1
|
Stopera CJ, Bartlett MJ, Liu C, Esqueda A, Parmar R, Heien ML, Sherman SJ, Falk T. Differential effects of opioid receptor antagonism on the anti-dyskinetic and anti-parkinsonian effects of sub-anesthetic ketamine treatment in a preclinical model. Neuropharmacology 2024; 257:110047. [PMID: 38889877 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Sub-anesthetic ketamine treatment has been shown to be an effective therapy for treatment-resistant depression and chronic pain. Our group has previously shown that sub-anesthetic ketamine produces acute anti-parkinsonian, and acute anti-dyskinetic effects in preclinical models of Parkinson's disease (PD). Ketamine is a multifunctional drug and exerts effects through blockade of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors but also through interaction with the opioid system. In this report, we provide detailed pharmacokinetic rodent data on ketamine and its main metabolites following an intraperitoneal injection, and second, we explore the pharmacodynamic properties of ketamine in a rodent PD model with respect to the opioid system, using naloxone, a pan-opioid receptor antagonist, in unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned male rats, treated with 6 mg/kg levodopa (l-DOPA) to establish a model of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). As previously reported, we showed that ketamine (20 mg/kg) is highly efficacious in reducing LID and now report that the magnitude of this effect is resistant to naloxone (3 and 5 mg/kg). The higher naloxone dose of 5 mg/kg, however, led to an extension of the time-course of the LID, indicating that opioid receptor activation, while not a prerequisite for the anti-dyskinetic effects of ketamine, still exerts an acute modulatory effect. In contrast to the mild modulatory effect on LID, we found that naloxone added to the anti-parkinsonian activity of ketamine, further reducing the akinetic phenotype. In conclusion, our data show opioid receptor blockade differentially modulates the acute anti-parkinsonian and anti-dyskinetic actions of ketamine, providing novel mechanistic information to support repurposing ketamine for individuals with LID.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Stopera
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
| | | | - Chenxi Liu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Alexander Esqueda
- Department of Neurology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
| | - Raveena Parmar
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
| | - M Leandro Heien
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Scott J Sherman
- Department of Neurology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
| | - Torsten Falk
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA; Department of Neurology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA; Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gao X, Li Z, Chai J, Li S, Pan X, Liu J, Li L, Qin S, Kang Y, Zhu Y. Electroencephalographic insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of emergence delirium in children and corresponding clinical treatment strategies. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1349105. [PMID: 38962301 PMCID: PMC11219819 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1349105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Emergence delirium is a common postoperative complication in patients undergoing general anesthesia, especially in children. In severe cases, it can cause unnecessary self-harm, affect postoperative recovery, lead to parental dissatisfaction, and increase medical costs. With the widespread use of inhalation anesthetic drugs (such as sevoflurane and desflurane), the incidence of emergence delirium in children is gradually increasing; however, its pathogenesis in children is complex and unclear. Several studies have shown that age, pain, and anesthetic drugs are strongly associated with the occurrence of emergence delirium. Alterations in central neurophysiology are essential intermediate processes in the development of emergence delirium. Compared to adults, the pediatric nervous system is not fully developed; therefore, the pediatric electroencephalogram may vary slightly by age. Moreover, pain and anesthetic drugs can cause changes in the excitability of the central nervous system, resulting in electroencephalographic changes. In this paper, we review the pathogenesis of and prevention strategies for emergence delirium in children from the perspective of brain electrophysiology-especially for commonly used pharmacological treatments-to provide the basis for understanding the development of emergence delirium as well as its prevention and treatment, and to suggest future research direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhichao Li
- Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Chai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Si Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuanyuan Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Linxing Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shangyuan Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Yihan Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Youzhuang Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Goh MPY, Samsul RN, Mohaimin AW, Goh HP, Zaini NH, Kifli N, Ahmad N. The Analgesic Potential of Litsea Species: A Systematic Review. Molecules 2024; 29:2079. [PMID: 38731572 PMCID: PMC11085224 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Various plant species from the Litsea genus have been claimed to be beneficial for pain relief. The PRISMA approach was adopted to identify studies that reported analgesic properties of plants from the Litsea genus. Out of 450 records returned, 19 primary studies revealed the analgesic potential of nine Litsea species including (1) Litsea cubeba, (2) Litsea elliptibacea, (3) Litsea japonica, (4) Litsea glutinosa, (5) Litsea glaucescens, (6) Litsea guatemalensis, (7) Litsea lancifolia, (8) Litsea liyuyingi and (9) Litsea monopetala. Six of the species, 1, 3, 4, 7, 8 and 9, demonstrated peripheral antinociceptive properties as they inhibited acetic-acid-induced writhing in animal models. Species 1, 3, 4, 8 and 9 further showed effects via the central analgesic route at the spinal level by increasing the latencies of heat stimulated-nocifensive responses in the tail flick assay. The hot plate assay also revealed the efficacies of 4 and 9 at the supraspinal level. Species 6 was reported to ameliorate hyperalgesia induced via partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL). The antinociceptive effects of 1 and 3 were attributed to the regulatory effects of their bioactive compounds on inflammatory mediators. As for 2 and 5, their analgesic effect may be a result of their activity with the 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor (5-HT1AR) which disrupted the pain-stimulating actions of 5-HT. Antinociceptive activities were documented for various major compounds of the Litsea plants. Overall, the findings suggested Litsea species as good sources of antinociceptive compounds that can be further developed to complement or substitute prescription drugs for pain management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- May Poh Yik Goh
- Herbal Research Group, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, Bandar Seri Begawan BE 1410, Brunei; (M.P.Y.G.); (R.N.S.); (A.W.M.); (N.K.)
- PAP Rashidah Saádatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, Bandar Seri Begawan BE 1410, Brunei;
| | - Raudhatun Na’emah Samsul
- Herbal Research Group, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, Bandar Seri Begawan BE 1410, Brunei; (M.P.Y.G.); (R.N.S.); (A.W.M.); (N.K.)
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, Bandar Seri Begawan BE 1410, Brunei
| | - Amal Widaad Mohaimin
- Herbal Research Group, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, Bandar Seri Begawan BE 1410, Brunei; (M.P.Y.G.); (R.N.S.); (A.W.M.); (N.K.)
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, Bandar Seri Begawan BE 1410, Brunei
| | - Hui Poh Goh
- PAP Rashidah Saádatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, Bandar Seri Begawan BE 1410, Brunei;
| | - Nurul Hazlina Zaini
- UBD Botanical Research Centre, Institute for Biodiversity and Environmental Research, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, Bandar Seri Begawan BE 1410, Brunei;
| | - Nurolaini Kifli
- Herbal Research Group, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, Bandar Seri Begawan BE 1410, Brunei; (M.P.Y.G.); (R.N.S.); (A.W.M.); (N.K.)
- PAP Rashidah Saádatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, Bandar Seri Begawan BE 1410, Brunei;
| | - Norhayati Ahmad
- Herbal Research Group, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, Bandar Seri Begawan BE 1410, Brunei; (M.P.Y.G.); (R.N.S.); (A.W.M.); (N.K.)
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, Bandar Seri Begawan BE 1410, Brunei
- UBD Botanical Research Centre, Institute for Biodiversity and Environmental Research, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, Bandar Seri Begawan BE 1410, Brunei;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pomrenze MB, Vaillancourt S, Llorach P, Rijsketic DR, Casey AB, Gregory N, Salgado JS, Malenka RC, Heifets BD. Opioid receptor expressing neurons of the central amygdala gate behavioral effects of ketamine in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.03.583196. [PMID: 38496451 PMCID: PMC10942405 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.03.583196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Ketamine has anesthetic, analgesic, and antidepressant properties which may involve multiple neuromodulatory systems. In humans, the opioid receptor (OR) antagonist naltrexone blocks the antidepressant effect of ketamine. It is unclear whether naltrexone blocks a direct effect of ketamine at ORs, or whether normal functioning of the OR system is required to realize the full antidepressant effects of treatment. In mice, the effect of ketamine on locomotion, but not analgesia or the forced swim test, was sensitive to naltrexone and was therefore used as a behavioral readout to localize the effect of naltrexone in the brain. We performed whole-brain imaging of cFos expression in ketamine-treated mice, pretreated with naltrexone or vehicle, and identified the central amygdala (CeA) as the area with greatest difference in cFos intensity. CeA neurons expressing both μOR (MOR) and PKCμ were strongly activated by naltrexone but not ketamine, and selectively interrupting MOR function in the CeA either pharmacologically or genetically blocked the locomotor effects of ketamine. These data suggest that MORs expressed in CeA neurons gate behavioral effects of ketamine but are not direct targets of ketamine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Pomrenze
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Sam Vaillancourt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Pierre Llorach
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Daniel Ryskamp Rijsketic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Austen B. Casey
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Nicholas Gregory
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Juliana S. Salgado
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Robert C. Malenka
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Boris D. Heifets
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiang C, DiLeone RJ, Pittenger C, Duman RS. The endogenous opioid system in the medial prefrontal cortex mediates ketamine's antidepressant-like actions. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:90. [PMID: 38346984 PMCID: PMC10861497 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have implicated the endogenous opioid system in the antidepressant actions of ketamine, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We used a combination of pharmacological, behavioral, and molecular approaches in rats to test the contribution of the prefrontal endogenous opioid system to the antidepressant-like effects of a single dose of ketamine. Both the behavioral actions of ketamine and their molecular correlates in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are blocked by acute systemic administration of naltrexone, a competitive opioid receptor antagonist. Naltrexone delivered directly into the mPFC similarly disrupts the behavioral effects of ketamine. Ketamine treatment rapidly increases levels of β-endorphin and the expression of the μ-opioid receptor gene (Oprm1) in the mPFC, and the expression of gene that encodes proopiomelanocortin, the precursor of β-endorphin, in the hypothalamus, in vivo. Finally, neutralization of β-endorphin in the mPFC using a specific antibody prior to ketamine treatment abolishes both behavioral and molecular effects. Together, these findings indicate that presence of β-endorphin and activation of opioid receptors in the mPFC are required for the antidepressant-like actions of ketamine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Ralph J DiLeone
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Yale University School of Arts and Sciences, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Center for Brain and Mind Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Ronald S Duman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mahdi AH, Kahloul M, Mohammed MJ, Mohammed AK. Effects of Ketamine and Tramadol As Adjuvants to Bupivacaine in Spinal Anesthesia for Unilateral Open Ovarian Cystectomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Cureus 2024; 16:e54776. [PMID: 38405643 PMCID: PMC10890904 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal anesthesia offers numerous advantages and desirable features. However, it is associated with various side effects related to local anesthetic agents used. Reducing the dose of local anesthetic in spinal anesthesia can help minimize side effects but may lead to a diminished analgesic effect or failure of anesthesia. Therefore, adding an adjuvant may enhance the benefits while mitigating side effects. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ketamine and tramadol as adjuvants to bupivacaine on the duration of spinal analgesia. The objectives were to compare the three groups and prove their analgesic effects, safety, and superiority. The primary outcomes were the duration of spinal analgesia, as well as the onset and duration of both sensory and motor blocks. Secondary outcomes included the heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and the incidence of undesired effects such as nausea, vomiting, sedation, shivering, and postoperative headache. METHODS In this double-blind randomized controlled trial, 120 female patients undergoing elective open unilateral ovarian cystectomy under spinal anesthesia were studied. The inclusion criteria included patients aged 16-45 years with a physical status classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class I and II. Patients were randomly allocated into three groups: group B (n=40) received only bupivacaine, group BK (n=40) received bupivacaine mixed with preservative-free ketamine, and group BT (n=40) received bupivacaine mixed with preservative-free tramadol. RESULTS The mean duration of spinal analgesia, measured in minutes, showed significant differences (P < 0.001) between group BK (165 ± 4) and group B (170 ± 5). There was also a significant difference between group BT (313 ± 8) and group B (170 ± 5) (P < 0.001). Additionally, significant differences were observed between group BK (165 ± 4) and group BT (313 ± 8) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The administration of 25 mg of ketamine and 25 mg of tramadol as adjuvants to bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia significantly affected the postoperative duration of analgesia. Tramadol prolonged the duration of spinal anesthesia, while ketamine shortened it. The use of both adjuvants did not result in undesired effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ammar H Mahdi
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, TUN
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Bilad Alrafidain University College, Baqubah, IRQ
| | - Mohamed Kahloul
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Sahloul Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, TUN
| | - Myasar J Mohammed
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Bilad Alrafidain University College, Baqubah, IRQ
| | - Abbas K Mohammed
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Balad Ruz General Hospital, Diyala Health Directorate, Iraqi Ministry of Health, Balad Ruz, IRQ
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of suicide in the world. Monoamine-based antidepressant drugs are a primary line of treatment for this mental disorder, although the delayed response and incomplete efficacy in some patients highlight the need for improved therapeutic approaches. Over the past two decades, ketamine has shown rapid onset with sustained (up to several days) antidepressant effects in patients whose MDD has not responded to conventional antidepressant drugs. Recent preclinical studies have started to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of ketamine's antidepressant properties. Herein, we describe and compare recent clinical and preclinical findings to provide a broad perspective of the relevant mechanisms for the antidepressant action of ketamine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Woon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA;
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Regulatory Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Regulatory Innovation through Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kanzo Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA;
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ege T Kavalali
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA;
| | - Lisa M Monteggia
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pittenger C, Jiang C, DiLeone R, Duman R. The endogenous opioid system in the medial prefrontal cortex mediates ketamine's antidepressant-like actions. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3190391. [PMID: 37886526 PMCID: PMC10602058 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3190391/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have implicated the endogenous opioid system in the antidepressant actions of ketamine, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We used a combination of pharmacological, behavioral, and molecular approaches in rats to test the contribution of the prefrontal endogenous opioid system to the antidepressant-like effects of a single dose of ketamine. Both the behavioral actions of ketamine and their molecular correlates in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) were blocked by acute systemic administration of naltrexone, a competitive opioid receptor antagonist. Naltrexone delivered directly into the mPFC similarly disrupted the behavioral effects of ketamine. Ketamine treatment rapidly increased levels of β-endorphin and the expression of the μ-opioid receptor gene (Oprm1) in the mPFC, and the expression of the gene that encodes proopiomelanocortin, the precursor of β-endorphin, in the hypothalamus, in vivo. Finally, neutralization of β-endorphin in the mPFC using a specific antibody prior to ketamine treatment abolished both behavioral and molecular effects. Together, these findings indicate that presence of β-endorphin and activation of opioid receptors in the mPFC are required for the antidepressant-like actions of ketamine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ronald Duman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhou JS, Peng GF, Liang WD, Chen Z, Liu YY, Wang BY, Guo ML, Deng YL, Ye JM, Zhong ML, Wang LF. Recent advances in the study of anesthesia-and analgesia-related mechanisms of S-ketamine. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1228895. [PMID: 37781698 PMCID: PMC10539608 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1228895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is a racemic mixture of equal amounts of R-ketamine and S-ketamine and is well known to anesthesiologists for its unique dissociative anesthetic properties. The pharmacological properties of ketamine, namely, its sympathetic excitation, mild respiratory depression, and potent analgesia, are still highly valued in its use as an anesthetic for some patients. In particular, since its advent, S-ketamine has been widely used as an anesthetic in many countries due to its increased affinity for NMDA receptors and its enhanced anesthetic and analgesic effects. However, the anesthetic and analgesic mechanisms of S-ketamine are not fully understood. In addition to antagonizing NMDA receptors, a variety of other receptors or channels may be involved, but there are no relevant mechanistic summaries in the literature. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review the mechanisms of action of S-ketamine on relevant receptors and systems in the body that result in its pharmacological properties, such as anesthesia and analgesia, with the aim of providing a reference for its clinical applications and research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-shun Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Guan-fa Peng
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Wei-dong Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ying-ying Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Bing-yu Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ming-ling Guo
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yun-ling Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jun-ming Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Ganzhou, China
| | - Mao-lin Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Ganzhou, China
| | - Li-feng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Ganzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hornick MG, Stefanski A. Hallucinogenic potential: a review of psychoplastogens for the treatment of opioid use disorder. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1221719. [PMID: 37675046 PMCID: PMC10477608 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1221719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The United States is entering its fourth decade of the opioid epidemic with no clear end in sight. At the center of the epidemic is an increase in opioid use disorder (OUD), a complex condition encompassing physical addiction, psychological comorbidities, and socioeconomic and legal travails associated with the misuse and abuse of opioids. Existing behavioral and medication-assisted therapies show limited efficacy as they are hampered by lack of access, strict regimens, and failure to fully address the non-pharmacological aspects of the disease. A growing body of research has indicated the potential of hallucinogens to efficaciously and expeditiously treat addictions, including OUD, by a novel combination of pharmacology, neuroplasticity, and psychological mechanisms. Nonetheless, research into these compounds has been hindered due to legal, social, and safety concerns. This review will examine the preclinical and clinical evidence that psychoplastogens, such as ibogaine, ketamine, and classic psychedelics, may offer a unique, holistic alternative for the treatment of OUD while acknowledging that further research is needed to establish long-term efficacy along with proper safety and ethical guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary G. Hornick
- College of Science, Health and Pharmacy, Roosevelt University, Schaumburg, IL, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Youngblood B, Medina JC, Gehlert DR, Schwartz N. EPD1504: a novel μ-opioid receptor partial agonist attenuates obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)-like behaviors. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1170541. [PMID: 37457777 PMCID: PMC10349350 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1170541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Low doses of μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists rapidly ameliorate symptoms in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients (10-50% of OCD patients). However, the utility of MOR agonists is limited by their safety liabilities. We developed a novel MOR partial agonist (EPD1540) that has an improved respiratory safety profile when compared to buprenorphine. Buprenorphine is a MOR partial agonist primarily used in the treatment of opiate-use disorder, which in investigator-led trials, has been shown to rapidly ameliorate symptoms in treatment-resistant OCD patients. In this study, we show that doses of EPD1504 and buprenorphine that occupy small fractions of MORs in the CNS (approximately 20%) are as effective as fluoxetine at ameliorating OCD-like behaviors in two different rat models (an operant probabilistic reversal task and marble burying). Importantly, effective doses of EPD1504 did not impair either locomotor activity, or respiration under normoxic or hypercapnic conditions. Additionally, EPD1504 had effects comparable to buprenorphine in the conditioned place preference assay. These results indicate that EPD1504 may provide a safer alternative to buprenorphine for the treatment of OCD patients.
Collapse
|
12
|
Cardona-Acosta AM, Bolaños-Guzmán CA. Role of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in the antidepressant effects of ketamine. Neuropharmacology 2023; 225:109374. [PMID: 36516891 PMCID: PMC9839658 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a complex and highly heterogeneous disorder which diagnosis is based on an exceedingly variable set of clinical symptoms. Current treatments focus almost exclusively on the manipulation of monoamine neurotransmitter systems, but despite considerable efforts, these remain inadequate for a significant proportion of those afflicted by the disorder. The emergence of racemic (R, S)-ketamine as a fast-acting antidepressant has provided an exciting new path for the study of major depressive disorder (MDD) and the search for better therapeutics for its treatment. Previous work suggested that ketamine's mechanism of action is primarily mediated via blockaded of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, however, this is an area of active research and clinical and preclinical evidence now indicate that ketamine acts on multiple systems. The last couple of decades have cemented the mesolimbic dopamine reward pathway's involvement in the pathogenesis of MDD and related mood disorders. Exposure to negative stress dysregulates dopamine neuronal activity disrupting reward and motivational processes resulting in anhedonia (lack of pleasure), a hallmark symptom of depression. Although the mechanism(s) underlying ketamine's antidepressant activity continue to be elucidated, current evidence indicate that its therapeutic effects are mediated, at least in part, via long-lasting synaptic changes and subsequent molecular adaptations in brain regions within the mesolimbic dopamine system. Notwithstanding, ketamine is a drug of abuse, and this liability may pose limitations for long term use as an antidepressant. This review outlines the current knowledge of ketamine's actions within the mesolimbic dopamine system and its abuse potential. This article is part of the Special Issue on 'Ketamine and its Metabolites'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid M Cardona-Acosta
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Carlos A Bolaños-Guzmán
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Toxicity patterns associated with chronic ketamine exposure. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
|
14
|
Quintanilla B, Medeiros GC, Greenstein D, Yuan P, Johnston JN, Park LT, Goes F, Gould TD, Zarate CA. κ-Opioid Receptor Plasma Levels Are Associated With Sex and Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder But Not Response to Ketamine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2023; 43:89-96. [PMID: 36821406 PMCID: PMC9992159 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000001663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical evidence indicates that the κ-opioid receptor (KOR)/dynorphin pathway is implicated in depressive-like behaviors. Ketamine is believed to partly exert its antidepressant effects by modulating the opioid system. This post hoc study examined the following research questions: (1) at baseline, were there differences in KOR or dynorphin plasma levels between individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy volunteers (HVs) or between men and women? (2) in individuals with MDD, did KOR or dynorphin baseline plasma levels moderate ketamine's therapeutic effects or adverse effects? and (3) in individuals with MDD, were KOR or dynorphin plasma levels affected after treatment with ketamine compared with placebo? METHODS Thirty-nine unmedicated individuals with MDD (23 women) and 25 HVs (16 women) received intravenous ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) and placebo in a randomized, crossover, double-blind trial. Blood was obtained from all participants at baseline and at 3 postinfusion time points (230 minutes, day 1, day 3). Linear mixed model regressions were used. RESULTS At baseline, participants with MDD had lower KOR plasma levels than HVs ( F1,60 = 13.16, P < 0.001), and women (MDD and HVs) had higher KOR plasma levels than men ( F1,60 = 4.98, P = 0.03). Diagnosis and sex had no significant effects on baseline dynorphin levels. Baseline KOR and dynorphin levels did not moderate ketamine's therapeutic or adverse effects. Compared with placebo, ketamine was not associated with postinfusion changes in KOR or dynorphin levels. CONCLUSIONS In humans, diagnosis of MDD and biological sex are involved with changes in components of the KOR/dynorphin pathway. Neither KOR nor dynorphin levels consistently moderated ketamine's therapeutic effects or adverse effects, nor were levels altered after ketamine infusion. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT00088699 ( ClinicalTrials.gov ).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandi Quintanilla
- Experimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology Branch, NIMH-NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gustavo C. Medeiros
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dede Greenstein
- Experimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology Branch, NIMH-NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peixiong Yuan
- Experimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology Branch, NIMH-NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jenessa N. Johnston
- Experimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology Branch, NIMH-NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Lawrence T. Park
- Experimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology Branch, NIMH-NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fernando Goes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Todd D. Gould
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Departments of Pharmacology and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carlos A. Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology Branch, NIMH-NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen X, Liu Q, Fan L. Effects of thoracic paravertebral block combined with s-ketamine on postoperative pain and cognitive function after thoracoscopic surgery. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12231. [PMID: 36578415 PMCID: PMC9791821 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To assess the effects of thoracic paravertebral block and s-ketamine on postoperative pain and perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND) in video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Methods Patients (n = 120) aged 45-65 undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery were allocated randomly into the following three groups: patients in the C group received general anaesthesia; patients in the thoracic paravertebral block group, i.e. the TP group, received general anaesthesia and ultrasound-guided paravertebral block; and patients in the s-ketamine combined with ultrasound-guided thoracic paravertebral nerve block group, i.e. the TS group, received combined anaesthesia, which was administered as follows: general anaesthesia + ultrasound-guided paravertebral block + perioperative s-ketamine (a bolus of 0.3 mg/kg, followed by an infusion of 0.2 mg/kg/h until 30 min before the end of the surgical procedure). Results Cognitive function was measured using the Mini-Mental State Examination 1 day preoperatively, 1 day postoperatively, and 3 months postoperatively. Z-score was used to determine the incidence of PND. Postoperative pain was assessed using the visual analogue scale at 0.5 and 24 h postoperatively. The use of opioid drugs, intraoperative vital signs, and other secondary outcomes were also recorded. The final analysis included a total of 110 patients. The intraoperative heart rate and mean arterial pressure in the TS and TP groups were lower than that for group C (P<0.05). After surgery, patients in the TS group exhibited significantly lower pain scores at 0.5 h and 24 h (P<0.001 and P = 0.004,respectively) as well as significantly lower rates of postoperative nausea, vomiting, and pulmonary complications (P<0.05). The incidence of PND in the TP and TS groups was lower than those who received general anaesthesia. However, there was no significant difference in the incidence of PND between the TP and TS groups (P>0.05). Conclusions Ultrasound-guided paravertebral nerve block combined with s-ketamine decreased acute postoperative pain and improved the quality of recovery. However, perioperative s-ketamine did not improve cognitive function in patients under general anaesthesia with thoracic paravertebral block.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Qinshuang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Long Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yen YT, Tsai YS, Su WL, Huang DY, Wu HH, Tseng SH, Wang HH, Chiu CY, Wang CF, Liu CY, Chyueh SC. New ketamine analogue: 2-fluorodeschloro-N-ethyl-ketamine and its suggested metabolites. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 341:111501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
17
|
Edinoff AN, Wu NW, Nix CA, Bonin B, Mouhaffel R, Vining S, Gibson W, Cornett EM, Murnane KS, Kaye AM, Kaye AD. Historical Pathways for Opioid Addiction, Withdrawal with Traditional and Alternative Treatment Options with Ketamine, Cannabinoids, and Noribogaine: A Narrative Review. Health Psychol Res 2022; 10:38672. [PMID: 36628122 PMCID: PMC9817468 DOI: 10.52965/001c.38672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Even as prescription opioid dispensing rates have begun to decrease, the use of illicit opioids such as heroin and fentanyl has increased. Thus, the end of the opioid epidemic is not in sight, and treating patients that are addicted to opioids remains of utmost importance. Currently, the primary pharmacotherapies used to treat opioid addiction over the long term are the opioid antagonist naltrexone, the partial-agonist buprenorphine, and the full agonist methadone. Naloxone is an antagonist used to rapidly reverse opioid overdose. While these treatments are well-established and used regularly, the gravity of the opioid epidemic necessitates that all possible avenues of treatment be explored. Therefore, in this narrative review, we analyze current literature regarding use of the alternative medications ketamine, noribogaine, and cannabinoids in treating patients suffering from opioid use disorder. Beyond its use as an anesthetic, ketamine has been shown to have many applications in several medical specialties. Of particular interest to the subject at hand, ketamine is promising in treating individuals addicted to opioids, alcohol, and cocaine. Therapeutically administered cannabinoids have been proposed for the treatment of multiple illnesses. These include, but are not limited to epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, chronic pain conditions, anxiety disorders, and addiction. The cannabinoid dronabinol has been seen to have varying effects. High doses appear to reduce withdrawal symptoms but this comes at the expense of increased adverse side effects such as sedation and tachycardia. Noribogaine is a weak MOR antagonist and relatively potent KOR agonist, which may explain the clinical anti-addictive effects. More research should be done to assess the viability of these medications for the treatment of OUD and withdrawal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber N. Edinoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport; Louisiana Addiction Research Center
| | - Natalie W. Wu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine,
Louisiana State University Health Shreveport
| | - Catherine A. Nix
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport; Louisiana Addiction Research Center
| | - Bryce Bonin
- School of Medicine,
Louisiana State University Health Shreveport
| | - Rama Mouhaffel
- School of Medicine,
Louisiana State University Health Shreveport
| | - Stephen Vining
- School of Medicine,
Louisiana State University Health Shreveport
| | - William Gibson
- School of Medicine,
Louisiana State University New Orleans
| | - Elyse M. Cornett
- Department of Anesthesiology,
Louisiana State University Shreveport
| | - Kevin S. Murnane
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport; Louisiana Addiction Research Center; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport
| | - Adam M. Kaye
- Department of Pharmacy Practice,
Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific
| | - Alan D. Kaye
- Louisiana Addiction Research Center, Shreveport; Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Shreveport
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tian H, Hu Z, Xu J, Wang C. The molecular pathophysiology of depression and the new therapeutics. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e156. [PMID: 35875370 PMCID: PMC9301929 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent and disabling disorder. Despite the many hypotheses proposed to understand the molecular pathophysiology of depression, it is still unclear. Current treatments for depression are inadequate for many individuals, because of limited effectiveness, delayed efficacy (usually two weeks), and side effects. Consequently, novel drugs with increased speed of action and effectiveness are required. Ketamine has shown to have rapid, reliable, and long-lasting antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant MDD patients and represent a breakthrough therapy for patients with MDD; however, concerns regarding its efficacy, potential misuse, and side effects remain. In this review, we aimed to summarize molecular mechanisms and pharmacological treatments for depression. We focused on the fast antidepressant treatment and clarified the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of ketamine and its metabolites for the MDD treatment, along with a review of the potential pharmacological mechanisms, research challenges, and future clinical prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Tian
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience Ningbo University School of Medicine Ningbo Zhejiang China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology School of Medicine Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Ningbo University School of Medicine Ningbo Zhejiang China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine Ningbo Kangning Hospital Ningbo Zhejiang China
| | - Zhenyu Hu
- Department of Child Psychiatry Ningbo Kanning Hospital Ningbo Zhejiang China
| | - Jia Xu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience Ningbo University School of Medicine Ningbo Zhejiang China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology School of Medicine Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Ningbo University School of Medicine Ningbo Zhejiang China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience Ningbo University School of Medicine Ningbo Zhejiang China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology School of Medicine Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Ningbo University School of Medicine Ningbo Zhejiang China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yost JG, Wulf HA, Browne CA, Lucki I. Antinociceptive and Analgesic Effects of (2 R,6 R)-Hydroxynorketamine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 382:256-265. [PMID: 35779947 PMCID: PMC9426759 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly used pain therapeutics, such as opioid medications, exert dangerous side effects and lack effectiveness in treating some types of pain. Ketamine is also used to treat pain, but side effects limit its widespread use. (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) is a ketamine metabolite that potentially shares some beneficial behavioral effects of its parent drug without causing significant side effects. This study compared the profile and potential mechanisms mediating the antinociception activity of ketamine and (2R,6R)-HNK in C57BL/6J mice. Additionally, this study compared the reversal of mechanical allodynia by (2R,6R)-HNK with gabapentin in a model of neuropathic pain. Unlike the near-immediate and short-lived antinociception caused by ketamine, (2R,6R)-HNK produced late-developing antinociception 24 hours following administration. Pharmacological blockade of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors with 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo[f]quinoxaline (NBQX) prevented the initiation and expressionof (2R,6R)-HNK antinociception, suggesting the involvement of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor-dependent glutamatergic mechanisms in the pain reduction-like responses. Blockade of opioid receptors with naltrexone partially prevented the antinociceptive effect of ketamine but was ineffective against (2R,6R)-HNK. Furthermore, (2R,6R)-HNK did not produce dystaxia, even when tested at doses five times greater than those needed to produce antinociception, indicating a superior safety profile for (2R,6R)-HNK over ketamine. Additionally, (2R,6R)-HNK reversed mechanical allodynia in a spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain with similar short-term efficacy to gabapentin (within 4 hours) while outperforming gabapentin 24 hours after administration. These findings support the further study of (2R,6R)-HNK as a potentially valuable agent for treating different types of pain and establish certain advantages of (2R,6R)-HNK treatment over ketamine and gabapentin in corresponding assays for pain. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The ketamine metabolite (2R,6R)-HNK produced antinociception in male and female mice 24 hours after administration via activation of AMPA receptors. The effects of (2R,6R)-HNK differed in time course and mechanism and presented a better safety profile than ketamine. (2R,6R)-HNK also reversed allodynia in SNI-operated animals within 4 hours of treatment onset, with a duration of effect lasting longer than gabapentin. Taken together, (2R,6R)-HNK demonstrates the potential for development as a non-opioid analgesic drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Yost
- Neuroscience Graduate Program (J.G.Y., C.A.B., I.L.), Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics (H.A.W., C.A.B., I.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (I.L.), Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hildegard A Wulf
- Neuroscience Graduate Program (J.G.Y., C.A.B., I.L.), Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics (H.A.W., C.A.B., I.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (I.L.), Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Caroline A Browne
- Neuroscience Graduate Program (J.G.Y., C.A.B., I.L.), Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics (H.A.W., C.A.B., I.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (I.L.), Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Irwin Lucki
- Neuroscience Graduate Program (J.G.Y., C.A.B., I.L.), Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics (H.A.W., C.A.B., I.L.), and Department of Psychiatry (I.L.), Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
The Opioid System in Depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 140:104800. [PMID: 35914624 PMCID: PMC10166717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Opioid receptors are widely distributed throughout the brain and play an essential role in modulating aspects of human mood, reward, and well-being. Accumulating evidence indicates the endogenous opioid system is dysregulated in depression and that pharmacological modulators of mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors hold potential for the treatment of depression. Here we review animal and clinical data, highlighting evidence to support: dysregulation of the opioid system in depression, evidence for opioidergic modulation of behavioural processes and brain regions associated with depression, and evidence for opioidergic modulation in antidepressant responses. We evaluate clinical trials that have examined the safety and efficacy of opioidergic agents in depression and consider how the opioid system may be involved in the effects of other treatments, including ketamine, that are currently understood to exert antidepressant effects through non-opioidergic actions. Finally, we explore key neurochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying the potential therapeutic effects of opioid system engagement, that together provides a rationale for further investigation into this relevant target in the treatment of depression.
Collapse
|
21
|
Rueda Carrillo L, Garcia KA, Yalcin N, Shah M. Ketamine and Its Emergence in the Field of Neurology. Cureus 2022; 14:e27389. [PMID: 36046286 PMCID: PMC9419113 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest for a safe and effective anesthetic medication in the mid-20th century led to the discovery of CI-581, which was later named ketamine. Ketamine was labeled a “dissociative anesthetic” due to the state of sensory deprivation that it induces in the subjects receiving it. Although it enjoyed widespread use at the beginning of the Vietnam war, its use rapidly waned due to its psychedelic effect and it became more popular as a recreational drug, and in the field of veterinary medicine. However, as we gained more knowledge about its multiple sites of action, it has reemerged as a useful anesthetic/analgesic agent. In the last decade, the field of neurology has witnessed the growing use of ketamine for the treatment of several neurological conditions including migraine, status epilepticus, stroke, and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Ketamine acts primarily as a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. The binding of ketamine to NMDA receptors leads to decreased frequency and duration of Ca+2 channel opening and thus inhibits glutaminergic transmission. This mechanism has proven to be neuroprotective in several neurological conditions. Ketamine does not increase intracranial pressure (ICP), and it maintains cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) by increasing cerebral blood flow. Ketamine has also been shown to inhibit massive slow waves of neurological depolarizations called cortical spreading depolarizations (CSD), usually seen during acute neurological injury and are responsible for further neurological deterioration. Unlike other anesthetic agents, ketamine does not cause cardiac or respiratory suppression. All these favorable mechanisms and cerebral/hemodynamic actions have led to increased interest among clinicians and researchers regarding the novel uses of ketamine. This review will focus on the use of ketamine for various neurological indications.
Collapse
|
22
|
Geva N, Hermoni N, Levy-Tzedek S. Interaction Matters: The Effect of Touching the Social Robot PARO on Pain and Stress is Stronger When Turned ON vs. OFF. Front Robot AI 2022; 9:926185. [PMID: 35875704 PMCID: PMC9305613 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2022.926185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Social touch between humans, as well as between humans and animals, was previously found to reduce pain and stress. We previously reported that touching a social robot can also induce a reduction in pain ratings. However, it is unclear if the effect that touching a robot has on pain perception is due to its appearance and its pleasant touch, or due to its ability to socially interact with humans. In the current experiment, we aimed to assess the contribution of the interactive quality to pain perception. We assessed the effect of touching the social robot PARO on mild and strong pain ratings and on stress perception, on a total of 60 healthy young participants. The robot either interacted with participants (ON group, n = 30) or was turned off (OFF group, n = 30). Touching the robot induced a decrease in mild pain ratings (compared to baseline) only in the ON group while strong pain ratings decreased similarly in both the ON and the OFF groups. The decrease in mild pain ratings in the ON group was significantly greater in participants with a higher positive perception of the interaction with PARO. We conclude that part of the effect that touching the robot has on pain stems from its interactive features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nirit Geva
- Recanati School for Community Health Professions, Department of Physical Therapy, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Netta Hermoni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Shelly Levy-Tzedek
- Recanati School for Community Health Professions, Department of Physical Therapy, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Shelly Levy-Tzedek,
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wulf HA, Browne CA, Zarate CA, Lucki I. Mediation of the behavioral effects of ketamine and (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine in mice by kappa opioid receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:2309-2316. [PMID: 35459958 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has implicated the endogenous opioid system in mediating ketamine's antidepressant activity in subjects with major depressive disorder. To date, mu opioid receptors have been suggested as the primary opioid receptor of interest. However, this hypothesis relies primarily on observations that the opioid antagonist naltrexone blocked the effects of ketamine in humans and rodents. This report confirms previous findings that pretreatment with naltrexone (1 mg/kg) just prior to ketamine (10 mg/kg) administration effectively blocks the behavioral effect of ketamine in the mouse forced swim test 24 h post-treatment. Furthermore, pharmacological blockade of kappa opioid receptors prior to ketamine administration with the selective, short-acting antagonist LY2444296 successfully blocked ketamine's effects in the forced swim test. Likewise, the ability of the ketamine metabolite (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine to reduce immobility scores in the forced swim test was also blocked following pretreatment with either naltrexone or LY2444296. These data support a potential role of kappa opioid receptors in mediating the behavioral activity of ketamine and its non-dissociate metabolite (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hildegard A Wulf
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Caroline A Browne
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- National Institute on Mental Health, MD, 20814, Bethesda, USA
| | - Irwin Lucki
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Prabhakar NK, Chadwick AL, Nwaneshiudu C, Aggarwal A, Salmasi V, Lii TR, Hah JM. Management of Postoperative Pain in Patients Following Spine Surgery: A Narrative Review. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:4535-4549. [PMID: 35528286 PMCID: PMC9075013 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s292698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Perioperative pain management is a unique challenge in patients undergoing spine surgery due to the increased incidence of both pre-existing chronic pain conditions and chronic postsurgical pain. Peri-operative planning and counseling in spine surgery should involve an interdisciplinary approach that includes consideration of patient-level risk factors, as well as pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic pain management techniques. Consideration of psychological factors and patient focused education as an adjunct to these measures is paramount in developing a personalized perioperative pain management plan. Understanding the currently available body of knowledge surrounding perioperative opioid management, management of opioid use disorder, regional/neuraxial anesthetic techniques, ketamine/lidocaine infusions, non-opioid oral analgesics, and behavioral interventions can be useful in developing a comprehensive, multi-modal treatment plan among patients undergoing spine surgery. Although many of these techniques have proved efficacious in the immediate postoperative period, long-term follow-up is needed to define the impact of such approaches on persistent pain and opioid use. Future techniques involving the use of precision medicine may help identify phenotypic and physiologic characteristics that can identify patients that are most at risk of developing persistent postoperative pain after spine surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitin K Prabhakar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrea L Chadwick
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain, and Perioperative Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Chinwe Nwaneshiudu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Management, Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anuj Aggarwal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vafi Salmasi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Theresa R Lii
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Hah
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Time will tell. Reply to "Comments to pharmacological and behavioral divergence of ketamine enantiomers by Jordi Bonaventura et al." by Chen et al. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1863-1865. [PMID: 35194167 PMCID: PMC9133039 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01480-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
26
|
Yen YT, Tseng SH, Huang DY, Tsai YS, Lee LW, Chen PL, Liu YL, Chyueh SC. Identification of a novel norketamine precursor from seized powders: 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-nitrocyclohexanone. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 333:111241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
27
|
Subramanian S, Haroutounian S, Palanca BJA, Lenze EJ. Ketamine as a therapeutic agent for depression and pain: mechanisms and evidence. J Neurol Sci 2022; 434:120152. [PMID: 35092901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine is an anesthetic drug which is now used to treat chronic pain conditions and psychiatric disorders, especially depression. It is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist with additional effects on α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels, opioid receptors, and monoaminergic receptors. This article focuses on ketamine's role in treating depression and pain, two commonly comorbid challenging conditions with potentially shared neurobiologic circuitry. Many clinical trials have utilized intravenous or intranasal ketamine for treating depression and pain. Intravenous ketamine is more bioavailable than intranasal ketamine and both are effective for acute depressive episodes. Intravenous ketamine is advantageous for post-operative analgesia and is associated with a reduction in total opioid requirements. Few studies have treated chronic pain or concurrent depression and pain with ketamine. Larger, randomized control trials are needed to examine the safety and efficacy of intravenous vs. intranasal ketamine, ideal target populations, and optimal dosing to treat both depression and pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subha Subramanian
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Simon Haroutounian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ben Julian A Palanca
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eric J Lenze
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hess EM, Riggs LM, Michaelides M, Gould TD. Mechanisms of ketamine and its metabolites as antidepressants. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 197:114892. [PMID: 34968492 PMCID: PMC8883502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Treating major depression is a medical need that remains unmet by monoaminergic therapeutic strategies that commonly fail to achieve symptom remission. A breakthrough in the treatment of depression was the discovery that the anesthetic (R,S)-ketamine (ketamine), when administered at sub-anesthetic doses, elicits rapid (sometimes within hours) antidepressant effects in humans that are otherwise resistant to monoaminergic-acting therapies. While this finding was revolutionary and led to the FDA approval of (S)-ketamine (esketamine) for use in adults with treatment-resistant depression and suicidal ideation, the mechanisms underlying how ketamine or esketamine elicit their effects are still under active investigation. An emerging view is that metabolism of ketamine may be a crucial step in its mechanism of action, as several metabolites of ketamine have neuroactive effects of their own and may be leveraged as therapeutics. For example, (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK), is readily observed in humans following ketamine treatment and has shown therapeutic potential in preclinical tests of antidepressant efficacy and synaptic potentiation while being devoid of the negative adverse effects of ketamine, including its dissociative properties and abuse potential. We discuss preclinical and clinical studies pertaining to how ketamine and its metabolites produce antidepressant effects. Specifically, we explore effects on glutamate neurotransmission through N-methyl D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs), synaptic structural changes via brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling, interactions with opioid receptors, and the enhancement of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine signaling. Strategic targeting of these mechanisms may result in novel rapid-acting antidepressants with fewer undesirable side effects compared to ketamine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Hess
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Lace M Riggs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.,Program in Neuroscience and Training Program in Integrative Membrane Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Michael Michaelides
- Biobehavioral Imaging & Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Todd D Gould
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Departments of Pharmacology and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Fava M, Stahl S, Pani L, De Martin S, Pappagallo M, Guidetti C, Alimonti A, Bettini E, Mangano RM, Wessel T, de Somer M, Caron J, Vitolo OV, DiGuglielmo GR, Gilbert A, Mehta H, Kearney M, Mattarei A, Gentilucci M, Folli F, Traversa S, Inturrisi CE, Manfredi PL. REL-1017 (Esmethadone) as Adjunctive Treatment in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder: A Phase 2a Randomized Double-Blind Trial. Am J Psychiatry 2022; 179:122-131. [PMID: 34933568 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.21020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of REL-1017 (esmethadone), a novel N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) channel blocker, in patients with major depressive disorder who failed to benefit from one to three standard antidepressant treatments in their current major depressive episode. Methods: A 7-day phase 2 multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, comprising three arms, was conducted to assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of two dosages of REL-1017 (25 mg or 50 mg orally once a day). Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to placebo (N=22), REL-1017 25 mg/day (N=19), or REL-1017 50 mg/day (N=21). Safety scales included the 4-item Positive Symptom Rating Scale for psychotomimetic symptoms, the Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale for dissociative symptoms, the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale for withdrawal signs and symptoms, and the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale for suicidality. The primary efficacy endpoint was the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Scale (MADRS) score. All 62 randomly assigned patients were included in the full analysis set population analysis. Results: Patients experienced mild or moderate transient adverse events and no evidence of dissociative or psychotomimetic effects, opioid effects, or withdrawal signs and symptoms. The improvement in MADRS score shown on day 4 in both of the REL-1017 dosage groups was sustained through day 7 (last dose) and day 14 (7 days after the last dose), with effect sizes from 0.7 to 1.0. Conclusions: This trial showed favorable safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic profiles and suggests that REL-1017 may have rapid and sustained antidepressant effects compared with placebo in patients with inadequate responses to antidepressant treatments. These results will need confirmation in larger and longer trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Fava
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Fava, Vitolo); Neuroscience Education Institute, University of California, San Diego (Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami (Pani); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Martin, Mattarei); Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Pappagallo); University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy (Guidetti); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Alimonti); Institute of Oncology Research, Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); Department of Medicine, Zurich University, Zurich (Alimonti); University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); In Vitro Pharmacology Department, Aptuit an Evotec Company, Verona, Italy (Bettini); Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia (Mangano); Relmada Therapeutics, New York (Pappagallo, Wessel, de Somer, Caron, DiGuglielmo, Traversa, Inturrisi, Manfredi); Department of Cardiology, Syneos Health, Morrisville, N.C. (Gilbert, Mehta, Kearney); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Gentilucci); and Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Folli)
| | - Stephen Stahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Fava, Vitolo); Neuroscience Education Institute, University of California, San Diego (Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami (Pani); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Martin, Mattarei); Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Pappagallo); University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy (Guidetti); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Alimonti); Institute of Oncology Research, Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); Department of Medicine, Zurich University, Zurich (Alimonti); University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); In Vitro Pharmacology Department, Aptuit an Evotec Company, Verona, Italy (Bettini); Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia (Mangano); Relmada Therapeutics, New York (Pappagallo, Wessel, de Somer, Caron, DiGuglielmo, Traversa, Inturrisi, Manfredi); Department of Cardiology, Syneos Health, Morrisville, N.C. (Gilbert, Mehta, Kearney); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Gentilucci); and Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Folli)
| | - Luca Pani
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Fava, Vitolo); Neuroscience Education Institute, University of California, San Diego (Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami (Pani); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Martin, Mattarei); Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Pappagallo); University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy (Guidetti); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Alimonti); Institute of Oncology Research, Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); Department of Medicine, Zurich University, Zurich (Alimonti); University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); In Vitro Pharmacology Department, Aptuit an Evotec Company, Verona, Italy (Bettini); Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia (Mangano); Relmada Therapeutics, New York (Pappagallo, Wessel, de Somer, Caron, DiGuglielmo, Traversa, Inturrisi, Manfredi); Department of Cardiology, Syneos Health, Morrisville, N.C. (Gilbert, Mehta, Kearney); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Gentilucci); and Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Folli)
| | - Sara De Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Fava, Vitolo); Neuroscience Education Institute, University of California, San Diego (Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami (Pani); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Martin, Mattarei); Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Pappagallo); University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy (Guidetti); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Alimonti); Institute of Oncology Research, Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); Department of Medicine, Zurich University, Zurich (Alimonti); University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); In Vitro Pharmacology Department, Aptuit an Evotec Company, Verona, Italy (Bettini); Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia (Mangano); Relmada Therapeutics, New York (Pappagallo, Wessel, de Somer, Caron, DiGuglielmo, Traversa, Inturrisi, Manfredi); Department of Cardiology, Syneos Health, Morrisville, N.C. (Gilbert, Mehta, Kearney); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Gentilucci); and Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Folli)
| | - Marco Pappagallo
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Fava, Vitolo); Neuroscience Education Institute, University of California, San Diego (Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami (Pani); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Martin, Mattarei); Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Pappagallo); University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy (Guidetti); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Alimonti); Institute of Oncology Research, Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); Department of Medicine, Zurich University, Zurich (Alimonti); University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); In Vitro Pharmacology Department, Aptuit an Evotec Company, Verona, Italy (Bettini); Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia (Mangano); Relmada Therapeutics, New York (Pappagallo, Wessel, de Somer, Caron, DiGuglielmo, Traversa, Inturrisi, Manfredi); Department of Cardiology, Syneos Health, Morrisville, N.C. (Gilbert, Mehta, Kearney); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Gentilucci); and Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Folli)
| | - Clotilde Guidetti
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Fava, Vitolo); Neuroscience Education Institute, University of California, San Diego (Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami (Pani); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Martin, Mattarei); Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Pappagallo); University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy (Guidetti); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Alimonti); Institute of Oncology Research, Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); Department of Medicine, Zurich University, Zurich (Alimonti); University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); In Vitro Pharmacology Department, Aptuit an Evotec Company, Verona, Italy (Bettini); Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia (Mangano); Relmada Therapeutics, New York (Pappagallo, Wessel, de Somer, Caron, DiGuglielmo, Traversa, Inturrisi, Manfredi); Department of Cardiology, Syneos Health, Morrisville, N.C. (Gilbert, Mehta, Kearney); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Gentilucci); and Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Folli)
| | - Andrea Alimonti
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Fava, Vitolo); Neuroscience Education Institute, University of California, San Diego (Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami (Pani); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Martin, Mattarei); Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Pappagallo); University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy (Guidetti); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Alimonti); Institute of Oncology Research, Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); Department of Medicine, Zurich University, Zurich (Alimonti); University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); In Vitro Pharmacology Department, Aptuit an Evotec Company, Verona, Italy (Bettini); Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia (Mangano); Relmada Therapeutics, New York (Pappagallo, Wessel, de Somer, Caron, DiGuglielmo, Traversa, Inturrisi, Manfredi); Department of Cardiology, Syneos Health, Morrisville, N.C. (Gilbert, Mehta, Kearney); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Gentilucci); and Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Folli)
| | - Ezio Bettini
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Fava, Vitolo); Neuroscience Education Institute, University of California, San Diego (Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami (Pani); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Martin, Mattarei); Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Pappagallo); University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy (Guidetti); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Alimonti); Institute of Oncology Research, Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); Department of Medicine, Zurich University, Zurich (Alimonti); University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); In Vitro Pharmacology Department, Aptuit an Evotec Company, Verona, Italy (Bettini); Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia (Mangano); Relmada Therapeutics, New York (Pappagallo, Wessel, de Somer, Caron, DiGuglielmo, Traversa, Inturrisi, Manfredi); Department of Cardiology, Syneos Health, Morrisville, N.C. (Gilbert, Mehta, Kearney); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Gentilucci); and Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Folli)
| | - Richard M Mangano
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Fava, Vitolo); Neuroscience Education Institute, University of California, San Diego (Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami (Pani); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Martin, Mattarei); Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Pappagallo); University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy (Guidetti); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Alimonti); Institute of Oncology Research, Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); Department of Medicine, Zurich University, Zurich (Alimonti); University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); In Vitro Pharmacology Department, Aptuit an Evotec Company, Verona, Italy (Bettini); Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia (Mangano); Relmada Therapeutics, New York (Pappagallo, Wessel, de Somer, Caron, DiGuglielmo, Traversa, Inturrisi, Manfredi); Department of Cardiology, Syneos Health, Morrisville, N.C. (Gilbert, Mehta, Kearney); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Gentilucci); and Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Folli)
| | - Thomas Wessel
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Fava, Vitolo); Neuroscience Education Institute, University of California, San Diego (Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami (Pani); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Martin, Mattarei); Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Pappagallo); University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy (Guidetti); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Alimonti); Institute of Oncology Research, Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); Department of Medicine, Zurich University, Zurich (Alimonti); University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); In Vitro Pharmacology Department, Aptuit an Evotec Company, Verona, Italy (Bettini); Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia (Mangano); Relmada Therapeutics, New York (Pappagallo, Wessel, de Somer, Caron, DiGuglielmo, Traversa, Inturrisi, Manfredi); Department of Cardiology, Syneos Health, Morrisville, N.C. (Gilbert, Mehta, Kearney); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Gentilucci); and Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Folli)
| | - Marc de Somer
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Fava, Vitolo); Neuroscience Education Institute, University of California, San Diego (Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami (Pani); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Martin, Mattarei); Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Pappagallo); University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy (Guidetti); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Alimonti); Institute of Oncology Research, Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); Department of Medicine, Zurich University, Zurich (Alimonti); University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); In Vitro Pharmacology Department, Aptuit an Evotec Company, Verona, Italy (Bettini); Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia (Mangano); Relmada Therapeutics, New York (Pappagallo, Wessel, de Somer, Caron, DiGuglielmo, Traversa, Inturrisi, Manfredi); Department of Cardiology, Syneos Health, Morrisville, N.C. (Gilbert, Mehta, Kearney); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Gentilucci); and Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Folli)
| | - Judy Caron
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Fava, Vitolo); Neuroscience Education Institute, University of California, San Diego (Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami (Pani); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Martin, Mattarei); Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Pappagallo); University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy (Guidetti); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Alimonti); Institute of Oncology Research, Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); Department of Medicine, Zurich University, Zurich (Alimonti); University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); In Vitro Pharmacology Department, Aptuit an Evotec Company, Verona, Italy (Bettini); Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia (Mangano); Relmada Therapeutics, New York (Pappagallo, Wessel, de Somer, Caron, DiGuglielmo, Traversa, Inturrisi, Manfredi); Department of Cardiology, Syneos Health, Morrisville, N.C. (Gilbert, Mehta, Kearney); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Gentilucci); and Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Folli)
| | - Ottavio V Vitolo
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Fava, Vitolo); Neuroscience Education Institute, University of California, San Diego (Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami (Pani); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Martin, Mattarei); Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Pappagallo); University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy (Guidetti); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Alimonti); Institute of Oncology Research, Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); Department of Medicine, Zurich University, Zurich (Alimonti); University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); In Vitro Pharmacology Department, Aptuit an Evotec Company, Verona, Italy (Bettini); Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia (Mangano); Relmada Therapeutics, New York (Pappagallo, Wessel, de Somer, Caron, DiGuglielmo, Traversa, Inturrisi, Manfredi); Department of Cardiology, Syneos Health, Morrisville, N.C. (Gilbert, Mehta, Kearney); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Gentilucci); and Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Folli)
| | - Gina R DiGuglielmo
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Fava, Vitolo); Neuroscience Education Institute, University of California, San Diego (Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami (Pani); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Martin, Mattarei); Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Pappagallo); University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy (Guidetti); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Alimonti); Institute of Oncology Research, Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); Department of Medicine, Zurich University, Zurich (Alimonti); University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); In Vitro Pharmacology Department, Aptuit an Evotec Company, Verona, Italy (Bettini); Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia (Mangano); Relmada Therapeutics, New York (Pappagallo, Wessel, de Somer, Caron, DiGuglielmo, Traversa, Inturrisi, Manfredi); Department of Cardiology, Syneos Health, Morrisville, N.C. (Gilbert, Mehta, Kearney); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Gentilucci); and Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Folli)
| | - Adam Gilbert
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Fava, Vitolo); Neuroscience Education Institute, University of California, San Diego (Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami (Pani); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Martin, Mattarei); Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Pappagallo); University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy (Guidetti); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Alimonti); Institute of Oncology Research, Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); Department of Medicine, Zurich University, Zurich (Alimonti); University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); In Vitro Pharmacology Department, Aptuit an Evotec Company, Verona, Italy (Bettini); Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia (Mangano); Relmada Therapeutics, New York (Pappagallo, Wessel, de Somer, Caron, DiGuglielmo, Traversa, Inturrisi, Manfredi); Department of Cardiology, Syneos Health, Morrisville, N.C. (Gilbert, Mehta, Kearney); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Gentilucci); and Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Folli)
| | - Hiren Mehta
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Fava, Vitolo); Neuroscience Education Institute, University of California, San Diego (Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami (Pani); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Martin, Mattarei); Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Pappagallo); University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy (Guidetti); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Alimonti); Institute of Oncology Research, Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); Department of Medicine, Zurich University, Zurich (Alimonti); University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); In Vitro Pharmacology Department, Aptuit an Evotec Company, Verona, Italy (Bettini); Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia (Mangano); Relmada Therapeutics, New York (Pappagallo, Wessel, de Somer, Caron, DiGuglielmo, Traversa, Inturrisi, Manfredi); Department of Cardiology, Syneos Health, Morrisville, N.C. (Gilbert, Mehta, Kearney); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Gentilucci); and Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Folli)
| | - Morgan Kearney
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Fava, Vitolo); Neuroscience Education Institute, University of California, San Diego (Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami (Pani); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Martin, Mattarei); Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Pappagallo); University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy (Guidetti); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Alimonti); Institute of Oncology Research, Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); Department of Medicine, Zurich University, Zurich (Alimonti); University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); In Vitro Pharmacology Department, Aptuit an Evotec Company, Verona, Italy (Bettini); Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia (Mangano); Relmada Therapeutics, New York (Pappagallo, Wessel, de Somer, Caron, DiGuglielmo, Traversa, Inturrisi, Manfredi); Department of Cardiology, Syneos Health, Morrisville, N.C. (Gilbert, Mehta, Kearney); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Gentilucci); and Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Folli)
| | - Andrea Mattarei
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Fava, Vitolo); Neuroscience Education Institute, University of California, San Diego (Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami (Pani); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Martin, Mattarei); Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Pappagallo); University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy (Guidetti); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Alimonti); Institute of Oncology Research, Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); Department of Medicine, Zurich University, Zurich (Alimonti); University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); In Vitro Pharmacology Department, Aptuit an Evotec Company, Verona, Italy (Bettini); Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia (Mangano); Relmada Therapeutics, New York (Pappagallo, Wessel, de Somer, Caron, DiGuglielmo, Traversa, Inturrisi, Manfredi); Department of Cardiology, Syneos Health, Morrisville, N.C. (Gilbert, Mehta, Kearney); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Gentilucci); and Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Folli)
| | - Marco Gentilucci
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Fava, Vitolo); Neuroscience Education Institute, University of California, San Diego (Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami (Pani); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Martin, Mattarei); Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Pappagallo); University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy (Guidetti); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Alimonti); Institute of Oncology Research, Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); Department of Medicine, Zurich University, Zurich (Alimonti); University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); In Vitro Pharmacology Department, Aptuit an Evotec Company, Verona, Italy (Bettini); Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia (Mangano); Relmada Therapeutics, New York (Pappagallo, Wessel, de Somer, Caron, DiGuglielmo, Traversa, Inturrisi, Manfredi); Department of Cardiology, Syneos Health, Morrisville, N.C. (Gilbert, Mehta, Kearney); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Gentilucci); and Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Folli)
| | - Franco Folli
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Fava, Vitolo); Neuroscience Education Institute, University of California, San Diego (Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami (Pani); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Martin, Mattarei); Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Pappagallo); University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy (Guidetti); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Alimonti); Institute of Oncology Research, Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); Department of Medicine, Zurich University, Zurich (Alimonti); University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); In Vitro Pharmacology Department, Aptuit an Evotec Company, Verona, Italy (Bettini); Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia (Mangano); Relmada Therapeutics, New York (Pappagallo, Wessel, de Somer, Caron, DiGuglielmo, Traversa, Inturrisi, Manfredi); Department of Cardiology, Syneos Health, Morrisville, N.C. (Gilbert, Mehta, Kearney); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Gentilucci); and Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Folli)
| | - Sergio Traversa
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Fava, Vitolo); Neuroscience Education Institute, University of California, San Diego (Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami (Pani); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Martin, Mattarei); Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Pappagallo); University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy (Guidetti); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Alimonti); Institute of Oncology Research, Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); Department of Medicine, Zurich University, Zurich (Alimonti); University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); In Vitro Pharmacology Department, Aptuit an Evotec Company, Verona, Italy (Bettini); Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia (Mangano); Relmada Therapeutics, New York (Pappagallo, Wessel, de Somer, Caron, DiGuglielmo, Traversa, Inturrisi, Manfredi); Department of Cardiology, Syneos Health, Morrisville, N.C. (Gilbert, Mehta, Kearney); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Gentilucci); and Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Folli)
| | - Charles E Inturrisi
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Fava, Vitolo); Neuroscience Education Institute, University of California, San Diego (Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami (Pani); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Martin, Mattarei); Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Pappagallo); University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy (Guidetti); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Alimonti); Institute of Oncology Research, Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); Department of Medicine, Zurich University, Zurich (Alimonti); University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); In Vitro Pharmacology Department, Aptuit an Evotec Company, Verona, Italy (Bettini); Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia (Mangano); Relmada Therapeutics, New York (Pappagallo, Wessel, de Somer, Caron, DiGuglielmo, Traversa, Inturrisi, Manfredi); Department of Cardiology, Syneos Health, Morrisville, N.C. (Gilbert, Mehta, Kearney); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Gentilucci); and Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Folli)
| | - Paolo L Manfredi
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Fava, Vitolo); Neuroscience Education Institute, University of California, San Diego (Stahl); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami (Pani); Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Martin, Mattarei); Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Pappagallo); University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy (Guidetti); Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Neuroscience, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome (Guidetti); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Alimonti); Institute of Oncology Research, Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona (Alimonti); Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); Department of Medicine, Zurich University, Zurich (Alimonti); University of Padua, Padua, Italy (Alimonti); In Vitro Pharmacology Department, Aptuit an Evotec Company, Verona, Italy (Bettini); Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia (Mangano); Relmada Therapeutics, New York (Pappagallo, Wessel, de Somer, Caron, DiGuglielmo, Traversa, Inturrisi, Manfredi); Department of Cardiology, Syneos Health, Morrisville, N.C. (Gilbert, Mehta, Kearney); Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y. (Gentilucci); and Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy (Folli)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Bonaventura J, Lam S, Carlton M, Boehm M, Gomez JL, Solís O, Sánchez-Soto M, Morris PJ, Fredriksson I, Thomas CJ, Sibley DR, Shaham Y, Zarate CA, Michaelides M. Pharmacological and behavioral divergence of ketamine enantiomers: implications for abuse liability. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6704-6722. [PMID: 33859356 PMCID: PMC8517038 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine, a racemic mixture of (S)-ketamine and (R)-ketamine enantiomers, has been used as an anesthetic, analgesic and more recently, as an antidepressant. However, ketamine has known abuse liability (the tendency of a drug to be used in non-medical situations due to its psychoactive effects), which raises concerns for its therapeutic use. (S)-ketamine was recently approved by the United States' FDA for treatment-resistant depression. Recent studies showed that (R)-ketamine has greater efficacy than (S)-ketamine in preclinical models of depression, but its clinical antidepressant efficacy has not been established. The behavioral effects of racemic ketamine have been studied extensively in preclinical models predictive of abuse liability in humans (self-administration and conditioned place preference [CPP]). In contrast, the behavioral effects of each enantiomer in these models are unknown. We show here that in the intravenous drug self-administration model, the gold standard procedure to assess potential abuse liability of drugs in humans, rats self-administered (S)-ketamine but not (R)-ketamine. Subanesthetic, antidepressant-like doses of (S)-ketamine, but not of (R)-ketamine, induced locomotor activity (in an opioid receptor-dependent manner), induced psychomotor sensitization, induced CPP in mice, and selectively increased metabolic activity and dopamine tone in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of rats. Pharmacological screening across thousands of human proteins and at biological targets known to interact with ketamine yielded divergent binding and functional enantiomer profiles, including selective mu and kappa opioid receptor activation by (S)-ketamine in mPFC. Our results demonstrate divergence in the pharmacological, functional, and behavioral effects of ketamine enantiomers, and suggest that racemic ketamine's abuse liability in humans is primarily due to the pharmacological effects of its (S)-enantiomer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Bonaventura
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Sherry Lam
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Meghan Carlton
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Matthew Boehm
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Juan L. Gomez
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Oscar Solís
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Marta Sánchez-Soto
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Patrick J. Morris
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - Ida Fredriksson
- Neurobiology of Relapse Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 212245
| | - Craig J. Thomas
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, MD, 20850
| | - David R. Sibley
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Yavin Shaham
- Neurobiology of Relapse Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 212245
| | - Carlos A. Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Michael Michaelides
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Heifets BD, Bentzley BS, Williams N, Schatzberg AF. Unraveling the opioid actions of S-ketamine and R-ketamine: comment on Bonaventura et al. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6104-6106. [PMID: 34006965 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris D Heifets
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brandon S Bentzley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nolan Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alan F Schatzberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rapid Improvement of Treatment-Resistant Major Depression During the Administration of Low-Dose Oxycodone. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 41:81-83. [PMID: 33347028 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000001311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
34
|
Kim S, Rush BS, Rice TR. A systematic review of therapeutic ketamine use in children and adolescents with treatment-resistant mood disorders. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 30:1485-1501. [PMID: 32385697 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01542-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Suicide is the second leading cause of death in the United States among individuals aged 10-24, and severe youth depression is often refractory to the current standards of care. Many studies have demonstrated the efficacy of ketamine in reducing depressive symptoms in adults with treatment-resistant mood disorders, though few studies utilizing ketamine in youth populations exist. This systematic review examines the current state of evidence for ketamine use in children with treatment-resistant mood disorders. We conducted a search utilizing two electronic databases for English-language studies investigating the therapeutic effects and side effect profile of ketamine in youth ≤ 19 years of age with a diagnosis of a treatment-resistant mood disorder. Analysis included subjects with treatment-resistant depression with and without psychotic features and with bipolar disorder. Primary outcome measures included the following scales: Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, Children's Depression Rating Scale, Children's Depression Rating Scale Revised, Child Bipolar Questionnaire, Overt Aggression Scale, Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, and Scale for Suicidal Ideation. Four published studies were identified that investigated therapeutic ketamine use in youth for the primary purpose of treating a treatment-resistant psychiatric disorder. Three additional studies that did not meet eligibility criteria were identified and discussed. Ketamine was shown in youth to generally improve depressive symptoms, decrease acute suicidality, and reduce mood lability, though a number of subjects remained resistant to its treatment. These findings substantiate the need for further longitudinal studies investigating ketamine's long-term safety, its efficacy, and abuse potential in the youth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kim
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Babcock Building, 5 West, 1111 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10025, USA
| | - Brittany S Rush
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Babcock Building, 5 West, 1111 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10025, USA
| | - Timothy R Rice
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Babcock Building, 5 West, 1111 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10025, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhang F, Hillhouse TM, Anderson PM, Koppenhaver PO, Kegen TN, Manicka SG, Lane JT, Pottanat E, Van Fossen M, Rice R, Porter JH. Opioid receptor system contributes to the acute and sustained antidepressant-like effects, but not the hyperactivity motor effects of ketamine in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 208:173228. [PMID: 34224734 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In 2000, a subanesthetic dose (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) of the dissociative anesthetic ketamine was reported to have both rapid and robust antidepressant effects in patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder and later, ketamine also was shown to be effective in treatment-resistant depressed patients. However, the mechanisms responsible for ketamine's antidepressant effects remain unclear. In 2018, a clinical study reported that pretreatment with the nonselective opioid antagonist naltrexone attenuated the rapid antidepressant effect of ketamine in depressed patients. The current study investigated the potential role of the opioid receptor system in the acute and sustained antidepressant-like and hyperactive effects of ketamine. Mice were tested in the tail suspension test (TST) and differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate responding (DRL) 72 s task which are behavioral screens for antidepressant-like properties. Additionally, open field locomotor activity also was measured. In all behavioral assays, mice were pretreated with the nonselective opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone or saline prior to ketamine administration. The current study found that ketamine (10 mg/kg) produced acute (30 min) and sustained (24 h) antidepressant-like effects in TST, which were attenuated by pretreatment of 2 mg/kg naltrexone. Ketamine (32 mg/kg) also produced an acute antidepressant-like effect in the DRL 72 s task that was attenuated by pretreatment of 2 mg/kg naltrexone. Finally, ketamine (10 and 32 mg/kg) produced hyperactivity in the open field; however, pretreatment with 2 mg/kg naltrexone failed to block the hyperactivity effects ketamine. These results, along with recent clinical findings, suggest that ketamine's antidepressant effects, but not its hyperactive effects, involve activation of the opioid system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Todd M Hillhouse
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin Green Bay, Green Bay, WI, USA
| | - Paige M Anderson
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin Green Bay, Green Bay, WI, USA
| | | | - Taylor N Kegen
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin Green Bay, Green Bay, WI, USA
| | - Sofia G Manicka
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jackson T Lane
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Pottanat
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Madeline Van Fossen
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Remington Rice
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Joseph H Porter
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Joseph TT, Bu W, Lin W, Zoubak L, Yeliseev A, Liu R, Eckenhoff RG, Brannigan G. Ketamine Metabolite (2 R,6 R)-Hydroxynorketamine Interacts with μ and κ Opioid Receptors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1487-1497. [PMID: 33905229 PMCID: PMC8154314 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
Ketamine is an anesthetic,
analgesic, and antidepressant whose
secondary metabolite (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine
(HNK) has N-methyl-d-aspartate-receptor-independent
antidepressant activity in a rodent model. In humans, naltrexone attenuates
its antidepressant effect, consistent with opioid pathway involvement.
No detailed biophysical description is available of opioid receptor
binding of ketamine or its metabolites. Using molecular dynamics simulations
with free energy perturbation, we characterize the binding site and
affinities of ketamine and metabolites in μ and κ opioid
receptors, finding a profound effect of the protonation state. G-protein
recruitment assays show that HNK is an inverse agonist, attenuated
by naltrexone, in these receptors with IC50 values congruous
with our simulations. Overall, our findings are consistent with opioid
pathway involvement in ketamine function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas T. Joseph
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Weiming Bu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Wenzhen Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Lioudmila Zoubak
- National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Alexei Yeliseev
- National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Renyu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Roderic G. Eckenhoff
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Grace Brannigan
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology and Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey 08102, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wahdan AS, Mohamed MM, Helmy NY, Shehata GH, Salama AK. Effects of Low-Dose Ketamine Infusion on Alleviating the Opioid Burden for Patients Undergoing Myomectomy Surgery. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim 2020; 49:52-57. [PMID: 33718906 PMCID: PMC7932722 DOI: 10.5152/tjar.2020.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Recent research has focused on the use of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists for pain management. Several drugs are known to have this action, including ketamine, which exerts its main analgesic effect through NMDA receptor antagonism. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of low-dose ketamine infusion on opioid exposure for patients undergoing myomectomy surgery under general anaesthesia. Methods A total of 70 women were included in this prospective double-blind trial study. The patients included in this study were American Society of Anaesthesiologists physical status I-II, aged between 18 and 50 years and scheduled for laparotomy myomectomy surgery. Patients were randomised to receive either a bolus of 0.2 mg kg-1 of ketamine followed by a continuous infusion of 0.2 mg kg-1 hr-1 during the operation or a placebo of normal saline. Both groups also received morphine as needed for pain relief. The primary outcome was the total amount of morphine used during the intraoperative and postoperative periods. Intraoperative and postoperative mean blood pressure, heart rate and postoperative visual analogue scale for pain were assessed. Results Total mean morphine consumption was significantly lower in the ketamine group than in the control group (26±3.5 mg vs. 34.7±3.3 mg, respectively, p<0.05). However, there were no statistical differences between the groups regarding haemodynamics, postoperative pain score and complications. Conclusion The use of ketamine in low infusion doses intraoperatively during an elective myomectomy procedure produced an opioid-sparing effect by reducing perioperative morphine consumption without significant side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amr Samir Wahdan
- Department of Anaesthesia, Surgical ICU and Pain Management, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mennattah Magdi Mohamed
- Department of Anaesthesia, Surgical ICU and Pain Management, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia Youssef Helmy
- Department of Anaesthesia, Surgical ICU and Pain Management, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gehan Helmy Shehata
- Department of Anaesthesia, Surgical ICU and Pain Management, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Atef Kamal Salama
- Department of Anaesthesia, Surgical ICU and Pain Management, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bartlett MJ, Mabrouk OS, Szabò L, Flores AJ, Parent KL, Bidlack JM, Heien ML, Kennedy RT, Polt R, Sherman SJ, Falk T. The Delta-Specific Opioid Glycopeptide BBI-11008: CNS Penetration and Behavioral Analysis in a Preclinical Model of Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010020. [PMID: 33374986 PMCID: PMC7792611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous work we evaluated an opioid glycopeptide with mixed μ/δ-opioid receptor agonism that was a congener of leu-enkephalin, MMP-2200. The glycopeptide analogue showed penetration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after systemic administration to rats, as well as profound central effects in models of Parkinson's disease (PD) and levodopa (L-DOPA)-induced dyskinesia (LID). In the present study, we tested the glycopeptide BBI-11008 with selective δ-opioid receptor agonism, an analogue of deltorphin, a peptide secreted from the skin of frogs (genus Phyllomedusa). We tested BBI-11008 for BBB-penetration after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and evaluated effects in LID rats. BBI-11008 (10 mg/kg) demonstrated good CNS-penetrance as shown by microdialysis and mass spectrometric analysis, with peak concentration levels of 150 pM in the striatum. While BBI-11008 at both 10 and 20 mg/kg produced no effect on levodopa-induced limb, axial and oral (LAO) abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs), it reduced the levodopa-induced locomotor AIMs by 50% after systemic injection. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801 reduced levodopa-induced LAO AIMs, but worsened PD symptoms in this model. Co-administration of MMP-2200 had been shown prior to block the MK-801-induced pro-Parkinsonian activity. Interestingly, BBI-11008 was not able to block the pro-Parkinsonian effect of MK-801 in the LID model, further indicating that a balance of mu- and delta-opioid agonism is required for this modulation. In summary, this study illustrates another example of meaningful BBB-penetration of a glycopeptide analogue of a peptide to achieve a central behavioral effect, providing additional evidence for the glycosylation technique as a method to harness therapeutic potential of peptides.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacokinetics
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Corpus Striatum/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dizocilpine Maleate/pharmacology
- Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/metabolism
- Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/physiopathology
- Glycopeptides/administration & dosage
- Glycopeptides/pharmacokinetics
- Glycopeptides/pharmacology
- Levodopa
- Male
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Activity/physiology
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/chemically induced
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/metabolism
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/physiopathology
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell J. Bartlett
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (M.J.B.); (S.J.S.)
| | - Omar S. Mabrouk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (O.S.M.); (R.T.K.)
| | - Lajos Szabò
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (L.S.); (K.L.P.); (M.L.H.); (R.P.)
| | - Andrew J. Flores
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
| | - Kate L. Parent
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (L.S.); (K.L.P.); (M.L.H.); (R.P.)
| | - Jean M. Bidlack
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
| | - Michael L. Heien
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (L.S.); (K.L.P.); (M.L.H.); (R.P.)
| | - Robert T. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (O.S.M.); (R.T.K.)
| | - Robin Polt
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (L.S.); (K.L.P.); (M.L.H.); (R.P.)
| | - Scott J. Sherman
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (M.J.B.); (S.J.S.)
| | - Torsten Falk
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (M.J.B.); (S.J.S.)
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-520-626-3927
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chehade HD, Kobaïter-Maarrawi S, Komboz F, Farhat JP, Magnin M, Garcia-Larrea L, Maarrawi J. Somatosensory Thalamic Activity Modulation by Posterior Insular Stimulation: Cues to Clinical Application Based on Comparison of Frequencies in a Cat Model. Neuromodulation 2020; 24:229-239. [PMID: 33340196 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The posterior insula (PI) has been proposed as a potential neurostimulation target for neuropathic pain relief as it represents a key-structure in pain processing. However, currently available data remain inconclusive as to efficient stimulation parameters. OBJECTIVE As frequency was shown to be the most correlated parameter to pain relief, this study aims to evaluate the potential modulatory effects of low frequency (LF-IS, 50 Hz) and high-frequency (HF-IS, 150 Hz) posterior insular stimulation on the activity of somatosensory thalamic nuclei. MATERIALS AND METHODS Epidural bipolar electrodes were placed over the PI of healthy adult cats, and extracellular single-unit activities of nociceptive (NS), nonnociceptive (NN), and wide dynamic range (WDR) thalamic cells were recorded within the ventral posterolateral nucleus and the medial division of the thalamic posterior complex. Mean discharge frequency and burst firing mode were analyzed before and after either LF-IS or HF-IS. RESULTS LF-IS showed a significant thalamic modulatory effects increasing the firing rate of NN cells (p ≤ 0.03) and decreasing the burst firing of NS cells (p ≤ 0.03), independently of the thalamic nucleus. Conversely, HF-IS did not induce any change in firing properties of the three recorded cell types. CONCLUSION These data indicate that 50 Hz IS could be a better candidate to control neuropathic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiba-Douja Chehade
- Laboratory of Research in Neuroscience - Pôle technologie santé - Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sandra Kobaïter-Maarrawi
- Laboratory of Research in Neuroscience - Pôle technologie santé - Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fares Komboz
- Laboratory of Research in Neuroscience - Pôle technologie santé - Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jean-Paul Farhat
- Laboratory of Research in Neuroscience - Pôle technologie santé - Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Michel Magnin
- Laboratory of Research in Neuroscience - Pôle technologie santé - Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Luis Garcia-Larrea
- Laboratory of Research in Neuroscience - Pôle technologie santé - Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Joseph Maarrawi
- Laboratory of Research in Neuroscience - Pôle technologie santé - Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bartlett MJ, Flores AJ, Ye T, Smidt SI, Dollish HK, Stancati JA, Farrell DC, Parent KL, Doyle KP, Besselsen DG, Heien ML, Cowen SL, Steece-Collier K, Sherman SJ, Falk T. Preclinical evidence in support of repurposing sub-anesthetic ketamine as a treatment for L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Exp Neurol 2020; 333:113413. [PMID: 32717354 PMCID: PMC7518549 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Pharmacotherapy with L-DOPA remains the gold-standard therapy for PD, but is often limited by the development of the common side effect of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID), which can become debilitating. The only effective treatment for disabling dyskinesia is surgical therapy (neuromodulation or lesioning), therefore effective pharmacological treatment of LID is a critical unmet need. Here, we show that sub-anesthetic doses of ketamine attenuate the development of LID in a rodent model, while also having acute anti-parkinsonian activity. The long-term anti-dyskinetic effect is mediated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor-release in the striatum, followed by activation of ERK1/2 and mTOR pathway signaling. This ultimately leads to morphological changes in dendritic spines on striatal medium spiny neurons that correlate with the behavioral effects, specifically a reduction in the density of mushroom spines, a dendritic spine phenotype that shows a high correlation with LID. These molecular and cellular changes match those occurring in hippocampus and cortex after effective sub-anesthetic ketamine treatment in preclinical models of depression, and point to common mechanisms underlying the therapeutic efficacy of ketamine for these two disorders. These preclinical mechanistic studies complement current ongoing clinical testing of sub-anesthetic ketamine for the treatment of LID by our group, and provide further evidence in support of repurposing ketamine to treat individuals with PD. Given its clinically proven therapeutic benefit for both treatment-resistant depression and several pain states, very common co-morbidities in PD, sub-anesthetic ketamine could provide multiple therapeutic benefits for PD in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell J Bartlett
- Department of Neurology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Andrew J Flores
- Department of Neurology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Physiological Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Tony Ye
- Department of Neurology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Saskia I Smidt
- Department of Neurology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Hannah K Dollish
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Jennifer A Stancati
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Drew C Farrell
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Kate L Parent
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Kristian P Doyle
- Department of Neurology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - David G Besselsen
- University Animal Care, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Michael L Heien
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Stephen L Cowen
- Department of Psychology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Kathy Steece-Collier
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Scott J Sherman
- Department of Neurology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Torsten Falk
- Department of Neurology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Physiological Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ketamine Versus Tramadol As an Adjunct To PCA Morphine for Postoperative Analgesia After Major Upper Abdominal Surgery: a Prospective, Comparative, Randomized Trial. Rom J Anaesth Intensive Care 2020; 27:43-51. [PMID: 34056124 PMCID: PMC8158303 DOI: 10.2478/rjaic-2020-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with morphine is commonly used to provide analgesia following major surgery, but is not sufficient as a monotherapy strategy. This study aimed to compare the adjunctive analgesic effect of ketamine versus tramadol on postoperative analgesia provided via PCA-morphine in patients undergoing major upper abdominal surgeries. Methods Forty-two patients undergoing elective major upper abdominal surgery under general anesthesia were allocated to receive either ketamine (load dose of 0.5 mg kg−1 followed by a continuous infusion of 0.12 mg kg−1 h−1 up to 48 postoperative hours; ketamine group, n = 21) or tramadol (load dose of 1 mg kg−1 followed by a continuous infusion of 0.2 mg kg−1 h−1 up to 48 postoperative hours; tramadol group, n = 21) in addition to their standard postoperative analgesia with PCA-morphine. Postoperative data included morphine consumption, visual analog scale (VAS) scores, and side effects during the first 48 postoperative hours after PCA-morphine initiation. Results There were no significant differences in patient demographic and intraoperative data between the two groups. Tramadol group had significantly less total morphine consumption during the first 48 postoperative hours (28.905 [16.504] vs 54.524 [20.846] mg [p < 0.001]) and presented significantly lower VAS scores at rest and mobilization (p < 0.05) than the ketamine group. No statistical difference was recorded between the two groups (p > 0.05) regarding postoperative cough, sedation, hallucinations, pruritus, urine retention, and postoperative nausea and vomiting. However, patients in the ketamine group reported dry mouth more frequently than patients in the tramadol group (p = 0.032). Conclusions Postoperative administration of tramadol was superior to ketamine due to significantly reduced opioid consumption and better pain scores in patients receiving PCA-morphine after major upper abdominal surgery.
Collapse
|
42
|
Salahudeen MS, Wright CM, Peterson GM. Esketamine: new hope for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression? A narrative review. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2020; 11:2042098620937899. [PMID: 32782779 PMCID: PMC7383653 DOI: 10.1177/2042098620937899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This narrative review aims to provide an overview of the current literature on the pharmacology, safety, efficacy and tolerability of intranasal esketamine, the S-enantiomer of ketamine, for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression (TRD). A literature search using Medline, Embase, PsycINFO and Cochrane Central was conducted (January 2000 to July 2019). Product information and www.clinicaltrials.gov were also reviewed. The literature search was limited to human studies published in English. Phase I, II, and III studies of intranasal esketamine for TRD were reviewed. About a third of patients with major depressive disorder fail to achieve remission despite treatment with multiple antidepressants. This article examines the trials that led to the approval of esketamine in the United States, as well as other recent studies of esketamine for TRD. The findings from limited phase III trials illustrate that intranasal esketamine is effective and safe in reducing depressive symptoms and achieving clinical response in patients with TRD. The optimum duration and frequency of use are not fully understood. Although the nasal spray is a convenient dosage form, its use in practice may be limited by cost and administrative regulation. While it may prove beneficial to many patients who suffer from TRD, further long-term data are required, along with comparative trials with the R-isomer (arketamine). In the interim, care and monitoring should be exercised in its use in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Salahudeen
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, 8 Churchill Avenue, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Cameron M Wright
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Health Systems and Health Economics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gregory M Peterson
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 26 UTAS, HOBART, TAS 7001, Australia
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Enhanced recovery programs in gastrointestinal surgery: Actions to promote optimal perioperative nutritional and metabolic care. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:2014-2024. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
44
|
Humo M, Ayazgök B, Becker LJ, Waltisperger E, Rantamäki T, Yalcin I. Ketamine induces rapid and sustained antidepressant-like effects in chronic pain induced depression: Role of MAPK signaling pathway. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 100:109898. [PMID: 32109506 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain produces psychologic distress, which often leads to mood disorders such as depression. Co-existing chronic pain and depression pose a serious socio-economic burden and result in disability affecting millions of individuals, which urges the development of treatment strategies targeting this comorbidity. Ketamine, a noncompetitive antagonist of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, is shown to be efficient in treating both pain and depression-related symptoms. However, the molecular characteristics of its role in chronic pain-induced depression remain largely unexplored. Hence, we studied the behavioral and molecular effects of a single systemic administration of ketamine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) on mechanical hypersensitivity and depressive-like consequences of chronic neuropathic pain. We showed that ketamine transiently alleviated mechanical hypersensitivity (lasting <24 h), while its antidepressant effect was observed even 72 h after administration. In addition, ketamine normalized the upregulated expression of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase 1 (MKP-1) and the downregulated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of mice displaying neuropathic pain-induced depressive-like behaviors. This effect of ketamine on the MKP-1 was first detected 30 min after the ketamine administration and persisted until up to 72 h. Altogether, these findings provide insight into the behavioral and molecular changes associated with single ketamine administration in the comorbidity of chronic pain and depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muris Humo
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Beyza Ayazgök
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Hacettepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Léa J Becker
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Elisabeth Waltisperger
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Tomi Rantamäki
- Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland; SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ipek Yalcin
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lavender E, Hirasawa-Fujita M, Domino EF. Ketamine's dose related multiple mechanisms of actions: Dissociative anesthetic to rapid antidepressant. Behav Brain Res 2020; 390:112631. [PMID: 32437885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine induces safe and effective anesthesia and displays unusual cataleptic properties that gave rise to the term dissociative anesthesia. Since 1970, clinicians only utilized the drug as an anesthetic or analgesic for decades, but ketamine was found to have rapid acting antidepressant effects in 1990s. Accumulated evidence exhibits NMDAR antagonism may not be the only mechanism of ketamine. The contributions of AMPA receptor, mTor signal pathway, monoaminergic system, sigma-1 receptor, cholinergic, opioid and cannabinoid systems, as well as voltage-gated calcium channels and hyperpolarization cyclic nucleotide gated channels are discussed for the antidepressant effects. Also the effects of ketamine's enantiomers and metabolites are reviewed. Furthermore ketamine's anesthetic and analgesic mechanisms are briefly revisited. Overall, pharmacology of ketamine, its enantiomers and metabolites is very unique. Insight into multiple mechanisms of action will provide further development and desirable clinical effects of ketamine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eli Lavender
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Pharmacology, 1150 W Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mika Hirasawa-Fujita
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Pharmacology, 1150 W Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Edward F Domino
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Pharmacology, 1150 W Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wiersma AJ, Bernier B, Leonard J, Faulk D, DiStefano M, Wathen J. Ketamine Sedation and Hypoxia: A Quality Improvement Project to Reduce Respiratory Events Receiving Intervention. J Emerg Med 2020; 58:864-873. [PMID: 32284229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketamine is a well-studied and safe medication used for procedural sedation in the pediatric emergency department (ED). However, in our ED and urgent care (UC), we had higher rates of respiratory events receiving intervention (REs) than has been reported nationally. OBJECTIVE A quality improvement (QI) project was initiated to address this problem with the following aim: during a 24-month period, we aimed to decrease REs during i.v. ketamine sedation from > 10% to < 6% in our network of EDs and UCs. METHODS Inclusion criteria included patients in our EDs and UCs who received i.v. ketamine for procedural sedation. We organized a multidisciplinary team to identify key drivers for the primary outcome (i.e., REs) and establish interventions. We based process measures on key interventions and utilized 2 Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles, which we evaluated with Shewhart P (provost) charts. Balancing measures included length of sedation, success of sedation, and length of stay. RESULTS REs decreased from 11.4% to 4.9%; this rate was maintained for 12 months, starting 1 month after PDSA cycle 2 implementation. There was no difference in REs for length of stay, length of sedation, or success of sedation. CONCLUSIONS Using QI methodology, we reduced and maintained rates of RE to < 6%. Due to the nature of the project, it is difficult to link one intervention to the reduction in REs; however, a significant shift occurred just after PDSA cycle 2 interventions. This project can give a guideline for interventions to improve the safety of pediatric ketamine sedations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria J Wiersma
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Benjamin Bernier
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jan Leonard
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Debra Faulk
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael DiStefano
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Joseph Wathen
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kalmoe MC, Janski AM, Zorumski CF, Nagele P, Palanca BJ, Conway CR. Ketamine and nitrous oxide: The evolution of NMDA receptor antagonists as antidepressant agents. J Neurol Sci 2020; 412:116778. [PMID: 32240970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists, including ketamine and nitrous oxide, are currently intensely studied as rapid-acting antidepressant agents. Interestingly, both of these compounds are also drugs of abuse. Intravenous ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic that induces complex downstream effects via NMDARs, rapidly reduces depressive and suicidal symptoms in treatment-resistant depression (TRD), as demonstrated by several trials. Recently, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved an intranasal version of ketamine (esketamine) for TRD. The United States Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) lists ketamine as a Class III scheduled drug (moderate-low potential for physical and psychological abuse). The FDA has established a Risk Evaluation and Management Strategy (REMS) program to ensure proper drug storage, handling, dispensing, and monitoring intranasal esketamine to minimize misuse/abuse opportunities. Nitrous Oxide is a colorless, odorless, gas that has been in medical use for over 150 years. The mechanisms of action of nitrous oxide are not fully understood; however, it is known to act as a non-competitive inhibitor of NMDA-type glutamate receptors. Currently, nitrous oxide is used for inhalational general anesthesia and analgesia for short procedures. Inhaled nitrous oxide is also used recreationally, primarily by teens and young adults, but is not believed to have strong addiction potential. In contrast to ketamine, nitrous oxide is not a controlled substance and can be legally purchased without a prescription. A recent double-blind, prospective, cross-over study demonstrated that nitrous oxide reduced depressive symptoms in a group of severely ill TRD patients. Though this is a promising initial study, further investigation is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly C Kalmoe
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Alvin M Janski
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Charles F Zorumski
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Peter Nagele
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Ben J Palanca
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Charles R Conway
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Klein ME, Chandra J, Sheriff S, Malinow R. Opioid system is necessary but not sufficient for antidepressive actions of ketamine in rodents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:2656-2662. [PMID: 31941713 PMCID: PMC7007545 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916570117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Slow response to the standard treatment for depression increases suffering and risk of suicide. Ketamine, an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, can rapidly alleviate depressive symptoms and reduce suicidality, possibly by decreasing hyperactivity in the lateral habenula (LHb) brain nucleus. Here we find that in a rat model of human depression, opioid antagonists abolish the ability of ketamine to reduce the depression-like behavioral and LHb hyperactive cellular phenotypes. However, activation of opiate receptors alone is not sufficient to produce ketamine-like effects, nor does ketamine mimic the hedonic effects of an opiate, indicating that the opioid system does not mediate the actions of ketamine but rather is permissive. Thus, ketamine does not act as an opiate but its effects require both NMDA and opiate receptor signaling, suggesting that interactions between these two neurotransmitter systems are necessary to achieve an antidepressant effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego (UCSD) School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093;
- Department of Neurosciences, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biology, UCSD, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Joshua Chandra
- Department of Neurosciences, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biology, UCSD, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Salma Sheriff
- Department of Neurosciences, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biology, UCSD, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Roberto Malinow
- Department of Neurosciences, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093;
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biology, UCSD, San Diego, CA 92093
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different concentrations of muscone on the ketamine requirement for hypnosis and analgesia and possible mechanism in mice. METHODS In the hypnotic response experiment, muscone (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg/kg) was administered 15 minutes before ketamine by intraperitoneal injection. The hypnotic response was evaluated by loss of righting reflex (LORR). In the analgesia experiment, muscone (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/kg) was administered 15 minutes before 50 mg/kg ketamine injection. Pain threshold was assessed by measuring the tail-flick latency induced by heat radiation. Twenty minutes after ketamine injection, the mRNA expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NR) subunits, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors subunits, opioid receptors subunits, and some Na and Ca channels were detected by qPCR in the hippocampus of mice. RESULTS The 50% effective dose (ED50) with 95% confidence interval of ketamine-induced LORR was 49.2 (43.4-56.4) mg/kg. About 4.0 or 8.0 mg/kg muscone increased ED50 of ketamine-induced hypnosis, which was 82.7 (70.0-98.4) mg/kg or 72.0 (65.4-85.7) mg/kg, respectively. In the analgesic experiment, ketamine alone caused an obvious analgesic effect, whereas different dose of muscone decreased pain threshold in the presence of ketamine; 4.0 mg/kg muscone up-regulated the mRNA expression of NR1 and inhibited ketamine-induced increase of δ-opioid receptor mRNA level. Muscone also inhibited Cav2.1 mRNA expression in the presence of ketamine. CONCLUSION Muscone reduced the hypnotic and analgesic effect of ketamine in dose-independent manner in mice, which may be related to the changes of NR1 and δ-opioid receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuiliang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, ChanCheng Center Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Zeqi Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, ChanCheng Center Hospital, Foshan, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhua Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yang Y, Maher DP, Cohen SP. Emerging concepts on the use of ketamine for chronic pain. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2020; 13:135-146. [DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2020.1717947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dermot P. Maher
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven P. Cohen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|