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Yu C, Xiang Y, Zhang M, Wen J, Duan X, Wang L, Deng G, Fang P. Glycyrrhizic Acid Alleviates Semen Strychni-Induced Neurotoxicity Through the Inhibition of HMGB1 Phosphorylation and Inflammatory Responses. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2024; 19:21. [PMID: 38771510 PMCID: PMC11108907 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-024-10128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The neurotoxicity of Semen Strychni has been reported recently in several clinical cases. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the role of HMGB1 in a model of neurotoxicity induced by Semen Strychni and to assess the potential alleviating effects of glycyrrhizic acid (GA), which is associated with the regulation of HMGB1 release. Forty-eight SD rats were intraperitoneally injected with Semen Strychni extract (175 mg/kg), followed by oral administration of GA (50 mg/kg) for four days. After treatment of SS and GA, neuronal degeneration, apoptosis, and necrosis were observed via histopathological examination. Inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β), neurotransmitter associated enzymes (MAO and AChE), serum HMGB1, nuclear and cytoplasmic HMGB1/ph-HMGB1, and the interaction between PP2A, PKC, and HMGB1 were evaluated. The influence of the MAPK pathway was also examined. As a result, this neurotoxicity was characterized by neuronal degeneration and apoptosis, the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and a reduction in neurotransmitter-metabolizing enzymes. In contrast, GA treatment significantly ameliorated the abovementioned effects and alleviated nerve injury. Furthermore, Semen Strychni promoted HMGB1 phosphorylation and its translocation between the nucleus and cytoplasm, thereby activating the NF-κB and MAPK pathways, initiating various inflammatory responses. Our experiments demonstrated that GA could partially reverse these effects. In summary, GA acid alleviated Semen Strychni-induced neurotoxicity, possibly by inhibiting HMGB1 phosphorylation and preventing its release from the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Yalan Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, the Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, 410015, China
| | - Xiaoyu Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Gongying Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Pingfei Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China.
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Wu Z, Liang L, Huang Q. Potential significance of high-mobility group protein box 1 in cerebrospinal fluid. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21926. [PMID: 38027583 PMCID: PMC10661089 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group protein box 1 (HMGB1) is a cytokine with multiple functions (according to its subcellular location) that serves a marker of inflammation. CSF HMGB1 could be the part of pathological mechanisms that underlie the complications associated with CNS diseases. HMGB1 actively or passively released into the CSF is detected in the CSF in many diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) and thus may be useful as a biomarker. Pathological alterations in distant areas were observed due to lesions in a specific region, and the level of HMGB1 in the CSF was found to be elevated. Reducing the HMGB1 level via intraventricular injection of anti-HMGB1 neutralizing antibodies can improve the outcomes of CNS diseases. The results indicated that CSF HMGB1 could serve as a biomarker for predicting disease progression and may also act as a pathogenic factor contributing to pathological alterations in distant areas following focal lesions in the CNS. In this mini-review, the characteristics of HMGB1 and progress in research on CSF HMGB1 as a biomarker of CNS diseases were discussed. CSF HMGB1 is useful not only as a biomarker of CNS diseases but may also be involved in interactions between different brain regions and the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwu Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital (Ganzhou Hospital, Southern Hospital of Southern Medical University), 16th Meiguan Road, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Liping Liang
- Department of Science and Education, Ganzhou People's Hospital (Ganzhou Hospital, Southern Hospital of Southern Medical University), 16th Meiguan Road, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Qianliang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital (Ganzhou Hospital, Southern Hospital of Southern Medical University), 16th Meiguan Road, Ganzhou 341000, China
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Xiao Y, Zhang Y, Wang C, Ge Y, Gao J, Huang T. The use of multiple datasets to identify autophagy-related molecular mechanisms in intracerebral hemorrhage. Front Genet 2023; 14:1032639. [PMID: 37077541 PMCID: PMC10106621 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1032639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a stroke syndrome with high mortality and disability rates, but autophagy’s mechanism in ICH is still unclear. We identified key autophagy genes in ICH by bioinformatics methods and explored their mechanisms.Methods: We downloaded ICH patient chip data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Based on the GENE database, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for autophagy were identified. We identified key genes through protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and analyzed their associated pathways in Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Gene-motif rankings, miRWalk and ENCORI databases were used to analyze the key gene transcription factor (TF) regulatory network and ceRNA network. Finally, relevant target pathways were obtained by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA).Results: Eleven autophagy-related DEGs in ICH were obtained, and IL-1B, STAT3, NLRP3 and NOD2 were identified as key genes with clinical predictive value by PPI and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The candidate gene expression level was significantly correlated with the immune infiltration level, and most of the key genes were positively correlated with the immune cell infiltration level. The key genes are mainly related to cytokine and receptor interactions, immune responses and other pathways. The ceRNA network predicted 8,654 interaction pairs (24 miRNAs and 2,952 lncRNAs).Conclusion: We used multiple bioinformatics datasets to identify IL-1B, STAT3, NLRP3 and NOD2 as key genes that contribute to the development of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinggang Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yangzhou University Affiliated Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yangzhou University Affiliated Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cunjin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yangzhou University Affiliated Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yali Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yangzhou University Affiliated Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ju Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yangzhou University Affiliated Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Ju Gao, ; Tianfeng Huang,
| | - Tianfeng Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yangzhou University Affiliated Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Ju Gao, ; Tianfeng Huang,
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Rao NL, Kotian GB, Shetty JK, Shelley BP, Dmello MK, Lobo EC, Shankar SP, Almeida SD, Shah SR. Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Product, Organ Crosstalk, and Pathomechanism Targets for Comprehensive Molecular Therapeutics in Diabetic Ischemic Stroke. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1712. [PMID: 36421725 PMCID: PMC9687999 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, a well-established risk factor for stroke, is related to higher mortality and poorer outcomes following the stroke event. Advanced glycation end products(AGEs), their receptors RAGEs, other ligands, and several other processes contribute to the cerebrovascular pathomechanism interaction in the diabetes-ischemic stroke combination. Critical reappraisal of molecular targets and therapeutic agents to mitigate them is required to identify key elements for therapeutic interventions that may improve patient outcomes. This scoping review maps evidence on the key roles of AGEs, RAGEs, other ligands such as Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) nuclear protein, brain-kidney-muscle crosstalk, alternate pathomechanisms in neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline related to diabetic ischemic stroke. RAGE, HMGB1, nitric oxide, and polyamine mechanisms are important therapeutic targets, inflicting common consequences of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Experimental findings on a number of existing-emerging therapeutic agents and natural compounds against key targets are promising. The lack of large clinical trials with adequate follow-up periods is a gap that requires addressing to validate the emerging therapeutic agents. Five therapeutic components, which include agents to mitigate the AGE-RAGE axis, improved biomarkers for risk stratification, better renal dysfunction management, adjunctive anti-inflammatory-antioxidant therapies, and innovative neuromuscular stimulation for rehabilitation, are identified. A comprehensive therapeutic strategy that features all the identified components is needed for outcome improvement in diabetic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita L Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Greeshma B Kotian
- Department of Biochemistry, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Jeevan K Shetty
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Medical University of Bahrain, Muharraq 228, Bahrain
| | - Bhaskara P Shelley
- Department of Neurology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Mackwin Kenwood Dmello
- Department of Public Health, KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Eric C Lobo
- Department of Biochemistry, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Suchetha Padar Shankar
- College of Physiotherapy, Dayananda Sagar University, Bangalore 560111, Karnataka, India
| | - Shellette D Almeida
- School of Physiotherapy, D. Y. Patil (Deemed to be University), Navi Mumbai 400706, Maharashtra, India
| | - Saiqa R Shah
- Department of Biochemistry, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
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Deng Y, Wu S, Liu J, Liu M, Wang L, Wan J, Zhang S, Liu M. The stress hyperglycemia ratio is associated with the development of cerebral edema and poor functional outcome in patients with acute cerebral infarction. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:936862. [PMID: 36118702 PMCID: PMC9474997 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.936862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purposeAbsolute hyperglycemia at admission has been shown to be associated with the development of cerebral edema (CED) after acute cerebral infarction. Stress hyperglycemia is a more objective reflection of hyperglycemic state than absolute hyperglycemia. However, studies on the associations between stress hyperglycemia and CED are limited. We aimed to explore the associations of stress hyperglycemia, measured by stress hyperglycemia ratio (SHR), with the development of CED and poor functional outcome of acute cerebral infarction.MethodsPatients with acute middle artery cerebral infarction admitted to the Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, within 24 h of symptom onset from January 2017 to March 2021 were included. Stress hyperglycemia was assessed by the SHR: admission fasting plasma glucose (FPG)/hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). The primary outcome was the degree of CED evaluated on brain image. The secondary outcomes were moderate-to-severe CED, poor functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale score > 2), and death at 90 days. The associations between the SHR and outcomes were assessed with multivariate logistic regression analyses. We further compared the predictive value of the SHR, admission random plasma glucose (RPG), and admission FPG for outcomes in the training dataset and validation dataset.Results638 patients were enrolled. Each 0.1-point increase in the SHR was independently associated with a 1.31-fold increased risk of a higher degree of CED [odds ratio (OR): 1.31 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20–1.42), P < 0.001]. The SHR was independently associated with moderate-to-severe CED [per 0.1-point increase: OR: 1.39 (95% CI: 1.24–1.57), P < 0.001], poor functional outcome [per 0.1-point increase: OR: 1.25 (95% CI: 1.12–1.40), P < 0.001], and death [per 0.1-point increase: OR: 1.13 (95% CI: 1.03–1.25), P < 0.05]. The predictive value of the SHR (as a continuous variable), exhibited by the area under the curve in receiver operating characteristic analysis, was higher than that of the RPG and FPG for moderate-to-severe CED and poor functional outcome (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe SHR is independently associated with the severity of CED, poor functional outcome, and death after acute cerebral infarction, and the SHR (as a continuous variable) has a better predictive value for moderate-to-severe CED and poor functional outcome than the RPG and FPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilun Deng
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Simiao Wu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - JinCheng Wan
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shihong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Shihong Zhang,
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Ming Liu,
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Jeong JH, Lee DH, Song J. HMGB1 signaling pathway in diabetes-related dementia: Blood-brain barrier breakdown, brain insulin resistance, and Aβ accumulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:112933. [PMID: 35413600 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes contributes to the onset of various diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have highlighted the similarities and relationship between diabetes and dementia as an important issue for treating diabetes-related cognitive deficits. Diabetes-related dementia exhibits several features, including blood-brain barrier disruption, brain insulin resistance, and Aβ over-accumulation. High-mobility group box1 (HMGB1) is a protein known to regulate gene transcription and cellular mechanisms by binding to DNA or chromatin via receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Recent studies have demonstrated that the interplay between HMGB1, RAGE, and TLR4 can impact both neuropathology and diabetic alterations. Herein, we review the recent research regarding the roles of HMGB1-RAGE-TLR4 axis in diabetes-related dementia from several perspectives and emphasize the importance of the influence of HMGB1 in diabetes-related dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 58128, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.
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Acute Hyperglycemia Exacerbates Hemorrhagic Transformation after Embolic Stroke and Reperfusion with tPA: A Possible Role of TXNIP-NLRP3 Inflammasome. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2022; 31:106226. [PMID: 34847489 PMCID: PMC8792268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acute hyperglycemia (HG) exacerbates reperfusion injury after stroke. Our recent studies showed that acute HG upregulates thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) expression, which in turn induces inflammation and neurovascular damage in a suture model of ischemic stroke. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of acute HG on TXNIP-associated neurovascular damage, in a more clinically relevant murine model of embolic stroke and intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV-tPA) reperfusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS HG was induced in adult male mice, by intraperitoneal injection of 20% glucose. This was followed by embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (eMCAO), with or without IV-tPA (10 mg/kg) given 3 h post embolization. Brain infarction, edema, hemoglobin content, expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), tight junction proteins (claudin-5, occluding, and zonula occludens-1), TXNIP, and NOD-like receptor protein3 (NLRP3)-inflammasome activation were evaluated at 24 h after eMCAO. RESULTS HG alone significantly increased TXNIP in the brain after eMCAO, and this was associated with exacerbated hemorrhagic transformation (HT; as measured by hemoglobin content). IV-tPA in HG conditions showed a trend to decrease infarct volume, but worsened HT after eMCAO, suggesting that HG reduces the therapeutic efficacy of IV-tPA. Further, HG and tPA-reperfusion did not show significant differences in expression of MMP-9, VEGFA, junction proteins, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation between the groups. CONCLUSION The current findings suggest a potential role for TXNIP in the occurrence of HT in hyperglycemic conditions following eMCAO. Further studies are needed to understand the precise role of vascular TXNIP on HG/tPA-induced neurovascular damage after stroke.
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Ma Z, Li S, Lin X. Body mass index, blood glucose, and mortality in patients with ischemic stroke in the intensive care unit: A retrospective cohort study. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:946397. [PMID: 36340767 PMCID: PMC9629862 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.946397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive BMI was associated with lower mortality after stroke. However, some believed that excessive BMI can lead to a poor prognosis because of some physiological mechanism, such as glucose metabolism disorder. Therefore, this study aims to discuss the association between mortality, BMI, and blood glucose. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective observational study and all data were extracted from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III database. The exposure was BMI classified into the normal weight group and the excessive weight group. The outcome concluded 30-day, 90-day, and 1-year mortality. The association between two groups and mortality was elucidated by Cox regression models, propensity score matching (PSM) and inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). The underlying effect of blood glucose on the "obesity paradox" was analyzed by causal mediation analysis. RESULTS According to Cox regression models, a significant beneficial effect of excessive BMI in terms of mortality was observed: 30-day mortality (HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.35-0.90, P = 0.017), 90-day mortality (HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.36-0.78, P = 0.001), and 1-year mortality (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.46-0.91, P = 0.013). After PSM and IPTW, we got a similar conclusion. The causal mediation analysis showed that the protective effect of excessive BMI on 30-day mortality reduced with the increase of blood glucose. CONCLUSION For ischemic stroke patients in the Intensive Care Unit, those with excessive BMI are associated with both lower short-term mortality and lower long-term mortality, while the protective effect on 30-day mortality weakened accompanied by the increase of blood glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zisheng Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Xinjiang Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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Gu M, Fan J, Xu P, Xiao L, Wang J, Li M, Liu C, Luo G, Cai Q, Liu D, Ye L, Zhou J, Sun W. Effects of perioperative glycemic indicators on outcomes of endovascular treatment for vertebrobasilar artery occlusion. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1000030. [PMID: 36277695 PMCID: PMC9581226 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endovascular treatment (EVT) is, to date, the most promising treatment of vertebrobasilar artery occlusion (VBAO). The study aimed to determine the influence of perioperative glucose levels on clinical outcomes in patients with acute VBAO treated with EVT. METHODS We retrospectively collected consecutive VBAO patients received EVT in 21 stroke centers in China. The associations between perioperative glycemic indicators (including fasting blood glucose[FBG], admission hyperglycemia, stress hyperglycemia ratio [SHR] and short-term glycemic variability [GV]) and various clinical outcomes were analyzed in all patients and subgroups stratified by diabetes mellitus (DM). RESULTS A total of 569 patients were enrolled. Admission hyperglycemia significantly correlated with increased risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) (odds ratio [OR] 3.24, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.40-7.46), poor functional outcomes at 90 days (OR 1.91, 95%CI: 1.15-3.18) and 1 year (OR 1.96, 95%CI: 1.20-3.22). Similar significant correlations exist between FBG, SHR, GV and all the adverse outcomes except higher levels GV was not associated with increased risk of sICH (OR 1.04, 95% CI: 0.97-1.12). Subgroup analyses showed that admission hyperglycemia, FBG and SHR were significantly associated with adverse outcomes in non-diabetic patients, but not in DM patients. While, GV was associated with poor functional outcomes regardless of diabetes history. CONCLUSIONS Admission hyperglycemia, FBG, SHR and short-term GV in VBAO patients treated with EVT were associated with adverse outcomes. The results suggested that comprehensive evaluation and appropriate management of perioperative glucose might be important for patients with VBAO and treatment with EVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Gu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Neurology, the General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Stroke Center & Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lulu Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinjing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaolai Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First People’s Hospital of Jining, Jining, China
| | - Genpei Luo
- Department of Neurology, Dongguan People’s Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Qiankun Cai
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Dezhi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lichao Ye
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Junshan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Junshan Zhou, ; Wen Sun,
| | - Wen Sun
- Stroke Center & Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Junshan Zhou, ; Wen Sun,
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Salman M, Ismael S, Li L, Ahmed HA, Puchowicz MA, Ishrat T. Endothelial Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein Depletion Reduces Hemorrhagic Transformation in Hyperglycemic Mice after Embolic Stroke and Thrombolytic Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14100983. [PMID: 34681207 PMCID: PMC8537904 DOI: 10.3390/ph14100983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesize that endothelial-specific thioredoxin-interacting protein knock-out (EC-TXNIP KO) mice will be more resistant to the neurovascular damage (hemorrhagic-transformation-HT) associated with hyperglycemia (HG) in embolic stroke. Adult-male EC-TXNIP KO and wild-type (WT) littermate mice were injected with-streptozotocin (40 mg/kg, i.p.) for five consecutive days to induce diabetes. Four-weeks after confirming HG, mice were subjected to embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (eMCAO) followed by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-reperfusion (10 mg/kg at 3 h post-eMCAO). After the neurological assessment, animals were sacrificed at 24 h for neurovascular stroke outcomes. There were no differences in cerebrovascular anatomy between the strains. Infarct size, edema, and HT as indicated by hemoglobin (Hb)-the content was significantly higher in HG-WT mice, with or without tPA-reperfusion, compared to normoglycemic WT mice. Hyperglycemic EC-TXNIP KO mice treated with tPA tended to show lower Hb-content, edema, infarct area, and less hemorrhagic score compared to WT hyperglycemic mice. EC-TXNIP KO mice showed decreased expression of inflammatory mediators, apoptosis-associated proteins, and nitrotyrosine levels. Further, vascular endothelial growth factor-A and matrix-metalloproteinases (MMP-9/MMP-3), which degrade junction proteins and increase blood-brain-barrier permeability, were decreased in EC-TXNIP KO mice. Together, these findings suggest that vascular-TXNIP could be a novel therapeutic target for neurovascular damage after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd. Salman
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (M.S.); (S.I.); (L.L.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Saifudeen Ismael
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (M.S.); (S.I.); (L.L.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Lexiao Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (M.S.); (S.I.); (L.L.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Heba A. Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (M.S.); (S.I.); (L.L.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Michelle A. Puchowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
| | - Tauheed Ishrat
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (M.S.); (S.I.); (L.L.); (H.A.A.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +901-448-2178; Fax:-901-448-7193
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Spronk E, Sykes G, Falcione S, Munsterman D, Joy T, Kamtchum-Tatuene J, Jickling GC. Hemorrhagic Transformation in Ischemic Stroke and the Role of Inflammation. Front Neurol 2021; 12:661955. [PMID: 34054705 PMCID: PMC8160112 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.661955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a common complication in patients with acute ischemic stroke. It occurs when peripheral blood extravasates across a disrupted blood brain barrier (BBB) into the brain following ischemic stroke. Preventing HT is important as it worsens stroke outcome and increases mortality. Factors associated with increased risk of HT include stroke severity, reperfusion therapy (thrombolysis and thrombectomy), hypertension, hyperglycemia, and age. Inflammation and the immune system are important contributors to BBB disruption and HT and are associated with many of the risk factors for HT. In this review, we present the relationship of inflammation and immune activation to HT in the context of reperfusion therapy, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and age. Differences in inflammatory pathways relating to HT are discussed. The role of inflammation to stratify the risk of HT and therapies targeting the immune system to reduce the risk of HT are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Spronk
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gina Sykes
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sarina Falcione
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Danielle Munsterman
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Twinkle Joy
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Joseph Kamtchum-Tatuene
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Glen C Jickling
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Wang F, Ji S, Wang M, Liu L, Li Q, Jiang F, Cen J, Ji B. HMGB1 promoted P-glycoprotein at the blood-brain barrier in MCAO rats via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 880:173189. [PMID: 32417325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is located on the luminal surface of brain vascular endothelium and its status may determine the delivery of the agents into the brain tissues. Previous study showed that upregulation of P-gp at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after ischemic stroke were mediated by nuclear factor-B (NF-kB) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Based on middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in co-culture of rat brain microvessel endothelial cells (rBMECs) and astrocytes system, the present data indicated that potentiated P-gp expression and activity in brain microvessels or rBMECs were associated with the increase in high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and activation of NF-kB and that HMGB1 can release from nucleus to the cytoplasm in activated astrocytes, then into the medium. Moreover, changes in TLR4, TIR domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP), NF-kB and P-gp in rBMECs were attenuated by addition of 1 mM ethyl pyruvate (EP), 10 μM TAK-242 and 10 μM pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), respectively. These results demonstrated that HMGB1 promoted P-gp at the BBB after cerebral ischemia via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Cerebral Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenglan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Muxi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China; Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, 61801, USA
| | - Lu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoling Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuxia Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Cen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Biansheng Ji
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immune Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China.
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Gao M, Fu J, Wang Y. The lncRNA FAL1 protects against hypoxia-reoxygenation- induced brain endothelial damages through regulating PAK1. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2020; 52:17-25. [PMID: 31927658 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-019-09819-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of cerebral microvascular endothelial cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of stroke. However, the underlying mechanisms still need to be elucidated. In the current study, we found that the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) FAL1 was significantly reduced in response to oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) stimulation in human primary brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMVECs). Interestingly, overexpression of FAL1 ameliorated OGD/R-induced oxidative stress by reducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increasing the level of reduced glutathione (GSH). Also, overexpression of FAL1 suppressed OGD/R-induced secretions of interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and high mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1). We then found that OGD/R-induced reduction of cell viability and release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were prevented by overexpression of FAL1. Additionally, exposure to OGD/R significantly reduced the phosphorylated levels of PAK1 and AKT as well as the total level of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), which was restored by overexpression of FAL1. Importantly, overexpression of FAL1 restored OGD/R-induced reduction in the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and the subsequent release of nitric oxide (NO). Our results implicate that FAL1 might be involved in the process of brain endothelial cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqing Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Wei fang Medical University, No. 2428, Yuhe Road, Weifang, 261031, Shandong, China
| | - Jieting Fu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Wei fang Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Yanqiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Wei fang Medical University, Shandong, China.
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Neuroprotective Properties of Linagliptin: Focus on Biochemical Mechanisms in Cerebral Ischemia, Vascular Dysfunction and Certain Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20164052. [PMID: 31434198 PMCID: PMC6719127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20164052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Linagliptin is a representative of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors which are registered and used effectively in a treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. They increase the levels of active forms of endogenous incretins such as GLP-1 and GIP by inhibiting their enzymatic decomposition. Scientific reports suggest beneficial effects of linagliptin administration via immunological and biochemical pathways involved in neuroprotective processes of CNS. Linagliptin’s administration leads to a decrease in the concentration of proinflammatory factors such as: TNF-α, IL-6 and increases the number of anti-inflammatory patrolling monocytes CX3CR1bright. Significant reduction in Aβ42 level has been associated with the use of linagliptin implying potential application in Alzheimer’s disease. Linagliptin improved vascular functions by increasing production of nitric oxide (NO) and limiting concentration of apolipoprotein B. Linagliptin-induced decrease in macrophages infiltration may provide improvement in atheromatous plaque stabilization. Premedication with linagliptin increases neuron’s survival after stroke and augments neuronal stem cells proliferation. It seems to be connected with SDF-1α/CXCR4 signaling pathway. Linagliptin prevented abnormal proliferation and migration of rat brain microvascular endothelial cells in a state of hypoperfusion via SIRT1/HIF-1α/VEGF pathway. The article presents a summary of the studies assessing neuroprotective properties of linagliptin with special emphasis on cerebral ischemia, vascular dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Impact of obesity-induced type 2 diabetes on long-term outcomes following stroke. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:1603-1607. [PMID: 31331992 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with poor recovery profiles following stroke. The pathophysiological mechanisms by which diabetes mediates neurological recovery after stroke are debatable. A recent paper published in the Clinical Science by Pintana et al. (Clinical Science (2019)133, 1367-1386) provides a possible explanation for the underlying mechanisms of poor long-term motor recovery after stroke in obesity-induced diabetes animal model. Authors report that stroke-induced neurogenesis and parvalbumin (PV)+ interneuron-mediated neuroplasticity is severely impaired due to obesity-induced type 2 diabetes (T2D). Poor long-term motor recovery after stroke in comorbid obese and diabetic mice was not associated with stroke-induced grey or white matter damage. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial to develop therapeutic strategies to improve recovery in the obesity-induced diabetic population. The strength of the present study lies in the use of a comorbid obese/diabetic animal model, which is more likely to reflect the clinical scenario. However, these findings should be understood from the context of this specific animal model and whether these findings hold true for another variant of the obesity/T2D model warrants further consideration. This is an interesting study from the perspective of understanding the stroke pathology in T2D; however, the interaction of microvascular changes (including vascular modelling, angiogenesis), oxidative stress and insulin resistance (IR) associated with T2D and poor recovery profile merit further discussions. Given the increasing burden of obesity, diabetes and/or stroke globally, understanding of mechanisms may be useful in developing cardiovascular risk management pathways in this subgroup of population who are at increased risk of poor clinical outcomes following acute stroke.
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Lau L, Lew J, Borschmann K, Thijs V, Ekinci EI. Prevalence of diabetes and its effects on stroke outcomes: A meta-analysis and literature review. J Diabetes Investig 2019; 10:780-792. [PMID: 30220102 PMCID: PMC6497593 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus is an established risk factor for stroke and maybe associated with poorer outcomes after stroke. The aims of the present literature review were to determine: (i) the prevalence of diabetes in acute stroke patients through a meta-analysis; (ii) the association between diabetes and outcomes after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke; and (iii) to review the value of glycated hemoglobin and admission glucose-based tests in predicting stroke outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ovid MEDLINE and EMBASE searches were carried out to find studies relating to diabetes and inpatient stroke populations published between January 2004 and April 2017. A meta-analysis of the prevalence of diabetes from included studies was undertaken. A narrative review on the associations of diabetes and different diagnostic methods on stroke outcomes was carried out. RESULTS A total of 66 eligible articles met inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis of 39 studies (n = 359,783) estimated the prevalence of diabetes to be 28% (95% confidence interval 26-31). The rate was higher in ischemic (33%, 95% confidence interval 28-38) compared with hemorrhagic stroke (26%, 95% confidence interval 19-33) inpatients. Most, but not all, studies found that acute hyperglycemia and diabetes were associated with poorer outcomes after ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes: including higher mortality, poorer neurological and functional outcomes, longer hospital stay, higher readmission rates, and stroke recurrence. Diagnostic methods for establishing diagnosis were heterogeneous between the reviewed studies. CONCLUSIONS Approximately one-third of all stroke patients have diabetes. Uniform methods to screen for diabetes after stroke are required to identify individuals with diabetes to design interventions aimed at reducing poor outcomes in this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lik‐Hui Lau
- Department of EndocrinologyAustin HealthMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jeremy Lew
- Department of EndocrinologyAustin HealthMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Karen Borschmann
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Vincent Thijs
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of NeurologyAustin HealthMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Elif I Ekinci
- Department of EndocrinologyAustin HealthMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of MedicineAustin HealthUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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17
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New progress in the approaches for blood–brain barrier protection in acute ischemic stroke. Brain Res Bull 2019; 144:46-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Chen H, Chen X, Luo Y, Shen J. Potential molecular targets of peroxynitrite in mediating blood–brain barrier damage and haemorrhagic transformation in acute ischaemic stroke with delayed tissue plasminogen activator treatment. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:1220-1239. [PMID: 30468092 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1521519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, PR China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Core Facility, the People’s Hospital of Bao-an Shenzhen, Shenzhen, PR China
- The 8th People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, the Affiliated Bao-an Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yunhao Luo
- School of Chinese Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, PR China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
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Zhou T, Li S, Xiang D, Gao L. Effects of Isolated Impaired Fasting Glucose on Brain Injury During Cardiac Surgery Under Cardiopulmonary Bypass. J INVEST SURG 2018; 33:350-358. [PMID: 30430888 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2018.1519049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effects of isolated impaired fasting glucose (IIFG) on brain injury in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery. Methods: Patients with rheumatic heart valve disease who underwent elective mitral valve replacement were included and divided into control and IIFG groups. Pre-, intra-, and postoperative blood glucose levels, serum insulin levels, insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), lactic acid levels, and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S100B levels were measured. The cerebral oxygen extraction ratio (OER) was calculated. Cognitive function was assessed via the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Results: HOMA-IR levels were higher in the IIFG group than the control group 30 min after the beginning of CPB, at the termination of CPB, and 2 h after the termination of CPB. Cerebral OER and lactic acid increased intraoperatively in both groups, especially in the IIFG group. NSE and S100B levels were higher in the IIFG group than in the control group at the termination of CPB, 2 h after the termination of CPB, and at 24 h postoperatively. The MMSE scores did not significantly differ between the two groups. Delirium occurred in two patients in the IIFG group, and one in the control group. No other signs and symptoms of brain injuries were detected in either group. Conclusions: The increased postoperative NSE and S100B levels in the IIFG group compared with controls may be associated with severe insulin resistance and stress hyperglycemia. However, the IIFG group did not have clinical manifestations of brain injuries, including cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhou
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Suining Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Daokang Xiang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Lufang Gao
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
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20
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Sun L, Li M, Ma X, Zhang L, Song J, Lv C, He Y. Inhibiting High Mobility Group Box-1 Reduces Early Spinal Cord Edema and Attenuates Astrocyte Activation and Aquaporin-4 Expression after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:421-435. [PMID: 29929431 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) could function as an early trigger for pro-inflammatory activation after spinal cord injury (SCI). Spinal cord edema contributes to inflammatory response mechanisms and a poor clinical prognosis after SCI, for which efficient therapies targeting the specific molecules involved remain limited. This study was designed to evaluate the roles of HMGB1 on the regulation of early spinal cord edema, astrocyte activation, and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expression in a rat SCI model. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent laminectomy at T10, and the SCI model was induced by a heavy falling object. After SCI, rats received ethyl pyruvate (EP) or glycyrrhizin (GL) via an intraperitoneal injection to inhibit HMGB1. The effects of HMGB1 inhibition on the early spinal cord edema, astrocyte activation (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP] expression), and AQP4 expression after SCI (12 h-3 days) were analyzed. The results showed that EP or GL effectively inhibited HMGB1 expression in the spinal cord and HMGB1 levels in the serum of SCI rats. HMGB1 inhibition improved motor function, reduced spinal cord water content, and attenuated spinal cord edema in SCI rats. HMGB1 inhibition decreased SCI-associated GFAP and AQP4 overexpression in the spinal cord. Further, HMGB1 inhibition also repressed the activation of the toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88/nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway. These results implicate that HMGB1 inhibition improved locomotor function and reduced early spinal cord edema, which was associated with a downregulation of astrocyte activation (GFAP expression) and AQP4 expression in SCI rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Man Li
- 2 Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xun Ma
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Li Zhang
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Junlai Song
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Cong Lv
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yajun He
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Abdullahi W, Tripathi D, Ronaldson PT. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in ischemic stroke: targeting tight junctions and transporters for vascular protection. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C343-C356. [PMID: 29949404 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00095.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a physical and biochemical barrier that precisely controls cerebral homeostasis. It also plays a central role in the regulation of blood-to-brain flux of endogenous and exogenous xenobiotics and associated metabolites. This is accomplished by molecular characteristics of brain microvessel endothelial cells such as tight junction protein complexes and functional expression of influx and efflux transporters. One of the pathophysiological features of ischemic stroke is disruption of the BBB, which significantly contributes to development of brain injury and subsequent neurological impairment. Biochemical characteristics of BBB damage include decreased expression and altered organization of tight junction constituent proteins as well as modulation of functional expression of endogenous BBB transporters. Therefore, there is a critical need for development of novel therapeutic strategies that can protect against BBB dysfunction (i.e., vascular protection) in the setting of ischemic stroke. Such strategies include targeting tight junctions to ensure that they maintain their correct structure or targeting transporters to control flux of physiological substrates for protection of endothelial homeostasis. In this review, we will describe the pathophysiological mechanisms in cerebral microvascular endothelial cells that lead to BBB dysfunction following onset of stroke. Additionally, we will utilize this state-of-the-art knowledge to provide insights on novel pharmacological strategies that can be developed to confer BBB protection in the setting of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wazir Abdullahi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Dinesh Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Patrick T Ronaldson
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
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Phosphorylated recombinant HSP27 protects the brain and attenuates blood-brain barrier disruption following stroke in mice receiving intravenous tissue-plasminogen activator. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198039. [PMID: 29795667 PMCID: PMC5993064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in ischemic stroke victims initiates a devastating cascade of events causing brain damage. Maintaining the BBB is important to preserve brain function in ischemic stroke. Unfortunately, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), the only effective fibrinolytic treatment at the acute stage of ischemic stroke, also injures the BBB and increases the risk of brain edema and secondary hemorrhagic transformation. Thus, it is important to identify compounds that maintain BBB integrity in the face of ischemic injury in patients with stroke. We previously demonstrated that intravenously injected phosphorylated recombinant heat shock protein 27 (prHSP27) protects the brains of mice with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO), an animal stroke-model. Here, we determined whether prHSP27, in addition to attenuating brain injury, also decreases BBB damage in hyperglycemic tMCAO mice that had received tPA. After induction of hyperglycemia and tMCAO, we examined 4 treatment groups: 1) bovine serum albumin (BSA), 2) prHSP27, 3) tPA, 4) tPA plus prHSP27. We examined the effects of prHSP27 by comparing the BSA and prHSP27 groups and the tPA and tPA plus prHSP27 groups. Twenty-four hours after injection, prHSP27 reduced infarct volume, brain swelling, neurological deficits, the loss of microvessel proteins and endothelial cell walls, and mortality. It also reduced the rates of hemorrhagic transformation, extravasation of endogenous IgG, and MMP-9 activity, signs of BBB damage. Therefore, prHSP27 injection attenuated brain damage and preserved the BBB in tPA-injected, hyperglycemic tMCAO experimental stroke-model mice, in which the BBB is even more severely damaged than in simple tMCAO mice. The attenuation of brain damage and BBB disruption in the presence of tPA suggests the effectiveness of prHSP27 and tPA as a combination therapy. prHSP27 may be a novel therapeutic agent for ischemic stroke patients whose BBBs are injured following tPA injections.
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Wang Y, Li L, Deng S, Liu F, He Z. Ursolic Acid Ameliorates Inflammation in Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury Possibly via High Mobility Group Box 1/Toll-Like Receptor 4/NFκB Pathway. Front Neurol 2018; 9:253. [PMID: 29867706 PMCID: PMC5968106 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play key roles in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury by inducing the production of inflammatory mediators, such as interleukins (ILs) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). According to recent studies, ursolic acid (UA) regulates TLR signaling and exhibits notable anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, we explored the mechanism by which UA regulates inflammation in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) model. The MCAO/R model was induced in male Sprague–Dawley rats (MCAO for 2 h, followed by reperfusion for 48 h). UA was administered intragastrically at 0.5, 24, and 47 h after reperfusion. The direct high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) inhibitor glycyrrhizin (GL) was injected intravenously after 0.5 h of ischemia as a positive control. The degree of brain damage was estimated using the neurological deficit score, infarct volume, histopathological changes, and neuronal apoptosis. We assessed IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels to evaluate post-ischemic inflammation. HMGB1 and TLR4 expression and phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NFκB) were also examined to explore the underlying mechanism. UA (10 and 20 mg/kg) treatment significantly decreased the neurological deficit scores, infarct volume, apoptotic cells, and IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 concentrations. The infarct area ratio was reduced by (33.07 ± 1.74), (27.05 ± 1.13), (27.49 ± 1.87), and (39.74 ± 2.14)% in the 10 and 20 mg/kg UA, GL, and control groups, respectively. Furthermore, UA (10 and 20 mg/kg) treatment significantly decreased HMGB1 release and the TLR4 level and inactivated NFκB signaling. Thus, the effects of intragastric administration of 20 mg/kg of UA and 10 mg/kg of GL were similar. We provide novel evidence that UA reduces inflammatory cytokine production to protect the brain from cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury possibly through the HMGB1/TLR4/NFκB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhe Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shumin Deng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhiyi He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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24
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Rehni AK, Shukla V, Perez-Pinzon MA, Dave KR. Acidosis mediates recurrent hypoglycemia-induced increase in ischemic brain injury in treated diabetic rats. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:192-201. [PMID: 29551689 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cerebral ischemia is a serious possible manifestation of diabetic vascular disease. Recurrent hypoglycemia (RH) enhances ischemic brain injury in insulin-treated diabetic (ITD) rats. In the present study, we determined the role of ischemic acidosis in enhanced ischemic brain damage in RH-exposed ITD rats. METHODS Diabetic rats were treated with insulin and mild/moderate RH was induced for 5 days. Three sets of experiments were performed. The first set evaluated the effects of RH exposure on global cerebral ischemia-induced acidosis in ITD rats. The second set evaluated the effect of an alkalizing agent (Tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane: THAM) on ischemic acidosis-induced brain injury in RH-exposed ITD rats. The third experiment evaluated the effect of the glucose transporter (GLUT) inhibitor on ischemic acidosis-induced brain injury in RH-exposed ITD rats. Hippocampal pH and lactate were measured during ischemia and early reperfusion for all three experiments. Neuronal survival in Cornu Ammonis 1 (CA1) hippocampus served as a measure of ischemic brain injury. FINDINGS Prior RH exposure increases lactate concentration and decreases pH during ischemia and early reperfusion when compared to controls. THAM and GLUT inhibitor treatments attenuated RH-induced increase in ischemic acidosis. GLUT inhibitor treatment reduced the RH-induced increase in lactate levels. Both THAM and GLUT inhibitor treatments significantly decreased ischemic damage in RH-exposed ITD rats. CONCLUSIONS Ischemia causes increased acidosis in RH-exposed ITD rats via a GLUT-sensitive mechanism. Exploring downstream pathways may help understand mechanisms by which prior exposure to RH increases cerebral ischemic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K Rehni
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Vibha Shukla
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Miguel A Perez-Pinzon
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Kunjan R Dave
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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25
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Bennet L, Dhillon S, Lear CA, van den Heuij L, King V, Dean JM, Wassink G, Davidson JO, Gunn AJ. Chronic inflammation and impaired development of the preterm brain. J Reprod Immunol 2018; 125:45-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghee Cho
- From the Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY (S.C., J.Y.); and Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (S.C.).
| | - Jiwon Yang
- From the Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY (S.C., J.Y.); and Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (S.C.)
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27
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Pivotal neuroinflammatory and therapeutic role of high mobility group box 1 in ischemic stroke. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20171104. [PMID: 29054968 PMCID: PMC5715129 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of mortality and disability worldwide. Stroke is a frequent and severe neurovascular disorder. The main cause of stroke is atherosclerosis, and the most common risk factor for atherosclerosis is hypertension. Therefore, prevention and treatment of stroke are crucial issues in humans. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is non-histone nuclear protein that is currently one of the crucial proinflammatory alarmins in ischemic stroke (IS). It is instantly released from necrotic cells in the ischemic core and activates an early inflammatory response. HMGB1 may signal via its putative receptors, such as receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), toll-like receptors (TLRs) as well as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzymes during IS. These receptors are expressed in brain cells. Additionally, brain-released HMGB1 can be redox modified in the circulation and activate peripheral immune cells. The role of HMGB1 may be more complex. HMGB1 possesses beneficial actions, such as endothelial activation, enhancement of neurite outgrowth, and neuronal survival. HMGB1 may also provide a novel link for brain-immune communication leading to post-stroke immunomodulation. Therefore, HMGB1 is new promising therapeutic intervention aimed at promoting neurovascular repair and remodeling after stroke. In this review, we look at the mechanisms of secretion of HMGB1, the role of receptors, MMP enzymes, hypoglycemia, atherosclerosis, edema, angiogenesis as well as neuroimmunological reactions and post-ischemic brain recovery in IS. We also outline therapeutic roles of HMGB1 in IS.
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28
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Yaghi S, Willey JZ, Cucchiara B, Goldstein JN, Gonzales NR, Khatri P, Kim LJ, Mayer SA, Sheth KN, Schwamm LH. Treatment and Outcome of Hemorrhagic Transformation After Intravenous Alteplase in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2017; 48:e343-e361. [DOI: 10.1161/str.0000000000000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose—
Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) is the most feared complication of intravenous thrombolytic therapy in acute ischemic stroke. Treatment of sICH is based on expert opinion and small case series, with the efficacy of such treatments not well established. This document aims to provide an overview of sICH with a focus on pathophysiology and treatment.
Methods—
A literature review was performed for randomized trials, prospective and retrospective studies, opinion papers, case series, and case reports on the definitions, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, treatment, and outcome of sICH. The document sections were divided among writing group members who performed the literature review, summarized the literature, and provided suggestions on the diagnosis and treatment of patients with sICH caused by systemic thrombolysis with alteplase. Several drafts were circulated among writing group members until a consensus was achieved.
Results—
sICH is an uncommon but severe complication of systemic thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke. Prompt diagnosis and early correction of the coagulopathy after alteplase have remained the mainstay of treatment. Further research is required to establish treatments aimed at maintaining integrity of the blood-brain barrier in acute ischemic stroke based on inhibition of the underlying biochemical processes.
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29
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Jiang X, Andjelkovic AV, Zhu L, Yang T, Bennett MVL, Chen J, Keep RF, Shi Y. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction and recovery after ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 163-164:144-171. [PMID: 28987927 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 551] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in regulating the trafficking of fluid, solutes and cells at the blood-brain interface and maintaining the homeostatic microenvironment of the CNS. Under pathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, the BBB can be disrupted, followed by the extravasation of blood components into the brain and compromise of normal neuronal function. This article reviews recent advances in our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying BBB dysfunction and recovery after ischemic stroke. CNS cells in the neurovascular unit, as well as blood-borne peripheral cells constantly modulate the BBB and influence its breakdown and repair after ischemic stroke. The involvement of stroke risk factors and comorbid conditions further complicate the pathogenesis of neurovascular injury by predisposing the BBB to anatomical and functional changes that can exacerbate BBB dysfunction. Emphasis is also given to the process of long-term structural and functional restoration of the BBB after ischemic injury. With the development of novel research tools, future research on the BBB is likely to reveal promising potential therapeutic targets for protecting the BBB and improving patient outcome after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Jiang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | - Ling Zhu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tuo Yang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael V L Bennett
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Yejie Shi
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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30
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Hei C, Liu P, Yang X, Niu J, Li PA. Inhibition of mTOR signaling Confers Protection against Cerebral Ischemic Injury in Acute Hyperglycemic Rats. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:878-887. [PMID: 28808420 PMCID: PMC5555105 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.18976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is known to exacerbate neuronal death resulted from cerebral ischemia. The mechanisms are not fully understood. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway regulates cell growth, division and apoptosis. Recent studies suggest that activation of mTOR may mediate ischemic brain damage. The objective of the present experiment is to explore whether mTOR mediates ischemic brain damage in acute hyperglycemic animals. Rats were subjected to 10 min of forebrain ischemia under euglycemic, hyperglycemic and rapamycin-treated hyperglycemic conditions. The rat brain samples were collected from the cortex and hippocampi after 3h and 16h of reperfusion. The results showed that hyperglycemia significantly increased neuronal death in the cortex and hippocampus and the exacerbation effect of hyperglycemia was associated with further activation of mTOR under control and/or ischemic conditions. Inhibition of mTOR with rapamycin ameliorated the damage and suppressed hyperglycemia-elevated p-MTOR, p-P70S6K and p-S6. In addition, hyperglycemia per se increased the levels of cytosolic cytochrome c and autophagy marker LC3-II, while rapamycin alleviated these alterations. It is concluded that activation of mTOR signaling may play a detrimental role in mediating the aggravating effect of hyperglycemia on cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchun Hei
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Department Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute Biotechnology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, 1801 Fayetteville Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute Biotechnology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, 1801 Fayetteville Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute Biotechnology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, 1801 Fayetteville Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA.,Neuroscience Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jianguo Niu
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Department Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - P Andy Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute Biotechnology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, 1801 Fayetteville Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
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31
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Song Y, Jun JH, Shin EJ, Kwak YL, Shin JS, Shim JK. Effect of pregabalin administration upon reperfusion in a rat model of hyperglycemic stroke: Mechanistic insights associated with high-mobility group box 1. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171147. [PMID: 28152042 PMCID: PMC5289503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia, which reduces the efficacy of treatments and worsens clinical outcomes, is common in stroke. Ability of pregabalin to reduce neuroexcitotoxicity may provide protection against stroke, even under hyperglycemia. We investigated its protective effect against hyperglycemic stroke and its possible molecular mechanisms. Male Wistar rats administered dextrose to cause hyperglycemia, underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion for 1 h and subsequent reperfusion. Rats were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg/kg pregabalin or an equal amount of normal saline at the onset of reperfusion (n = 16 per group). At 24 h after reperfusion, neurological deficit, infarct volume, and apoptotic cell count were assessed. Western blot analysis was performed to determine protein expression of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), phosphorylated nuclear factor-kappa B (p-NF-κB), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), phosphorylated inducible and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (p-iNOS, p-eNOS), Bcl-2, Bax, Cytochrome C, and caspase-3 in the brain. Pregabalin-treated rats showed significantly improved neurological function (31% decrease in score), reduced infarct size (by 33%), fewer apoptotic cells (by 63%), and lower expression levels of HMGB1, TLR4, p-NF-κB, IL-1β, and TNF- α, compared with control rats. Decreased p-iNOS and increased p-eNOS expressions were also observed. Expression of Bax, Cytochrome C, and cleaved caspase-3/caspase3 was significantly downregulated, while Bcl-2 expression was increased by pregabalin treatment. Pregabalin administration upon reperfusion decreased neuronal death and improved neurological function in hyperglycemic stroke rats. Cogent mechanisms would include attenuation of HMGB1/TLR-4-mediated inflammation and favorable modulation of the NOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Song
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hae Jun
- Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Shin
- Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Lan Kwak
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeon-Soo Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kwang Shim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Dorsemans AC, Couret D, Hoarau A, Meilhac O, Lefebvre d'Hellencourt C, Diotel N. Diabetes, adult neurogenesis and brain remodeling: New insights from rodent and zebrafish models. NEUROGENESIS 2017; 4:e1281862. [PMID: 28439518 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2017.1281862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes rapidly increased during the last decades in association with important changes in lifestyle. Diabetes and hyperglycemia are well-known for inducing deleterious effects on physiologic processes, increasing for instance cardiovascular diseases, nephropathy, retinopathy and foot ulceration. Interestingly, diabetes also impairs brain morphology and functions such as (1) decreased neurogenesis (proliferation, differentiation and cell survival), (2) decreased brain volumes, (3) increased blood-brain barrier leakage, (4) increased cognitive impairments, as well as (5) increased stroke incidence and worse neurologic outcomes following stroke. Importantly, diabetes is positively associated with a higher risk to develop Alzheimer disease. In this context, we aim at reviewing the impact of diabetes on neural stem cell proliferation, newborn cell differentiation and survival in a homeostatic context or following stroke. We also report the effects of hyper- and hypoglycemia on the blood-brain barrier physiology through modifications of tight junctions and transporters. Finally, we discuss the implication of diabetes on cognition and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire Dorsemans
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR Diabète athérothrombose Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - David Couret
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR Diabète athérothrombose Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France.,CHU de La Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France
| | - Anaïs Hoarau
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR Diabète athérothrombose Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR Diabète athérothrombose Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France.,CHU de La Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France
| | | | - Nicolas Diotel
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR Diabète athérothrombose Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
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33
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Chen HS, Qi SH, Shen JG. One-Compound-Multi-Target: Combination Prospect of Natural Compounds with Thrombolytic Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:134-156. [PMID: 27334020 PMCID: PMC5327453 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160620102055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is the only FDA-approved drug for acute ischemic stroke treatment, but its clinical use is limited due to the narrow therapeutic time window and severe adverse effects, including hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and neurotoxicity. One of the potential resolutions is to use adjunct therapies to reduce the side effects and extend t-PA's therapeutic time window. However, therapies modulating single target seem not to be satisfied, and a multitarget strategy is warranted to resolve such complex disease. Recently, large amount of efforts have been made to explore the active compounds from herbal supplements to treat ischemic stroke. Some natural compounds revealed both neuro- and bloodbrain- barrier (BBB)-protective effects by concurrently targeting multiple cellular signaling pathways in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Thus, those compounds are potential to be one-drug-multi-target agents as combined therapy with t-PA for ischemic stroke. In this review article, we summarize current progress about molecular targets involving in t-PA-mediated HT and neurotoxicity in ischemic brain injury. Based on these targets, we select 23 promising compounds from currently available literature with the bioactivities simultaneously targeting several important molecular targets. We propose that those compounds merit further investigation as combined therapy with t-PA. Finally, we discuss the potential drawbacks of the natural compounds' studies and raise several important issues to be addressed in the future for the development of natural compound as an adjunct therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Sen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R, P. R China
- The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), China
| | - Su-Hua Qi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jian-Gang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R, P. R China
- The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), China
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34
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Yin S, Chen Y, Lei D, Sun RR, Ma TT, Feng PM, He ZX, Suo XL, Ma PH, Qu YZ, Qiu K, Jing MM, Gong QY, Liang FR, Chen J, Zeng F. Cerebral mechanism of puncturing at He-Mu point combination for functional dyspepsia: study protocol for a randomized controlled parallel trial. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:831-840. [PMID: 28616042 PMCID: PMC5461623 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.206655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acupuncture is widely used to treat functional dyspepsia with satisfactory outcomes. Combination of the He and Mu acupoints is commonly used and has a synergistic effect on functional dyspepsia; however, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, a randomized controlled parallel clinical trial is currently underway at Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China. This trial is designed to explore the efficacy of and central responses to the He-Mu point combination in patients with functional dyspepsia using functional magnetic resonance imaging. A total of 105 patients with functional dyspepsia will be allocated into 3 groups: the low-He point group (puncturing at Zusanli (ST36)), Mu point group (puncturing at Zhongwan (CV12)), and He-Mu point combination group (puncturing at ST36 and CV12). Every participant will receive 20 sessions of manual acupuncture for 4 weeks. The needles will be inserted perpendicularly to a depth of 1 to 2 cun. The angle of rotation and twisting will range from 90 to 180 degrees, while lifting and thrusting will range from 0.3 to 0.5 cm. The various manipulations will be performed 60 to 90 times per minute. The needles will remain in place for 30 minutes, during which manipulation will be applied every 10 minutes. Magnetic resonance imaging will be performed before and after 20 sessions of acupuncture. The primary outcome is symptom improvement according to the Chinese version of the Nepean Dyspepsia Index. Secondary outcomes include the Leeds dyspepsia questionnaire, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, Self-Rating Depression Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, and visual analogue scale scores before and after 10 and 20 sessions of acupuncture. Needle sensation and adverse events will be used to assess the therapeutic effects. This study will promote more widespread awareness of the benefits of acupoint combination in the clinical setting and provide a further explanation of the neuromechanism by which acupuncture at the He-Mu point combination for functional dyspepsia. Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR-IOR-15006402.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yin
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The Third Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.,First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The Third Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Du Lei
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Rui-Rui Sun
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The Third Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ting-Ting Ma
- First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Pei-Min Feng
- First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhao-Xuan He
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The Third Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xue-Ling Suo
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Pei-Hong Ma
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The Third Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yu-Zhu Qu
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The Third Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ke Qiu
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The Third Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Miao-Miao Jing
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The Third Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qi-Yong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Fan-Rong Liang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The Third Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The Third Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Fang Zeng
- Acupuncture and Tuina School/The Third Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Papatheodorou A, Stein A, Bank M, Sison CP, Gibbs K, Davies P, Bloom O. High-Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Is Elevated Systemically in Persons with Acute or Chronic Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:746-754. [PMID: 27673428 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation in traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) has been proposed to promote damage acutely and oppose functional recovery chronically. However, we do not yet understand the signals that initiate or prolong inflammation in persons with SCI. High-Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) is a potent systemic inflammatory cytokine-or damage-associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP)-studied in a variety of clinical settings. It is elevated in pre-clinical models of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), where it promotes secondary injury, and strategies that block HMGB1 improve functional recovery. To investigate the potential translational relevance of these observations, we measured HMGB1 in plasma from adults with acute (≤ 1 week post-SCI, n = 16) or chronic (≥ 1 year post-SCI, n = 47) SCI. Plasma from uninjured persons (n = 51) served as controls for comparison. In persons with acute SCI, average HMGB1 levels were significantly elevated within 0-3 days post-injury (6.00 ± 1.8 ng/mL, mean ± standard error of the mean [SEM]) or 4-7 (6.26 ± 1.3 ng/mL, mean ± SEM), compared with controls (1.26 ± 0.24 ng/mL, mean ± SEM; p ≤ 0.001 and p ≤ 0.01, respectively). In persons with chronic SCI who were injured for 15 ± 1.5 years (mean ± SEM), HMGB1 also was significantly elevated, compared with uninjured persons (3.7 ± 0.69 vs. 1.26 ± 0.24 ng/mL, mean ± SEM; p ≤ 0.0001). Together, these data suggest that HMGB1 may be a common, early, and persistent danger signal promoting inflammation in individuals with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Papatheodorou
- 1 Department of Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Disorders, North Shore University Hospital , Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
| | - Adam Stein
- 2 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, North Shore University Hospital , Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
| | - Matthew Bank
- 3 Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital , Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
| | - Cristina P Sison
- 4 Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital , Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
| | - Katie Gibbs
- 2 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, North Shore University Hospital , Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
| | - Peter Davies
- 5 Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease, the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore University Hospital , Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
| | - Ona Bloom
- 1 Department of Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Disorders, North Shore University Hospital , Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York.,2 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, North Shore University Hospital , Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York.,4 Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital , Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
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Xiong X, Gu L, Wang Y, Luo Y, Zhang H, Lee J, Krams S, Zhu S, Zhao H. Glycyrrhizin protects against focal cerebral ischemia via inhibition of T cell activity and HMGB1-mediated mechanisms. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:241. [PMID: 27609334 PMCID: PMC5016958 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glycyrrhizin (Gly) protects against brain injury induced by stroke. We studied whether Gly achieves its protection by inhibiting T cell activity and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) release in the ischemic brain. Methods Stroke was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats and mice. Gly was injected intraperitoneally before or after stroke. We measured infarction, neuroinflammatory cells, gene expressions of interferon-γ (IFNγ), IL-4, and IL-10 in CD4 T cells, HMGB1 release, and T cell proliferation in cultured splenocytes. Results Gly treatment reduced infarctions and neuroinflammation characterized by the infiltration of CD68-positive macrophages and myeloperoxidase-positive neutrophils, which corresponds to a reduction in the number of T cells and their subsets, CD4 and CD8 T cells, in the ischemic brain, as measured by flow cytometry. Unlike in wild-type animals, Gly did not offer protection in nude rats and severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice who had no T cells, while Gly reduced infarction in both nude rats and SCID mice whose T cells were reconstituted, suggesting that T cells should be the target of Gly. In addition, Gly administration inhibited T cell proliferation stimulated by ConA in in vitro assays and inhibited HMGB1 release from the ischemic brain. Furthermore, Gly attenuated gene expression of IFNγ, but not IL-4 and IL-10 in CD4 T cells. Lastly, HMGB1 promoted T cell proliferation stimulated by ConA, which was inhibited by the addition of Gly. Conclusions Gly blocks infarction by inhibiting IFNγ-mediated T cell activity, which is at least partly modulated by HMGB1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Rd, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Rd, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Rd, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Rd, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hongfei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Rd, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510280, People's Republic of China
| | - Jessica Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Rd, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sheri Krams
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Shengmei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Heng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Rd, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Dorsemans AC, Soulé S, Weger M, Bourdon E, Lefebvre d'Hellencourt C, Meilhac O, Diotel N. Impaired constitutive and regenerative neurogenesis in adult hyperglycemic zebrafish. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:442-458. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire Dorsemans
- Inserm; UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI); plateforme CYROI Sainte-Clotilde F-97490 France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR 1188; Sainte-Clotilde F-97490 France
| | - Stéphanie Soulé
- Inserm; UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI); plateforme CYROI Sainte-Clotilde F-97490 France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR 1188; Sainte-Clotilde F-97490 France
| | - Meltem Weger
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Emmanuel Bourdon
- Inserm; UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI); plateforme CYROI Sainte-Clotilde F-97490 France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR 1188; Sainte-Clotilde F-97490 France
| | - Christian Lefebvre d'Hellencourt
- Inserm; UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI); plateforme CYROI Sainte-Clotilde F-97490 France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR 1188; Sainte-Clotilde F-97490 France
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- Inserm; UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI); plateforme CYROI Sainte-Clotilde F-97490 France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR 1188; Sainte-Clotilde F-97490 France
- CHU de La Réunion; F-97400 Saint-Denis France
| | - Nicolas Diotel
- Inserm; UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI); plateforme CYROI Sainte-Clotilde F-97490 France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR 1188; Sainte-Clotilde F-97490 France
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De Geyter D, De Smedt A, Stoop W, De Keyser J, Kooijman R. Central IGF-I Receptors in the Brain are Instrumental to Neuroprotection by Systemically Injected IGF-I in a Rat Model for Ischemic Stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:611-6. [PMID: 27080541 PMCID: PMC6492886 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a neuroprotective agent in animal models of ischemic stroke. The purpose of this study was to determine whether systemically injected IGF-I exerts its neuroprotective action by binding to IGF-I receptors in the brain after crossing the blood-brain barrier, or via peripheral effects. METHODS To differentiate the central effects of IGF-I from systemic effects, ischemic stroke was induced in conscious male Wistar Kyoto rats by the injection of endothelin-1 adjacent to the middle cerebral artery in the right hemisphere, while either the IGF-I receptor antagonist JB-1 or vehicle was introduced into the right lateral ventricle. RESULTS Intravenous injection of recombinant human (rh)IGF-I resulted in 50% reduction in infarct size, which was counteracted by the central administration of JB-1. Furthermore, rhIGF-I was detected in both the ischemic and nonischemic hemisphere. CONCLUSIONS Systemically injected rhIGF-I passes the blood-brain barrier and protects neurons via IGF-I receptors in the brain in rats with an ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah De Geyter
- Center for Neurosciences (C4N)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)BrusselsBelgium
| | - Ann De Smedt
- Center for Neurosciences (C4N)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)BrusselsBelgium
- Department of NeurologyUniversitair Ziekenhuis BrusselBrusselsBelgium
| | - Wendy Stoop
- Center for Neurosciences (C4N)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)BrusselsBelgium
| | - Jacques De Keyser
- Center for Neurosciences (C4N)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)BrusselsBelgium
- Department of NeurologyUniversitair Ziekenhuis BrusselBrusselsBelgium
- Department of NeurologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ron Kooijman
- Center for Neurosciences (C4N)Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)BrusselsBelgium
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Tissue Kallikrein Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Activating the B2R-ERK1/2-CREB-Bcl-2 Signaling Pathway in Diabetic Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1843201. [PMID: 27446506 PMCID: PMC4944080 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1843201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) substantially increases the risk of ischemic stroke and reduces the tolerance to ischemic insults. Tissue kallikrein (TK) has been demonstrated to protect neurons from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in orthoglycemic model by activating the bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R). Considering the differential effects of B2R or bradykinin B1 receptor (B1R) on cardioprotection and neuroprotection in I/R with or without diabetes, this study was designed to investigate the role of TK during cerebral I/R injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Intravenous injection of TK inhibited apoptosis in neurons, alleviated edema and inflammatory reactions after focal cerebral I/R, significantly reduced the infarct volume, and improved functional recovery. These beneficial effects were accompanied by activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), cAMP response element-binding (CREB), and Bcl-2 signal proteins. Inhibition of the B2R or ERK1/2 pathway abated the effects of TK, whereas an antagonist of B1R enhanced the effects. These findings reveal that the neuroprotective effect of TK against cerebral I/R injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats mainly involves the enhancement of B2R and ERK1/2-CREB-Bcl-2 signaling pathway activity.
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40
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Han H, Wu LM, Han MX, Yang WM, Wang YX, Fang ZH. Diabetes impairs spatial learning and memory and hippocampal neurogenesis via BDNF in rats with transient global ischemia. Brain Res Bull 2016; 124:269-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Yamagata K, Sone N, Suguyama S, Nabika T. Different effects of arginine vasopressin on high-mobility group box 1 expression in astrocytes isolated from stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats and congenic SHRpch1_18 rats. Int J Exp Pathol 2016; 97:97-106. [PMID: 27126918 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP/Izm) develop severe hypertension and astrocytic oedema following ischaemic stimulation. During ischaemic stress high-mobility group box 1 (Hmgb1) expression in astrocytes is induced, and subsequently potentiates deterioration of the brain due to ischaemic injury, which manifests as both cerebral inflammation and astrocytic oedema. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) induces brain injury and increases astrocytic swelling. After stroke, Hmgb1 and peroxiredoxin (Prx) are released at different times and activate macrophages in the brain via Toll-like receptors (Tlr2s). The purpose of this study was to examine whether AVP and/or hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R) contribute to Hmgb1 regulation following ischaemic stroke. Thus, Hmgb1, Prx2 and Tlr2 expression levels in astrocytes isolated from Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY/Izm), spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR/Izm), SHRSP/Izm and congenic rat strain SHRpch1_18 treated with AVP and/or H/R were compared. Gene and protein expression levels were determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time quantitative PCR, and Western blot. mRNA expression of Hmgb1, Prx2 and Tlr2 induced by AVP was dose-dependent, and Hmgb1 and Prx2 expression was higher in SHR/Izm, SHRSP/Izm and SHRch1_18 than in WKY/Izm. Tlr2 expression with AVP was reduced in SHR/Izm compared to WKY/Izm. In SHRpch1_18, Hmgb1 expression increased after AVP plus H/R. AVP-modulated expression of Hmgb1 protein was reduced by the addition of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). These results suggest that oxidative stress by AVP enhanced expression of Hmgb1, Prx2 and Tlr2 in astrocytes. We hypothesize that regulation of Hmgb1 by AVP during H/R might be related to induction of inflammation and stroke in SHRSP/Izm and SHRpch1_18 rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Yamagata
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University (NUBS), Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Natumi Sone
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University (NUBS), Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Sari Suguyama
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University (NUBS), Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Toru Nabika
- Department of Functional Pathology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Shimane, Japan
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Chen H, Guan B, Shen J. Targeting ONOO -/HMGB1/MMP-9 Signaling Cascades: Potential for Drug Development from Chinese Medicine to Attenuate Ischemic Brain Injury and Hemorrhagic Transformation Induced by Thrombolytic Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1159/000442468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lin Y, Xu M, Wan J, Wen S, Sun J, Zhao H, Lou M. Docosahexaenoic acid attenuates hyperglycemia-enhanced hemorrhagic transformation after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Neuroscience 2015; 301:471-9. [PMID: 26102005 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a feared complication of cerebral ischemic infarction, especially following the use of thrombolytic therapy. In this study, we examined whether docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), an omega-3 essential fatty acid family member, can protect the brain from injury and whether DHA can decrease the risk of HT enhanced by hyperglycemia after focal ischemic injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with 50% dextrose (6ml/kg intraperitoneally) to induce hyperglycemia 10min before 1.5h of filament middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was performed. Treatment with DHA (10mg/kg) 5min before reperfusion reduced HT and further improved the 7-day neurological outcome. It also reduced infarct volume, which is consistent with the restricted DWI and T2WI hyperintensive area. Reduced Evans Blue extravasation and increased expression of collagen IV indicated the improved integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in DHA-treated rats. Moreover, DHA reduced the expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the ischemic injured brain. Therefore, we conclude that DHA attenuated hyperglycemia-enhanced HT and improved neurological function by preserving the integrity of BBB and reducing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, #88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - M Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, #88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - J Wan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, #88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - S Wen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, #88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - J Sun
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, #88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - H Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, MSLS Building, P306, 1201 Welch Road, Room P306, Stanford, CA 94305-5327, USA
| | - M Lou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, #88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China.
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Valproic acid ameliorates ischemic brain injury in hyperglycemic rats with permanent middle cerebral occlusion. Brain Res 2015; 1606:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Kang R, Chen R, Zhang Q, Hou W, Wu S, Cao L, Huang J, Yu Y, Fan XG, Yan Z, Sun X, Wang H, Wang Q, Tsung A, Billiar TR, Zeh HJ, Lotze MT, Tang D. HMGB1 in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 40:1-116. [PMID: 25010388 PMCID: PMC4254084 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 693] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Complex genetic and physiological variations as well as environmental factors that drive emergence of chromosomal instability, development of unscheduled cell death, skewed differentiation, and altered metabolism are central to the pathogenesis of human diseases and disorders. Understanding the molecular bases for these processes is important for the development of new diagnostic biomarkers, and for identifying new therapeutic targets. In 1973, a group of non-histone nuclear proteins with high electrophoretic mobility was discovered and termed high-mobility group (HMG) proteins. The HMG proteins include three superfamilies termed HMGB, HMGN, and HMGA. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), the most abundant and well-studied HMG protein, senses and coordinates the cellular stress response and plays a critical role not only inside of the cell as a DNA chaperone, chromosome guardian, autophagy sustainer, and protector from apoptotic cell death, but also outside the cell as the prototypic damage associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP). This DAMP, in conjunction with other factors, thus has cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor activity, orchestrating the inflammatory and immune response. All of these characteristics make HMGB1 a critical molecular target in multiple human diseases including infectious diseases, ischemia, immune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer. Indeed, a number of emergent strategies have been used to inhibit HMGB1 expression, release, and activity in vitro and in vivo. These include antibodies, peptide inhibitors, RNAi, anti-coagulants, endogenous hormones, various chemical compounds, HMGB1-receptor and signaling pathway inhibition, artificial DNAs, physical strategies including vagus nerve stimulation and other surgical approaches. Future work further investigating the details of HMGB1 localization, structure, post-translational modification, and identification of additional partners will undoubtedly uncover additional secrets regarding HMGB1's multiple functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
| | - Ruochan Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Qiuhong Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Wen Hou
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Sha Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Lizhi Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xue-Gong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhengwen Yan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA; Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Experimental Department of Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510510, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Qingde Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Allan Tsung
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Herbert J Zeh
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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Nawaz MI, Mohammad G. Role of high-mobility group box-1 protein in disruption of vascular barriers and regulation of leukocyte-endothelial interactions. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2014; 35:340-5. [PMID: 26482025 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2014.984309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) is a highly conserved non-histone DNA-binding protein present in the nuclei and cytoplasm of nearly all cell types. The results from recent research provide evidence that HMGB1 is secreted into the extracellular milieu and acts as a pro-inflammatory cytokine and exhibits angiogenic effects to fire the immunological response against the pathological effects. Recently, a great deal of evidence has indicated the critical importance of HMGB1 in mediating vascular barriers dysfunction by modulating the expression of adhesion molecules, such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion protein 1 and E-selectin on the surface of endothelial cells. Such process promotes the adhesion and migration of leukocytes across the endothelium, leading to breakdown of vascular barriers (blood-brain barrier and blood-retinal barrier) via modulating the expression, content, phosphorylation, and distribution of tight junction proteins. Therefore, here we give an abridged review to understand the mechanistic link between HMGB1 and vascular barriers dysfunction, including interaction with cell-surface receptors and intracellular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Imtiaz Nawaz
- a Department of Ophthalmology , College of Medicine, King Saud University, and Dr. Nasser Al-Rasheed Research Chair in Ophthalmology , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Mohammad
- a Department of Ophthalmology , College of Medicine, King Saud University, and Dr. Nasser Al-Rasheed Research Chair in Ophthalmology , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
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Electroacupuncture treatment improves neurological function associated with regulation of tight junction proteins in rats with cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:989340. [PMID: 25009574 PMCID: PMC4070389 DOI: 10.1155/2014/989340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to develop effective neuroprotective therapy to reduce brain damage and related behavioral deficits in stroke patients are of great significance. Electroacupuncture (EA), which derives from traditional Chinese medicine, may be effective as a complementary and alternative method for promoting recovery of neurological function and quality of life. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: (1) sham, (2) middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model groups of 2 h MCAO followed by 1, 3, 5, or 7 d of reperfusion, and (3) EA groups of 2 h MCAO followed by 1, 3, 5, or 7 d of reperfusion. EA groups received EA therapy by needling at GV20 and left ST36. The results show that EA therapy improved the neurological function and reduced infarct volume, confirmed by modified neurological severity scores and TTC staining. Real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, and western blot assay verified that EA upregulated the expression of tight junction (TJ) claudin-5, occludin, and zonula occluding-1 from 1 to 7 d after reperfusion. Our findings suggest that EA reduces brain damage and related behavioral deficits via upregulation of the TJ proteins.
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Ectopic expression of human angiopoietin-1 promotes functional recovery and neurogenesis after focal cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience 2014; 267:135-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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