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Ge S, Zha L, Kimura Y, Shimomura Y, Komatsu M, Gon Y, Komukai S, Murata F, Maeda M, Kiyohara K, Sobue T, Kitamura T, Fukuda H. Statin use and risk of Parkinson's disease among older adults in Japan: a nested case-control study using the Longevity Improvement and Fair Evidence study. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae195. [PMID: 38894948 PMCID: PMC11184346 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The association between statin use and the risk of Parkinson's disease remains inconclusive, particularly in Japan's super-ageing society. This study aimed to investigate the potential association between statin use and the risk of Parkinson's disease among Japanese participants aged ≥65 years. We used data from the Longevity Improvement and Fair Evidence Study, which included medical and long-term care claim data from April 2014 to December 2020 across 17 municipalities. Using a nested case-control design, we matched one case to five controls based on age, sex, municipality and cohort entry year. A conditional logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Among the 56 186 participants (9397 cases and 46 789 controls), 53.6% were women. The inverse association between statin use and Parkinson's disease risk was significant after adjusting for multiple variables (odds ratio: 0.61; 95% confidence interval: 0.56-0.66). Compared with non-users, the dose analysis revealed varying odds ratios: 1.30 (1.12-1.52) for 1-30 total standard daily doses, 0.77 (0.64-0.92) for 31-90 total standard daily doses, 0.62 (0.52-0.75) for 91-180 total standard daily doses and 0.30 (0.25-0.35) for >180 total standard daily doses. Statin use among older Japanese adults was associated with a decreased risk of Parkinson's disease. Notably, lower cumulative statin doses were associated with an elevated risk of Parkinson's disease, whereas higher cumulative doses exhibited protective effects against Parkinson's disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanyu Ge
- Division of Environmental Medicine and Population Sciences, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ling Zha
- Division of Environmental Medicine and Population Sciences, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Kimura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Shimomura
- Division of Environmental Medicine and Population Sciences, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayo Komatsu
- Division of Environmental Medicine and Population Sciences, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Gon
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sho Komukai
- Biomedical Statistics, Department of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fumiko Murata
- Department of Health Care Administration and Management, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, 812-0054, Japan
| | - Megumi Maeda
- Department of Health Care Administration and Management, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, 812-0054, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kiyohara
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Otsuma Women’s University, Tokyo, 102-8357, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Sobue
- Division of Environmental Medicine and Population Sciences, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuhisa Kitamura
- Division of Environmental Medicine and Population Sciences, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Fukuda
- Department of Health Care Administration and Management, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, 812-0054, Japan
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2
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Coffin PO, Suen LW. Methamphetamine Toxicities and Clinical Management. NEJM EVIDENCE 2023; 2:EVIDra2300160. [PMID: 38320504 DOI: 10.1056/evidra2300160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Methamphetamine Toxicities and Clinical ManagementMethamphetamine increases the release and blocks the uptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine. This article reviews the morbidity and mortality associated with methamphetamine use and discusses prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip O Coffin
- Center on Substance Use and Health, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Leslie W Suen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
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3
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Bhatt R, Vaishnav D, Airao V, Sharma T, Rachamalla M, Mani S, Gupta AK, Upadhye V, Jha SK, Jha NK, Parmar S. Neuroprotective potential of saroglitazar in 6-OHDA induced Parkinson's disease in rats. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 102:955-971. [PMID: 37518817 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects 2%-3% of the population worldwide. Clinical presentation of PD includes motor and non-motor symptoms. The interplay between pathogenic factors such as increased oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis are responsible for neurodegeneration in PD. Intrastriatal administration of 6-hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA) in rat brain provoked oxidative and nitrosative stress by decreasing endogenous antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. Consequently, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis-α, interferon-γ and cyclooxygenase-2 mediated neuroinflammation leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, involving inhibition of complex-II and IV activities, followed by apoptosis and degeneration of striatal dopaminergic neurons. Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons resulted in reduced dopamine turnover, consequently induced behavioural abnormalities in rats. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have protective role in PD by modulating response of antioxidant enzymes, neuroinflammation and apoptosis in various animal models of PD. Saroglitazar (SG) being dual PPAR-α/γ agonist activates both PPAR-α and PPAR-γ receptors and provide neuroprotection by reducing oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis of dopaminergic cells in 6-OHDA induced PD in rats. Thereby, SG restored striatal histopathological damage and dopamine concentration in rat striatum, and behavioural alterations in rats. Thus, SG proved neuroprotective effects in rat model of PD. Potential benefits of SG in rat model of PD advocates to consider it for further preclinical and clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, India
| | - Devendra Vaishnav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, India
| | - Vishal Airao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, India
| | - Tejas Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, India
| | - Mahesh Rachamalla
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Shalini Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, Centre for Emerging Disease, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Vijay Upadhye
- Centre of Research for Development (CR4D) and Department of Microbiology, Parul University, Vadodara, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Sachin Parmar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, India
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4
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Shahid Nadeem M, Khan JA, Al-Abbasi FA, AlGhamdi SA, Alghamdi AM, Sayyed N, Gupta G, Kazmi I. Protective Effect of Hirsutidin against Rotenone-Induced Parkinsonism via Inhibition of Caspase-3/Interleukins-6 and 1β. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:13016-13025. [PMID: 37065035 PMCID: PMC10099452 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A participant of the chemical family recognized as anthocyanins, hirsutidin is an O-methylated anthocyanidin. It is a natural substance, i.e., existing in Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle), the predominant component in petals, as well as callus cultures. The literature review indicated a lack of scientifically verified findings on hirsutidin's biological activities, particularly its anti-Parkinson's capabilities. Using the information from the previous section as a reference, a present study has been assessed to evaluate the anti-Parkinson properties of hirsutidin against rotenone-activated Parkinson's in experimental animals. For 28 days, rats received hirsutidin at a dose of 10 mg/kg and rotenone at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg s.c. to test the neuroprotective effects. The hirsutidin was given 1 h before the rotenone. Behavioral tests, including the rotarod test, catalepsy, Kondziela's inverted screen activity, and open-field analysis, were performed. The levels of neurotransmitters (5-HT, DOPAC, 5-HIAA, dopamine, and HVA), neuroinflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, caspase-3), an endogenous antioxidant, nitrite content, and acetylcholine were measured in all the rats on the 29th day. Hirsutidin exhibited substantial behavioral improvement in the rotarod test, catalepsy, Kondziela's inverted screen activity, and open-field test. Furthermore, hirsutidin restored neuroinflammatory markers, cholinergic function, nitrite content, neurotransmitters, and endogenous antioxidant levels. According to the study, hirsutidin has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant characteristics. As a result, it implies that hirsutidin may have anti-Parkinsonian effects in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid Nadeem
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King
Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jalaluddin Azam Khan
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King
Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A. Al-Abbasi
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King
Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shareefa A. AlGhamdi
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King
Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Experimental
Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira M. Alghamdi
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King
Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem Sayyed
- School
of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Saharanpur 247121, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School
of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur 302017, India
- Department
of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical
and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 602105, India
- Uttaranchal
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal
University, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King
Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Alharthy KM, Althurwi HN, Albaqami FF, Altharawi A, Alzarea SI, Al-Abbasi FA, Nadeem MS, Kazmi I. Barbigerone Potentially Alleviates Rotenone-Activated Parkinson's Disease in a Rodent Model by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammatory Cytokines. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:4608-4615. [PMID: 36777578 PMCID: PMC9910078 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common age-related and slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects approximately 1% of the elderly population. In recent years, phytocomponents have aroused considerable interest in the research for PD treatment as they provide a plethora of active compounds including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds. Herein, we aimed to investigate the anti-Parkinson's effect of barbigerone, a natural pyranoisoflavone possessing antioxidant activity in a rotenone-induced rat model of PD. METHODS To evaluate antioxidant activity, a 0.5 mg/kg dose of rotenone was injected subcutaneously into rats. Barbigerone (10 and 20 mg/kg) was administered to rats for 28 days 1 h prior to rotenone. All behavioral parameters were assessed before sacrificing the rats. On the 29th day, all of the rats were humanely killed and assessed for biochemical changes in antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione, malondialdehyde, and catalase), neurotransmitter levels (dopamine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, serotonin, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and homovanillic acid levels), and neuroinflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, nuclear factor kappa B, and IL-6]. RESULTS The data presented in this study has shown that barbigerone attenuated rotenone-induced motor deficits including the rotarod test, catalepsy, akinesia, and open-field test. Additionally, barbigerone has shown improvements in the biochemical and neuroinflammatory parameters in the rotenone-induced rat model of PD. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that barbigerone exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions via reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines. Altogether, these findings suggest that barbigerone could potentially be utilized as a therapeutic agent against PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid M. Alharthy
- Department
of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince
Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan N. Althurwi
- Department
of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince
Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal F. Albaqami
- Department
of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince
Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Altharawi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami I. Alzarea
- Department
of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf
University, Aljouf, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A. Al-Abbasi
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King
Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Shahid Nadeem
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King
Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King
Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Jo Y, Kim S, Ye BS, Lee E, Yu YM. Protective Effect of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors on Parkinson's Disease: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:837890. [PMID: 35308220 PMCID: PMC8927987 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.837890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors have been suggested as protective agents in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, epidemiological evidence on the association between RAS inhibitors and the development of PD is inconsistent. Objectives: To investigate the effect of RAS inhibitors on PD risk in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) by type and cumulative duration of RAS inhibitors and their degree of blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration ability. Methods: This was a propensity score-matched retrospective cohort study using 2008-2019 healthcare claims data from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment database. The association between RAS inhibitor use and PD in patients with IHD was evaluated using multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. The risks are presented as adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Over a 10-year follow-up, 1,086 of 62,228 IHD patients developed PD. The Cox regression model showed that the use of RAS inhibitors was significantly associated with a lower risk of PD (aHR = 0.75; 95% CI 0.66-0.85) than the non-use of RAS inhibitors. Specifically, this reduced risk of PD only remained with the use of BBB-crossing angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) (aHR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.53-0.74), and this association was more definite with an increasing cumulative duration. A significantly reduced risk of PD was not observed with the use of BBB-crossing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Conclusions: The use of ARBs with BBB-penetrating properties and a high cumulative duration significantly reduces the risk of PD in IHD patients. This protective effect could provide insight into disease-modifying drug candidates for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngkwon Jo
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Seungyeon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Transdisciplinary Department of Medicine and Advanced Technology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byoung Seok Ye
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Euni Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun Mi Yu
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Pharmaceutical Medicine and Regulatory Sciences, Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea
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7
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Bhat A, Dalvi H, Jain H, Rangaraj N, Singh SB, Srivastava S. Perspective insights of repurposing the pleiotropic efficacy of statins in neurodegenerative disorders: An expository appraisal. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100012. [PMID: 34909647 PMCID: PMC8663947 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2020.100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders which affects a larger population pose a great clinical challenge. These disorders impact the quality of life of an individual by damaging the neurons, which are the unit cells of the brain. Clinicians are faced with the grave challenge of inhibiting the progression of these diseases as available treatment options fail to meet the clinical demand. Thus, treating the disease/disorder symptomatically is the Hobson's choice. The goal of the researchers is to introduce newer therapies in this segment and introducing a new molecule will take long years of development. Hence, drug repurposing/repositioning can be a better substitute in comparison to time consuming and expensive drug discovery and development cycle. Presently, a paradigm shift towards the re-purposing of drugs can be witnessed. Statins which have been previously approved as anti-hyperlipidemic agents are in the limelight of research for re-purposed drugs. Owing to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant nature, statins act as neuroprotective in several brain disorders. Further they attenuate the amyloid plaques and protein aggregation which are the triggering factors in the Alzheimer's and Parkinson's respectively. In case of Huntington disease and Multiple sclerosis they help in improving the psychomotor symptoms and stimulate remyelination thus acting as neuroprotective. This article reviews the potential of statins in treating neurodegenerative disorders along with a brief discussion on the safety concerns associated with use of statins and human clinical trial data linked with re-tasking statins for neurodegenerative disorders along with the regulatory perspectives involved with the drug repositioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Harshita Dalvi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Harsha Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Nagarjun Rangaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
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8
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Shen W, Jiang L, Zhao J, Wang H, Hu M, Chen L, Chen Y. Bioactive lipids and their metabolism: new therapeutic opportunities for Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:846-872. [PMID: 34904314 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder characterized by motor dysfunction, which can also be associated with non-motor symptoms. Its pathogenesis is thought to stem from a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the formation of Lewy bodies containing aggregated α-synuclein. Recent works suggested that lipids might play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of PD. In particular, the so-called "bioactive" lipids whose changes in the concentration may lead to functional consequences and affect many pathophysiological processes, including neuroinflammation, are closely related to PD in terms of symptoms, disease progression, and incidence. This study aimed to explore the molecular metabolism and physiological functions of bioactive lipids, such as fatty acids (mainly unsaturated fatty acids), eicosanoids, endocannabinoids, oxysterols, representative sphingolipids, diacylglycerols, and lysophosphatidic acid, in the development of PD. The knowledge of bioactive lipids in PD gained through preclinical and clinical studies is expected to improve the understanding of disease pathogenesis and provide novel therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Shen
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingyi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Haili Wang
- Department of Neurology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Meng Hu
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central Sounth University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lanlan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingzhu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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9
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Jeong SH, Lee HS, Chung SJ, Yoo HS, Jung JH, Baik K, Lee YH, Sohn YH, Lee PH. Effects of statins on dopamine loss and prognosis in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2021; 144:3191-3200. [PMID: 34347020 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are more widely used not only for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease by blocking cholesterol biosynthesis but also for the potential neuroprotective agents during neurological disorders due to their pleiotropic effects. In this study, we investigate whether the prior use of statins affect baseline nigrostriatal dopamine loss at the time of diagnosis and longitudinal motor and cognitive outcomes in patients with Parkinson's disease. Five hundred drug-naïve patients with Parkinson's disease who underwent dopamine transporter imaging were classified into two groups according to the prior use of statins: patients with and without statin use. Multivariate linear regression was used to determine inter-group differences in dopamine transporter availability. We evaluated the longitudinal changes in levodopa-equivalent dose and dementia conversion between the groups using a linear mixed model and survival analysis, respectively. In addition, mediation analysis was applied to examine the effect of total cholesterol. Patients with Parkinson's disease treated with statin had a lower baseline dopamine transporter availability in the anterior (2.13 ± 0.55 vs. 2.37 ± 0.67; p = 0.002), posterior (1.31 ± 0.43 vs. 1.49 ± 0.54; p = 0.003), and ventral putamina (1.40 ± 0.39 vs. 1.56 ± 0.47; p = 0.002) than that in matched patients with Parkinson's disease without statin. After adjusting for age at symptom onset, sex, disease duration and vascular risk factors, linear regression models showed that a prior treatment of statin remained significantly and independently associated with more severely decreased dopamine transporter availability in the anterior putamen (Beta = -0.140, p = 0.004), posterior putamen (Beta = -0.162, p = 0.001), and ventral putamen (Beta = -0.140, p = 0.004). A linear mixed model revealed that patients with Parkinson's disease being treated with statin had a faster longitudinal increase in levodopa-equivalent dose than those without statin. A survival analysis showed that the rate of dementia conversion was significantly higher in patients with Parkinson's disease with statin (hazard ratio, 2.019; 95% CI, 1.108 - 3.678; P = 0.022) than those without statin. Mediation analyses revealed that the effect of statin treatment on baseline dopamine transporter availability and longitudinal outcome was not mediated by total cholesterol levels. This study suggests that statin use may have a detrimental effect on baseline nigrostriatal dopamine degeneration and long-term outcomes in patients with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Ho Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Sun Lee
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok Jong Chung
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Han Soo Yoo
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Ho Jung
- Department of Neurology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea
| | - Kyoungwon Baik
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yang Hyun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young H Sohn
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Phil Hyu Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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10
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The Expression and Function of Nitric Oxide Synthase Enzyme in Atorvastatin Effects on Morphine-Induced Dependence in Mice. ARCHIVES OF NEUROSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/ans.117122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Atorvastatin exerts neuroprotective effects on the treatment of central nervous system disorders. Morphine analgesic tolerance and dependence remain as major concerns in medicine. Nitric oxide (NO) pathway mediates the development of opioid analgesic tolerance and dependence, as well as atorvastatin neuroprotection. Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the possible involvement of the NO/cGMP pathway in the process of the effects of atorvastatin on morphine physical dependence. Methods: Dependence was induced by repetitive injection of morphine sulfate. Naloxone was injected at the dose of 4 mg/kg on the last day of the experiment to assess withdrawal signs. Animals received atorvastatin (1, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg, orally). Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors and ODQ were injected before protective dose of atorvastatin. The gene expression of NOS isoforms was evaluated by real-time PCR. Thereafter, the hippocampal levels of cGMP and nitrite were measured. Results: Treatment with atorvastatin 10 mg/kg significantly attenuated naloxone-induced withdrawal behaviours. The administration of L-NAME, aminoguanidine, and ODQ before atorvastatin enhanced its effects. The treatment with atorvastatin significantly decreased the nitrite and cGMP levels as well as NOS gene expression in the hippocampus of dependent animals. Conclusions: It can be concluded that atorvastatin, possibly, through inducible NOS, could alleviate morphine dependence and withdrawal signs.
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Lin M, Xu T, Zhang W, Li D, Li Y, Hong X, Luan Y, Zhang W, Wang M. Effect of statins on post-contrast acute kidney injury: a multicenter retrospective observational study. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:63. [PMID: 34225750 PMCID: PMC8258930 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01489-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Post-contrast acute kidney injury (PC-AKI) is a severe complication of coronary angiography (CAG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Currently, the effect of statins on PC-AKI and its mechanism remains unclear. Methods This multicenter retrospective observational study included 4386 patients who underwent CAG or PCI from December 2006 to December 2019 in Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and its medical consortium hospitals. Serum creatinine pre- or post-procedure within 72 h after PCI was recorded. Multivariate logical regression was used to explore whether preoperative use of statins was protective from PC-AKI. The path analysis model was then utilized to look for the mediation factors of statins. Results Four thousand three hundred eighty-six patients were enrolled totally. The median age of the study population was 68 years old, 17.9% with PC-AKI, and 83.3% on preoperative statins therapy. The incidence of PC-AKI was significantly lower in group of patients on statins therapy. Multivariate regression indicated that preoperative statins therapy was significantly associated with lower percentage of elevated creatinine (β: -0.118, P < 0.001) and less PC-AKI (OR: 0.575, P < 0.001). In the preoperative statins therapy group, no statistically significant difference was detected between the atorvastatin and rosuvastatin groups (OR: 1.052, P = 0.558). Pathway model analysis indicated a direct protective effect of preoperative statins therapy on PC-AKI (P < 0.001), but not through its lipid-lowering effect (P = 0.277) nor anti-inflammatory effect (P = 0.596). Furthermore, it was found that “low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)→C-reactive protein (CRP)” mediated the relationship between preoperative statins therapy and PC-AKI (P = 0.007). However, this only explained less than 1% of the preoperative protective effects of statins on PC-AKI. Conclusion Preoperative statins therapy is an independent protective factor of PC-AKI, regardless of its type. This protective effect is not achieved by lipid-lowering effect or anti-inflammatory effect. These findings underscore the potential use of statins in preventing PC-AKI among those at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoning Lin
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No 3 East of Qinchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No 3 East of Qinchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Department of Information Technology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No 3 East of Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Duannbin Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No 3 East of Qinchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No 3 East of Qinchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xulin Hong
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No 3 East of Qinchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Luan
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No 3 East of Qinchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No 3 East of Qinchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No 3 East of Qinchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Mounier NM, Wahdan SA, Gad AM, Azab SS. Role of inflammatory, oxidative, and ER stress signaling in the neuroprotective effect of atorvastatin against doxorubicin-induced cognitive impairment in rats. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 394:1537-1551. [PMID: 33755739 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a potent chemotherapeutic agent widely used for the treatment of several malignancies. Despite its effectiveness, DOX has been implicated in induced neurotoxicity manifested as cognitive dysfunction with varying degrees, commonly referred to as chemobrain. DOX-induced chemobrain is presumed to be due to cytokine-induced inflammatory, oxidative, and apoptotic responses damaging the brain. Atorvastatin (ATV), 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl co-enzyme A (HMG Co-A) reductase inhibitor, is a cholesterol-lowering statin possessing beneficial pleiotropic effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of ATV against DOX-induced cognitive impairment studying the possible involvement of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress biomarkers. Rats were treated with DOX (2 mg/kg/week), i.p. for 4 weeks. Oral treatment with ATV (10 mg/kg) ameliorated DOX-induced behavioral alterations, protected brain histological features, and attenuated DOX-induced inflammatory, oxidative, and apoptotic biomarkers. In addition, ATV upregulated the protective HO-1 expression levels and downregulated the DOX-induced apoptotic ER stress biomarkers. In conclusion, ATV (10 mg/kg) exhibited neuroprotective properties against DOX-induced cognitive impairment which could possibly be attributed to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M Mounier
- Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Formerly National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara A Wahdan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amany M Gad
- Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Formerly National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, East Kantara Branch, New City, El Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Samar S Azab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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13
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Niyomrat K, Cheaha D, Nukitram J, Kumarnsit E. Locomotor activity and resting local field potential oscillatory rhythms of 6-OHDA mouse model of Parkinson's disease in response to acute and repeated treatments with L-dopa. Neurosci Lett 2021; 759:136007. [PMID: 34098022 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) of local field potential (LFP) has been recognized as higher-order representation of brain states. Neuronal loss in the striatum leads to Parkinson's disease (PD) symptoms and modifies LFP oscillation. However, PAC in the striatum of PD mouse model induced by 6-hydroxydopamne (6-OHDA) remained to be investigated. Male Swiss albino ICR mice were implanted with intracranial electrode and injected with 6-OHDA to the left striatum. Levodopa (L-dopa) (10 mg/kg, oral) was used for treatment once a day from day 15-19. Locomotor activity and resting LFP signals were selectively analyzed on day 15 and 19. One-way ANOVA revealed significant decreases in travelled distance induced by 6-OHDA on both days (p ≤ 0.05). However, the decreased travelled distances were significantly reversed by L-dopa. On day 15, LFP powers of theta, alpha, beta and low gamma waves were significantly increased by 6-OHDA injection and the powers of beta and low gamma were significantly reversed to control level by treatment with L-dopa. On day 19, LFP powers of delta, theta, alpha, beta and low gamma waves were significantly increased by 6-OHDA injection and the powers of low gamma were significantly reversed to control level by treatment with L-dopa. Theta-gamma PAC analyses also confirmed significant increase in modulation index (MI) induced by 6-OHDA on day 19. However, L-dopa failed to significantly reverse the MI to control level. These findings indicated theta-gamma coupling in the striatum of PD mouse model. Taken together, change in striatal theta-gamma PAC might be one of biomarkers in addition to hypokinesia and increased LFP powers that reflect disrupted neural mechanisms in PD mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirati Niyomrat
- Physiology program, Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai Campus, Hatyai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; Biosignal Research Center for Health, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Dania Cheaha
- Biology program, Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Biosignal Research Center for Health, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Jakkrit Nukitram
- Physiology program, Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai Campus, Hatyai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; Biosignal Research Center for Health, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Ekkasit Kumarnsit
- Physiology program, Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai Campus, Hatyai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; Biosignal Research Center for Health, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
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14
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Dai L, Zou L, Meng L, Qiang G, Yan M, Zhang Z. Cholesterol Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2183-2201. [PMID: 33411241 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an indispensable component of the cell membrane and plays vital roles in critical physiological processes. Brain cholesterol accounts for a large portion of total cholesterol in the human body, and its content must be tightly regulated to ensure normal brain function. Disorders of cholesterol metabolism in the brain are linked to neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and other atypical cognitive deficits that arise at old age. However, the specific role of cholesterol metabolism disorder in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases has not been fully elucidated. Statins that are a class of lipid-lowering drugs have been reported to have a positive effect on neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, we reviewed the physiological and pathological conditions of cholesterol metabolism and discussed the possible mechanisms of cholesterol metabolism and statin therapy in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Dai
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Li Zou
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Lanxia Meng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Guifen Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Beijing, China
| | - Mingmin Yan
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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15
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Antunes MS, Ladd FVL, Ladd AABL, Moreira AL, Boeira SP, Cattelan Souza L. Hesperidin protects against behavioral alterations and loss of dopaminergic neurons in 6-OHDA-lesioned mice: the role of mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:153-167. [PMID: 33057922 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00618-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hesperidin is a flavonoid glycoside that is frequently found in citrus fruits. Our group have demonstrated that hesperidin has neuroprotective effect in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) model of Parkinson's disease (PD), mainly by antioxidant mechanisms. Although the pathophysiology of PD remains uncertain, a large body of evidence has demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis play a critical role in dopaminergic nigrostriatal degeneration. However, the ability of hesperidin in modulating these mechanisms has not yet been investigated. In the present study, we examined the potential of a 28-day hesperidin treatment (50 mg/kg/day, p.o.) in preventing behavioral alterations induced by 6-OHDA injection via regulating mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis and dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in C57BL/6 mice. Our results demonstrated that hesperidin treatment improved motor, olfactory and spatial memory impairments elicited by 6-OHDA injection. Moreover, hesperidin treatment attenuated the loss of dopaminergic neurons (TH+ cells) in the SNpc and the depletion of dopamine (DA) and its metabolities 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in the striatum of 6-OHDA-lesioned mice. Hesperidin also protected against the inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex-I, -IV and V, the decrease of Na + -K + -ATPase activity and the increase of caspase-3 and -9 activity in the striatum. Taken together, our findings indicate that hesperidin mitigates the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction and modulating apoptotic pathways in the striatum of 6-OHDA-treated mice, thus improving behavioral alterations. These results provide new insights on neuroprotective mechanisms of hesperidin in a relevant preclinical model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S Antunes
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui, RS, CEP 97650-000, Brazil
| | - Fernando Vagner Lobo Ladd
- Department of Morphology/Laboratory of Neuroanatom, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Aliny Antunes Barbosa Lobo Ladd
- Laboratory of Stochastic Stereology and Chemical Anatomy, Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Lopez Moreira
- Laboratory of Stochastic Stereology and Chemical Anatomy, Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvana Peterini Boeira
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui, RS, CEP 97650-000, Brazil
| | - Leandro Cattelan Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui, RS, CEP 97650-000, Brazil.
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16
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Huang CH, Lin MC, Hsieh CL. Acupuncture Treatment Reduces Incidence of Parkinson's Disease in Patients With Depression: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study in Taiwan. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:591640. [PMID: 33343332 PMCID: PMC7746549 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.591640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a risk factor for subsequent Parkinson's disease (PD). Some patients with depression undergo acupuncture treatment because of other diseases in Taiwan. Therefore, the present study used data from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) to investigate the incidence of PD in patients having depression with and without acupuncture treatment. We conducted a retrospective study of a matched cohort of 48,981 patients with newly diagnosed depression between 2000 and 2012 who were selected from the NHIRD. The 1:1 propensity score method was utilized to match an equal number of patients (N = 9,189) in the acupuncture and non-acupuncture cohorts. We employed Cox proportional hazard models to evaluate the risk of PD. The cumulative incidence of PD in both cohorts was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and the difference was examined through a log-rank test. Patients with depression who received acupuncture treatment demonstrated a lower risk of PD [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 0.39, 95% confidence interval = 0.31–0.49] than those who did not undergo acupuncture treatment, after adjusting for age, sex, insurance amount, geographic region, urbanization levels, comorbidities, and drugs. The cumulative incidence of PD was significantly lower in the acupuncture cohort than in the non-acupuncture cohort (log-rank test, p < 0.001). The database did not indicate the severity of depression and acupoints. The results suggest that acupuncture treatment significantly reduced the development of PD in patients with depression; however, a future study should be conducted to provide more objective evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hao Huang
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chen Lin
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Liang Hsieh
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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17
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Rahangdale S, Fating R, Gajbhiye M, Kapse M, Inamdar N, Kotagale N, Umekar M, Taksande B. Involvement of agmatine in antidepressant-like effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 892:173739. [PMID: 33220274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-co-enzyme-A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) are popularly used for the treatment of obesity and hypercholesterolemia with established safety profile. Statins exhibits a wide range of neurobehavioral effects in addition to their peripheral actions, and may be beneficial in treatment of psychiatric conditions. Present study investigated the role of agmatine and imidazoline receptors in antidepressant-like effect of statins in mouse forced swimming test (FST). The antidepressant-like effect of atorvastatin (5 mg/kg, p.o.) and simvastatin (10 mg/kg, p.o.) was potentiated by pretreatment with agmatine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) as well as the drugs known to increase endogenous agmatine levels in brain viz., L-arginine (40 μg/mouse, i.c.v.), an agmatine biosynthetic precursor; arcaine (50 μg/mouse, i.c.v), agmatinase inhibitor; and aminoguanidine (6.5 μg/mouse, i.c.v.), a diamine oxidase inhibitor. Further, both the statins increased agmatine levels within hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Conversely, prior administration of I1 receptor antagonist, efaroxan (1 mg/kg, i.p.) and I2 receptor antagonist, idazoxan (0.25 mg/kg, i.p.) blocked the antidepressant-like effect of statins and their synergistic combination with agmatine. These results demonstrate the involvement of agmatine and imidazoline receptors in antidepressant-like effect of statins and suggest as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Rahangdale
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur, M.S, 441 002, India
| | - Rajshree Fating
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur, M.S, 441 002, India
| | - Mona Gajbhiye
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur, M.S, 441 002, India
| | - Mona Kapse
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur, M.S, 441 002, India
| | - Nazma Inamdar
- Government College of Pharmacy, Kathora Naka, VMV Road, Amravati, M.S, 444604, India
| | - Nandkishor Kotagale
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur, M.S, 441 002, India; Government College of Pharmacy, Kathora Naka, VMV Road, Amravati, M.S, 444604, India
| | - Milind Umekar
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur, M.S, 441 002, India
| | - Brijesh Taksande
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur, M.S, 441 002, India.
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Anti-Apoptotic Effects of Carotenoids in Neurodegeneration. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153453. [PMID: 32751250 PMCID: PMC7436041 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, programmed cell death type I, is a critical part of neurodegeneration in cerebral ischemia, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s disease. Apoptosis begins with activation of pro-death proteins Bax and Bak, release of cytochrome c and activation of caspases, loss of membrane integrity of intracellular organelles, and ultimately cell death. Approaches that block apoptotic pathways may prevent or delay neurodegenerative processes. Carotenoids are a group of pigments found in fruits, vegetables, and seaweeds that possess antioxidant properties. Over the last several decades, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated a protective role of carotenoids in neurodegenerative disease. In this review, we describe functions of commonly consumed carotenoids including lycopene, β-carotene, lutein, astaxanthin, and fucoxanthin and their roles in neurodegenerative disease models. We also discuss the underlying cellular mechanisms of carotenoid-mediated neuroprotection, including their antioxidant properties, role as signaling molecules, and as gene regulators that alleviate apoptosis-associated brain cell death.
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Pillaiyar T, Meenakshisundaram S, Manickam M, Sankaranarayanan M. A medicinal chemistry perspective of drug repositioning: Recent advances and challenges in drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 195:112275. [PMID: 32283298 PMCID: PMC7156148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug repurposing is a strategy consisting of finding new indications for already known marketed drugs used in various clinical settings or highly characterized compounds despite they can be failed drugs. Recently, it emerges as an alternative approach for the rapid identification and development of new pharmaceuticals for various rare and complex diseases for which lack the effective drug treatments. The success rate of drugs repurposing approach accounts for approximately 30% of new FDA approved drugs and vaccines in recent years. This review focuses on the status of drugs repurposing approach for various diseases including skin diseases, infective, inflammatory, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Efforts have been made to provide structural features and mode of actions of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121, Bonn, Germany.
| | | | - Manoj Manickam
- Department of Chemistry, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugesan Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
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20
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Kuzyk CL, Anderson CC, Roede JR. Simvastatin Induces Delayed Apoptosis Through Disruption of Glycolysis and Mitochondrial Impairment in Neuroblastoma Cells. Clin Transl Sci 2020; 13:563-572. [PMID: 31917509 PMCID: PMC7214657 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin, a commonly used cholesterol-lowering drug, inhibits the mevalonate pathway involved in the synthesis of the mitochondrial electron carrier coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), as well as other bioenergetics substrates. The purpose of this study was to investigate simvastatin exposure on mitochondrial respiration, metabolic fuel preferences, and glucose utilization. We hypothesized that simvastatin at a noncytotoxic dose will impair energy metabolism in human neuroblastoma cells. SK-N-AS cells were exposed at acute and chronic time points and evaluated in a Seahorse XF analyzer, revealing decreased mitochondrial and glycolytic parameters. Flow cytometry showed a significant induction of apoptosis in simvastatin-treated cells at 48 hours. Finally, multiple techniques were used to show that simvastatin-mediated impairment of bioenergetics is more complex than CoQ10 depletion or hampered glucose uptake. Therefore, the data reported here represent a biphasic hit to mitochondria followed by reduction in glucose and glutamine metabolism in neuroblastoma; adding mechanism to potential pleotropic effects of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L Kuzyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Colin C Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Neurorestorative effects of sub-chronic administration of ambroxol in rodent model of Parkinson’s disease. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 393:429-444. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01737-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Jeong SM, Jang W, Shin DW. Association of statin use with Parkinson's disease: Dose-response relationship. Mov Disord 2019; 34:1014-1021. [PMID: 30938893 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been conflicting results on the association between statin use and Parkinson's disease (PD) incidence. OBJECTIVES This study investigated the association between time-varying status of statin use and incidence of PD while considering the dose-response relationship and total cholesterol level. METHODS Using the database of the Korean National Health Insurance Service from 2002 to 2015, we examined 76,043 subjects (≥60 years old) free of PD, dementia, and stroke at baseline. The dose of statin use was classified into the following four 6-month categories (<180, 180-365, 365-540, and ≥540 days) for each 2-year interval. The incidence of PD was identified by the prescription records for any anti-PD medication with a diagnosis of PD. RESULTS During 10 years of follow-up, 1,427 PD cases occurred. Statin "ever use" was significantly associated with a high risk of PD incidence (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.28; 95% confidence interval = 1.12-1.46) when compared with statin nonuse. In terms of a dose-response relationship, although a duration of statin use <365 days was associated with a higher risk of PD, the duration of statin use ≥365 days was not significantly associated with an increased risk of PD. CONCLUSIONS Statin use was associated with an elevated PD risk of PD, but long-term and adherent statin use was not significantly associated with elevated PD risk. However, there was no evidence of benefit with any statin treatment related to PD risk. Our study suggests that there is a complex relationship among cholesterol level, statin use, and PD risk that warrants further studies. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Min Jeong
- Department of Family Medicine/Supportive Care Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wooyoung Jang
- Department of Neurology, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Shin
- Department of Family Medicine/Supportive Care Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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23
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Neuroinflammation, Microglia, and Cell-Association during Prion Disease. Viruses 2019; 11:v11010065. [PMID: 30650564 PMCID: PMC6356204 DOI: 10.3390/v11010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion disorders are transmissible diseases caused by a proteinaceous infectious agent that can infect the lymphatic and nervous systems. The clinical features of prion diseases can vary, but common hallmarks in the central nervous system (CNS) are deposition of abnormally folded protease-resistant prion protein (PrPres or PrPSc), astrogliosis, microgliosis, and neurodegeneration. Numerous proinflammatory effectors expressed by astrocytes and microglia are increased in the brain during prion infection, with many of them potentially damaging to neurons when chronically upregulated. Microglia are important first responders to foreign agents and damaged cells in the CNS, but these immune-like cells also serve many essential functions in the healthy CNS. Our current understanding is that microglia are beneficial during prion infection and critical to host defense against prion disease. Studies indicate that reduction of the microglial population accelerates disease and increases PrPSc burden in the CNS. Thus, microglia are unlikely to be a foci of prion propagation in the brain. In contrast, neurons and astrocytes are known to be involved in prion replication and spread. Moreover, certain astrocytes, such as A1 reactive astrocytes, have proven neurotoxic in other neurodegenerative diseases, and thus might also influence the progression of prion-associated neurodegeneration.
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Gomes FA, Flores RA, Bruxel MA, da Silva FN, Moreira ELG, Zoccal DB, Prediger RD, Rafacho A. Glucose Homeostasis Is Not Affected in a Murine Model of Parkinson's Disease Induced by 6-OHDA. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1020. [PMID: 30686986 PMCID: PMC6333712 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a mutual relationship between metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the causal relationship in this crosstalk is unclear and whether Parkinson’s disease (PD) causes a posterior impact on metabolism remains unknown. Considering that, this study aimed to evaluate the appearance of possible changes in metabolic homeostasis due to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) administration, a neurotoxin that damage dopaminergic neurons leading to motor impairments that resemble the ones observed in PD. For this, male Wistar rats received bilateral 6-OHDA administration in the dorsolateral striatum, and the motor and metabolic outcomes were assessed at 7, 21, or 35 days post-surgical procedure. Dexamethasone, a diabetogenic glucocorticoid (GC), was intraperitoneally administered in the last 6 days to challenge the metabolism and reveal possible metabolic vulnerabilities caused by 6-OHDA. Controls received only vehicles. The 6-OHDA-treated rats displayed a significant decrease in locomotor activity, exploratory behavior, and motor coordination 7 and 35 days after neurotoxin administration. These motor impairments paralleled with no significant alteration in body mass, food intake, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and biochemical parameters (plasma insulin, triacylglycerol, and total cholesterol levels) until the end of the experimental protocol on days 35–38 post-6-OHDA administration. Moreover, hepatic glycogen and fat content, as well as the endocrine pancreas mass, were not altered in rats treated with 6-OHDA at the day of euthanasia (38th day after neurotoxin administration). None of the diabetogenic effects caused by dexamethasone were exacerbated in rats previously treated with 6-OHDA. Thus, we conclude that bilateral 6-OHDA administration in the striatum causes motor deficits in rats with no impact on glucose and lipid homeostasis and does not exacerbate the adverse effects caused by excess GC. These observations indicate that neurodegeneration of dopaminergic circuits in the 6-OHDA rats does not affect the metabolic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Azevedo Gomes
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rafael Appel Flores
- Multicenter Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Maciel Alencar Bruxel
- Multicenter Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Flávia Natividade da Silva
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Luiz Gasnhar Moreira
- Multicenter Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Daniel Breseghello Zoccal
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Rui Daniel Prediger
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Alex Rafacho
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Multicenter Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons from the nigrostriatal pathway, formation of Lewy bodies, and microgliosis. During the past decades multiple cellular pathways have been associated with PD pathology (i.e., oxidative stress, endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and immune response), yet disease-modifying treatments are not available. We have recently used genetic data from familial and sporadic cases in an unbiased approach to build a molecular landscape for PD, revealing lipids as central players in this disease. Here we extensively review the current knowledge concerning the involvement of various subclasses of fatty acyls, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols, and lipoproteins in PD pathogenesis. Our review corroborates a central role for most lipid classes, but the available information is fragmented, not always reproducible, and sometimes differs by sex, age or PD etiology of the patients. This hinders drawing firm conclusions about causal or associative effects of dietary lipids or defects in specific steps of lipid metabolism in PD. Future technological advances in lipidomics and additional systematic studies on lipid species from PD patient material may improve this situation and lead to a better appreciation of the significance of lipids for this devastating disease.
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Rebamipide Mitigates Impairments in Mitochondrial Function and Bioenergetics with α-Synuclein Pathology in 6-OHDA-Induced Hemiparkinson’s Model in Rats. Neurotox Res 2019; 35:542-562. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9983-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
The development of an intervention to slow or halt disease progression remains the greatest unmet therapeutic need in Parkinson's disease. Given the number of failures of various novel interventions in disease-modifying clinical trials in combination with the ever-increasing costs and lengthy processes for drug development, attention is being turned to utilizing existing compounds approved for other indications as novel treatments in Parkinson's disease. Advances in rational and systemic drug repurposing have identified a number of drugs with potential benefits for Parkinson's disease pathology and offer a potentially quicker route to drug discovery. Here, we review the safety and potential efficacy of the most promising candidates repurposed as potential disease-modifying treatments for Parkinson's disease in the advanced stages of clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilan Athauda
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK.
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28
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Singh S, Kumar P. Piperine in combination with quercetin halt 6-OHDA induced neurodegeneration in experimental rats: Biochemical and neurochemical evidences. Neurosci Res 2018; 133:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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29
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Mishra A, Chandravanshi LP, Trigun SK, Krishnamurthy S. Ambroxol modulates 6-Hydroxydopamine-induced temporal reduction in Glucocerebrosidase (GCase) enzymatic activity and Parkinson's disease symptoms. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 155:479-493. [PMID: 30040928 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Reduced glucocerebrosidase (GCase) enzymatic activity is found in sporadic cases of Parkinson's disease making GCase a serious risk factor for PD. GCase gene mutations constitute a major risk factor in early-onset PD but only account for 5-10% cases. Having enough evidence for construct and face validity, 6-OHDA-induced hemiparkinson's model may be useful to assess the GCase-targeting drugs in order to have new leads for treatment of PD. Ambroxol (AMB) is reported to increase GCase activity in different brain-regions. Therefore, we investigated anti-PD like effects of AMB as well as GCase activity in striatal and nigral tissues of rats in hemiparkinson's model. AMB was given a dose of 400 mg/kg per oral twice daily and SEL used as positive control was given in the dose of 10 mg/kg per oral daily from D-4 to D-27 after 6-OHDA administration. 6-OHDA reduced GCase activity in striatal and in a progressive manner in nigral tissues. AMB and SEL attenuated 6-OHDA-induced motor impairments, dopamine (DA) depletion and GCase deficiency. AMB and SEL also ameliorated 6-OHDA-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in terms of MTT reduction, α-synuclein pathology, loss of nigral cells, and intrinsic pathway of apoptosis by modulating cytochrome-C, caspase-9, and caspase-3 expressions. The results suggest that AMB attenuated 6-OHDA-induced GCase deficiency and PD symptoms. Therefore, the regenerative effects of AMB in dopamine toxicity may be due to its effects on GCase activity and mitochondrial function. Results indicate that SEL also has regenerative effect in the 6-OHDA model. Thus, GCase enzymatic activity is likely to be involved in the development of PD symptoms, and 6-OHDA-induced hemiparkinson's model may be used to evaluate compounds targeting GCase activity for management of PD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Mishra
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Lalit Pratap Chandravanshi
- Biochemistry Section, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Surendra Kumar Trigun
- Biochemistry Section, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi 221005, U.P., India.
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Carroll CB, Wyse RKH. Simvastatin as a Potential Disease-Modifying Therapy for Patients with Parkinson's Disease: Rationale for Clinical Trial, and Current Progress. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2018; 7:545-568. [PMID: 29036837 PMCID: PMC5676977 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-171203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many now believe the holy grail for the next stage of therapeutic advance surrounds the development of disease-modifying approaches aimed at intercepting the year-on-year neurodegenerative decline experienced by most patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Based on recommendations of an international committee of experts who are currently bringing multiple, potentially disease-modifying, PD therapeutics into long-term neuroprotective PD trials, a clinical trial involving 198 patients is underway to determine whether Simvastatin provides protection against chronic neurodegeneration. Statins are widely used to reduce cardiovascular risk, and act as competitive inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase. It is also known that statins serve as ligands for PPARα, a known arbiter for mitochondrial size and number. Statins possess multiple cholesterol-independent biochemical mechanisms of action, many of which offer neuroprotective potential (suppression of proinflammatory molecules & microglial activation, stimulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, inhibition of oxidative stress, attenuation of α-synuclein aggregation, modulation of adaptive immunity, and increased expression of neurotrophic factors). We describe the biochemical, physiological and pharmaceutical credentials that continue to underpin the rationale for taking Simvastatin into a disease-modifying trial in PD patients. While unrelated to the Simvastatin trial (because this conducted in patients who already have PD), we discuss conflicting epidemiological studies which variously suggest that statin use for cardiovascular prophylaxis may increase or decrease risk of developing PD. Finally, since so few disease-modifying PD trials have ever been launched (compared to those of symptomatic therapies), we discuss the rationale of the trial structure we have adopted, decisions made, and lessons learnt so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille B Carroll
- Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK
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31
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Atorvastatin dose-dependently promotes mouse lung repair after emphysema induced by elastase. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:160-168. [PMID: 29554594 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Emphysema results in a proteinase - antiproteinase imbalance, inflammation and oxidative stress. Our objective was to investigate whether atorvastatin could repair mouse lungs after elastase-induced emphysema. Vehicle (50 μL) or porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) was administered on day 1, 3, 5 and 7 at 0.6 U intranasally. Male mice were divided into a control group (sham), PPE 32d (sacrificed 24 h after 32 days), PPE 64d (sacrificed 24 h after 64 days), and atorvastatin 1, 5 and 20 mg treated from day 33 until day 64 and sacrificed 24 h later (A1 mg, A5 mg and A20 mg, respectively). Treatment with atorvastatin was performed via inhalation for 10 min once a day. We observed that emphysema at day 32 was similar to emphysema at day 64. The mean airspace chord length (Lm) indicated a recovery of pulmonary morphology in groups A5 mg and A20 mg, as well as recovery of collagen and elastic fibers in comparison to the PPE group. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) leukocytes were reduced in all atorvastatin-treated groups. However, tissue macrophages were reduced only in the A20 mg group compared with the PPE group, while tissue neutrophils were reduced in the A5 mg and A20 mg groups. The redox balance was restored mainly in the A20 mg group compared with the PPE group. Finally, atorvastatin at doses of 5 and 20 mg reduced nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) compared with the PPE group. In conclusion, atorvastatin was able to induce lung tissue repair in emphysematous mice.
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32
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Pratchayasakul W, Thongnak LO, Chattipakorn K, Lungaphin A, Pongchaidecha A, Satjaritanun P, Jaiwongkam T, Kerdphoo S, Chattipakorn SC. Atorvastatin and insulin equally mitigate brain pathology in diabetic rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 342:79-85. [PMID: 29391240 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although insulin and atorvastatin have been shown to exert glycemic control and could improve brain function, the effects of atorvastatin or insulin as well as the combination of atorvastatin plus insulin on brain pathology in diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1DM) are unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of atorvastatin, insulin or combined drugs on brain pathology in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Thirty-six male rats were divided into two groups, a control group (n = 12) and a diabetic or experimental group (n = 24). Diabetic rats were further divided into four groups (n = 6/group) and the groups received either a vehicle (normal saline), atorvastatin (10 mg/kg/day), insulin (4 U/day) or a combination of the drugs for 4 weeks. The control group rats were divided into two groups (n = 6/group) to receive either just the vehicle or atorvastatin for 4 weeks. We found that streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats developed hyperglycemia, showing evidence of increased brain oxidative stress, impaired brain mitochondrial function, increased brain apoptosis, increased tau protein expression, increased phosphorylation of tau protein expression and amyloid beta levels, and decreased dendritic spine density. Although atorvastatin and insulin therapies led to an equal reduction in plasma glucose level in these diabetic rats, the combined drug therapy showed the greatest efficacy in decreasing plasma glucose level. Interestingly, atorvastatin, insulin and the combined drugs equally mitigated brain pathology. Our findings indicate that the combined drug therapy showed the greatest efficacy in improving metabolic parameters. However, atorvastatin, insulin and the combined drug therapy shared a similar efficacy in preventing brain damage in T1DM rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasana Pratchayasakul
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - La-Ongdao Thongnak
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kenneth Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Anusorn Lungaphin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Pongchaidecha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Pattarapong Satjaritanun
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Thidarat Jaiwongkam
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sasiwan Kerdphoo
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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Zeng XS, Geng WS, Jia JJ. Neurotoxin-Induced Animal Models of Parkinson Disease: Pathogenic Mechanism and Assessment. ASN Neuro 2018; 10:1759091418777438. [PMID: 29809058 PMCID: PMC5977437 DOI: 10.1177/1759091418777438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative movement disorder. Pharmacological animal models are invaluable tools to study the pathological mechanisms of PD. Currently, invertebrate and vertebrate animal models have been developed by using several main neurotoxins, such as 6-hydroxydopamine, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, paraquat, and rotenone. These models achieve to some extent to reproduce the key features of PD, including motor defects, progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta, and the formation of Lewy bodies. In this review, we will highlight the pathogenic mechanisms of those neurotoxins and summarize different neurotoxic animal models with the hope to help researchers choose among them accurately and to promote the development of modeling PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Si Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, China
| | - Wen-Shuo Geng
- College of Life Sciences, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, China
| | - Jin-Jing Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, China
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Marques NF, Castro AA, Mancini G, Rocha FL, Santos ARS, Prediger RD, De Bem AF, Tasca CI. Atorvastatin Prevents Early Oxidative Events and Modulates Inflammatory Mediators in the Striatum Following Intranasal 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) Administration in Rats. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:549-559. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9840-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Liu W, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Ji J. Simvastatin ameliorates cognitive impairments via inhibition of oxidative stress‑induced apoptosis of hippocampal cells through the ERK/AKT signaling pathway in a rat model of senile dementia. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:1885-1892. [PMID: 29257256 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Liu
- Department of Neurology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266033, P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Jiangang Ji
- Department of Encephalopathy, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
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36
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Simvastatin prevents morphine-induced tolerance and dependence in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:406-411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Carroll JA, Race B, Phillips K, Striebel JF, Chesebro B. Statins are ineffective at reducing neuroinflammation or prolonging survival in scrapie-infected mice. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2190-2199. [PMID: 28758631 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a prominent component of several neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, tauopathies, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and prion diseases. In such conditions, the ability to decrease neuroinflammation by drug therapy may influence disease progression. Statins have been used to treat hyperlipidemia as well as reduce neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in various tissues. In previous studies, treatment of scrapie-infected mice with the type 1 statins, simvastatin or pravastatin, showed a small beneficial effect on survival time. In the current study, to increase the effectiveness of statin therapy, we treated infected mice with atorvastatin, a type 2 statin that has improved pharmacokinetics over many type 1 statins. Treatments with either simvastatin or pravastatin were tested for comparison. We evaluated scrapie-infected mice for protease-resistant PrP (PrPres) accumulation, gliosis, neuroinflammation and time until advanced clinical disease requiring euthanasia. All three statin treatments reduced total serum cholesterol ≥40 % in mice. However, gliosis and PrPres deposition were similar in statin-treated and untreated infected mice. Time to euthanasia due to advanced clinical signs was not changed in statin-treated mice relative to untreated mice, a finding at odds with previous reports. Expression of 84 inflammatory genes involved in neuroinflammation was also quantitated. Seven genes were reduced by pravastatin, and one gene was reduced by atorvastatin. In contrast, simvastatin therapy did not reduce any of the tested genes, but did slightly increase the expression of Ccl2 and Cxcl13. Our studies indicate that none of the three statins tested were effective in reducing scrapie-induced neuroinflammation or neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Carroll
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Brent Race
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Katie Phillips
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - James F Striebel
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Bruce Chesebro
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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Schmitt M, Dehay B, Bezard E, Garcia-Ladona FJ. U18666A, an activator of sterol regulatory element binding protein pathway, modulates presynaptic dopaminergic phenotype of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Synapse 2017; 71. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Schmitt
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, New Medicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL; 1420 Braine l'Alleud Belgium
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293; Bordeaux 33000 France
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293; Bordeaux 33000 France
| | - Benjamin Dehay
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293; Bordeaux 33000 France
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293; Bordeaux 33000 France
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293; Bordeaux 33000 France
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293; Bordeaux 33000 France
| | - F. Javier Garcia-Ladona
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, New Medicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL; 1420 Braine l'Alleud Belgium
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Saeedi Saravi SS, Saeedi Saravi SS, Khoshbin K, Dehpour AR. Current insights into pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease: Approach to mevalonate pathway and protective role of statins. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:724-730. [PMID: 28419968 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Parkinson's disease (PD) is considered as the second most common life threatening age-related neurodegenerative disorder, but the underlying mechanisms for pathogenesis of PD are remained to be fully found. However, a complex relationship between genetic and environmental predisposing factors are involved in progression of PD. Dopaminergic neuronal cell death caused by mutations and accumulation of α-synuclein in Lewy bodies and neurites was suggested as the main strategy for PD, but current studies have paid attention to the role of mevalonate pathway in incidence of neurodegenerative diseases including PD. The discovery may change the therapeutic protocols from symptomatic treatment by dopamine precursors and agonists to neurodegenerative process halting drugs. Moreover, the downstream metabolites of mevalonate pathway may be used as diagnostic biomarkers for early diagnosis of PD. Statins, as cholesterol lowering drugs, may ameliorate the enzyme complex dysfunction, a key step in the progression of the neurodegenerative disorders, oxidative stress-induced damage and neuro-inflammation. Statins exert the neuroprotective effects on striatal dopaminergic neurons through blocking the mevalonate pathway. In the present review, we have focused on the new approaches to pathogenesis of PD regarding to mevalonate pathway, in addition to the previous understood mechanisms for the disease. It tries to elucidate the novel findings about PD for the development of future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Moreover, we explain the controversial role of statins in improvement or progression of PD and the position of these drugs in neuroprotection in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi
- Department of Toxicology-Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Sobhan Saeedi Saravi
- Department of Toxicology-Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Katayoun Khoshbin
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Liu G, Sterling NW, Kong L, Lewis MM, Mailman RB, Chen H, Leslie D, Huang X. Statins may facilitate Parkinson's disease: Insight gained from a large, national claims database. Mov Disord 2017; 32:913-917. [PMID: 28370314 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using a large U.S. claims database (MarketScan), we investigated the controversy surrounding the role of statins in Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS We performed a retrospective case-control analysis. First, we identified 2322 incident PD cases having a minimum of 2.5 years of continuous enrollment prior to earliest diagnosis code or prescription of antiparkinson medication. A total of 2322 controls were then matched individually by age, gender, and a follow-up window to explore the relationship of statin use with incident PD. RESULTS Statin usage was significantly associated with PD risk, with the strongest associations being for lipophilic (odds ratio = 1.58, P < .0001) versus hydrophilic (odds ratio = 1.19, P = .25) statins, statins plus nonstatins (odds ratio = 1.95, P < .0001), and for the initial period after starting statins (<1 year odds ratio = 1.82, 1-2.5 years odds ratio = 1.75, and ≥2.5 years odds ratio = 1.37; Ptrend < .0001). CONCLUSION The use of statin (especially lipophilics) was associated with higher risk of PD, and the stronger association in initial use suggests a facilitating effect. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Liu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas W Sterling
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lan Kong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mechelle M Lewis
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Richard B Mailman
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Honglei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Douglas Leslie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xuemei Huang
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Prajapati SK, Garabadu D, Krishnamurthy S. Coenzyme Q10 Prevents Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Facilitates Pharmacological Activity of Atorvastatin in 6-OHDA Induced Dopaminergic Toxicity in Rats. Neurotox Res 2017; 31:478-492. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9693-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Massari CM, Castro AA, Dal-Cim T, Lanznaster D, Tasca CI. In vitro 6-hydroxydopamine-induced toxicity in striatal, cerebrocortical and hippocampal slices is attenuated by atorvastatin and MK-801. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 37:162-168. [PMID: 27647473 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) involves the loss of striatal dopaminergic neurons, although other neurotransmitters and brain areas are also involved in its pathophysiology. In rodent models to PD it has been shown statins improve cognitive and motor deficits and attenuate inflammatory responses evoked by PD-related toxins. Statins are the drugs most prescribed to hypercholesterolemia, but neuroprotective effects have also been attributed to statins treatment in humans and in animal models. This study aimed to establish an in vitro model of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced toxicity, used as an initial screening test to identify effective drugs against neural degeneration related to PD. The putative neuroprotective effect of atorvastatin against 6-OHDA-induced toxicity in rat striatal, cerebrocortical and hippocampal slices was also evaluated. 6-OHDA (100μM) decreased cellular viability in slices obtained from rat cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum. 6-OHDA also induced an increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial dysfunction. Co-incubation of 6-OHDA with atorvastatin (10μM) or MK-801 (50μM) an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, partially attenuated the cellular damage evoked by 6-OHDA in the three brain areas. Atorvastatin partially reduced ROS production in the hippocampus and striatum and disturbances of mitochondria membrane potential in cortex and striatum. 6-OHDA-induced toxicity in vitro displays differences among the brain structures, but it is also observed in cerebrocortical and hippocampal slices, besides striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio M Massari
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Adalberto A Castro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Tharine Dal-Cim
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Débora Lanznaster
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Carla I Tasca
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Hamadi N, Sheikh A, Madjid N, Lubbad L, Amir N, Shehab SADS, Khelifi-Touhami F, Adem A. Increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, glial activation and oxidative stress in the hippocampus after short-term bilateral adrenalectomy. BMC Neurosci 2016; 17:61. [PMID: 27586269 PMCID: PMC5009504 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bilateral adrenalectomy has been shown to damage the hippocampal neurons. Although the effects of long-term adrenalectomy have been studied extensively there are few publications on the effects of short-term adrenalectomy. In the present study we aimed to investigate the effects of short-term bilateral adrenalectomy on the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α; the response of microglia and astrocytes to neuronal cell death as well as oxidative stress markers GSH, SOD and MDA over the course of time (4 h, 24 h, 3 days, 1 week and 2 weeks) in the hippocampus of Wistar rats. Results Our results showed a transient significant elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 from 4 h to 3 days in the adrenalectomized compared to sham operated rats. After 1 week, the elevation of both cytokines returns to the sham levels. Surprisingly, TNF-α levels were significantly elevated at 4 h only in adrenalectomized compared to sham operated rats. The occurrence of neuronal cell death in the hippocampus following adrenalectomy was confirmed by Fluoro-Jade B staining. Our results showed a time dependent increase in degenerated neurons in the dorsal blade of the dentate gyrus from 3 days to 2 weeks after adrenalectomy. Our results revealed an early activation of microglia on day three whereas activation of astroglia in the hippocampus was observed at 1 week postoperatively. A progression of microglia and astroglia activation all over the dentate gyrus and their appearance for the first time in CA3 of adrenalectomized rats hippocampi compared to sham operated was seen after 2 weeks of surgery. Quantitative analysis revealed a significant increase in the number of microglia (3, 7 and 14 days) and astrocytes (7 and 14 days) of ADX compared to sham operated rats. Our study revealed no major signs of oxidative stress until 2 weeks after adrenalectomy when a significant decrease of GSH levels and SOD activity as well as an increase in MDA levels were found in adrenalectomized compared to sham rats. Conclusion Our study showed an early increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokines followed by neurodegeneration and activation of glial cells as well as oxidative stress. Taking these findings together it could be speculated that the early inflammatory components might contribute to the initiation of the biological cascade responsible for subsequent neuronal death in the current neurodegenerative animal model. These findings suggest that inflammatory mechanisms precede neurodegeneration and glial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naserddine Hamadi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates University, 17666, Maqam, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Ethnobotany-Palynology and Ethnopharmacology-Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology, Constantine-1 University, 25000, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Azimullah Sheikh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates University, 17666, Maqam, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nather Madjid
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Loai Lubbad
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates University, 17666, Maqam, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naheed Amir
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates University, 17666, Maqam, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Safa Al-Deen Saudi Shehab
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates University, 17666, Maqam, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatima Khelifi-Touhami
- Ethnobotany-Palynology and Ethnopharmacology-Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology, Constantine-1 University, 25000, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Abdu Adem
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates University, 17666, Maqam, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Chen L, Mo M, Li G, Cen L, Wei L, Xiao Y, Chen X, Li S, Yang X, Qu S, Xu P. The biomarkers of immune dysregulation and inflammation response in Parkinson disease. Transl Neurodegener 2016; 5:16. [PMID: 27570618 PMCID: PMC5002148 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-016-0063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is referring to the multi-systemic α-synucleinopathy with Lewy bodies deposited in midbrain. In ageing, the environmental and genetic factors work together and overactive major histocompatibility complex pathway to regulate immune reactions in central nerve system which resulting in neural degeneration, especially in dopaminergic neurons. As a series of biomarkers, the human leukocyte antigen genes with its related proteomics play cortical roles on the antigen presentation of major histocompatibility complex molecules to stimulate the differentiation of T lymphocytes and i-proteasome activities under their immune response to the PD-related environmental alteration and genetic variation. Furthermore, dopaminergic drugs change the biological characteristic of T lymphatic cells, affect the α-synuclein presentation pathway, and inhibit T lymphatic cells to release cytotoxicity in PD development. Taking together, the serum inflammatory factors and blood T cells are involved in the immune dysregulation of PD and inspected as the potential clinic biomarkers for PD prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, 510120 China
| | - Mingshu Mo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, 510120 China
| | - Guangning Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Huadu Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510800 China
| | - Luan Cen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, 510080 China
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, 510120 China
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, 510082 China
| | - Yousheng Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, 510080 China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, 510120 China
| | - Shaomin Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Xinling Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011 China
| | - Shaogang Qu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510900 China
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, 510120 China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, 510080 China
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45
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Cartocci V, Servadio M, Trezza V, Pallottini V. Can Cholesterol Metabolism Modulation Affect Brain Function and Behavior? J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:281-286. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Cartocci
- Department of Science; Biomedical and Biotechnology Section; University Roma Tre; Rome Italy
| | - Michela Servadio
- Department of Science; Biomedical and Biotechnology Section; University Roma Tre; Rome Italy
| | - Viviana Trezza
- Department of Science; Biomedical and Biotechnology Section; University Roma Tre; Rome Italy
| | - Valentina Pallottini
- Department of Science; Biomedical and Biotechnology Section; University Roma Tre; Rome Italy
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46
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Mackovski N, Liao J, Weng R, Wei X, Wang R, Chen Z, Liu X, Yu Y, Meyer BJ, Xia Y, Deng C, Huang XF, Wang Q. Reversal effect of simvastatin on the decrease in cannabinoid receptor 1 density in 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rat brains. Life Sci 2016; 155:123-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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47
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Pleiotropic effects of statins: new therapeutic targets in drug design. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 389:695-712. [PMID: 27146293 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1252-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The HMG Co-enzyme inhibitors and new lipid-modifying agents expand their new therapeutic target options in the field of medical profession. Statins have been described as the most effective class of drugs to reduce serum cholesterol levels. Since the discovery of the first statin nearly 30 years ago, these drugs have become the main therapeutic approach to lower cholesterol levels. The present scientific research demonstrates numerous non-lipid modifiable effects of statins termed as pleiotropic effects of statins, which could be beneficial for the treatment of various devastating disorders. The most important positive effects of statins are anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, anti-diabetes, and antithrombotic, improving endothelial dysfunction and attenuating vascular remodeling besides many others which are discussed under the scope of this review. In particular, inhibition of Rho and its downstream target, Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase (ROCK), and their agonistic action on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) can be viewed as the principle mechanisms underlying the pleiotropic effects of statins. With gradually increasing knowledge of new therapeutic targets of statins, their use has also been advocated in chronic inflammatory disorders for example rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In the scope of review, we highlight statins and their pleiotropic effects with reference to their harmful and beneficial effects as a novel approach for their use in the treatment of devastating disorders. Graphical abstract Pleiotropic effect of statins.
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Chauvet C, Nicolas C, Lafay-Chebassier C, Jaber M, Thiriet N, Solinas M. Statins Reduce the Risks of Relapse to Addiction in Rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:1588-97. [PMID: 26466819 PMCID: PMC4832020 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Statins are drugs that have been used for decades in humans for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. More recently, several lines of evidence demonstrate that statins, in addition to their peripheral effects, produce a wide variety of effects in the brain and may be beneficial in neurological and psychiatric conditions. In this study, we allowed rats to self-administer cocaine for several weeks and, at the end of self-administration training, we treated them with low doses of statins daily for a 21-day period of abstinence. Chronic administration of brain-penetrating statins, simvastatin (1 mg/kg) and atorvastatin (1 mg/kg), reduced cocaine seeking compared with vehicle, whereas administration of pravastatin (2 mg/kg), a statin with low brain penetrability, did not. Importantly, the effects of brain-penetrating statins persisted even after discontinuation of the treatment and were specific for drug seeking because drug taking was not altered by simvastatin treatment. Finally, the effects of simvastatin were found to generalize to another drug of abuse such as nicotine, but not to food reward, and to reinstatement of cocaine seeking induced by stress. These results demonstrate that brain-penetrating statins can reduce risks of relapse to addiction. Given their well-known safety profile in humans, statins could be a novel effective treatment for relapse to cocaine and nicotine addiction and their use could be implemented in clinical settings without major health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Chauvet
- Inserm, U-1084, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France,University of Poitiers, 1 Rue George Bonnet, Poitiers, France
| | - Celine Nicolas
- Inserm, U-1084, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France,University of Poitiers, 1 Rue George Bonnet, Poitiers, France
| | - Claire Lafay-Chebassier
- Inserm, U-1084, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France,University of Poitiers, 1 Rue George Bonnet, Poitiers, France,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France,Inserm, CIC 1402, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Mohamed Jaber
- Inserm, U-1084, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France,University of Poitiers, 1 Rue George Bonnet, Poitiers, France,Inserm, CIC 1402, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Nathalie Thiriet
- Inserm, U-1084, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France,University of Poitiers, 1 Rue George Bonnet, Poitiers, France
| | - Marcello Solinas
- Inserm, U-1084, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France,University of Poitiers, 1 Rue George Bonnet, Poitiers, France,Neurobiology and Neuropharmacology of Addiction Team, Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, INSERM U-1084, University of Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex 86022, France, Tel: +33 5 49 366343, Fax: +33 5 49 454014, E-mail:
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49
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Mountney A, Boutté AM, Gilsdorf J, Lu XC, Tortella FC, Shear DA. Intravenous Administration of Simvastatin Improves Cognitive Outcome following Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:1492-500. [PMID: 26542887 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin is a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor commonly used to reduce serum cholesterol. The beneficial effects of oral simvastatin have been reported in pre-clinical models of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The current study was designed to evaluate the potential beneficial effects of simvastatin in a model of severe penetrating TBI using an intravenous (IV) route of administration. Rats were subjected to unilateral frontal penetrating ballistic-like brain injury (PBBI), and simvastatin was delivered intravenously at 30 min and 6 h post-injury and continued once daily for either 4 or 10 days post-PBBI. Motor function was assessed on the rotarod and cognitive performance was evaluated using the Morris water maze (MWM) task. Serum levels of inflammatory cytokines and the astrocytic biomarker, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), were quantified at 1 h, 4 h, and 24 h post-injury. Histopathological damage was assessed at the terminal end-point. Rotarod testing revealed significant motor deficits in all injury groups but no significant simvastatin-induced therapeutic benefits. All PBBI-injured animals showed cognitive impairment on the MWM test; however, 10-day simvastatin treatment mitigated these effects. Animals showed significantly improved latency to platform and retention scores, whereas the 4-day treatment regimen failed to produce any significant improvements. Biomarker and cytokine analysis showed that IV simvastatin significantly reduced GFAP, interleukin (IL)-1α, and IL-17 serum levels by 4.0-, 2.6-, and 7.0-fold, respectively, at 4 h post-injury. Collectively, our results demonstrate that IV simvastatin provides significant protection against injury-induced cognitive dysfunction and reduces TBI-specific biomarker levels. Further research is warranted to identify the optimal dose and therapeutic window for IV delivery of simvastatin in models of severe TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mountney
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Angela M Boutté
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Janice Gilsdorf
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Xi-Chun Lu
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Frank C Tortella
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Deborah A Shear
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
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50
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Eger GA, Ferreira VV, Batista CR, Bonde H, Lima DDD, Wyse AT, Cruz JND, Rodrigues AF, Magro DDD, Cruz JGD. Antioxidant effect of simvastatin throught oxidative imbalance caused by lisdexamfetamine dimesylate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 88:335-48. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201620140490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to directly investigate the behavioral and antioxidant effects of simvastatin in a model of bipolar mania induced by lisdexamfetamine dimesylate. Wistar rats were treated for 30 days with simvastatin. On the 24th day after the start of treatment, each rat was administered lisdexamfetamine dimesylate for 7 days. The results suggest that simvastatin combined with lisdexamfetamine dimesylate induced a significant increased locomotion and lisdexamfetamine dimesylate administration causes an oxidative imbalance determined by an increment in lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and alterations in the activities of antioxidant enzymes in brain areas; moreover, in the presence of simvastatin, most of these effects were prevented. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the critical roles of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, associated with increased oxidative stress and changes in antioxidant enzymatic defense. In view of the central role played by lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, the established antioxidant effect of simvastatin therapy is of major interest.
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