 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53706, USA. .,Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, 3170-10 K/L MFCB - 1685 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Kimberly A Fernandes
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 659, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Cassandra L Schlamp
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 571A MSC - 1300 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Richard T Libby
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 659, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 633, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA. .,The Center for Visual Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, 274 Meliora Hall, RC Box 270270, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
| | - Robert W Nickells
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 571A MSC - 1300 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Yang XT, Huang GH, Feng DF, Chen K. Insight into astrocyte activation after optic nerve injury. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:539-48. [PMID: 25257183 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Tao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, No. 3 People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Guo-Hui Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, No. 3 People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Dong-Fu Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, No. 3 People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
- Institute of Traumatic Medicine; Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Kui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, No. 3 People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
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Sponsel WE, Groth SL, Satsangi N, Maddess T, Reilly MA. Refined Data Analysis Provides Clinical Evidence for Central Nervous System Control of Chronic Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2014; 3:1. [PMID: 24932429 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.3.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Refined data analysis was performed to assess binocular visual field conservation in patients with bilateral glaucomatous damage to determine whether unilateral visual field loss is random, anatomically symmetric, or nonrandom in relation to the fellow eye. METHODS This was a case-control study of 47 consecutive patients with bilaterally severe glaucoma; each right eye visual field locus was paired with randomly selected coisopteric left eye loci, with 760,000 (10,000 complete sets of 76 loci) such iterations performed per subject. The potential role of anatomic symmetry in bilateral visual field conservation was also assessed by pairing mirror-image loci of the paired fields. The mean values of the random coisopteric and the symmetric mirror pairings were compared with natural point-for-point pairings of the two eyes by paired t-test. RESULTS Mean unilateral thresholds across the entire visual field were 18.9 dB left and 19.9 dB right (average 19.4), 4 dB lower than the better of the naturally paired concomitant loci of 23.4 dB (P < 10-15). A remarkable natural tendency for conservation of the binocular visual field was confirmed, far stronger than explicable by random chance or anatomic symmetry (P < 0.0001), and reaffirmed by subsequent prospective simultaneous binocular visual field retesting of an arbitrary subset (n = 16) of the study population (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Refined data analysis of paired visual fields confirms the existence of a natural optimization of binocular visual function in severe bilateral glaucoma via interlocking fields that could be created only by central nervous system (CNS) involvement. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE Integrated bilateral visual field analysis should better define actual visual disability and more accurately reflect the functional efficacy of current ocular and future CNS-oriented therapeutic approaches to the treatment of glaucoma. Glaucomatous eyes provide a highly accessible paired-organ study model for developing therapeutics to optimize conservation of function in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Sponsel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA ; Rosenberg School of Optometry, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX, USA ; Baptist Medical Center WESMDPA Glaucoma Service, San Antonio, TX, USA ; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Vision Science, Canberra, Australia
| | - Sylvia L Groth
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nancy Satsangi
- University of Texas Health Science Center-San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ted Maddess
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Vision Science, Canberra, Australia
| | - Matthew A Reilly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Reduced Cerebrovascular Reactivity in Posterior Cerebral Arteries in Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. Ophthalmology 2013; 120:2501-2507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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