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Khaksari M, Pourali M, Rezaei Talabon S, Gholizadeh Navashenaq J, Bashiri H, Amiresmaili S. Protective effects of 17-β-estradiol on liver injury: The role of TLR4 signaling pathway and inflammatory response. Cytokine 2024; 181:156686. [PMID: 38991382 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Liver injury, a major global health issue, stems from various causes such as alcohol consumption, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hepatitis, and certain medications. The liver's unique susceptibility to ischemia and hypoxia, coupled with the critical role of the gut-liver axis in inflammation, underscores the need for effective therapeutic interventions. The study highlights E2's interaction with estrogen receptors (ERs) and its modulation of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway as key mechanisms in mitigating liver injury. Activation of TLR4 leads to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, exacerbating liver inflammation and injury. E2 down-regulates TLR4 expression, reduces oxidative stress, and inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby protecting the liver. Both classic (ERα and ERβ) and non-classic [G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER)] receptors are influenced by E2. ERα is particularly crucial for liver regeneration, preventing liver failure by promoting hepatocyte proliferation. Furthermore, E2 exerts anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects by inhibiting cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-17, and by reducing lipid peroxidation and free radical damage. The article calls for further clinical research to validate these findings and to develop estrogen-based treatments for liver injuries. Overall, the research emphasizes the significant potential of E2 as a therapeutic agent for liver injuries. It advocates for extensive clinical studies to validate E2 hepatoprotective properties and develop effective estrogen-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khaksari
- Neuroscince and Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Centers, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Hamideh Bashiri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Ira
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Khaksari M, Shahryari M, Raji-Amirhasani A, Soltani Z, Bibak B, Keshavarzi Z, Shakeri F. Aloe vera Leaf Extract Reduced BBB Permeability and Improved Neurological Results after Traumatic Brain Injury: The Role of Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2024; 2024:5586814. [PMID: 39040520 PMCID: PMC11262876 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5586814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Recognizing the importance of medicinal plants and the absence of specific medications for traumatic brain injury (TBI) treatment, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of an aqueous extract of Aloe vera on oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and neurological scores following TBI. Materials and Methods Adult male rats were categorized into five groups: sham, TBI, vehicle, low-dose Aloe vera (LA), and high-dose Aloe vera (HA). We induced diffuse TBI using the Marmaro model and administered the aqueous Aloe vera leaf extract, as well as vehicle, via intraperitoneal injection half an hour after TBI. Neurological outcomes were assessed both before and several hours after TBI. Additionally, oxidative stress factors were measured 24 hr after TBI, and Evans blue content (a BBB permeability index) was determined 5 hr after TBI in both serum and brain. Results Both LA and HA reduced the increase in BBB permeability after TBI, with HA having a more pronounced effect than LA. Both Aloe vera doses decreased brain MDA levels, increased brain TAC, and lowered both serum and brain PC levels. The impact of Aloe vera on brain oxidative parameters was more significant than on serum. HA also counteracted the declining effects of TBI on neurological outcomes at 4 and 24 hr post-TBI. Conclusion This study suggests that Aloe vera extract may reduce BBB permeability and improve neurological outcomes after TBI by decreasing oxidative factors and increasing antioxidant factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khaksari
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research CenterKerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyAfzalipour Faculty of MedicineKerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Marzieh Shahryari
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research CenterKerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of PhysiologyNeuroscience Research CenterMedical FacultyGolestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Alireza Raji-Amirhasani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research CenterKerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyAfzalipour Faculty of MedicineKerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Soltani
- Physiology Research CenterInstitute of NeuropharmacologyKerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Bahram Bibak
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research CenterNorth Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologySchool of MedicineNorth Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Zakieh Keshavarzi
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research CenterNorth Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Shakeri
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologySchool of MedicineNorth Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
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Qin L, Kamash P, Yang Y, Ding Y, Ren C. A narrative review of potential neural repair poststroke: Decoction of Chinese angelica and peony in regulating microglia polarization through the neurosteroid pathway. Brain Circ 2024; 10:5-10. [PMID: 38655444 PMCID: PMC11034443 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_45_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a major global health crisis, characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates. Although there have been significant advancements in treating the acute phase of this condition, there remains a pressing need for effective treatments that can facilitate the recovery of neurological functions. Danggui-Shaoyao-San (DSS), also known as the Decoction of Chinese Angelica and Peony, is a traditional Chinese herbal formula. It has demonstrated promising results in the regulation of microglial polarization and modulation of neurosteroid receptor expression, which may make it a potent strategy for promoting the recovery of neurological functions. Microglia, which plays a crucial role in neuroplasticity and functional reconstruction poststroke, is regulated by neurosteroids. This review posits that DSS could facilitate the recovery of neuronal function poststroke by influencing microglial polarization through the neurosteroid receptor pathway. We will further discuss the potential mechanisms by which DSS could enhance neural function in stroke, including the regulation of microglial activation, neurosteroid regulation, and other potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhui Qin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peter Kamash
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Herbal Formula Science, Chinese Medicine College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Changhong Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Keshavarzi Z, Amiresmaili S, Nazari M, Jafari E, Chahkandi M, Sindhu RK. Synergistic effects of auraptene and 17-β estradiol on traumatic brain injury treatment: oxidant/antioxidant status, inflammatory cytokines and pathology. Int J Neurosci 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37815366 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2023.2269478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite significant advances that have been made in the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI), it remains a global health issue. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of 17-β estradiol (E2) and auraptene (AUR) on TBI treatment. METHODS In total, 70 adult male Wistar rats were divided randomly into ten main groups: Sham, TBI, TBI + DMSO, TBI + AUR (4 mg/kg), TBI + AUR (8 mg/kg), TBI + AUR (25 mg/kg), TBI + E2 group, TBI + AUR (4 mg/kg) + E2 group, TBI + AUR (8 mg/kg) + E2 group and TBI + AUR (25 mg/kg) + E2 group. Diffuse TBI was caused by the Marmarou process in male rats. The brain's tissues were harvested to check the parameters of oxidative stress and levels of inflammatory cytokine. RESULTS The finding revealed that TBI induced a significant increase in brain edema, pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidant levels [MDA and NO], and also a decrease in the brain's antioxidant biomarkers [GPx, SOD]. We also found that E2 and AUR (25 mg/kg) significantly preserved the levels of these biomarkers. The combination of AUR concentrations and E2 showed that this treatment efficiently preserved the levels of these biomarkers. Furthermore, the combination of E2 and AUR (25 mg/kg) c could cause the most effective synergistic interaction. CONCLUSION AUR could act synergistically with E2 to treat brain injury complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakieh Keshavarzi
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | | | - Masoud Nazari
- College of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Elham Jafari
- Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Chahkandi
- Department of Physiology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Rakesh K Sindhu
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
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Rajizadeh MA, Khaksari M, Bejeshk MA, Amirkhosravi L, Jafari E, Jamalpoor Z, Nezhadi A. The Role of Inhaled Estradiol and Myrtenol, Alone and in Combination, in Modulating Behavioral and Functional Outcomes Following Traumatic Experimental Brain Injury: Hemodynamic, Molecular, Histological and Behavioral Study. Neurocrit Care 2023; 39:478-498. [PMID: 37100976 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-023-01720-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important and growing cause of disability worldwide, and its cognitive consequences may be particularly significant. This study assessed the neuroprotective impacts of estradiol (E2), myrtenol (Myr), and the combination of the two on the neurological outcome, hemodynamic parameters, learning and memory, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level, phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K/AKT) signaling, and inflammatory and oxidative factors in the hippocampus after TBI. METHODS Eighty-four adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 12 groups with seven rats in each (six groups to measure intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, brain water content, and veterinary coma scale, and six groups for behavioral and molecular studies): sham, TBI, TBI/vehicle, TBI/Myr, TBI/E2, and TBI/Myr + E2 (Myr 50 mg/kg and E2 33.3 μg/kg via inhalation for 30 min after TBI induction). Brain injury was induced by using Marmarou's method. Briefly, a 300-g weight was dropped down from a 2-m height through a free-falling tube onto the head of the anesthetized animals. RESULTS Veterinary coma scale, learning and memory, brain water content, intracranial pressure, and cerebral perfusion pressure were impaired following TBI, and inflammation and oxidative stress were raised in the hippocampus after TBI. The BDNF level and PI3K/AKT signaling were impaired due to TBI. Inhalation of Myr and E2 had protective effects against all negative consequences of TBI by decreasing brain edema and the hippocampal content of inflammatory and oxidant factors and also by improving BDNF and PI3K/AKT in the hippocampus. Based on these data, there were no differences between alone and combination administrations. CONCLUSIONS Our results propose that Myr and E2 have neuroprotective effects on cognition impairments due to TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Rajizadeh
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abbas Bejeshk
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ladan Amirkhosravi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Elham Jafari
- Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, Pathology Department, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Jamalpoor
- Trauma Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Nezhadi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Hajializadeh Z, Khaksari M, Dabiri S, Darvishzadeh Mahani F, Raji-Amirhasani A, Bejeshk MA. Protective effects of calorie restriction and 17-β estradiol on cardiac hypertrophy in ovariectomized obese rats. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282089. [PMID: 37098007 PMCID: PMC10128952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and menopause lead to cardiovascular diseases. Calorie restriction (CR) can modulate estrogen deficiency and obesity-related cardiovascular diseases. The protective effects of CR and estradiol on cardiac hypertrophy in ovariectomized obese rats were explored in this study. The adult female Wistar rats were divided into sham and ovariectomized (OVX) groups that received a high-fat diet (60% HFD) or standard diet (SD) or 30% CR for 16 weeks, and then, 1mg/kg E2 (17-β estradiol) was injected intraperitoneally every 4 days for four weeks in OVX-rats. Hemodynamic parameters were evaluated before and after each diet. Heart tissues were collected for biochemical, histological, and molecular analysis. HFD consumption led to weight gain in sham and OVX rats. In contrast, CR and E2 led to body weight loss in these animals. Also, heart weight (HW), heart weight/body weight (HW/BW) ratio, and left ventricular weight (LVW) were enhanced in OVX rats that received SD and HFD. E2 reduced these indexes in both diet conditions but reduction effects of CR were seen only in HFD groups. HFD and SD feeding increased hemodynamic parameters, ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) mRNA expression, and TGF-β1(transforming growth factor-beta 1) protein level in the OVX animals, while CR and E2 reduced these factors. Cardiomyocyte diameter and hydroxyproline content were increased in the OVX-HFD groups. Nevertheless, CR and E2 decreased these indicators. The results showed that CR and E2 treatment reduced obesity-induced-cardiac hypertrophy in ovariectomized groups (20% and 24% respectively). CR appears to have almost as reducing effects as estrogen therapy on cardiac hypertrophy. The findings suggest that CR can be considered a therapeutic candidate for postmenopausal cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hajializadeh
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Shahriar Dabiri
- Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Darvishzadeh Mahani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Alireza Raji-Amirhasani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abbas Bejeshk
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Azizian H, Farhadi Z, Khaksari M. Selective estrogen receptor α and β antagonist aggravate cardiovascular dysfunction in type 2 diabetic ovariectomized female rats. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2022; 43:427-436. [PMID: 35512107 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2021-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disorders (CVD), characterized by pathological diastolic as well as systolic dysfunction, ventricular dilation, and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. CVD is the main cause of death in postmenopausal women. Estradiol (E2) has protective effects on cardiovascular function. The biological effects of E2 are mainly mediated by classical estrogen receptors (ERs). The present study aimed to investigate the cardioprotective effects of classical ERs in ovariectomized (OVX) diabetic female rats. METHODS T2D was induced in female rats by high-fat diet feeding along with a low dose of streptozotocin. Then diabetic animals were divided into eight groups: Sham-control, OVX, OVX + Vehicle (Veh), OVX + E2, OVX + E2 + MPP (ERα antagonist), OVX + E2 + PHTPP (ERβ antagonist), OVX + E2 + Veh, OVX + E2 + MPP + PHTPP. Animals received E2, MPP, and PHTPP every four days for 28 days. At the end blood was collected, serum separated, and used for biochemical parameters. Heart tissue was used for cardiac angiotensin II and cytokines measurement. RESULTS E2 treatment improved the metabolic disorders caused by T2D, and its receptor antagonists intensified the effects of T2D on the metabolic status. Also, E2 therapy decreased cardiac inflammatory cytokines, and MPP and PHTPP increased cardiac inflammation by increasing TNF-α and IL-6 and decreasing IL-10. CONCLUSIONS Classical ERs have protective effects on diabetic hearts by improving the metabolic status and inflammatory balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Azizian
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zeinab Farhadi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research, and Physiology Research Centers, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Farhadi Z, Khaksari M, Azizian H, Dabiri S. The brain neuropeptides and STAT3 mediate the inhibitory effect of 17-β Estradiol on central leptin resistance in young but not aged female high-fat diet mice. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:625-637. [PMID: 35031929 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00884-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aging and menopause effect on body composition and energy balance. Estrogen (E2) plays an important role in body's metabolism. The aim of the present study was to determine changes in leptin function in young intact and ovariectomized (OVX) animals in comparison to the aged animals treated with E2. Young (Intact and OVX 4 months) and aged (19-21 months) female mice were fed High-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks and, then they were divided into eight groups including: Intact + OIL, Intact + E2, Intact + Pair body weight (PBW), OVX + OIL, OVX + E2, OVX + PBW, Aged + OIL, and Aged + E2. E2 was administered subcutaneously every four days for four weeks. Responsiveness to leptin was assessed by measuring energy balance components. Results showed that eating HFD increased weight and calorie consumption in young mice, and chronic treatment with E2 decreased both these variables in young animals. E2 only improved the sensitivity to leptin in young animals. Treatment with E2 resulted in increased α-MSH neuropeptide, reduced NPY and AgRP neuropeptides in the brain, and decreased serum leptin in the young animals. Also, treatment with E2 increased the expression of p-STAT3 molecular level in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) in the young animals. Our results indicated that response to E2 depended on age and E2 protects young HFD fed mice from obesity and improves leptin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Farhadi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Hossein Azizian
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Shahriar Dabiri
- Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Koszegi Z, Cheong RY. Targeting the non-classical estrogen pathway in neurodegenerative diseases and brain injury disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:999236. [PMID: 36187099 PMCID: PMC9521328 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.999236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens can alter the biology of various tissues and organs, including the brain, and thus play an essential role in modulating homeostasis. Despite its traditional role in reproduction, it is now accepted that estrogen and its analogues can exert neuroprotective effects. Several studies have shown the beneficial effects of estrogen in ameliorating and delaying the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and various forms of brain injury disorders. While the classical effects of estrogen through intracellular receptors are more established, the impact of the non-classical pathway through receptors located at the plasma membrane as well as the rapid stimulation of intracellular signaling cascades are still under active research. Moreover, it has been suggested that the non-classical estrogen pathway plays a crucial role in neuroprotection in various brain areas. In this mini-review, we will discuss the use of compounds targeting the non-classical estrogen pathway in their potential use as treatment in neurodegenerative diseases and brain injury disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsombor Koszegi
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Y. Cheong
- Timeline Bioresearch AB, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Rachel Y. Cheong,
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Possible involvement of female sex steroid hormones in intracellular signal transduction mediated by cytokines following traumatic brain injury. Brain Res Bull 2021; 178:108-119. [PMID: 34838851 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of female sex hormones on the level of intracellular molecules of cytokine signaling pathway after diffuse traumatic brain injury (TBI) in ovariectomized rats. METHODS Female rats were divided into 10 groups: control, sham, TBI, Vehicle (oil), Vehicle E1 (33.3 µg/kg), E2 (1 mg / kg), P1 (1.7 mg/kg), P2 (8 mg / kg), E2 + P1. All drugs were injected 0.5 h after TBI. Brain edema and the brain levels of P-STAT-3, NFκB-P52, NFκB-P65, P-IκB, and SOCS-3 by immunohistochemistry measured at 24 h after TBI. RESULTS Increased brain edema after TBI was inhibited by different doses of estrogen, progesterone (P < 0.001), and E2 + P1 (P < 0.05). The brain levels of P-STAT-3, NFκB-P52, NFκB-P65, and p-IκBα that increased after TBI was decreased only by E2 (P < 0.05). E2 and E2 + P1 have increased the SOCS-3 level after TBI (P < 0.05). Also, there was a difference between the E2 with E1 and two progesterone doses (P < 0.05). So that in all cases, the effects of E2 were more significant than the other groups. The target cells for these effects of E2 were microglia and astrocytes. CONCLUSION The results indicate that one of the probable mechanism(s) of estrogen anti-inflammatory effect after TBI is either reduction of p-STAT-3, NFκB-P52, p-NFκB-P65, and p-IκBα or increase in SOCS-3 molecules involved in the signaling pathway of inflammatory cytokines.
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Chahkandi M, Sepehri G, Komeili G, Hadad MK, Haghparast E, Chahkandi M. The different role of G-protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) in the interaction effects of marijuana and estradiol on spatial learning and memory at different ages. Brain Res Bull 2021; 178:155-163. [PMID: 34800583 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Some studies suggest that the effect of cannabis on behavior performance depends on the presence of ovarian hormones and the age of use initiation. Estradiol is the main ovarian hormone that can interact with cannabinoids. It has been suggested that cannabinoids exert some of their effects directly through estrogen receptors (ERs). A novel G-protein-coupled receptor (GPR30) was described as mediating estrogen signaling in various cell lines. Since there are few studies on the interaction of cannabis and ovarian hormones on cognitive behaviors, so, this study evaluated the role of GPR30 in the effects of marijuana (M) and estrogen, alone and in combination, on spatial learning and memory of young (non-ovarian(OVX)) and old female rats. Young (5-7 months) and old (22-24 months) female rats received an intraperitoneal injection (i.p) of 17β-estradiol (E2), G1 (GPR30 agonist), and G15 (GPR30 antagonist) every four days, and M (every day), either alone or in combination, for 28 days. One hour after the last injection, the Morris water maze (MWM) test was conducted to evaluate of spatial learning and memory. Moreover, hippocampal BDNF level was assessed by the ELISA method. The results showed a positive effect of M on spatial learning in both young and old rats, however, E2 showed beneficial effects on the memory of young, but not old rats. Our results showed that GPR30 does not have any role in the interaction effects of M and E2 in young rats. Although both E2 and M alone showed positive effects on spatial learning and memory in old rats, however, our results showed a negative interaction between marijuana and E2 combined effects on spatial learning and memory in old female rats which is mediated by GPR30. Our results showed that the effects of GPR30 on spatial learning and memory is age dependent. Furthermore, this study showed that hippocampal BDNF does not have any role in the interaction effects of M and E2 on spatial learning and memory in young and old rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Chahkandi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Sepehri
- Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Gholamreza Komeili
- Department of Physiology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khaksari Hadad
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Elham Haghparast
- Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Majid Chahkandi
- Department of Statistics, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
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Kalimon OJ, Sullivan PG. Sex Differences in Mitochondrial Function Following a Controlled Cortical Impact Traumatic Brain Injury in Rodents. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:753946. [PMID: 34720875 PMCID: PMC8548609 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.753946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complex disease to study due to the multifactorial injury cascades occurring after the initial blow to the head. One of the most vital players in this secondary injury cascade, and therapeutic target of interest, is the mitochondrion. Mitochondria are important for the generation of cellular energy, regulation of cell death, and modulation of intracellular calcium which leaves these “powerhouses” especially susceptible to damage and dysfunction following traumatic brain injury. Most of the existing studies involving mitochondrial dysfunction after TBI have been performed in male rodent models, leaving a gap in knowledge on these same outcomes in females. This mini-review intends to highlight the available data on mitochondrial dysfunction in male and female rodents after controlled cortical impact (CCI) as a common model of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia J Kalimon
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Lexington VA Healthcare System, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Lexington VA Healthcare System, Lexington, KY, United States
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13
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Khaksari M, Hajializadeh Z, Mahani SE, Soltani Z, Asadikaram G. Estrogen receptor agonists induce anti‑edema effects by altering α and β estrogen receptor gene expression. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2021; 81:286-294. [PMID: 34672299 DOI: 10.21307/ane-2021-027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine whether the attenuation of estrogen receptor expression is prevented by propyl pyrazole triol (PPT), an agonist for estrogen receptor α (ERα) or and diarypropiolnitrile (DPN), an agonist for estrogen receptor β (ERβ) after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The tests performed on ovariectomized female Wistar rats included sham group, vehicle group, and treated groups: PPT, DPN, and PPT+DPN 30 minutes after TBI. Blood‑brain barrier (BBB) disruption and brain water content were estimated. RT‑PCR and\r\nwestern blotting were utilized to evaluate ESR1 and ESR2 gene and protein expression. The data indicated that PPT, DPN, and PPT+DPN attenuated TBI‑induced brain edema. Also, BBB disruption after TBI was prevented in PPT, DPN, and PPT+DPN‑treated TBI animals. Estrogen agonist‑treated animals showed a significant elevation in Esr1 mRNA and protein expression levels in the brain tissue of TBI rats. In addition, the data indicated a significant elevation of Esr2 mRNA and protein expression levels in the brain tissue of estrogen agonist‑treated TBI rats. The data shows that both ESR1 and ESR2 agonists can enhance ER mRNA and protein levels in TBI animals' brain. It appears that this effect contributes to the neuroprotective function of ER agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khaksari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran;
| | - Zahra Hajializadeh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeed Esmaeili Mahani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Soltani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Asadikaram
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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14
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Chahkandi M, Komeili G, Sepehri G, Khaksari M, Amiresmaili S. Marijuana and β-estradiol interactions on spatial learning and memory in young female rats: Lack of role of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPR30). Life Sci 2021; 280:119723. [PMID: 34146552 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that 17β-estradiol (E2) hormone is an essential biological factor for increasing the sensitivity of women to drug abuse. Recent studies have shown a potential overlap between the molecular pathways of cannabinoids and ovarian hormones. The current study evaluated the interference between the marijuana and E2 effect on spatial learning and memory and the role of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPR30) in young female rats. The animals were separated into two main groups: intact-ovary and ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The latter group received intraperitoneal injections of E2, G-1 (GPR30 agonist), G-15 (GPR30 antagonist), marijuana, and different combinations of these substances for 28 days. Spatial learning and memory were evaluated by the Morris water maze (MWM) test. We also assessed the BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) concentration and the hippocampal level of GPR30. The results showed a significant reduction of spatial learning and memory in OVX rats compared to intact-ovary rats, which were restored by E2 replacement. Moreover, treatment with G-1 mimicked E2 effects on spatial learning and memory. Marijuana impaired spatial learning and memory in intact-ovary rats, while improved in OVX rats. We also found that treatment with M + E2 induced significant impairment in spatial learning and memory; however, treatment with M + G1 and M + G15 + E2 showed no significant difference. No significant differences in BDNF expression were observed in experimental groups. These results suggest that marijuana and E2 interact in their effect on spatial learning and memory in young female rats, but GPR30 seems to play no role in this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Chahkandi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Komeili
- Department of Physiology, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Gholamreza Sepehri
- Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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15
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Amiresmaili S, Shahrokhi N, Khaksari M, AsadiKaram G, Aflatoonian MR, Shirazpour S, Amirkhosravi L, Mortazaeizadeh A. The Hepatoprotective mechanisms of 17β-estradiol after traumatic brain injury in male rats: Classical and non-classical estrogen receptors. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 213:111987. [PMID: 33582408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Protective effects of estrogen (E2) on traumatic brain injury (TBI) have been determined. In this study, the hepatoprotective effects of E2 after TBI through its receptors and oxidative stress regulation have been evaluated. Diffuse TBI induced by the Marmarou method in male rats. G15, PHTPP, MPP, and ICI182-780 as selective antagonists of E2 were injected before TBI. The results indicated that TBI induces a significant increase in liver enzymes [Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Glutamyl transferase (GGT)], and oxidants levels [Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric oxide (NO)] and decreases in antioxidant biomarkers [Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD)] in the brain and liver, and plasma. We also found that E2 significantly preserved levels of these biomarkers and enzymatic activity. All antagonists inhibited the effects of E2 on increasing SOD and GPx. Also, the effects of E2 on brain MDA levels were inhibited by all antagonists, but in the liver, only ICI + G15 + E2 + TBI group was affected. The impacts of E2 on brain and liver and plasma NO levels were inhibited by all antagonists. The current findings demonstrated that E2 probably improved liver injury after TBI by modulating oxidative stress. Also, both classic (ERβ, ERα) and non-classic [G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER)] receptors are affected in the protective effects of E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Amiresmaili
- Department of Physiology, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran; Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Science, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Nader Shahrokhi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Science, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gholamreza AsadiKaram
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Science, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Sara Shirazpour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ladan Amirkhosravi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Science, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abbas Mortazaeizadeh
- Researcher, Pathology and Stem Cells Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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16
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Kövesdi E, Szabó-Meleg E, Abrahám IM. The Role of Estradiol in Traumatic Brain Injury: Mechanism and Treatment Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E11. [PMID: 33374952 PMCID: PMC7792596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients surviving traumatic brain injury (TBI) face numerous neurological and neuropsychological problems significantly affecting their quality of life. Extensive studies over the past decades have investigated pharmacological treatment options in different animal models, targeting various pathological consequences of TBI. Sex and gender are known to influence the outcome of TBI in animal models and in patients, respectively. Apart from its well-known effects on reproduction, 17β-estradiol (E2) has a neuroprotective role in brain injury. Hence, in this review, we focus on the effect of E2 in TBI in humans and animals. First, we discuss the clinical classification and pathomechanism of TBI, the research in animal models, and the neuroprotective role of E2. Based on the results of animal studies and clinical trials, we discuss possible E2 targets from early to late events in the pathomechanism of TBI, including neuroinflammation and possible disturbances of the endocrine system. Finally, the potential relevance of selective estrogenic compounds in the treatment of TBI will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erzsébet Kövesdi
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Center for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary;
| | - Edina Szabó-Meleg
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary;
| | - István M. Abrahám
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Center for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary;
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17
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Amirkhosravi L, Khaksari M, Soltani Z, Esmaeili-Mahani S, Asadi Karam G, Hoseini M. E2-BSA and G1 exert neuroprotective effects and improve behavioral abnormalities following traumatic brain injury: The role of classic and non-classic estrogen receptors. Brain Res 2020; 1750:147168. [PMID: 33096091 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The role of classical and non-classical estrogen receptors (ERs) in mediating the neuroprotective effects of this hormone on brain edema and long-term behavioral disorders was evaluated after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Ovariectomized rats were divided as follows: E2 (17 β-estradiol), E2-BSA (E2 conjugated to bovine serum albumin), G1 [G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor agonist (GPER)] or their vehicle was injected following TBI, whereas ICI (classical estrogen receptor antagonist), G15 (GPER antagonist), ICI + G15, and their vehicle were injected before the induction of TBI and the injection of E2 and E2-BSA. Brain water (BWC) and Evans blue (EB) contents were measured 24 h and 5 h after TBI, respectively. Intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) were measured before and at different times after TBI. Locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior, and spatial memory were assessed on days 3, 7, 14, and 21 after injury. E2, E2-BSA, and G1 prevented the increase of BWC and EB content after TBI, and these effects were inhibited by ICI and G15. ICI and G15 also inhibited the beneficial effects of E2, E2-BSA on ICP, as well as CPP, after trauma. E2, E2-BSA, and G1 prevented the cognitive deficiency and behavioral abnormalities induced by TBI. Similar to the above parameters, ICI and G15 also reversed this E2 and E2-BSA effects on days 3, 7, 14, and 21. Our findings indicated that the beneficial effects of E2-BSA and E2 were inhibited by both ICI and G15, suggesting that GPER and classic ERs were involved in mediating the long-term effects of E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Amirkhosravi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Neuroscience and Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Centers, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Zahra Soltani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeed Esmaeili-Mahani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Asadi Karam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Hoseini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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18
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Yilmaz C, Karali K, Fodelianaki G, Gravanis A, Chavakis T, Charalampopoulos I, Alexaki VI. Neurosteroids as regulators of neuroinflammation. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 55:100788. [PMID: 31513776 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a physiological protective response in the context of infection and injury. However, neuroinflammation, especially if chronic, may also drive neurodegeneration. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI), display inflammatory activation of microglia and astrocytes. Intriguingly, the central nervous system (CNS) is a highly steroidogenic environment synthesizing steroids de novo, as well as metabolizing steroids deriving from the circulation. Neurosteroid synthesis can be substantially affected by neuroinflammation, while, in turn, several steroids, such as 17β-estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and allopregnanolone, can regulate neuroinflammatory responses. Here, we review the role of neurosteroids in neuroinflammation in the context of MS, AD, PD and TBI and describe underlying molecular mechanisms. Moreover, we introduce the concept that synthetic neurosteroid analogues could be potentially utilized for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canelif Yilmaz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kanelina Karali
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research & Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Georgia Fodelianaki
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Achille Gravanis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research & Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ioannis Charalampopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research & Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vasileia Ismini Alexaki
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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19
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Dual Roles of Astrocyte-Derived Factors in Regulation of Blood-Brain Barrier Function after Brain Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030571. [PMID: 30699952 PMCID: PMC6387062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major functional barrier in the central nervous system (CNS), and inhibits the extravasation of intravascular contents and transports various essential nutrients between the blood and the brain. After brain damage by traumatic brain injury, cerebral ischemia and several other CNS disorders, the functions of the BBB are disrupted, resulting in severe secondary damage including brain edema and inflammatory injury. Therefore, BBB protection and recovery are considered novel therapeutic strategies for reducing brain damage. Emerging evidence suggests key roles of astrocyte-derived factors in BBB disruption and recovery after brain damage. The astrocyte-derived vascular permeability factors include vascular endothelial growth factors, matrix metalloproteinases, nitric oxide, glutamate and endothelin-1, which enhance BBB permeability leading to BBB disruption. By contrast, the astrocyte-derived protective factors include angiopoietin-1, sonic hedgehog, glial-derived neurotrophic factor, retinoic acid and insulin-like growth factor-1 and apolipoprotein E which attenuate BBB permeability resulting in recovery of BBB function. In this review, the roles of these astrocyte-derived factors in BBB function are summarized, and their significance as therapeutic targets for BBB protection and recovery after brain damage are discussed.
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20
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Martin-Jiménez C, Gaitán-Vaca DM, Areiza N, Echeverria V, Ashraf GM, González J, Sahebkar A, Garcia-Segura LM, Barreto GE. Astrocytes Mediate Protective Actions of Estrogenic Compounds after Traumatic Brain Injury. Neuroendocrinology 2019; 108:142-160. [PMID: 30391959 DOI: 10.1159/000495078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious public health problem. It may result in severe neurological disabilities and in a variety of cellular metabolic alterations for which available therapeutic strategies are limited. In the last decade, the use of estrogenic compounds, which activate protective mechanisms in astrocytes, has been explored as a potential experimental therapeutic approach. Previous works have suggested estradiol (E2) as a neuroprotective hormone that acts in the brain by binding to estrogen receptors (ERs). Several steroidal and nonsteroidal estrogenic compounds can imitate the effects of estradiol on ERs. These include hormonal estrogens, phytoestrogens and synthetic estrogens, such as selective ER modulators or tibolone. Current evidence of the role of astrocytes in mediating protective actions of estrogenic compounds after TBI is reviewed in this paper. We conclude that the use of estrogenic compounds to modulate astrocytic properties is a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Martin-Jiménez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana Milena Gaitán-Vaca
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Natalia Areiza
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Valentina Echeverria
- Universidad San Sebastián, Fac. Cs de la Salud, Concepción, Chile
- Research and Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, Florida, USA
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Janneth González
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Luis Miguel Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia,
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21
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Azizian H, Khaksari M, Asadi karam G, Esmailidehaj M, Farhadi Z. Cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of G-protein coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) on postmenopausal type 2 diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:153-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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22
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Azizian H, Khaksari M, Asadikaram G, Sepehri G, Najafipour H. Therapeutic effects of tamoxifen on metabolic parameters and cytokines modulation in rat model of postmenopausal diabetic cardiovascular dysfunction: Role of classic estrogen receptors. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 65:190-198. [PMID: 30316077 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In postmenopausal women, the risk of diabetic cardiovascular disease drastically increases compared with that of premenopausal women. In the present study we surveyed the effects of Tamoxifen (TAM) and 17-β-estradiol (E2) on diabetic cardiovascular dysfunction. Female wistar rats were divided into six groups: sham-control, Diabetes, Ovariectomized (OVX) + Diabetes, OVX + Diabetes + Vehicle, OVX + Diabetes + E2, OVX + Diabetes + TAM. Type 2 diabetes was induced by High Fat Diet and low doses of STZ. E2 and TAM were administrated every four days for four weeks. Results show that, TAM or E2 reduces cardiac weight, atherogenic and cardiac risk indices. Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) increased in diabetes group, while TAM and E2 prevented MABP increment. Also, fasting blood glucose was decreased by TAM and E2. Significant decrement in the level of IL-10 was observed in diabetes group and this effect was abolished by TAM and E2. Also, treatment with TAM and E2 resulted in improved inflammatory balance in favor of anti-inflammation. Although diabetes resulted in, increment of TC and LDL, TAM and E2 reduced lipids profile. Furthermore, treatment with TAM prevented the reduction of estrogen receptors (ERs) α and β protein levels, but its effect on the ERβ protein level was higher. Our results indicated that TAM protects against diabetic cardiovascular dysfunction and is a good candidate for E2 substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Azizian
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research, and Physiology Research Centers, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Gholamreza Asadikaram
- Department of Biochemistry, and Metabolism & Endocrinology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Sepehri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman Univerity of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Najafipour
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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23
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Späni CB, Braun DJ, Van Eldik LJ. Sex-related responses after traumatic brain injury: Considerations for preclinical modeling. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 50:52-66. [PMID: 29753798 PMCID: PMC6139061 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has historically been viewed as a primarily male problem, since men are more likely to experience a TBI because of more frequent participation in activities that increase risk of head injuries. This male bias is also reflected in preclinical research where mostly male animals have been used in basic and translational science. However, with an aging population in which TBI incidence is increasingly sex-independent due to falls, and increasing female participation in high-risk activities, the attention to potential sex differences in TBI responses and outcomes will become more important. These considerations are especially relevant in designing preclinical animal models of TBI that are more predictive of human responses and outcomes. This review characterizes sex differences following TBI with a special emphasis on the contribution of the female sex hormones, progesterone and estrogen, to these differences. This information is potentially important in developing and customizing TBI treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia B Späni
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 101 Sanders-Brown Bldg., 800 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - David J Braun
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 101 Sanders-Brown Bldg., 800 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 101 Sanders-Brown Bldg., 800 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, B481, BBSRB, 741 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, UK Medical Center MN 150, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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24
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Ye T, Sun D, Mu T, Chu Y, Miao H, Zhang M, Yang H, Liu Q, Lu L, Xing X, Yu S. Differential effects of high-physiological oestrogen on the degeneration of mandibular condylar cartilage and subchondral bone. Bone 2018. [PMID: 29530720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The striking predilection of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in women, especially during gonad-intact puberty or reproductive years, indicates that oestrogen plays an important role in the progression of TMD, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, unilateral anterior crossbite (UAC) was used to create temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) models in rats, while 17β-estradiol (E2) injections were applied to mimic patients with high-physiological levels of oestrogen. Micro-CT scanning, histological staining and real-time PCR assays were preformed to observe the degenerative changes in the mandibular condylar cartilage and subchondral bone. The results showed that obvious degradation was found in the condylar cartilage and subchondral bone of rats with UAC procedure, including decreased cartilage thickness, loss of extracellular matrix, increased apoptotic chondrocytes and expression of pro-inflammatory and catabolic factors, decreased bone mineral density and increased osteoclast activity. E2 supplements aggravated the condylar cartilage degradation but reversed the abnormal bone resorption in the subchondral bone induced by UAC. Our results revealed that high-physiological oestrogen plays a destructive role in condylar cartilage but a protective role in subchondral bone at the early stage of TMJ OA. These dual and distinct effects should be given serious consideration in future OA treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Dongliang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Tong Mu
- China Meitan General Hospital, Beijing 100028, PR China
| | - Yi Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Hui Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Mian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Hongxu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Lei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Xianghui Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China.
| | - Shibin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China.
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25
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Hou C, Zhang R, Zhang K, Chen X. Total glycosides of Paeony shows Neuroprotective effects against Semen Strychni-induced neurotoxicity by recovering secretion of hormones and improving brain energy metabolism. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:2033-2044. [PMID: 28852923 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the protective effect of total glycosides of paeony against Semen Strychni-induced neurotoxicity and discussed some probably mechanisms. Levels of estrone, estradiol, estriol and growth hormone in male rats' serum were determined by ELISA, levels of ATP and substances associated with energy metabolism in rats' brain were determined by HPLC and levels of progesterone was determined by a UPLC-MS/MS method. The results showed that neurotoxicity induced by Semen Strychni could cause a significant decrease (p < 0.05, compare to the blank group) in secretion of estrogens and GH and disorder brain energy metabolism at the same time. While, rats with total glycosides of paeony pre-protection (orally administrated with total glycosides of paeony for 15 days before administrating Semen Strychni extract) showed a much better condition in the secretion of hormones and brain energy metabolism, and showed no significant changes in most of those associated substances when comparing to the blank group. Our study indicated that total glycosides of paeony have neuroprotective effects on Semen Strychni-induced neurotoxicity. It could recover the disordered hormone secretion and improve the brain energy metabolism. Total glycosides of paeony is potential to be further used in clinic to protect against neurotoxicity induced by other reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenzhi Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ruowen Zhang
- Southern Research Institute, 2000 9th Ave.s., Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA
| | - Kexia Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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26
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Effects of Female Sex Steroids Administration on Pathophysiologic Mechanisms in Traumatic Brain Injury. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 9:393-416. [PMID: 29151229 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0588-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Secondary brain damage following initial brain damage in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of adverse outcomes. There are many gaps in TBI research and a lack of therapy to limit debilitating outcomes in TBI or enhance the neurogenesis, despite pre-clinical and clinical research performed in TBI. Females show harmful outcomes against brain damage including TBI less than males, independent of different TBI occurrence. A significant reduction in secondary brain damage and improvement in neurologic outcome post-TBI has been reported following the use of progesterone and estrogen in many experimental studies. Although useful features of sex steroids including progesterone have been identified in TBI clinical trials I and II, clinical trials III have been unsuccessful. This review article focuses on evidence of secondary injury mechanisms and neuroprotective effects of estrogen and progesterone in TBI. Understanding these mechanisms may enable researchers to achieve greater success in TBI clinical studies. It seems that the design of clinical studies should be revised due to translation loss of animal studies to clinical studies. The heterogeneous and complex nature of TBI, the endogenous levels of sex hormones at the time of taking these hormones, the therapeutic window of the drug, the dosage of the drug, the selection of appropriate targets in evaluation, the determination of responsive population, gender and age based on animal studies should be considered in the design of TBI human studies in future.
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27
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Stoop W, De Geyter D, Verachtert S, Brouwers S, Verdood P, De Keyser J, Kooijman R. Post-stroke treatment with 17β-estradiol exerts neuroprotective effects in both normotensive and hypertensive rats. Neuroscience 2017; 348:335-345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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28
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Guo D, Wilkinson DA, Thompson BG, Pandey AS, Keep RF, Xi G, Hua Y. MRI Characterization in the Acute Phase of Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 8:234-243. [PMID: 27896625 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0511-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A number of mechanisms have been proposed for the early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In this study, we investigated the radiographic characteristics and influence of gender on early brain injury after experimental SAH. SAH was induced by endovascular perforation in male and female rats. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in a 7.0-T Varian MR scanner at 24 h after SAH. The occurrence and size of T2 lesions, ventricular dilation, and white matter injury (WMI) were determined on T2-weighted images (T2WI). The effects of SAH on heme oxygenase-1 and fibrin/fibrinogen were examined by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. SAH severity was assessed using a MRI grading system, and neurological function was evaluated according to a modified Garcia's scoring system. T2 hyperintensity areas and enlarged ventricles were observed in T2WI coronal sections 24 h after SAH. The overall incidence of T2 lesions, WMI, and hydrocephalus was 54, 20, and 63%, respectively. Female rats had a higher incidence of T2 hyperintensity lesions and hydrocephalus, as well as larger T2 lesion volumes and higher average ventricular volume. SAH rats graded at 3-4 (our previously validated MRI grading scale) had larger T2 lesion volumes, more hydrocephalus, and worse neurological function compared with those graded at 0-2. In conclusion, T2 lesion, WMI, and hydrocephalus were the most prevalent MRI characteristics 24 h after experimental SAH. The T2 lesion area matched with fibrinogen/fibrin positive staining in the acute phase of SAH. SAH induced more severe brain injury in females compared to males in the acute phase of SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewei Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - D Andrew Wilkinson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - B Gregory Thompson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Aditya S Pandey
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
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