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Wei R, Wei P, Yuan H, Yi X, Aschner M, Jiang YM, Li SJ. Inflammation in Metal-Induced Neurological Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:4459-4481. [PMID: 38206494 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-04041-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Essential metals play critical roles in maintaining human health as they participate in various physiological activities. Nonetheless, both excessive accumulation and deficiency of these metals may result in neurotoxicity secondary to neuroinflammation and the activation of microglia and astrocytes. Activation of these cells can promote the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. It is well known that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in metal-induced neurotoxicity as well as the development of neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Initially seen as a defense mechanism, persistent inflammatory responses are now considered harmful. Astrocytes and microglia are key regulators of neuroinflammation in the central nervous system, and their excessive activation may induce sustained neuroinflammation. Therefore, in this review, we aim to emphasize the important role and molecular mechanisms underlying metal-induced neurotoxicity. Our objective is to raise the awareness on metal-induced neuroinflammation in neurological disorders. However, it is not only just neuroinflammation that different metals could induce; they can also cause harm to the nervous system through oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy, to name a few. The primary pathophysiological mechanism by which these metals induce neurological disorders remains to be determined. In addition, given the various pathways through which individuals are exposed to metals, it is necessary to also consider the effects of co-exposure to multiple metals on neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruokun Wei
- Toxicology Department, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Peiqi Wei
- Toxicology Department, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Haiyan Yuan
- Toxicology Department, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiang Yi
- Toxicology Department, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Michael Aschner
- The Department of Molecular Pharmacology at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Yue-Ming Jiang
- Toxicology Department, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Shao-Jun Li
- Toxicology Department, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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Blume B, Schwantes V, Witting M, Hayen H, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Helmer PO, Michalke B. Lipidomic and Metallomic Alteration of Caenorhabditis elegans after Acute and Chronic Manganese, Iron, and Zinc Exposure with a Link to Neurodegenerative Disorders. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:837-850. [PMID: 36594972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) progresses with the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta region of the brain. The superior mechanisms and the cause of this specific localized neurodegeneration is currently unknown. However, experimental evidence indicates a link between PD progression and reactive oxygen species with imbalanced metal homeostasis. Wild-type Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to redox-active metals was used as the model organism to study cellular response to imbalanced metal homeostasis linked to neurodegenerative diseases. Using modern hyphenated techniques such as capillary electrophoresis coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, alterations in the lipidome and metallome were determined in vivo. In contrast to iron, most of the absorbed zinc and manganese were loosely bound. We observed changes in the phospholipid composition for acute iron and manganese exposures, as well as chronic zinc exposure. Furthermore, we focused on the mitochondrial membrane alteration due to its importance in neuronal function. However, significant changes in the inner mitochondrial membrane by determination of cardiolipin species could only be observed for acute iron exposure. These results indicate different intracellular sites of local ROS generation, depending on the redox active metal. Our study combines metallomic and lipidomic alterations as the cause and consequence to enlighten intracellular mechanisms in vivo, associated with PD progression. The mass spectrometry raw data have been deposited to the MassIVE database (https://massive.ucsd.edu) with the identifier MSV000090796 and 10.25345/C51J97C8F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Blume
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Vera Schwantes
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Witting
- Metabolomics and Proteomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, TUM School of Life Science, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, TUM School of Life Science, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Patrick O Helmer
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Tempol and silymarin rescue from zinc-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons through modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation. Mol Cell Biochem 2022:10.1007/s11010-022-04620-z. [PMID: 36562918 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04620-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation are the key players in the toxic manifestation of sporadic Parkinson's disease and zinc (Zn)-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. A synthetic superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic, tempol, and a naturally occurring antioxidant, silymarin protect against oxidative stress-mediated damage. The study intended to explore the effects of tempol and silymarin against Zn-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Exposure to Zn produced neurobehavioral deficits and striatal dopamine depletion. Zn reduced glutathione content and glutathione-S-transferase activity and increased lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase activity, and level of pro-inflammatory mediators [nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6)]. Zn also attenuated the expression of tyrosine hydoxylase (TH), vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT-2), mitochondrial B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and procaspase-3 and 9 proteins and number of TH-positive neurons. Conversely, Zn elevated the expression of dopamine transporter (DAT) and mitochondrial Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) protein along with mitochondrial cytochrome c release. Administration of tempol significantly alleviated Zn-induced motor impairments, dopamine depletion, reduction in TH expression, and loss of TH-positive neurons similar to silymarin. Silymarin mitigated Zn-induced oxidative stress and inflammation and restored the expression of dopamine transporters and levels of pro-apoptotic proteins akin to tempol. The results demonstrate that both tempol and silymarin protect against Zn-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss through the suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Sharma DK, Sharma P. Augmented Glutathione Absorption from Oral Mucosa and its Effect on Skin Pigmentation: A Clinical Review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2022; 15:1853-1862. [PMID: 36117769 PMCID: PMC9473545 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s378470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of dark skin with glutathione has become popular due to its depigmenting properties and low toxicity. Glutathione has been used topically, orally and parenterally in the management of dark skin. There are no clear published guidelines for management of skin pigmentation despite some clinical trials of shorter duration and small sample sizes. We examined published scientific and patient data to generate guidance for the clinician for managing hyperpigmentation using glutathione by orobuccal route. Various aspects of glutathione bioavailability were examined when administered by oral routes. Absorption of glutathione from the gastrointestinal tract is poor. Some trials have favored administering high oral doses to achieve therapeutic effect. General consensus remains against treatment of hyperpigmentation with glutathione by the oral route. Clinical and experimental evidence supporting significant glutathione absorption from orobuccal mucosa was examined. The latter is superior to the oral route since glutathione passes directly into systemic circulation resulting in a much higher rate of absorption compared to that achieved by oral intake. High blood levels thus achieved have therapeutic value. Treatment of hyperpigmentation with glutathione by the orobuccal route using hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) film was reviewed to formulate clinical guidance from published data. A future randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial should study treatment of hyperpigmentation with glutathione using oral dispersible HPC film, with longer-term follow-up and larger sample size. This paper will hopefully offer broad guidance for the clinician on use of glutathione for hyperpigmentation management, until outcomes of larger, longer duration trials become available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peeyush Sharma
- Department of Surgery, North Middlesex Hospital, London, UK
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Gao H, Sun H, Yan N, Zhao P, Xu H, Zheng W, Zhang X, Wang T, Guo C, Zhong M. ATP13A2 Declines Zinc-Induced Accumulation of α-Synuclein in a Parkinson’s Disease Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148035. [PMID: 35887392 PMCID: PMC9318580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by the presence of Lewy bodies caused by α-synuclein. The imbalance of zinc homeostasis is a major cause of PD, promoting α-synuclein accumulation. ATP13A2, a transporter found in acidic vesicles, plays an important role in Zn2+ homeostasis and is highly expressed in Lewy bodies in PD-surviving neurons. ATP13A2 is involved in the transport of zinc ions in lysosomes and exosomes and inhibits the aggregation of α-synuclein. However, the potential mechanism underlying the regulation of zinc homeostasis and α-synuclein accumulation by ATP13A2 remains unexplored. We used α-synuclein-GFP transgenic mice and HEK293 α-synuclein-DsRed cell line as models. The spatial exploration behavior of mice was significantly reduced, and phosphorylation levels of α-synuclein increased upon high Zn2+ treatment. High Zn2+ also inhibited the autophagy pathway by reducing LAMP2a levels and changing the expression of LC3 and P62, by reducing mitochondrial membrane potential and increasing the expression of cytochrom C, and by activating the ERK/P38 apoptosis signaling pathway, ultimately leading to increased caspase 3 levels. These protein changes were reversed after ATP13A2 overexpression, whereas ATP13A2 knockout exacerbated α-synuclein phosphorylation levels. These results suggest that ATP13A2 may have a protective effect on Zn2+-induced abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein, lysosomal dysfunction, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Gao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China; (H.G.); (H.S.); (P.Z.); (T.W.); (C.G.)
| | - Hehong Sun
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China; (H.G.); (H.S.); (P.Z.); (T.W.); (C.G.)
| | - Nan Yan
- School of Medical Applied Technology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China;
| | - Pu Zhao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China; (H.G.); (H.S.); (P.Z.); (T.W.); (C.G.)
| | - He Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China;
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China;
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China; (H.G.); (H.S.); (P.Z.); (T.W.); (C.G.)
| | - Chuang Guo
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China; (H.G.); (H.S.); (P.Z.); (T.W.); (C.G.)
| | - Manli Zhong
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China; (H.G.); (H.S.); (P.Z.); (T.W.); (C.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Chauhan AK, Mittra N, Singh G, Singh C. Mitochondrial Dysfunction Contributes To Zinc-induced Neurodegeneration: a Link with NADPH Oxidase. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1413-1427. [PMID: 35476313 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH oxidase) are the major sources of augmentation in free radical generation leading to neurodegeneration. Although NADPH oxidase involvement is reported in zinc (Zn)-induced neurodegeneration, contribution of the mitochondrial dysfunction and its association with NADPH oxidase are not known. Therefore, the study was aimed to decipher the role of mitochondrial dysfunction and its link with NADPH oxidase in Zn-induced Parkinsonism. Zn reduced the motor activities, the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons, and level of TH protein. Conversely, Zn increased the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential and catalytic activities of complex I and III. Zn also attenuated B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and pro-caspase 9/3 levels and augmented the translocation of cytosolic Bcl-2 associated X (Bax) protein to the mitochondria and cytochrome c release into cytosol from the mitochondria. Cyclosporine A, a mitochondrial outer membrane transition pore inhibitor and apocynin, a NADPH oxidase inhibitor, independently, ameliorated the Zn-induced changes. Similarly, Zn reduced cell viability through mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, which were notably normalized in the presence of cyclosporine or apocynin. The results demonstrate that mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to Zn-induced neurodegeneration, which could be partially aided by the NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Chauhan
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Post Box No. 80, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Namrata Mittra
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Post Box No. 80, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Garima Singh
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Post Box No. 80, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chetna Singh
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Post Box No. 80, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Abstract
Since the discovery of manifest Zn deficiency in 1961, the increasing number of studies demonstrated the association between altered Zn status and multiple diseases. In this chapter, we provide a review of the most recent advances on the role of Zn in health and disease (2010-20), with a special focus on the role of Zn in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, diabetes and obesity, male and female reproduction, as well as COVID-19. In parallel with the revealed tight association between ASD risk and severity and Zn status, the particular mechanisms linking Zn2+ and ASD pathogenesis like modulation of synaptic plasticity through ProSAP/Shank scaffold, neurotransmitter metabolism, and gut microbiota, have been elucidated. The increasing body of data indicate the potential involvement of Zn2+ metabolism in neurodegeneration. Systemic Zn levels in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease were found to be reduced, whereas its sequestration in brain may result in modulation of amyloid β and α-synuclein processing with subsequent toxic effects. Zn2+ was shown to possess adipotropic effects through the role of zinc transporters, zinc finger proteins, and Zn-α2-glycoprotein in adipose tissue physiology, underlying its particular role in pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2. Recent findings also contribute to further understanding of the role of Zn2+ in spermatogenesis and sperm functioning, as well as oocyte development and fertilization. Finally, Zn2+ was shown to be the potential adjuvant therapy in management of novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19), underlining the perspectives of zinc in management of old and new threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly V Skalny
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Michael Aschner
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia.
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Synaptic Zinc: An Emerging Player in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094724. [PMID: 33946908 PMCID: PMC8125092 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations of zinc homeostasis have long been implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD). Zinc plays a complex role as both deficiency and excess of intracellular zinc levels have been incriminated in the pathophysiology of the disease. Besides its role in multiple cellular functions, Zn2+ also acts as a synaptic transmitter in the brain. In the forebrain, subset of glutamatergic neurons, namely cortical neurons projecting to the striatum, use Zn2+ as a messenger alongside glutamate. Overactivation of the cortico-striatal glutamatergic system is a key feature contributing to the development of PD symptoms and dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Here, we will cover recent evidence implicating synaptic Zn2+ in the pathophysiology of PD and discuss its potential mechanisms of actions. Emphasis will be placed on the functional interaction between Zn2+ and glutamatergic NMDA receptors, the most extensively studied synaptic target of Zn2+.
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Armağan HH, Nazıroğlu M. Glutathione depletion induces oxidative injury and apoptosis via TRPM2 channel activation in renal collecting duct cells. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 334:109306. [PMID: 33309544 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS)-induced glutathione (GSH) depletion plays an essential role in several kidney diseases such as chronic kidney disease and nephrotoxicity. The OS-dependent activation of TRPM2 cation channel in several neurons and cells were modulated by the concentration of intracellular GSH. However, the effects of GSH alteration on TRPM2 activation, OS, and apoptosis in the cortical collecting duct (mpkCCDc14) cells still remain elusive. We investigated the effects of GSH supplementation on OS-induced TRPM2 activation, mitochondrial oxidative stress, and apoptosis in the human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) and mpkCCDc14 cells treated with buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO), a GSH synthase inhibitor. The HEK293 and mpkCCDc14 cells were divided into five groups as control, GSH (10 mM for 2 h), BSO (0.5 mM for 6 h), BSO + GSH, and BSO + TRPM2 channel blockers. Apoptosis, cell death, mitochondrial OS, caspase -3, caspase -9, cytosolic free Zn2+, and Ca2+ concentrations were increased in the BSO group of the TRPM2 expressing mpkCCDc14 cells, although they were diminished by the treatments of GSH, PARP-1 inhibitors (PJ34 and DPQ), and TRPM2 blockers (ACA and 2-APB). The BSO-induced decreases in the levels of cell viability and cytosolic GSH were increased by the treatments of GSH, ACA, and 2-APB. However, the effects of BSO and GSH were not observed in the non-TRPM2 expressing HEK293 cells. Current results show that maintaining GSH homeostasis is not only important for quenching OS in the cortical collecting duct cells but equally critical to modulate TRPM2 activation. Thus, suppressing apoptosis and mitochondrial OS responses elicited by oxidant action of GSH depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamit Hakan Armağan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Nazıroğlu
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey; Drug Discovery Unit, BSN Health, Analyses, Innovation, Consultancy, Organization, Agriculture and Industry Ltd, Göller Bölgesi Teknokenti, Isparta, Turkey.
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Sanawar M, Saleem U, Anwar F, Nazir S, Akhtar MF, Ahmad B, Ismail T. Investigation of anti-Parkinson activity of dicyclomine. Int J Neurosci 2020; 132:338-351. [PMID: 32847457 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1815732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. The major causative factors that progress the PD are age, genetic abnormalities, environmental factors and degeneration of dopamine neurons in substantia nigra. PD normally exerts a tonic inhibitory effect on striatal cholinergic interneurons. Anticholinergics act by normalizing the disequilibrium between striatal dopamine and acetylcholine-resulted reduction in tremors. OBJECTIVE This study sought to evaluate the anti-Parkinson potential of dicyclomine in haloperidol (HAL)- and paraquat (PQT)-induced Parkinsonism models in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty albino mice were divided into six groups (n = 10) for each model. Group I: received distilled water 1 mL/kg, Group II: diseased group received HAL (1 mg/kg) for consecutive 21 days and PQT (2 mg/kg) every three days for three weeks, Group III: treated with sinemet (20 mg/kg), Group IV-VI: received 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg dose of dicyclomine, respectively, for consecutive 21 days. The effect of treatments on spontaneous locomotor activity and motor co-ordination was evaluated by using open field, rotarod, actophotometer and light and dark box tests. Cataleptic behavior was estimated by the block method and triple horizontal bar apparatus. Biochemical markers of oxidative stress and levels of neurotransmitters were estimated. RESULTS Findings from this study showed that dicyclomine at highest dose level of 160 mg/kg prevented HAL- and PQT-induced PD through enhancement of antioxidant defense system. CONCLUSION The study concluded that dicyclomine could be the potential drug in the management of Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maham Sanawar
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Saleem
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Fareeha Anwar
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Samra Nazir
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Furqan Akhtar
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bashir Ahmad
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Ismail
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad - Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan
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Postnatal zinc or paraquat administration increases paraquat or zinc-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons: insight into augmented neurodegeneration. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 467:27-43. [PMID: 32060784 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidences have shown an association of exposure to pesticides or heavy metals with increased incidences of Parkinson's disease (PD) in humans. Exposure to pesticides or metals during the decisive period of the brain development increases the susceptibility of dopaminergic neurons upon re-exposure in adult rodents. However, the effect of early life exposure to pesticide on the heavy metal-induced neurodegeneration or heavy metal on pesticide-induced neurodegeneration is not yet explored. The current study explored the effect of developmental exposure to zinc (Zn), a metal or paraquat (PQ), a pesticide on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons of rats challenged to Zn or PQ during adulthood. Exposure of Zn or PQ during adulthood alone exhibited marked reduction in motor activities, striatal dopamine and metabolites, glutathione content and number of dopaminergic neurons. However, the levels of lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls, superoxide dismutase activity, pro-inflammatory cytokines and 4-hydroxynonenal-protein adducts were increased. While the expression of vesicular monoamine transporter-2 and tyrosine hydroxylase were attenuated, dopamine transporter and microglial marker Iba-1 expression, activated microglia, nuclear factor-kappa B activation, mitochondrial cytochrome c release and caspase-3/9 activation were augmented following Zn or PQ exposure. Albeit postnatal alone exposure did not alter any of the studied parameters, the developmental administration of Zn/PQ in re-challenged adult rats produced more pronounced changes in the aforementioned variables as compared with adulthood Zn or PQ alone intoxicated animals. The results demonstrate that postnatal Zn/PQ intoxication dents the oxidative stress, inflammation, cell death and dopamine metabolism and storage regulating machineries, which speed up the toxicant-induced degeneration during adulthood.
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12
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Adedara IA, Adegbosin AN, Abiola MA, Odunewu AA, Owoeye O, Owumi SE, Farombi EO. Neurobehavioural and biochemical responses associated with exposure to binary waterborne mixtures of zinc and nickel in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 73:103294. [PMID: 31734518 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental and occupational exposure to metal mixtures due to various geogenic and anthropogenic activities poses a health threat to exposed organisms. The outcome of systemic interactions of metals is a topical area of research because it may cause either synergistic or antagonistic effect. The present study investigated the impact of co-exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of waterborne nickel (75 and 150 μg NiCl 2 L-1) and zinc (100 and 200 μg ZnCl2 L-1) mixtures on neurobehavioural performance of rats. Locomotor, motor and exploratory activities were evaluated using video-tracking software during trial in a novel arena and thereafter, biochemical and histological analyses were performed using the cerebrum, cerebellum and liver. Results indicated that zinc significantly (p < 0.05) abated the nickel-induced locomotor and motor deficits as well as improved the exploratory activity of exposed rats as verified by track plots and heat map analyses. Moreover, zinc mitigated nickel-mediated decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity, elevation in biomarkers of liver damage, levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as well as lipid peroxidation in the exposed rats when compared with control. Additionally, nickel mediated decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities as well as the increase in tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta and caspase-3 activity were markedly abrogated in the cerebrum, cerebellum and liver of rats co-exposed to nickel and zinc. Histological and histomorphometrical analyses evinced that zinc abated nickel-mediated neurohepatic degeneration as well as quantitative reduction in the widest diameter of the Purkinje cells and the densities of viable granule cell layer of dentate gyrus, pyramidal neurones of cornu ammonis 3 and cortical neurons in the exposed rats. Taken together, zinc abrogated nickel-induced neurohepatic damage via suppression of oxido-inflammatory stress and caspase-3 activation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac A Adedara
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adedayo N Adegbosin
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Michael A Abiola
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ajibola A Odunewu
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olatunde Owoeye
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Solomon E Owumi
- Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ebenezer O Farombi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Sikora J, Kieffer BL, Paoletti P, Ouagazzal AM. Synaptic zinc contributes to motor and cognitive deficits in 6-hydroxydopamine mouse models of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 134:104681. [PMID: 31759136 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperactivity of glutamatergic corticostrial pathways is recognized as a key pathophysiological mechanism contributing to development of PD symptoms and dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Subset of corticostriatal projection neurons uses Zn2+ as a co-transmitter alongside glutamate, but the role of synaptically released Zn2+ in PD remains unexplored. We used genetically modified mice and pharmacological tools in combination with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion models of PD to investigate the contribution of synaptic zinc to disease associated behavioral deficits and neurodegeneration. Vesicular zinc transporter-3 (ZnT3) knockout mice lacking releasable Zn2+ were more resistant to locomotor deficit and memory impairment of nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) denervation compared to wildtype littermates. The loss of striatal dopaminergic fibers was comparable between genotypes, indicating that synaptically released Zn2+ contributes to behavioral deficits but not neurotoxic effects of 6-OHDA. To gain further insight into the mechanisms of Zn2+ actions, we used the extracellular Zn2+ chelator CaEDTA and knock-in mice lacking the high affinity Zn2+ inhibition of GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors (GluN2A-NMDARs). Acute chelation of extracellular Zn2+ in the striatum restored locomotor deficit of 6-OHDA lesion, confirming that synaptic Zn2+ suppresses locomotor behavior. Disruption of the Zn2+-GluN2A interaction had, on the other hand, no impact on locomotor deficit or neurotoxic effect of 6-OHDA. Collectively, these findings provide clear evidence for the implication of striatal synaptic Zn2+ in the pathophysiology of PD. They unveil that synaptic Zn2+ plays predominantly a detrimental role by promoting motor and cognitive deficits caused by nigrostriatal DA denervation, pointing towards new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Sikora
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LNC, UMR 7291, 13331 Marseille, France; Aix-marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Brigitte L Kieffer
- Douglas Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Pierre Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Abdel-Mouttalib Ouagazzal
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LNC, UMR 7291, 13331 Marseille, France.
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Paraquat as an Environmental Risk Factor in Parkinson's Disease Accelerates Age-Related Degeneration Via Rapid Influx of Extracellular Zn 2+ into Nigral Dopaminergic Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7789-7799. [PMID: 31119555 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01642-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of the evidence that paraquat (PQ)-induced extracellular Zn2+ influx causes PQ-induced pathogenesis in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of rats, we postulated that the transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) cation channels activated with PQ-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) are linked with extracellular glutamate accumulation in the SNpc, followed by age-related intracellular Zn2+ dysregulation. Presynaptic activity (glutamate exocytosis), which was determined with FM4-64, was enhanced in the SNpc after exposure to PQ, and the enhancement was inhibited in the presence of N-(p-amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid (ACA), a blocker of TRPM2 cation channels, suggesting that PQ-induced ROS enhances presynaptic activity in the SNpc, probably via TRPM2 channel activation. Extracellular glutamate concentration in the SNpc was increased almost to the same extent under the SNpc perfusion with PQ of young and aged rats, and was suppressed by co-perfusion with ACA, suggesting that PQ-induced TRPM2 cation channel activation enhances glutamate exocytosis in the SNpc. Interestingly, PQ more markedly increased intracellular Zn2+ in the aged SNpc, which was also blocked by co-injection of ACA and CaEDTA, an extracellular Zn2+ chelator. Loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons was more severely increased in aged rats and completely blocked by co-injection of PQ and CaEDTA into the SNpc. The present study indicates that rapid influx of extracellular Zn2+ into dopaminergic neurons via PQ-induced TRPM2 cation channel activation accelerates nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration in aged rats. It is likely that vulnerability to PQ-induced pathogenesis in the aged SNpc is due to accelerated intracellular Zn2+ dysregulation.
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Tamano H, Morioka H, Nishio R, Takeuchi A, Takeda A. Blockade of Rapid Influx of Extracellular Zn 2+ into Nigral Dopaminergic Neurons Overcomes Paraquat-Induced Parkinson's Disease in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:4539-4548. [PMID: 30341553 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1398-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The herbicide paraquat (PQ) has been reported to enhance the risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD) from epidemiological studies. PQ-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) are linked with a selective loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Here, we first report a unique mechanism of nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration, in which rapid intracellular Zn2+ dysregulation via PQ-induced ROS production causes PD in rats. When the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of rats was perfused with PQ, extracellular concentrations of glutamate and Zn2+ were increased and decreased, respectively, in the SNpc. These changes were ameliorated by co-perfusion with Trolox, an antioxidative agent. In in vitro slice experiments, PQ rapidly increased extracellular Zn2+ influx via AMPA receptor activation. Both loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and increase in turning behavior in response to apomorphine were markedly reduced by coinjection of PQ and intracellular Zn2+ chelator, i.e., ZnAF-2DA into the SNpc. Furthermore, loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons induced with a low dose of PQ, which did not induce any behavioral abnormality, was completely blocked by coinjection of ZnAF-2DA. The present study indicates that rapid influx of extracellular Zn2+ into dopaminergic neurons via AMPA receptor activation, which is initially induced by PQ-mediated ROS production in the SNpc, induces nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration, resulting in PQ-induced PD in rats. Intracellular Zn2+ dysregulation in dopaminergic neurons is the cause of PQ-induced pathogenesis in the SNpc, and the block of intracellular Zn2+ toxicity leads to defending PQ-induced pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Tamano
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroki Morioka
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Nishio
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Azusa Takeuchi
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takeda
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
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Chauhan AK, Mittra N, Singh BK, Singh C. Inhibition of glutathione S-transferase-pi triggers c-jun N-terminal kinase-dependent neuronal death in Zn-induced Parkinsonism. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 452:95-104. [PMID: 30076580 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3415-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is recognized as one of the major wrongdoers in Parkinson's disease (PD) while glutathione S-transferase (GST), an endogenous antioxidant, protects from oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration. Despite GST-pi (GST-π) encounters the toxic manifestations in PD, its role in zinc (Zn)-induced nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration remains elusive. The study aimed to explore the role of GST-π in Zn-induced Parkinsonism and its underlying molecular mechanism. Male Wistar rats were treated intraperitoneally with zinc (zinc sulfate), twice a week, for 2-12 weeks. GST-π inducer, benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) was also administered in a few sets of experiments along with respective vehicle. Catalytic activity and expression of GST-π protein, total GST activity, neurobehavioral indexes, striatal dopamine and its metabolites, nigral tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons and expression of TH and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) proteins were reduced in Zn-treated rats. Conversely, oxidative stress indicators, c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, c-jun phosphorylation, cytochrome c release, Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) translocation, and procaspase 3/9 to caspase 3/9 conversion were significantly increased in Zn-exposed rats. BITC ameliorated GST-π activity/expression and normalized Zn-induced changes in neurodegenerative indicators, oxidative stress, JNK activation, c-jun phosphorylation and apoptotic indexes. The results demonstrate that Zn inhibits GST-π expression leading to increased oxidative stress and JNK activation, which induce apoptosis thereby degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Chauhan
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research Campus, Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 001, India
| | - Namrata Mittra
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research Campus, Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 001, India
| | - Brajesh Kumar Singh
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 001, India
| | - Chetna Singh
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 001, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research Campus, Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 001, India.
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Kumar V, Singh D, Singh BK, Singh S, Mittra N, Jha RR, Patel DK, Singh C. Alpha-synuclein aggregation, Ubiquitin proteasome system impairment, and L-Dopa response in zinc-induced Parkinsonism: resemblance to sporadic Parkinson's disease. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 444:149-160. [PMID: 29198021 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-synuclein) aggregation and impairment of the Ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) are implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. While zinc (Zn) induces dopaminergic neurodegeneration resulting in PD phenotype, its effect on protein aggregation and UPS has not yet been deciphered. The current study investigated the role of α-synuclein aggregation and UPS in Zn-induced Parkinsonism. Additionally, levodopa (L-Dopa) response was assessed in Zn-induced Parkinsonian model to establish its closeness with idiopathic PD. Male Wistar rats were treated with zinc sulfate (Zn; 20 mg/kg; i.p.) twice weekly for 12 weeks along with respective controls. In few subsets, animals were subsequently treated with L-Dopa for 21 consecutive days following Zn exposure. A significant increase in total and free Zn content was observed in the substantia nigra of the brain of exposed groups. Zn treatment caused neurobehavioral anomalies, striatal dopamine decline, and dopaminergic neuronal cell loss accompanied with a marked increase in α-synuclein expression/aggregation and Ubiquitin-conjugated protein levels in the exposed groups. Zn exposure substantially reduced UPS-associated trypsin-like, chymotrypsin-like, and caspase-like activities along with the expression of SUG1 and β-5 subunits of UPS in the nigrostriatal tissues of exposed groups. L-Dopa treatment rescued from Zn-induced neurobehavioral deficits and restored dopamine levels towards normalcy; however, Zn-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss, reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase expression, and increase in oxidative stress were unaffected. The results suggest that Zn caused UPS impairment, resulting in α-synuclein aggregation subsequently leading to dopaminergic neurodegeneration, and that Zn-induced Parkinsonism exhibited positive L-Dopa response similar to sporadic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepali Singh
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Brajesh Kumar Singh
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shweta Singh
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Namrata Mittra
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh Roshan Jha
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Patel
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chetna Singh
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Chauhan AK, Mittra N, Patel DK, Singh C. Cyclooxygenase-2 Directs Microglial Activation-Mediated Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Leading to Intrinsic Apoptosis in Zn-Induced Parkinsonism. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2162-2173. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0455-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Kumar A, Ganini D, Mason RP. Role of cytochrome c in α-synuclein radical formation: implications of α-synuclein in neuronal death in Maneb- and paraquat-induced model of Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:70. [PMID: 27884192 PMCID: PMC5122029 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathological features of Parkinson’s disease (PD) include an abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein in the surviving dopaminergic neurons. Though PD is multifactorial, several epidemiological reports show an increased incidence of PD with co-exposure to pesticides such as Maneb and paraquat (MP). In pesticide-related PD, mitochondrial dysfunction and α-synuclein oligomers have been strongly implicated, but the link between the two has not yet been understood. Similarly, the biological effects of α-synuclein or its radical chemistry in PD is largely unknown. Mitochondrial dysfunction during PD pathogenesis leads to release of cytochrome c in the cytosol. Once in the cytosol, cytochrome c has one of two fates: It either binds to apaf1 and initiates apoptosis or can act as a peroxidase. We hypothesized that as a peroxidase, cytochrome c leaked out from mitochondria can form radicals on α-synuclein and initiate its oligomerization. Method Samples from controls, and MP co-exposed wild-type and α-synuclein knockout mice were studied using immuno-spin trapping, confocal microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and microarray experiments. Results Experiments with MP co-exposed mice showed cytochrome c release in cytosol and its co-localization with α-synuclein. Subsequently, we used immuno-spin trapping method to detect the formation of α-synuclein radical in samples from an in vitro reaction mixture consisting of cytochrome c, α-synuclein, and hydrogen peroxide. These experiments indicated that cytochrome c plays a role in α-synuclein radical formation and oligomerization. Experiments with MP co-exposed α-synuclein knockout mice, in which cytochrome c-α synuclein co-localization and interaction cannot occur, mice showed diminished protein radical formation and neuronal death, compared to wild-type MP co-exposed mice. Microarray data from MP co-exposed wild-type and α-synuclein knockout mice further showed that the absence of α-synuclein per se or its co-localization with cytochrome c confers protection from MP co-exposure, as several important pathways were unaffected in α-synuclein knockout mice. Conclusions Altogether, these results show that peroxidase activity of cytochrome c contributes to α-synuclein radical formation and oligomerization, and that α-synuclein, through its co-localization with cytochrome c or on its own, affects several biological pathways which contribute to increased neuronal death in an MP-induced model of PD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-016-0135-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Free Radical Biology Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Douglas Ganini
- Free Radical Biology Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Ronald P Mason
- Free Radical Biology Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
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Coherent and Contradictory Facts, Feats and Fictions Associated with Metal Accumulation in Parkinson's Disease: Epicenter or Outcome, Yet a Demigod Question. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4738-4755. [PMID: 27480264 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Unwarranted exposure due to liberal use of metals for maintaining the lavish life and to achieve the food demand for escalating population along with an incredible boost in the average human life span owing to orchestrated progress in rejuvenation therapy have gradually increased the occurrence of Parkinson's disease (PD). Etiology is albeit elusive; association of PD with metal accumulation has never been overlooked due to noteworthy similitude between metal-exposure symptoms and a few cardinal features of disease. Even though metals are entailed in the vital functions, a hysterical shift, primarily augmentation, escorts the stern nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration. An increase in the passage of metals through the blood brain barrier and impaired metabolic activity and elimination system could lead to metal accumulation in the brain, which eventually makes dopaminergic neurons quite susceptible. In the present article, an update on implication of metal accumulation in PD/Parkinsonism has been provided. Moreover, encouraging and paradoxical facts and fictions associated with metal accumulation in PD/Parkinsonism have also been compiled. Systematic literature survey of PD is performed to describe updated information if metal accumulation is an epicenter or merely an outcome. Finally, a perspective on the association of metal accumulation with pesticide-induced Parkinsonism has been explained to unveil the likely impact of the former in the latter.
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Li B, He X, Sun Y, Li B. Developmental exposure to paraquat and maneb can impair cognition, learning and memory in Sprague-Dawley rats. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:3088-97. [PMID: 27460631 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00284f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat and maneb are identified environmental pollutants. Combined exposure to paraquat and maneb is a latent risk factor for many diseases, particularly those of the central nervous system, including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Hippocampus is the key structure in memory formation and babies are more sensitive to environmental stimuli than adults, so we investigated the neurotoxicity of paraquat and maneb on the hippocampi of rat pups. Female and male Sprague-Dawley rats were mated (female : male = 2 : 1) every night for a week. The gravid rats were randomly divided into three groups (one control and two experimental groups). A mixed solution of paraquat-maneb was administered twice a week by lavage at a dose of 10 or 15 mg kg(-1) bodyweight (containing 30 or 45 mg kg(-1) bodyweight maneb, respectively) from day 6 after pregnancy till ablactation. Maternal weight gain and offspring bodyweights were not affected by the drugs. However, behavioral tests showed that reaction latency and mistake frequency increased after treatment. Intuitively, we found significant changes in the hippocampal neurons in the morphological observation. Taking into account the interaction of the related genes in the cAMP-PKA-CREB pathway, we used a variety of methods to detect the gene and protein levels. Reduced expression of cAMP and related genes and proteins in the hippocampus and serum was also observed. These results indicate that PQ-MB stimulates cAMP to reduce the production of PKA, thus reducing the phosphorylation of CREB and inhibiting the activation of other elements (BDNF, C-JUN, and C-FOS). These changes lead to hippocampal damage and impaired abilities (learning, cognition, and memory). Our results demonstrate that PQ-MB induces hippocampal toxicity in the early life of rats, and they thus provide a theoretical foundation for further investigation of the bathypelagic mechanism involved and measures that can be taken to avoid PQ-MB neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai Li
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150081, P. R. China.
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Singh BK, Kumar V, Chauhan AK, Dwivedi A, Singh S, Kumar A, Singh D, Patel DK, Ray RS, Jain SK, Singh C. Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Negatively Regulates Zinc-Induced Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2685-2696. [PMID: 26995406 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9857-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the role of NO and neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) in Zn-induced neurodegeneration. Animals were treated with zinc sulfate (20 mg/kg), twice a week, for 2-12 weeks along with control. In a few sets, animals were also treated with/without a NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), or S-nitroso-N-acetyl penicillamine (SNAP) for 12 weeks. Moreover, human neuroblastoma (SH-SY-5Y) cells were also employed to investigate the role of nNOS in Zn-induced toxicity in in vitro in the presence/absence of nNOS inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole (7-NI). Zn caused time-dependent reduction in nitrite content and total/nNOS activity/expression. SNP/SNAP discernibly alleviated Zn-induced neurobehavioral impairments, dopaminergic neurodegeneration, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression, and striatal dopamine depletion. NO donors also salvage from Zn-induced increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO), mitochondrial cytochrome c release, and caspase-3 activation. While Zn elevated LPO content, it attenuated nitrite content, nNOS activity, and glutathione level along with the expression of TH and nNOS in SH-SY-5Y cells. 7-NI further augmented Zn-induced changes in the cell viability, oxidative stress, and expression of TH and nNOS. The results obtained thus demonstrate that Zn inhibits nNOS that partially contributes to an increase in oxidative stress, which subsequently leads to the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brajesh Kumar Singh
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Kumar Chauhan
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Dwivedi
- Phototoxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-IITR, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shweta Singh
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepali Singh
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Patel
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-IITR, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ratan Singh Ray
- Phototoxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-IITR, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Swatantra Kumar Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard Deemed University, New Delhi, 110 062, Delhi, India
| | - Chetna Singh
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Abdelmageed ME, El-Awady MS, Suddek GM. Apocynin ameliorates endotoxin-induced acute lung injury in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 30:163-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Inflammation and B-cell Lymphoma-2 Associated X Protein Regulate Zinc-Induced Apoptotic Degeneration of Rat Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5782-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9478-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Shukla S, Singh D, Kumar V, Chauhan AK, Singh S, Ahmad I, Pandey HP, Singh C. NADPH oxidase mediated maneb- and paraquat-induced oxidative stress in rat polymorphs: Crosstalk with mitochondrial dysfunction. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 123:74-86. [PMID: 26267055 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a key factor in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and impaired mitochondrion regulate oxidative stress-mediated maneb (MB)- and paraquat (PQ)-induced Parkinsonism. However, their contribution in the MB- and PQ-induced toxicity in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) is still elusive. The study investigated the role of NADPH oxidase and mitochondria in MB- and/or PQ-induced oxidative stress in the PMNs and the crossing point between the two. Animals were treated with MB and/or PQ for 1-3 weeks along with respective controls. In a few sets of experiments, rats were treated with/without NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, an hour prior to MB and/or PQ treatment. PMNs of MB and/or PQ treated animals were also treated with/without carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) to assess the role of the mitochondria in superoxide and total free radical productions. MB and/or PQ were found to increase the level of total reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide radicals, catalytic activity and expression of NADPH oxidase and superoxide dismutase (SOD1/2) and mitochondrial ROS content in a time dependent manner. Conversely, catalase activity and mitochondrial membrane potential were attenuated. Apocynin alleviated MB- and/or PQ-induced changes in total ROS, superoxide radicals, expression/catalytic activity of NADPH oxidase and SOD1/2 along with the mitochondrial ROS and membrane potential. CCCP also inhibited ROS and superoxide levels in the PMNs of MB and/or PQ-treated animals. The results demonstrate the involvement of NADPH oxidase and mitochondrial dysfunction in MB and PQ-induced oxidative stress in PMNs and a plausible crosstalk between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Shukla
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepali Singh
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), India
| | - Amit Kumar Chauhan
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), India
| | - Shweta Singh
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Israr Ahmad
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Chetna Singh
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), India.
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Kumar A, Leinisch F, Kadiiska MB, Corbett J, Mason RP. Formation and Implications of Alpha-Synuclein Radical in Maneb- and Paraquat-Induced Models of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2983-2994. [PMID: 25952542 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and motor deficits. Alpha-synuclein-containing aggregates represent a feature of a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, including PD; however, the mechanism that initiates and promotes intraneuronal alpha-synuclein aggregation remains unknown. We hypothesized protein radical formation as an initiating mechanism for alpha-synuclein aggregation. Therefore, we used the highly sensitive immuno-spin trapping technique to investigate protein radical formation as a possible mechanism of alpha-synuclein aggregation as well as to investigate the source of protein radical formation in the midbrains of Maneb- and paraquat-coexposed mice. Coexposure to Maneb and paraquat for 6 weeks resulted in active microgliosis, NADPH oxidase activation, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induction, which culminated in protein radical formation in the midbrains of mice. Results obtained with immuno-spin trapping and immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed formation of alpha-synuclein radicals in dopaminergic neurons of exposed mice. Free radical formation requires NADPH oxidase and iNOS, as indicated by decreased protein radical formation in knockout mice (P47phox(-/-) and iNOS(-/-)) and in mice treated with inhibitors such as FeTPPS (a peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst), 1400 W (an iNOS inhibitor), or apocynin (a NADPH oxidase inhibitor). Concurrence of protein radical formation with dopaminergic neuronal death indicated a link between protein radicals and disease progression. Taken together, these results show for the first time the formation and detection of the alpha-synuclein radical and suggest that NADPH oxidase and iNOS play roles in peroxynitrite-mediated protein radical formation and subsequent neuronal death in the midbrains of Maneb- and paraquat-coexposed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Fabian Leinisch
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Maria B Kadiiska
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Jean Corbett
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Ronald P Mason
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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Kumar A, Shukla S, Chauhan AK, Singh D, Pandey HP, Singh C. The manganese-salen compound EUK-134 and N-acetyl cysteine rescue from zinc- and paraquat-induced toxicity in rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 231:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kumar V, Singh BK, Chauhan AK, Singh D, Patel DK, Singh C. Minocycline Rescues from Zinc-Induced Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration: Biochemical and Molecular Interventions. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2761-2777. [PMID: 25764516 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of zinc (Zn) in dopaminergic neurons is implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD), and microglial activation plays a critical role in toxin-induced Parkinsonism. Oxidative stress is accused in Zn-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration; however, its connection with microglial activation is still not known. This study was undertaken to elucidate the role and underlying mechanism of microglial activation in Zn-induced nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Male Wistar rats were treated intraperitoneally with/without zinc sulphate (20 mg/kg) in the presence/absence of minocycline (30 mg/kg), a microglial activation inhibitor, for 2-12 weeks. While neurobehavioral and biochemical indexes of PD and number of dopaminergic neurons were reduced, the number of microglial cells was increased in the substantia nigra of the Zn-exposed animals. Similarly, Zn elevated lipid peroxidation (LPO) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase; however, catalase activity was reduced. Besides, Zn increased an association of NADPH oxidase subunit p67(phox) with membrane, cytochrome c release from the mitochondria and cleavage of pro-caspase 3. Zn attenuated the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT-2) while augmented the expression of dopamine transporter (DAT) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Minocycline alleviated Zn-induced behavioural impairments, loss of TH-positive neurons, activated microglial cells and biochemical indexes and modulated the expression of studied genes/proteins towards normalcy. The results demonstrate that minocycline reduces the number of activated microglial cells and oxidative stress, which rescue from Zn-induced changes in the expression of monoamine transporter and nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, 110 025, India
| | - Brajesh Kumar Singh
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Kumar Chauhan
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, 110 025, India
| | - Deepali Singh
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, 110 025, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Patel
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chetna Singh
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, 110 025, India.
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Heredia L, Bellés M, Llovet MI, Domingo JL, Linares V. Neurobehavioral effects of concurrent exposure to cesium-137 and paraquat during neonatal development in mice. Toxicology 2015; 329:73-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Kaur K, Gupta R, Saraf SA, Saraf SK. Zinc: The Metal of Life. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 13:358-376. [PMID: 33412710 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The importance of zinc was 1st reported for Aspergillus niger. It took over 75 y to realize that zinc is also an essential trace element for rats, and an additional 30 y went by before it was recognized that this was also true for humans. The adult body contains about 2 to 3 g of zinc. Zinc is found in organs, tissues, bones, fluids, and cells. It is essential for many physiological functions and plays a significant role in a number of enzyme actions in the living systems. Bioinformatics estimates report that 10% of the human proteome contains zinc-binding sites. Based on its role in such a plethora of cellular components, zinc has diverse biological functions from enzymatic catalysis to playing a crucial role in cellular neuronal systems. Thus, based on the various published studies and reports, it is pertinent to state that zinc is one of the most important essential trace metals in human nutrition and lifestyle. Its deficiency may severely affect the homeostasis of a biological system. This review compiles the role of zinc in prophylaxis/therapeutics and provides current information about its effect on living beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuljeet Kaur
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Natl. Inst. of Technology and Management (BBD Univ.), Lucknow, India
| | - Rajiv Gupta
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Natl. Inst. of Technology and Management (BBD Univ.), Lucknow, India
| | - Shubhini A Saraf
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SB&BT, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Univ., Lucknow, India
| | - Shailendra K Saraf
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Inst. of Technology, Lucknow, India
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CYP2E1-mediated oxidative stress regulates HO-1 and GST expression in maneb- and paraquat-treated rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 393:209-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Miller DK, Oelrichs CE, Sun GY, Simonyi A. Subchronic apocynin treatment attenuates methamphetamine-induced dopamine release and hyperactivity in rats. Life Sci 2014; 98:6-11. [PMID: 24398042 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The effects of methamphetamine are linked to stimulation of dopaminergic neurons, which can be accompanied by production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Apocynin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-acetophenone) is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidase (NOX) inhibitor shown to mitigate oxidative stress in a number of models. The present study aimed at testing whether apocynin suppresses the dopamine-releasing and locomotor-activating properties of methamphetamine. MAIN METHODS (1) Apocynin (0.01-100μM) was applied to rat striatal slices preloaded with [(3)H]dopamine and its efficacy to evoke [(3)H]overflow and to alter methamphetamine (3μM)-evoked [(3)H]overflow was measured. (2) Groups of rats received apocynin (15 or 50mg/kg/day) or vehicle injection for seven consecutive days, and the efficacy and potency of methamphetamine to evoke [(3)H]overflow were determined. (3) Groups of apocynin-treated rats were administered methamphetamine (0.5 or 1mg/kg) or saline to determine the effect of apocynin on stimulant-induced hyperactivity. KEY FINDINGS (1) Apocynin applied to striatal slices did not evoke [(3)H]overflow or alter methamphetamine-evoked [(3)H]overflow. (2) However, subchronic apocynin treatment significantly and dose-dependently decreased methamphetamine's potency and efficacy to evoke [(3)H]overflow. (3) Subchronic apocynin treatment also decreased the locomotor activity evoked by methamphetamine. SIGNIFICANCE Subchronic apocynin treatment diminished methamphetamine induced dopamine-release and its locomotor-activating properties. The pattern of results indicates that apocynin is more effective after repeated, rather than after acute, treatment. The findings also suggest that NOX inhibitors or agents suppressing oxidative stress may constitute a new area for research to understand how methamphetamine produces its deleterious and neurotoxic outcomes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis K Miller
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Clark E Oelrichs
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Grace Y Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Agnes Simonyi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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A high content screening approach to identify molecules neuroprotective for photoreceptor cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 801:773-81. [PMID: 24664770 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3209-8_97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal degenerations are a heterogeneous group of diseases in which there is slow but progressive loss of photoreceptors (PR). There are currently no approved therapies for treating retinal degenerations. In an effort to identify novel small molecules that are (1) neuroprotective and (2) promote PR differentiation, we have developed microscale (1,536 well) cell culture assays using primary retinal neurons. METHODS Primary murine retinal cells are isolated, seeded, treated with a 1,280 compound chemical library in a 7 point titration and then cultured under conditions developed to assay protection against an introduced stress or enhance PR differentiation. In the protection assays a chemical insult is introduced and viability assessed after 72 h using CellTiterGlo, a single-step chemiluminescent reagent. In the differentiation assay, cells are isolated from the rhodopsin-GFP knock-in mouse and PR differentiation is assessed by fixing cells after 21 days in culture and imaging with the Acumen plate-based laser cytometer (TTP Labtech) to determine number and intensity of GFP-expressing cells. Positive wells are re-imaged at higher resolution with an INCell2000 automated microscope (GE). Concentration-response curves are generated to pharmacologically profile each compound and hits identified by xx. RESULTS We have developed PR differentiation and neuroprotection assays with a signal to background (S/B) ratios of 11 and 3, and a coefficient of variation (CV) of 20 and 9 %, suitable for chemical screening. Staurosporine has been shown in our differentiation assay to simultaneously increase the number of rhodopsin positive objects while decreasing the mean rhodopsin intensity and punctate rhodopsin fluorescent objects. CONCLUSIONS Using primary murine retinal cells, we developed high throughput assays to identify small molecules that influence PR development and survival. By screening multiple compound concentrations, dose-response curves can be generated, and the false negative rate minimized. It is hoped that this work will identify both potential preclinical candidates as well as molecular probes that will be useful for analysis of the molecular mechanisms that promote PR differentiation and survival.
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Wu W, Bromberg PA, Samet JM. Zinc ions as effectors of environmental oxidative lung injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:57-69. [PMID: 23747928 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The redox-inert transition metal Zn is a micronutrient that plays essential roles in protein structure, catalysis, and regulation of function. Inhalational exposure to ZnO or to soluble Zn salts in occupational and environmental settings leads to adverse health effects, the severity of which appears dependent on the flux of Zn(2+) presented to the airway and alveolar cells. The cellular toxicity of exogenous Zn(2+) exposure is characterized by cellular responses that include mitochondrial dysfunction, elevated production of reactive oxygen species, and loss of signaling quiescence leading to cell death and increased expression of adaptive and inflammatory genes. Central to the molecular effects of Zn(2+) are its interactions with cysteinyl thiols, which alters their functionality by modulating their reactivity and participation in redox reactions. Ongoing studies aimed at elucidating the molecular toxicology of Zn(2+) in the lung are contributing valuable information about its role in redox biology and cellular homeostasis in normal and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Wu
- School of Public Health XinXiang Medical University XinXiang, China 453003; Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Philip A Bromberg
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - James M Samet
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. EPA, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
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Ugarte M, Osborne NN, Brown LA, Bishop PN. Iron, zinc, and copper in retinal physiology and disease. Surv Ophthalmol 2013; 58:585-609. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Grosicka-Maciąg E, Szumiło M, Czeczot H, Kurpios-Piec D, Skrzycki M, Rahden-Staroń I. Modulation of antioxidant defense system by the dithiocarbamate fungicides Maneb and Zineb in Chinese hamster V79 cells and the role of N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60:130-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Microglial cells are involved in the susceptibility of NADPH oxidase knockout mice to 6-hydroxy-dopamine-induced neurodegeneration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75532. [PMID: 24086556 PMCID: PMC3781051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We explored the impact of Nox-2 in modulating inflammatory-mediated microglial responses in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced Parkinson’s disease (PD) model. Nox1 and Nox2 gene expression were found to increase in striatum, whereas a marked increase of Nox2 expression was observed in substantia nigra (SN) of wild-type (wt) mice after PD induction. Gp91phox-/- 6-OHDA-lesioned mice exhibited a significant reduction in the apomorphine-induced rotational behavior, when compared to wt mice. Immunolabeling assays indicated that striatal 6-OHDA injections reduced the number of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the SN of wt mice. In gp91phox-/- 6-OHDA-lesioned mice the DA degeneration was negligible, suggesting an involvement of Nox in 6-OHDA-mediated SN degeneration. Gp91phox-/- 6-OHDA-lesioned mice treated with minocycline, a tetracycline derivative that exerts multiple anti-inflammatory effects, including microglial inhibition, exhibited increased apomorphine-induced rotational behavior and degeneration of DA neurons after 6-OHDA injections. The same treatment also increased TNF-α release and potentiated NF-κB activation in the SN of gp91phox-/--lesioned mice. Our results demonstrate for the first time that inhibition of microglial cells increases the susceptibility of gp91phox-/- 6-OHDA lesioned mice to develop PD. Blockade of microglia leads to NF-κB activation and TNF-α release into the SN of gp91phox-/- 6-OHDA lesioned mice, a likely mechanism whereby gp91phox-/- 6-OHDA lesioned mice may be more susceptible to develop PD after microglial cell inhibition. Nox2 adds an essential level of regulation to signaling pathways underlying the inflammatory response after PD induction.
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Simonyan RM, Galoyan KA, Simonyan GM, Hachatryan AR, Babayan MA, Oxuzyan GR, Simonyan MA. Ferrihemoglobin induces the release of NADPH oxidase from brain-cell membrane tissue ex vivo: the suppression of this process by galarmin. NEUROCHEM J+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712413030148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Luong KVQ, Nguyễn LTH. The beneficial role of thiamine in Parkinson disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:461-8. [PMID: 23462281 PMCID: PMC6493530 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common form of neurodegeneration among elderly individuals. PD is clinically characterized by tremors, rigidity, slowness of movement, and postural imbalance. In this paper, we review the evidence for an association between PD and thiamine. Interestingly, a significant association has been demonstrated between PD and low levels of serum thiamine, and thiamine supplements appear to have beneficial clinical effects against PD. Multiple studies have evaluated the connection between thiamine and PD pathology, and candidate pathways involve the transcription factor Sp1, p53, Bcl-2, caspase-3, tyrosine hydroxylase, glycogen synthase kinase-3β, vascular endothelial growth factor, advanced glycation end products, nuclear factor kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Thus, a review of the literature suggests that thiamine plays a role in PD, although further investigation into the effects of thiamine in PD is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh V Q Luong
- Vietnamese American Medical Research Foundation, Westminster, CA 92683, USA
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Biomarkers in Parkinson's disease (recent update). Neurochem Int 2013; 63:201-29. [PMID: 23791710 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder mostly affecting the aging population over sixty. Cardinal symptoms including, tremors, muscle rigidity, drooping posture, drooling, walking difficulty, and autonomic symptoms appear when a significant number of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons are already destroyed. Hence we need early, sensitive, specific, and economical peripheral and/or central biomarker(s) for the differential diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of PD. These can be classified as clinical, biochemical, genetic, proteomic, and neuroimaging biomarkers. Novel discoveries of genetic as well as nongenetic biomarkers may be utilized for the personalized treatment of PD during preclinical (premotor) and clinical (motor) stages. Premotor biomarkers including hyper-echogenicity of substantia nigra, olfactory and autonomic dysfunction, depression, hyposmia, deafness, REM sleep disorder, and impulsive behavior may be noticed during preclinical stage. Neuroimaging biomarkers (PET, SPECT, MRI), and neuropsychological deficits can facilitate differential diagnosis. Single-cell profiling of dopaminergic neurons has identified pyridoxal kinase and lysosomal ATPase as biomarker genes for PD prognosis. Promising biomarkers include: fluid biomarkers, neuromelanin antibodies, pathological forms of α-Syn, DJ-1, amyloid β and tau in the CSF, patterns of gene expression, metabolomics, urate, as well as protein profiling in the blood and CSF samples. Reduced brain regional N-acetyl-aspartate is a biomarker for the in vivo assessment of neuronal loss using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and T2 relaxation time with MRI. To confirm PD diagnosis, the PET biomarkers include [(18)F]-DOPA for estimating dopaminergic neurotransmission, [(18)F]dG for mitochondrial bioenergetics, [(18)F]BMS for mitochondrial complex-1, [(11)C](R)-PK11195 for microglial activation, SPECT imaging with (123)Iflupane and βCIT for dopamine transporter, and urinary salsolinol and 8-hydroxy, 2-deoxyguanosine for neuronal loss. This brief review describes the merits and limitations of recently discovered biomarkers and proposes coenzyme Q10, mitochondrial ubiquinone-NADH oxidoreductase, melatonin, α-synculein index, Charnoly body, and metallothioneins as novel biomarkers to confirm PD diagnosis for early and effective treatment of PD.
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Hernandes MS, Britto LRG. NADPH oxidase and neurodegeneration. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 10:321-7. [PMID: 23730256 PMCID: PMC3520042 DOI: 10.2174/157015912804143540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (Nox) is a unique, multi-protein, electron transport system that produces large amounts of superoxide via the reduction of molecular oxygen. Nox-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to be involved in a variety of physiological processes, including host defense and signal transduction. However, over the past decade, the involvement of (Nox)-dependent oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative diseases has been increasingly recognized. ROS produced by Nox proteins contribute to neurodegenerative diseases through distinct mechanisms, such as oxidation of DNA, proteins, lipids, amino acids and metals, in addition to activation of redox-sensitive signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the recent literature on Nox involvement in neurodegeneration, focusing on Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina S Hernandes
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas and Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Neurociência Aplicada, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Luong KVQ, Nguyen LTH. The role of β-adrenergic blockers in Parkinson's disease: possible genetic and cell-signaling mechanisms. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2013; 28:306-17. [PMID: 23695225 PMCID: PMC10852762 DOI: 10.1177/1533317513488919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies have identified numerous factors linking β-adrenergic blockade to Parkinson's disease (PD), including human leukocyte antigen genes, the renin-angiotensin system, poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase 1, nerve growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. β-Adrenergic blockade has also been implicated in PD via its effects on matrix metalloproteinases, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, prostaglandins, cyclooxygenase 2, and nitric oxide synthase. β-Adrenergic blockade may have a significant role in PD; therefore, the characterization of β-adrenergic blockade in patients with PD is needed.
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Role of reactive oxygen species and NADPH-oxidase in the development of rat cerebellum. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:998-1011. [PMID: 23535068 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) could participate in the regulation of some physiological conditions. In the nervous system, ROS have been suggested to act as signaling molecules involved in several developmental processes including cell differentiation, proliferation and programmed of cell death. Although ROS can be generated by several sources, it has been suggested that NADPH oxidase (NOX) could be critical in the production of ROS acting as a signal in some of these events. It has been reported that ROS production by NOX enzymes participate in neuronal maturation and differentiation during brain development. In the present study, we found that during rat cerebellar development there was a differential ROS generation at different ages and areas of the cerebellum. We also found a differential expression of NOX homologues during rat cerebellar development. When we treated developing rats with an antioxidant or with apocynin, an inhibitor of NOX, we found a marked decrease of the ROS levels in all the cerebellar layers at all the ages tested. Both treatments also induced a significant change in the cerebellar foliation as well as an alteration in motor behavior. These results suggest that both ROS and NOX have a critical role during cerebellar development.
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Ahmad I, Shukla S, Kumar A, Singh BK, Kumar V, Chauhan AK, Singh D, Pandey HP, Singh C. Biochemical and molecular mechanisms of N-acetyl cysteine and silymarin-mediated protection against maneb- and paraquat-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2012; 201:9-18. [PMID: 23159886 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is one of the major players in the pathogenesis of maneb (MB) and paraquat (PQ)-induced disorders. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a glutathione (GSH) precursor and silymarin (SIL), a naturally occurring antioxidant, encounter oxidative stress-mediated cellular damage. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of NAC and SIL against MB and/or PQ-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The levels of hepatotoxicity markers - alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransaminase (AST) and total bilirubin, histological changes, oxidative stress indices, phase I and phase II xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes - cytochrome P450 (CYP) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) and pro-inflammatory molecules - inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were measured in animals treated with MB and/or PQ in the presence or absence of NAC and SIL. MB and/or PQ augmented ALT, AST, total bilirubin, lipid peroxidation and nitrite contents and catalytic activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase however, the GSH content was attenuated. NAC and SIL restored the above-mentioned alterations towards basal levels but the restorations were more pronounced in SIL treated groups. Similarly, MB and/or PQ-mediated histopathological symptoms and changes in the catalytic activities/expressions of CYP1A2, CYP2E1, iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-1β were alleviated by NAC and SIL. Conversely, MB and/or PQ-induced GSTA4-4 expression/activity was further increased by NAC/SIL and glutathione reductase activity was also increased. The results obtained thus suggest that NAC and SIL protect MB and/or PQ-induced hepatotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation and by modulating xenobitic metabolizing machinery and SIL seems to be more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israr Ahmad
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 226 001, India
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Sung YH, Kim SC, Hong HP, Park CY, Shin MS, Kim CJ, Seo JH, Kim DY, Kim DJ, Cho HJ. Treadmill exercise ameliorates dopaminergic neuronal loss through suppressing microglial activation in Parkinson's disease mice. Life Sci 2012; 91:1309-16. [PMID: 23069581 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Parkinson's disease is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the gradual loss of dopaminergic neurons. We investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on dopaminergic neuronal loss and microglial activation using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/probenecid (MPTP/P)-induced Parkinson's disease mice. MAIN METHODS Parkinson's disease was induced in mice by injection of MPTP/P. The mice in the exercise groups were put on a treadmill to run for 30min/day, five times per week for four weeks. Motor balance and coordination was measured using rota-rod test. Expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK), phosphorylated NH(2)-terminal kinase (p-JNK), phosphorylated p-38 (p-p38), CD200, and CD200 receptor were determined by western blotting. Expressions of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and CD11b were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. KEY FINDINGS Parkinson's disease mice displayed poor motor balance and coordination with loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. iNOS expression was enhanced via up-regulation of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases (p-MAPKs) signaling, such as p-ERK, p-JNK, and p-p-38 in the Parkinson's disease mice. Microglial activation was also observed in the Parkinson's disease mice, showing increased CD11b expression with suppressed CD200 and CD200 receptor expressions. Treadmill exercise prevented the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, and ameliorated the motor balance and coordination dysfunction in the Parkinson's disease mice. Treadmill exercise suppressed iNOS expression via down-regulation of MAPKs and also inhibited microglial activation in the Parkinson's disease mice. SIGNIFICANCE Treadmill exercise prevented dopaminergic neuronal loss by inhibiting brain inflammation through suppression of microglial activation in the Parkinson's disease mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hee Sung
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kyungnam University, Changwon 631-701, Republic of Korea
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vinh quôc Luong K, Thi Hoàng Nguyên L. Vitamin D and Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci Res 2012; 90:2227-36. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Yadav S, Dixit A, Agrawal S, Singh A, Srivastava G, Singh AK, Srivastava PK, Prakash O, Singh MP. Rodent models and contemporary molecular techniques: notable feats yet incomplete explanations of Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:495-512. [PMID: 22736079 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rodent models and molecular tools, mainly omics and RNA interference, have been rigorously used to decode the intangible etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although convention of contemporary molecular techniques and multiple rodent models paved imperative leads in deciphering the role of putative causative factors and sequential events leading to PD, complete and clear-cut mechanisms of pathogenesis are still hard to pin down. The current article reviews the implications and pros and cons of rodent models and molecular tools in understanding the molecular and cellular bases of PD pathogenesis based on the existing literature. Probable rationales for short of comprehensive leads and future possibilities in spite of the extensive applications of molecular tools and rodent models have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharawan Yadav
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow-226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Chakraborty S, Aschner M. Altered manganese homeostasis: implications for BLI-3-dependent dopaminergic neurodegeneration and SKN-1 protection in C. elegans. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2012; 26:183-7. [PMID: 22591558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of environmental factors in the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders, such as in Parkinson's disease (PD), has become increasingly imperative for examination, as genetics can only partially account for most cases. The heavy metal manganese (Mn) falls into this category of environmental contributors, as it is both essential but also neurotoxic upon overexposure and produces Parkinsonian symptomatology. In order to understand its toxicity, this review focuses on the various aspects of improper Mn homeostasis and its consequences using the genetically amenable Caenorhabditis elegans model. Namely, the roles of Mn transporter homologs for the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) will be discussed, as Mn homeostasis is initially governed by proper cellular transport. Mn dyshomeostasis can result in enhanced oxidative stress through synergistic actions of dopamine oxidation that is dependent on the C. elegans dual oxidase BLI-3. Finally, neuroprotection conferred by the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 (C. elegans SKN-1) may signify a potential therapeutic approach against Mn toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Chakraborty
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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