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Bai W, An S, Jia H, Xu J, Qin L. Relationship between triglyceride-glucose index and cognitive function among community-dwelling older adults: a population-based cohort study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1398235. [PMID: 39104819 PMCID: PMC11298491 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1398235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The global increase in the aging population presents considerable challenges, particularly regarding cognitive impairment, a major concern for public health. This study investigates the association between the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, a measure of insulin resistance, and the risk of cognitive impairment in the elderly. Methods This prospective cohort study enrolled 2,959 participants aged 65 and above from the 2015 and 2020 waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). The analysis employed a logistic regression model to assess the correlation between the TyG index and cognitive impairment. Results The study included 2,959 participants, with a mean age of 71.2 ± 5.4 years, 49.8% of whom were female. The follow-up in 2020 showed a decrease in average cognitive function scores from 8.63 ± 4.61 in 2015 to 6.86 ± 5.45. After adjusting for confounding factors, a significant association was observed between TyG index quartiles and cognitive impairment. Participants in the highest quartile (Q4) of baseline TyG had a higher risk of cognitive impairment compared to those in the lowest quartile (Q1) (odds ratio [OR]: 1.97, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.28-2.62, P<0.001). Conclusion The study highlights a significant connection between elevated TyG index levels and cognitive impairment among older adults in China. These findings suggest that targeted interventions to reduce the TyG index could mitigate cognitive impairment and potentially lower the incidence of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Bai
- Department of Emergency, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People’s Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuang An
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, Henan Children’s Hospital Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Jia
- Department of Convalescent Four Areas Nine Departments, Navy Qingdao Special Service Recuperation Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lijie Qin
- Department of Emergency, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People’s Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
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Wang M, Hu S, Fu X, Zhou H, Yang S, Yang C. Neurosteroids: A potential target for neuropsychiatric disorders. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 239:106485. [PMID: 38369032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Neurosteroids are steroids produced by endocrine glands and subsequently entering the brain, and also include steroids synthesis in the brain. It has been widely known that neurosteroids influence many neurological functions, including neuronal signaling, synaptic adaptations, and neuroprotective effects. In addition, abnormality in the synthesis and function of neurosteroids has been closely linked to neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), schizophrenia (SZ), and epilepsy. Given their important role in brain pathophysiology and disorders, neurosteroids offer potential therapeutic targets for a variety of neuropsychiatric diseases, and that therapeutic strategies targeting neurosteroids probably exert beneficial effects. We therefore summarized the role of neurosteroids in brain physiology and neuropsychiatric disorders, and introduced the recent findings of synthetic neurosteroid analogues for potential treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, thereby providing insights for further research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Suwan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xinghuo Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Huixuan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Siqi Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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3
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Kraemer RR, Kraemer BR. The effects of peripheral hormone responses to exercise on adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1202349. [PMID: 38084331 PMCID: PMC10710532 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1202349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, a considerable amount of new data have revealed the beneficial effects of exercise on hippocampal neurogenesis and the maintenance or improvement of cognitive function. Investigations with animal models, as well as human studies, have yielded novel understanding of the mechanisms through which endocrine signaling can stimulate neurogenesis, as well as the effects of exercise on acute and/or chronic levels of these circulating hormones. Considering the effects of aging on the decline of specific endocrine factors that affect brain health, insights in this area of research are particularly important. In this review, we discuss how different forms of exercise influence the peripheral production of specific endocrine factors, with particular emphasis on brain-derived neurotrophic factor, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, ghrelin, estrogen, testosterone, irisin, vascular endothelial growth factor, erythropoietin, and cortisol. We also describe mechanisms through which these endocrine responses to exercise induce cellular changes that increase hippocampal neurogenesis and improve cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R. Kraemer
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA, United States
| | - Bradley R. Kraemer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, United States
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Chen HF, Jiang JY, Chen MH, Lin R, Jerence SWO, Chang CH, Chou CC. Gender differences in cognitive function and its associated factors among older adults with type 2 diabetes. Geriatr Nurs 2023; 52:165-171. [PMID: 37354756 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is widely prevalent among older people and can influence accelerated cognitive decline. Gender-based disparities may contribute to variations in cognitive decline. This study examined gender differences in cognitive function and associated factors among older adults with diabetes. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 318 Taiwanese older adults with type 2 diabetes. Demographic, health, and diabetes-related data were collected, and cognitive neuropsychological tests were evaluated. Compared to men, women with diabetes showed significantly poorer performance in global cognitive function and executive function. Age, years of education, sleep quality, and HbA1c were correlated with domains of cognitive function in men, whereas age, years of education, depressive symptoms, HbA1c, and duration of diabetes were associated with domains of cognitive function among women. Nurses should recognize gender differences in factors associated with cognitive function in older adults with diabetes and should develop individualized interventions to improve patients' cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Fen Chen
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; School of Medicine and Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Fujen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ju Ying Jiang
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsiu Chen
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ming Chuang University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Rong Lin
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Seng Wei Ooi Jerence
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Huan Chang
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chen Chou
- Institute of Community Health Care, College of Nursing, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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5
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Kamalmaz N, Ben Bacha A, Alonazi M, Albasher G, Khayyat AIA, El-Ansary A. Unveiling sex-based differences in developing propionic acid-induced features in mice as a rodent model of ASD. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15488. [PMID: 37334116 PMCID: PMC10274690 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Males are more likely to develop autism as a neurodevelopmental disorder than females are, although the mechanisms underlying male vulnerability are not fully understood. Therefore, studying the role of autism etiologies considering sex differences in the propionic acid (PPA) rodent model of autism would build greater understanding of how females are protected from autism spectrum disorder, which may be used as a treatment strategy for males with autism. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the sex differences in oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and gut microbiota impairment as etiological mechanisms for many neurological diseases, with specific reference to autism. Method Forty albino mice were divided into four groups of 10 animals each with two control and two treated groups of both sexes received only phosphate-buffered saline or a neurotoxic dose of PPA (250 mg/kg body weight) for 3 days, respectively. Biochemical markers of energy metabolism, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and excitotoxicity were measured in mouse brain homogenates, whereas the presence of pathogenic bacteria was assessed in mouse stool samples. Furthermore, the repetitive behavior, cognitive ability, and physical-neural coordination of the animals were examined. Results Collectively, selected variables related to oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and gut bacteria were impaired concomitantly with altered behavior in PPA-induced rodent model, with males being more susceptible than females. Conclusion This study explains the role of sex in the higher vulnerability of males to develop autistic biochemical and behavioral features compared with females. Female sex hormones and the higher detoxification capacity and higher glycolytic flux in females serve as neuroprotective contributors in a rodent model of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasreen Kamalmaz
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abir Ben Bacha
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Alonazi
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gadah Albasher
- Zoology Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa Ishaq A. Khayyat
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf El-Ansary
- Central Research Laboratory, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Wang K, Xu L, Liu L, Zhan S, Wang S, Song Y. Sex differences in the association between the change in triglyceride‑glucose index and cognitive decline: A population-based cohort study. J Affect Disord 2022; 316:42-49. [PMID: 35952934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies indicated that insulin resistance (IR) was related to cognitive decline. This study aimed to investigate whether triglyceride-glucose (TyG) as a surrogate marker of IR can detect the association between IR and cognitive decline, and explore sex-specific association between the longitudinal change in TyG index and cognitive decline in the middle-aged and elderly population in China. METHODS Data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, which include 2358 females and 2062 males, were used. The TyG index was calculated as ln (fasting triglyceride [mg/dL] × fasting blood glucose [mg/dL] / 2). Cognitive score was measured by word recall test and mental status test. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between change in TyG index and cognitive decline in men and women from 2011 to 2015, respectively. Subgroup analysis by age was also performed. RESULTS The fourth quartile of change in TyG index was significantly associated with the increased risk of decline in global cognition compared with the first quartile in men [odds ratio (OR) 1.32, 95 % CI 1.03 to 1.71]. Stratified by age groups, the significant association between TyG index and cognitive decline was only found in men aged under 60 years old (OR 1.51, 95 % CI 1.07 to 2.13). LIMITATIONS We only observed the association between TyG index and cognitive decline, but not the severity of the decline. CONCLUSIONS The increased TyG index is related to the risk of cognitive decline in men. This study provided new evidence for formulating sex-specific prevention and treatment strategies for cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China; Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China; Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China; Shandong Institute of Endocrine & Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Siyan Zhan
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Center for Intelligent Public Health, Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Shengfeng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yongfeng Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China; Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China; Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China; Shandong Institute of Endocrine & Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China.
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7
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Olakowska E, Wlaszczuk A, Turek A, Borecka A, Liskiewicz A, Wawro D, Kasperczyk J, Jedrzejowska-Szypulka H. Effects of 17-β-estradiol released from shape-memory terpolymer rods on sciatic nerve regeneration after injury and repair with chitosan nerve conduit in female rats. J Appl Biomed 2022; 20:87-97. [PMID: 36218129 DOI: 10.32725/jab.2022.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess 17-β-estradiol (E2) influence on sciatic nerve regeneration after injury followed by a repair with chitosan conduit in ovariectomized female rats. The study was performed in 2 groups (n = 16) of rats: OVChit - after excision of a fragment of the sciatic nerve, a chitosan conduit was implanted; OVChitE10 group - additionally to chitosan conduit, shape-memory terpolymer rods based on poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide- co-trimethylene carbonate) releasing 17-β-estradiol for 20 weeks were implanted. The mean number of regenerating axons and mean fiber area were significantly greater in 17-β-estradiol-treated animals. In this group, the infiltrate of leukocytes was diminished. The presence of 17-β-estradiol receptors alpha and beta in motoneurons in the spinal cord were discovered. This may indicate the location where 17-β-estradiol affects the regeneration of the injured nerve. Estradiol released from the terpolymer rods for 20 weeks could enhance, to some extent, sciatic nerve regeneration after injury, and diminish the inflammatory reaction. In the future, 17-β-estradiol entrapped in terpolymer rods could be used in the repair of injured peripheral nerves, but there is a need for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Olakowska
- Medical University of Silesia, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Department of Physiology, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Wlaszczuk
- Medical University of Silesia, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Department of Physiology, Katowice, Poland
| | - Artur Turek
- Medical University of Silesia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Department of Biopharmacy, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Borecka
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Liskiewicz
- Medical University of Silesia, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Department of Physiology, Katowice, Poland
| | - Dariusz Wawro
- Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres, Lodz, Poland
| | - Janusz Kasperczyk
- Medical University of Silesia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Department of Biopharmacy, Sosnowiec, Poland
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Halina Jedrzejowska-Szypulka
- Medical University of Silesia, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Department of Physiology, Katowice, Poland
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Zhang S, Fan W, Hu H, Wen L, Gong M, Liu B, Hu J, Li G, Zhang D. Subcortical Volume Changes in Early Menopausal Women and Correlation With Neuropsychological Tests. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:738679. [PMID: 34955807 PMCID: PMC8692945 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.738679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The aging process and declining estradiol levels are two important factors that cause structural brain alterations. Many prior studies have investigated these two elements and revealed controversial results in menopausal women. Here, a cross-sectional study was designed to individually evaluate estradiol-related structural changes in the brain. Methods: A total of 45 early menopausal women and 54 age-matched premenopausal controls were enrolled and subjected to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, blood biochemistry tests, and neuropsychological tests. MRI structural images were analyzed using FreeSurfer to detect changes in subcortical and cortical volumes as well as cortical thickness. Finally, structural brain data as well as clinical and neuropsychological data were used for Pearson's correlation analyses to individually determine estradiol-related structural and functional changes in the brains of early menopausal women. Results: Compared with the premenopausal controls, the early menopausal women showed significant subcortical volumetric loss in the left amygdala and right amygdala, higher serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, more recognizable climacteric and depressive symptoms, decreased quality of sleep, and decreased working memory and executive functions. Simultaneously, FSH levels were related to lower working memory accuracy and longer working memory reaction time. Decreased subcortical volume in the bilateral amygdala was also related to lower working memory accuracy and longer executive reaction time in early menopausal women. Conclusion: The data suggest that estradiol deficiency in early menopausal women can lead to subcortical volume and functional brain changes, which may contribute to further understanding the neurobiological role of declined estradiol levels in early menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Zhang
- Department of Radiology, XinQiao Hosptial, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weijie Fan
- Department of Radiology, XinQiao Hosptial, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Radiology, XinQiao Hosptial, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Wen
- Department of Radiology, XinQiao Hosptial, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingfu Gong
- Department of Radiology, XinQiao Hosptial, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Radiology, XinQiao Hosptial, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junhao Hu
- Department of Radiology, XinQiao Hosptial, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Department of Radiology, XinQiao Hosptial, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, XinQiao Hosptial, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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9
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Means JC, Lopez AA, Koulen P. Estrogen Protects Optic Nerve Head Astrocytes Against Oxidative Stress by Preventing Caspase-3 Activation, Tau Dephosphorylation at Ser 422 and the Formation of Tau Protein Aggregates. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:449-458. [PMID: 32385548 PMCID: PMC7648721 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00859-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disorder that leads to the slow degeneration of retinal ganglion cells, and results in damage to the optic nerve and concomitant vision loss. As in other disorders affecting the viability of central nervous system neurons, neurons affected by glaucoma do not have the ability to regenerate after injury. Recent studies indicate a critical role for optic nerve head astrocytes (ONHAs) in this process of retinal ganglion cell degeneration. Cleavage of tau, a microtubule stabilizing protein and constituent of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), plays a major part in the mechanisms that lead to toxicity in CNS neurons and astrocytes. Here, we tested the hypothesis that estrogen, a pleiotropic neuro- and cytoprotectant with high efficacy in the CNS, prevents tau cleavage, and hence, protects ONHAs against cell damage caused by oxidative stress. Our results indicate that estrogen prevents caspase-3 mediated tau cleavage, and thereby decreases the levels of the resulting form of proteolytically cleaved tau protein, which leads to a decrease in NFT formation, which requires proteolytically cleaved tau protein. Overall, our data propose that by stopping the reduction of estrogen levels involved with aging the sensitivity of the optic nerve to glaucomatous damage might be reduced. Furthermore, our data suggest that therapeutic use of estrogen may be beneficial in slowing or preventing the onset or severity of neurodegenerative diseases such as glaucoma and potentially also other degenerative diseases of the CNS through direct control of posttranslational modifications of tau protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Means
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Vision Research Center, University of Missouri - Kansas City, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Adam A Lopez
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Vision Research Center, University of Missouri - Kansas City, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Peter Koulen
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Vision Research Center, University of Missouri - Kansas City, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri - Kansas City, 2411 Holmes St., Kansas City, MO, USA.
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10
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Baumgartner NE, Daniel JM. Estrogen receptor α: a critical role in successful female cognitive aging. Climacteric 2021; 24:333-339. [PMID: 33522313 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2021.1875426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to potential health risks, current recommendations are that individuals who wish to use hormone therapy to treat menopausal symptoms do so for the shortest period of time possible. In our investigation into how short-term use of estrogens in midlife following loss of ovarian function exerts long-term effects on female cognitive aging in rodents, we discovered a link between the ability of previous exposure to estradiol to enhance memory in the long term and its ability to increase estrogen receptor α (ERα) levels in the hippocampus, a brain area important for memory. Follow-up studies in model systems implicate a role for ERα in enhanced cognitive function independent of ovarian or exogenously administered estrogens. Results are consistent with clinical studies in which brain ERα levels in older women and men are related to cognitive functioning and risk of cognitive decline is associated with polymorphisms in the gene that transcribes ERα. Research in preclinical models reveals mechanisms through which ERα can be activated and affect cognition in the absence of ovarian estrogens, including ligand-independent activation via insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling and activation by brain-derived neuroestrogens. This report reviews preclinical and clinical data that collectively point to the importance of ERα in cognition and highlights the need to differentiate the role of estrogen receptors from their classical ligands as we seek approaches to facilitate successful cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Baumgartner
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - J M Daniel
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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11
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Kövesdi E, Szabó-Meleg E, Abrahám IM. The Role of Estradiol in Traumatic Brain Injury: Mechanism and Treatment Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E11. [PMID: 33374952 PMCID: PMC7792596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients surviving traumatic brain injury (TBI) face numerous neurological and neuropsychological problems significantly affecting their quality of life. Extensive studies over the past decades have investigated pharmacological treatment options in different animal models, targeting various pathological consequences of TBI. Sex and gender are known to influence the outcome of TBI in animal models and in patients, respectively. Apart from its well-known effects on reproduction, 17β-estradiol (E2) has a neuroprotective role in brain injury. Hence, in this review, we focus on the effect of E2 in TBI in humans and animals. First, we discuss the clinical classification and pathomechanism of TBI, the research in animal models, and the neuroprotective role of E2. Based on the results of animal studies and clinical trials, we discuss possible E2 targets from early to late events in the pathomechanism of TBI, including neuroinflammation and possible disturbances of the endocrine system. Finally, the potential relevance of selective estrogenic compounds in the treatment of TBI will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erzsébet Kövesdi
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Center for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary;
| | - Edina Szabó-Meleg
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary;
| | - István M. Abrahám
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Center for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary;
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12
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Chen YC, Oyang YJ, Lin TY, Sun WZ. Risk assessment of dementia after hysterectomy: Analysis of 14-year data from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. J Chin Med Assoc 2020; 83:394-399. [PMID: 32149891 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anesthesia and surgery may increase the risk of dementia in the elderly, but the higher prevalence of dementia in women and other evidence suggest that dementia risk increases in younger women undergoing hysterectomy. In this study, we assessed the risk of dementia after hysterectomy. METHODS Hysterectomies registered in the National Health Insurance Research Database from 2000 to 2013 were evaluated using a retrospective generational research method. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to assess the effect of age at surgery, anesthesia method, and surgery type on the hazard ratio (HR) for the development of dementia. RESULTS Among 280 308 patients who underwent hysterectomy, 4753 (1.7%) developed dementia. Age at surgery and anesthesia method were associated with the occurrence of dementia, independent of surgery type. Among patients 30-49 years of age, general anesthesia (GA) was associated with a higher risk of dementia than spinal anesthesia (SA). The HR for GA was 2.678 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.269-5.650) and the risk of dementia increased by 7.4% for every 1-year increase in age (HR = 1.074; 95% CI = 1.048-1.101). In patients >50 years of age, the HR for GA was 1.206 (95% CI = 1.057-1.376), and the risk of dementia increased by 13.0% for every 1-year increase in age (HR = 1.130; 95% CI = 1.126-1.134). CONCLUSION The risk of dementia in women who underwent hysterectomy was significantly affected by older age at surgery, and the risk might not increase linearly with age, but show instead an S-curve with exponential increase at about 50 years of age. Although less significant, GA was associated with higher risk than SA, and the effect of the anesthesia method was greater in patients <50 years of age. In contrast, the surgical procedure used was not associated to the risk of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yen-Jen Oyang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, College of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tzu-Yun Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Zen Sun
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, College of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Sarchielli E, Guarnieri G, Idrizaj E, Squecco R, Mello T, Comeglio P, Gallina P, Maggi M, Vannelli GB, Morelli A. The G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor, GPER1, mediates direct anti-inflammatory effects of oestrogens in human cholinergic neurones from the nucleus basalis of Meynert. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12837. [PMID: 32077170 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been well established, particularly in animal models, that oestrogens exert neuroprotective effects in brain areas linked to cognitive processes. A key protective role could reside in the capacity of oestrogen to modulate the inflammatory response. However, the direct neuroprotective actions of oestrogens on neurones are complex and remain to be fully clarified. In the present study, we took advantage of a previously characterised primary culture of human cholinergic neurones (hfNBM) from the foetal nucleus basalis of Meynert, which is known to regulate hippocampal and neocortical learning and memory circuits, aiming to investigate the direct effects of oestrogens under inflammatory conditions. Exposure of cells to tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α (10 ng mL-1 ) determined the activation of an inflammatory response, as demonstrated by nuclear factor-kappa B p65 nuclear translocation and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression. These effects were inhibited by treatment with either 17β-oestradiol (E2 ) (10 nmol L-1 ) or G1 (100 nmol L-1 ), the selective agonist of the G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor (GPER1). Interestingly, the GPER1 antagonist G15 abolished the effects of E2 in TNFα-treated cells, whereas the ERα/ERβ inhibitor tamoxifen did not. Electrophysiological measurements in hfNBMs revealed a depolarising effect caused by E2 that was specifically blocked by tamoxifen and not by G15. Conversely, G1 specifically hyperpolarised the cell membrane and also increased both inward and outward currents elicited by a depolarising stimulus, suggesting a modulatory action on hfNBM excitability by GPER1 activation. Interestingly, pretreating cells with TNFα completely blocked the effects of G1 on membrane properties and also significantly reduced GPER1 mRNA expression. In addition, we found a peculiar subcellular localisation of GPER1 to focal adhesion sites that implicates new possible mechanisms of action of GPER1 in the neuronal perception of mechanical stimuli. The results obtained in the present study indicate a modulatory functional role of GPER1 with respect to mediating the oestrogen neuroprotective effect against inflammation in brain cholinergic neurones and, accordingly, may help to identify protective strategies for preventing cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Sarchielli
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Guarnieri
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Eglantina Idrizaj
- Section of Physiological Sciences, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberta Squecco
- Section of Physiological Sciences, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Tommaso Mello
- Clinical Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Comeglio
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Pasquale Gallina
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Neurosurgery School of Tuscany, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Maggi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriella B Vannelli
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Annamaria Morelli
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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14
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Paganini-Hill A, Corrada MM, Kawas CH. Prior endogenous and exogenous estrogen and incident dementia in the 10th decade of life: The 90+ Study. Climacteric 2020; 23:311-315. [PMID: 32107945 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2020.1727876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association of endogenous and exogenous estrogen exposure with risk of incident dementia in the oldest-old (age 90+ years).Methods: Participants were part of The 90+ Study, a longitudinal study begun in 2003 of aging and dementia among people aged 90+ years. Menstrual, reproductive, and menopausal data were collected in the 1980s as part of the population-based Leisure World Cohort Study. Cognitive status at baseline was determined from an in-person neurological evaluation with biannual follow-up through June 2019. Hazard ratios (HRs) of dementia associated with estrogen-related variables were estimated using Cox regression analysis. No adjustment was made for multiple comparisons.Results: A total of 424 women without dementia at baseline had at least one follow-up evaluation. The mean age was 68.5 years at enrollment in the Leisure World Cohort Study, 93.2 years at enrollment in The 90+ Study, and 96.5 years at last follow-up. During follow-up (mean 3.4 years) dementia was diagnosed in 209 (49%) participants. No individual menstrual, reproductive, menopausal, or estrogen replacement variable was associated with risk of incident dementia after age 90 years. However, women with a high endogenous estrogen exposure index (summarizing exposure from menarche to menopause) had a non-significant 25% lower risk (HR = 0.75, 95% confidence interval 0.53-1.06).Conclusions: Prior exposure to estrogen, endogenous or exogenous, had little effect on risk of dementia in the 10th decade of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paganini-Hill
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - M M Corrada
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - C H Kawas
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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15
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Activation of the G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor (GPER) Increases Neurogenesis and Ameliorates Neuroinflammation in the Hippocampus of Male Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:711-723. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00766-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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16
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Anagnostou I, Morales T. Fatherhood diminishes the hippocampal damaging action of excitotoxic lesioning in mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12783. [PMID: 31433881 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parental experience imposes neuroplasticity in the hippocampus of females and males. In lactating rat dams, the hippocampus is protected against excitotoxic damage by kainic acid lesioning, although it is still unknown whether paternity can provide such protection to male rodents. To evaluate the protective effects of fatherhood against excitotoxic lesions, we paired male mice with females and co-housed them until the day of parturition (PPD0), when we randomly assigned them to two groups: (i) the pregnancy group (males housed individually overnight and injected i.c.v. with 100 ng per 1 μL of kainic acid or vehicle on PPD1) and (ii) the sire group (males housed with the dam and pups until PPD8, when injected i.c.v. after evaluation of parental behaviour). Individually housed virgin adult male mice formed the control group. Markers of neurodegeneration (NeuN, Fluoro-Jade C) and astrogliosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein) were evaluated in fixed cerebral tissue containing the dorsal CA1, CA3 and CA4 hippocampal subfields. The CA1 subfield did not suffer damage in any of the experimental groups. The sire group exhibited less neurodegeneration and astrogliosis in the CA3 and CA4 subfields compared to their respective controls, independently of the expression of parental behaviour. Western blot analysis was conducted for prolactin (PRL), PRL receptor and related intracellular pathways. Monomeric PRL was lower in the hippocampus of sires in the first week postpartum with a parallel rise of a 48-kDa dimerised isoform compared to virgin controls. The long isoform of PRL receptor did not change, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) was not detected in the hippocampus. However, a sustained rise in pAkt, a signalling molecule that participates in cell survival, was observed in the sire group. These results indicate that the hippocampus of sires housed with the dam and pups is less sensitive to neurotoxic injury, which might not be primarily regulated by PRL-STAT5-modulated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilektra Anagnostou
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Teresa Morales
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
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Khadilkar SV, Patil VA. Sex Hormones and Cognition: Where Do We Stand? J Obstet Gynaecol India 2019; 69:303-312. [PMID: 31391735 DOI: 10.1007/s13224-019-01223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis regulates the reproductive system. The overall health and wellbeing of a woman is subject to fluctuations in the sex hormones throughout her lifespan. Menopause, either natural or surgically induced, is often associated with cognitive complaints, especially memory disturbances. Sex hormones, besides affecting the reproductive function, affect the central nervous system in many ways. Here, we aim to review the role of sex hormones in cognition and the current evidence on use of or against menopausal hormonal therapy as a cognition enhancer in women with cognitive disturbances, including those with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish V Khadilkar
- Department of Neurology, Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences, New Marine Lines, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400020 India
| | - Varsha A Patil
- Department of Neurology, Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences, New Marine Lines, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400020 India
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18
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Ascorbic acid attenuates cognitive impairment and brain oxidative stress in ovariectomized mice. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:133-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Gurvich C, Hudaib A, Gavrilidis E, Worsley R, Thomas N, Kulkarni J. Raloxifene as a treatment for cognition in women with schizophrenia: the influence of menopause status. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 100:113-119. [PMID: 30299258 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairments cause significant functional issues for people with schizophrenia, often emerging before the onset of hallucinations, delusions and other psychosis symptoms. Current pharmacological treatments do not target cognitive dysfunction. Several lines of evidence support the beneficial effects of estrogens on cognition. Raloxifene hydrochloride, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, has been associated with cognitive improvements in healthy postmenopausal women and in schizophrenia, although findings are inconsistent. Using pooled data from two clinical trials, the aim of the current study was to compare the efficacy of 120 mg/day adjunctive raloxifene to placebo for 12 weeks on cognitive performance in women with schizophrenia who were stratified by menopause status (pre-menopausal; peri-menopausal or post-menopausal). A total of sixty-nine participants with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were included. Cognition was assessed at baseline and study end using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). Results indicated that after stratifying for menopause status (strata) and adjusting for endogenous hormone levels (estrogen, progesterone, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone), semantic fluency, picture naming and list recognition change from baseline scores for the raloxifene group differed significantly from the placebo group. The findings from the current study highlight the importance of considering menopause status when interpreting the effects of hormonal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gurvich
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry research centre, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - A Hudaib
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry research centre, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Australia
| | - E Gavrilidis
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry research centre, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Australia
| | - R Worsley
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry research centre, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Australia
| | - N Thomas
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry research centre, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J Kulkarni
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry research centre, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Australia
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20
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Gurvich C, Gavrilidis E, Worsley R, Hudaib A, Thomas N, Kulkarni J. Menstrual cycle irregularity and menopause status influence cognition in women with schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 96:173-178. [PMID: 29980009 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairments are a core feature of schizophrenia and contribute significantly to functional complications. Current pharmacological treatments do not ameliorate cognitive dysfunction and the aetiology of cognitive impairments are poorly understood. Hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis that regulate reproductive function have multiple effects on the development, maintenance and function of the brain and have been suggested to also influence cognition. The aim of the current study was to investigate how HPG axis hormones effect cognition, specifically exploring the influence of menopause status and menstrual cycle irregularity on cognitive performance in women with schizophrenia. The data for the present study represents pooled baseline data from three clinical trials. Two hundred and forty female participants with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were included in the analysis. Cognition was assessed using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. Hormone assays for serum sex steroids and pituitary hormones (including estradiol, progesterone, luteinising hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone) were conducted and women were classified as postmenopausal; perimenopausal; premenopausal/reproductive, further classified into regular and irregular menstrual cycles. To model a comparison of cognitive performance for i) perimenopausal; ii) post-menopausal women and iii) reproductive aged women with irregular cycles to reproductive aged women with regular cycles a semiparametric regression model (generalised additive mode) was fitted. The results revealed that in females with schizophrenia, menstrual cycle irregularity predicted significantly poorer cognitive performance in the areas of psychomotor speed, verbal fluency and verbal memory. Perimenopause was not associated with cognitive changes and the post-menopausal period was associated with poorer visuospatial performance. This study provides evidence to associate reproductive hormones with cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gurvich
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University Central Clinical School and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - E Gavrilidis
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University Central Clinical School and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - R Worsley
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University Central Clinical School and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A Hudaib
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University Central Clinical School and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - N Thomas
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University Central Clinical School and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J Kulkarni
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University Central Clinical School and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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21
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Gurvich C, Hoy K, Thomas N, Kulkarni J. Sex Differences and the Influence of Sex Hormones on Cognition through Adulthood and the Aging Process. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8090163. [PMID: 30154388 PMCID: PMC6162653 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8090163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis that regulate reproductive function have multiple effects on the development, maintenance and function of the brain. Sex differences in cognitive functioning have been reported in both health and disease, which may be partly attributed to sex hormones. The aim of the current paper was to provide a theoretical review of how sex hormones influence cognitive functioning across the lifespan as well as provide an overview of the literature on sex differences and the role of sex hormones in cognitive decline, specifically in relation to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A summary of current hormone and sex-based interventions for enhancing cognitive functioning and/or reducing the risk of Alzheimer’s disease is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gurvich
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Kate Hoy
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Natalie Thomas
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Jayashri Kulkarni
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
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Yao Q, Feng M, Yang B, Long Z, Luo S, Luo M, He G, Wang K. Effects of ovarian hormone loss on neuritic plaques and autophagic flux in the brains of adult female APP/PS1 double-transgenic mice. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:447-455. [PMID: 29617703 PMCID: PMC5946928 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that women account for two-thirds of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) cases, for which the decline in circulating gonadal hormone is considered to be one of the major risk factors. In addition, ovarian hormone deficiency may affect β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition, which has a close relationship with autophagic flux. In this study, we investigated the impact of short-term or long-term ovarian hormone deprivation on two mouse models, the non-transgenic (wild-type) and the APP/PS1 double-transgenic AD (2×TgAD) model. Autophagy-related proteins (Beclin1, LC3, and p62) and lysosome-related proteins were detected to evaluate Aβ deposition and autophagy. Our results showed that in the group with short-term depletion of ovarian hormones by ovariectomy (ovx), Beclin1, Cathepsin B (Cath-B), and LAMP1 levels were significantly decreased, while the levels of LC3-II and p62 were increased. In the long-term group, however, there was a sharp decline in Beclin1, LC3-II, Cath-B, and LAMP1 expression but not in p62 expression which is increased. It is worthwhile to note that the occurrence of neuritic plaque-induced ovarian hormone loss increased both the Aβ level and neuritic plaque deposition in 2×TgAD mice. Therefore, autophagy may play an important role in the pathogenesis of female AD, which is also expected to help post-menopausal patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhui Yao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Min Feng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhimin Long
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shifang Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Min Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Guiqiong He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Kejian Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Correspondence address. Tel: +86-23-68485763; Fax: +86-23-68485000; E-mail:
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Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between macular telangiectasia Type 2 and systemic levels of sex steroids or their antagonization. METHODS In a prospective single-center study, 90 patients with macular telangiectasia Type 2 were investigated. Female patients were evaluated for previous surgical (e.g., ovariectomy) and/or pharmacological (e.g., aromatase inhibitors, tamoxifen) therapy resulting in reduced action of sex steroids. In males, free serum testosterone levels were assessed in patients and controls. RESULTS Fourteen of 49 (29%) female patients had a history of pharmacological suppression of sex steroids and/or ovariectomy. These patients were younger at disease onset when compared with those without such medical history (mean ± SD: 47.1 ± 7.8, range: 38-59, versus 60.1 ± 7.6, range: 45-76; P < 0.0001). Male patients showed significantly lower free serum testosterone levels compared with controls at younger age (P < 0.0001 and 0.04 in the first and second age quartiles, respectively), as opposed to nonsignificant differences in older patients. In men ≤ 60 years of age, a biochemical hypogonadism (free serum testosterone < 0.05 ng/mL) was present in 53% (8/15) and 4% (2/49) of patients and controls, respectively (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION The results indicate that steroidal sex hormones might be involved in the presumably multifactorial pathophysiology of macular telangiectasia Type 2.
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Long-Term Administration of Queen Bee Acid (QBA) to Rodents Reduces Anxiety-Like Behavior, Promotes Neuronal Health and Improves Body Composition. Nutrients 2017; 10:nu10010013. [PMID: 29295499 PMCID: PMC5793241 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Queen bee acid (QBA; 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid) is the predominant fatty acid in royal jelly (RJ) and has activity at estrogen receptors, which affect brain function and body composition. However, few, long-term studies have assessed QBA effects in brain health and body composition. Methods: Primary hippocampal neurons were treated with QBA (0–30 µM) and challenged with glutamate or hypoxia. QBA was fed to aged, male Sprague-Dawley rats (12–24 mg/kg/day) and to adult male and female Balb/C mice (30–60 mg/kg/day) for ≥3.5 months. Rats were evaluated in a behavioral test battery of brain function. Mice were measured for fat and muscle composition, as well as bone density. Results: QBA increased neuron growth and protected against glutamate challenge and hypoxia challenge. Rats receiving QBA had reduced anxiety-like behavior, increased body weight, and better maintenance of body weight with age. Mice receiving QBA exhibited increased body weight, muscle mass, and adiposity in males, and increased bone density, but decreased adiposity, in females. Conclusions: QBA is an active component of RJ that promotes the growth and protection of neurons, reduces anxiety-like phenotypes, and benefits bone, muscle and adipose tissues in a sex-dependent manner, which further implicates estrogen receptors in the effects of QBA.
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Lagranha CJ, Silva TLA, Silva SCA, Braz GRF, da Silva AI, Fernandes MP, Sellitti DF. Protective effects of estrogen against cardiovascular disease mediated via oxidative stress in the brain. Life Sci 2017; 192:190-198. [PMID: 29191645 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
During their reproductive years women produce significant levels of estrogens, predominantly in the form of estradiol, that are thought to play an important role in cardioprotection. Mechanisms underlying this action include both estrogen-mediated changes in gene expression, and post-transcriptional activation of protein signaling cascades in the heart and in neural centers controlling cardiovascular function, in particular, in the brainstem. There, specific neurons, especially those of the bulbar region play an important role in the neuronal control of the cardiovascular system because they control the outflow of sympathetic activity and parasympathetic activity as well as the reception of chemical and mechanical signals. In the present review, we discuss how estrogens exert their cardioprotective effect in part by modulating the actions of internally generated products of cellular oxidation such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) in brain stem neurons. The significance of this review is in integrating the literature of oxidative damage in the brain with the literature of neuroprotection by estrogen in order to better understand both the benefits and limitations of using this hormone to prevent cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia J Lagranha
- Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco-CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão 55608-680, Brazil.
| | - Tercya Lucidi Araujo Silva
- Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco-CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão 55608-680, Brazil
| | - Severina Cassia A Silva
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco-CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão 55608-680, Brazil
| | - Glaber Ruda F Braz
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco-CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão 55608-680, Brazil
| | - Aline Isabel da Silva
- Neuropsychiatry and Behavior Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco-CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão 55608-680, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pinheiro Fernandes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco-CAV, Vitória de Santo Antão 55608-680, Brazil
| | - Donald F Sellitti
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Morelli A, Sarchielli E, Guarnieri G, Coppi E, Pantano D, Comeglio P, Nardiello P, Pugliese AM, Ballerini L, Matucci R, Ambrosini S, Castronovo G, Valente R, Mazzanti B, Bucciantini S, Maggi M, Casamenti F, Gallina P, Vannelli GB. Young Human Cholinergic Neurons Respond to Physiological Regulators and Improve Cognitive Symptoms in an Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:339. [PMID: 29163051 PMCID: PMC5666298 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The degeneration of cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) in the basal forebrain (BF) is associated to the cognitive decline of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. To date no resolutive therapies exist. Cell-based replacement therapy is a strategy currently under consideration, although the mechanisms underlying the generation of stem cell-derived NBM cholinergic neurons able of functional integration remain to be clarified. Since fetal brain is an optimal source of neuronal cells committed towards a specific phenotype, this study is aimed at isolating cholinergic neurons from the human fetal NBM (hfNBMs) in order to study their phenotypic, maturational and functional properties. Extensive characterization confirmed the cholinergic identity of hfNBMs, including positivity for specific markers (such as choline acetyltransferase) and acetylcholine (Ach) release. Electrophysiological measurements provided the functional validation of hfNBM cells, which exhibited the activation of peculiar sodium (INa) and potassium (IK) currents, as well as the presence of functional cholinergic receptors. Accordingly, hfNBMs express both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, which were activated by Ach. The hfNBMs cholinergic phenotype was regulated by the nerve growth factor (NGF), through the activation of the high-affinity NGF receptor TrkA, as well as by 17-β-estradiol through a peculiar recruitment of its own receptors. When intravenously administered in NBM-lesioned rats, hfNBMs determined a significant improvement in memory functions. Histological examination of brain sections showed that hfNBMs (labeled with PKH26 fluorescent dye prior to administration) reached the damaged brain areas. The study provides a useful model to study the ontogenetic mechanisms regulating the development and maintenance of the human brain cholinergic system and to assess new lines of research, including disease modeling, drug discovery and cell-based therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Morelli
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Erica Sarchielli
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Guarnieri
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Coppi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Pantano
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Comeglio
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Pamela Nardiello
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna M Pugliese
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lara Ballerini
- Cell Therapy and Transfusion Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rosanna Matucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Ambrosini
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castronovo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Section of Clinical Physiopathology, Florence, Italy
| | - Rosa Valente
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mazzanti
- Cell Therapy and Transfusion Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Mario Maggi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fiorella Casamenti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Pasquale Gallina
- Neurosurgery School of Tuscany, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriella B Vannelli
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Carter CJ. Genetic, Transcriptome, Proteomic, and Epidemiological Evidence for Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Polymicrobial Brain Invasion as Determinant Factors in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2017; 1:125-157. [PMID: 30480234 PMCID: PMC6159731 DOI: 10.3233/adr-170017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse pathogens are detected in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. A bioinformatics survey showed that AD genome-wide association study (GWAS) genes (localized in bone marrow, immune locations and microglia) relate to multiple host/pathogen interactomes (Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Bornavirus, Borrelia burgdorferri, cytomegalovirus, Ebola virus, HSV-1, HERV-W, HIV-1, Epstein-Barr, hepatitis C, influenza, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Porphyrymonas gingivalis, Helicobacter pylori, Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma cruzi). These interactomes also relate to the AD hippocampal transcriptome and to plaque or tangle proteins. Upregulated AD hippocampal genes match those upregulated by multiple bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa in immunocompetent cells. AD genes are enriched in GWAS datasets reflecting pathogen diversity, suggesting selection for pathogen resistance, as supported by the old age of AD patients, implying resistance to earlier infections. APOE4 is concentrated in regions of high parasitic burden and protects against childhood tropical infections and hepatitis C. Immune/inflammatory gain of function applies to APOE4, CR1, and TREM2 variants. AD genes are also expressed in the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is disrupted by AD risk factors (age, alcohol, aluminum, concussion, cerebral hypoperfusion, diabetes, homocysteine, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, obesity, pesticides, pollution, physical inactivity, sleep disruption, smoking) and by pathogens, directly or via olfactory routes to basal-forebrain BBB control centers. The BBB benefits from statins, NSAIDs, estrogen, melatonin, memantine, and the Mediterranean diet. Polymicrobial involvement is supported by upregulation of bacterial, viral, and fungal sensors/defenders in the AD brain, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid. AD serum amyloid-β autoantibodies may attenuate its antimicrobial effects favoring microbial survival and cerebral invasion leading to activation of neurodestructive immune/inflammatory processes, which may also be augmented by age-related immunosenescence. AD may thus respond to antibiotic, antifungal, or antiviral therapy.
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Bravo-Alegria J, McCullough LD, Liu F. Sex differences in stroke across the lifespan: The role of T lymphocytes. Neurochem Int 2017; 107:127-137. [PMID: 28131898 PMCID: PMC5461203 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a sexually dimorphic disease. Ischemic sensitivity changes throughout the lifespan and outcomes depend largely on variables like age, sex, hormonal status, inflammation, and other existing risk factors. Immune responses after stroke play a central role in how these factors interact. Although the post-stroke immune response has been extensively studied, the contribution of lymphocytes to stroke is still not well understood. T cells participate in both innate and adaptive immune responses at both acute and chronic stages of stroke. T cell responses also change at different ages and are modulated by hormones and sex chromosome complement. T cells have also been implicated in the development of hypertension, one of the most important risk factors for vascular disease. In this review, we highlight recent literature on the lymphocytic responses to stroke in the context of age and sex, with a focus on T cell response and the interaction with important stroke risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javiera Bravo-Alegria
- Department of Neurology, Univeristy of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neurology, Univeristy of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Univeristy of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, United States.
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Ischemic Optic Neuropathy in Cardiac Surgery: Incidence and Risk Factors in the United States from the National Inpatient Sample 1998 to 2013. Anesthesiology 2017; 126:810-821. [PMID: 28244936 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000001533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic optic neuropathy is the most common form of perioperative visual loss, with highest incidence in cardiac and spinal fusion surgery. To date, potential risk factors have been identified in cardiac surgery by only small, single-institution studies. To determine the preoperative risk factors for ischemic optic neuropathy, the authors used the National Inpatient Sample, a database of inpatient discharges for nonfederal hospitals in the United States. METHODS Adults aged 18 yr or older admitted for coronary artery bypass grafting, heart valve repair or replacement surgery, or left ventricular assist device insertion in National Inpatient Sample from 1998 to 2013 were included. Risk of ischemic optic neuropathy was evaluated by multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS A total of 5,559,395 discharges met inclusion criteria with 794 (0.014%) cases of ischemic optic neuropathy. The average yearly incidence was 1.43 of 10,000 cardiac procedures, with no change during the study period (P = 0.57). Conditions increasing risk were carotid artery stenosis (odds ratio, 2.70), stroke (odds ratio, 3.43), diabetic retinopathy (odds ratio, 3.83), hypertensive retinopathy (odds ratio, 30.09), macular degeneration (odds ratio, 4.50), glaucoma (odds ratio, 2.68), and cataract (odds ratio, 5.62). Female sex (odds ratio, 0.59) and uncomplicated diabetes mellitus type 2 (odds ratio, 0.51) decreased risk. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of ischemic optic neuropathy in cardiac surgery did not change during the study period. Development of ischemic optic neuropathy after cardiac surgery is associated with carotid artery stenosis, stroke, and degenerative eye conditions.
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30
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Henderson YO, Nalloor R, Vazdarjanova A, Murphy AZ, Parent MB. Sex-dependent effects of early life inflammatory pain on sucrose intake and sucrose-associated hippocampal Arc expression in adult rats. Physiol Behav 2017; 173:1-8. [PMID: 28108332 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize that dorsal hippocampal (dHC) neurons, which are critical for episodic memory, form a memory of a meal and inhibit the initiation of the next meal and the amount ingested during that meal. In support, we showed previously that (1) consuming a sucrose meal induces expression of the synaptic plasticity marker activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) in dHC neurons and (2) reversible inactivation of these neurons immediately following a sucrose meal accelerates the onset of the next meal and increases the size of that meal. These data suggest that hippocampal-dependent memory inhibits intake; therefore, the following experiments were conducted to determine whether hippocampal-dependent memory impairments are associated with increased intake. We reported recently that one episode of early life inflammatory pain impairs dHC-dependent memory in adult rats. The present study determined whether neonatal inflammatory pain also increases sucrose intake and attenuates sucrose-associated Arc expression. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were given an intraplantar injection of the inflammatory agent carrageenan (1%) on the day of birth and sucrose intake and sucrose-associated dHC Arc expression were measured in adulthood. Neonatal inflammatory pain increased sucrose intake in adult female and male rats, decreased sucrose-associated dHC Arc expression in female rats, and tended to have a similar effect on Arc expression in male rats. Neonatal inflammatory pain significantly decreased the interval between two sucrose meals in female but not in male rats. Morphine administration at the time of insult attenuated the effects of injury on sucrose intake. Collectively, these findings indicate that one brief episode of inflammatory pain on the day of birth has a long long-lasting, sex-dependent impact on intake of a palatable food in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko O Henderson
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States.
| | - Rebecca Nalloor
- Augusta Biomedical Research Corporation, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, 950 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30901, United States.
| | - Almira Vazdarjanova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CB 3526, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; VA Research Service, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, 950 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30901, United States.
| | - Anne Z Murphy
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States.
| | - Marise B Parent
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States; Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States.
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31
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Mayburd A, Baranova A. Knowledge-Based Compact Disease Models: A Rapid Path from High-Throughput Data to Understanding Causative Mechanisms for a Complex Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1613:425-461. [PMID: 28849571 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7027-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput profiling of human tissues typically yields the gene lists composed of a variety of more or less relevant molecular entities. These lists are riddle by false positive observations that often obstruct generation of mechanistic hypothesis that may explain complex phenotype. From general probabilistic considerations, the gene lists enriched by the mechanistically relevant targets can be far more useful for subsequent experimental design or data interpretation. Using Alzheimer's disease as example, the candidate gene lists were processed into different tiers of evidence consistency established by enrichment analysis across subdatasets collected within the same experiment and across different experiments and platforms. The cutoffs were established empirically through ontological and semantic enrichment; resultant shortened gene list was reexpanded by Ingenuity Pathway Assistant tool. The resulting subnetworks provided the basis for generating mechanistic hypotheses that were partially validated by mined experimental evidence. This approach differs from previous consistency-based studies in that the cutoff on the Receiver Operating Characteristic of the true-false separation process is optimized by flexible selection of the consistency building procedure. The resultant Compact Disease Models (CDM) composed of the gene list distilled by this analytic technique and its network-based representation allowed us to highlight possible role of the protein traffic vesicles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's. Considering the distances and complexity of protein trafficking in neurons, it is plausible to hypothesize that spontaneous protein misfolding along with a shortage of growth stimulation may provide a shortcut to neurodegeneration. Several potentially overlapping scenarios of early-stage Alzheimer pathogenesis are discussed, with an emphasis on the protective effects of Angiotensin receptor 1 (AT-1) mediated antihypertensive response on cytoskeleton remodeling, along with neuronal activation of oncogenes, luteinizing hormone signaling and insulin-related growth regulation, forming a pleiotropic model of its early stages. Compact Disease Model generation is a flexible approach for high-throughput data analysis that allows extraction of meaningful, mechanism-centered gene sets compatible with instant translation of the results into testable hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly Mayburd
- The Center of the Study of Chronic Metabolic and Rare Diseases, School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Ancha Baranova
- The Center of the Study of Chronic Metabolic and Rare Diseases, School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA.
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, RAMS, Moskvorechie 1, Moscow, Russia.
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32
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Engler-Chiurazzi EB, Covey DF, Simpkins JW. A novel mechanism of non-feminizing estrogens in neuroprotection. Exp Gerontol 2016; 94:99-102. [PMID: 27818250 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens are potent and efficacious neuroprotectants both in vitro and in vivo in a variety of models of neurotoxicity. We determined the structural requirements for neuroprotection in an in vitro assay using a panel of >70 novel estratrienes, synthesized to reduce or eliminate estrogen receptor (ER) binding. We observed that neuroprotection could be enhanced by as much as 200-fold through modifications that positioned a large bulky group at the C2 or C4 position of the phenolic A ring of the estratriene. Further, substitutions on the B, C or D rings either reduced or did not markedly change neuroprotection. Collectively, there was a negative correlation between binding to ERs and neuroprotection with the more potent compounds showing no ER binding. In an in vivo model for neuroprotection, transient cerebral ischemia, efficacious compounds were active in protection of brain tissue from this pro-oxidant insult. We demonstrated that these non-feminizing estrogens engage in a redox cycle with glutathione, using the hexose monophosphate shunt to apply cytosolic reducing potential to cellular membranes. Together, these results demonstrate that non-feminizing estrogens are neuroprotective and protect brain from the induction of ischemic- and Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like neuropathology in an animal model. These features of non-feminizing estrogens make them attractive compounds for assessment of efficacy in AD and stroke, as they are not expected to show the side effects of chronic estrogen therapy that are mediated by ER actions in the liver, uterus and breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Engler-Chiurazzi
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States.
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - James W Simpkins
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States
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33
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Pietranera L, Correa J, Brocca ME, Roig P, Lima A, Di Giorgio N, Garcia-Segura LM, De Nicola AF. Selective Oestrogen Receptor Agonists Rescued Hippocampus Parameters in Male Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28. [PMID: 27517478 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) show pronounced hippocampus alterations, including low brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, reduced neurogenesis, astrogliosis and increased aromatase expression. These changes are reverted by treatment with 17β-oestradiol. To determine which oestradiol receptor (ER) type is involved in these neuroprotective effects, we used agonists of the ERα [propylpyrazole triol (PPT)] and the ERβ [diarylpropionitrite (DPN)] given over 2 weeks to 4-month-old male SHR. Wistar Kyoto normotensive rats served as controls. Using immunocytochemistry, we determined glial fibrillary protein (GFAP)+ astrocytes in the CA1, CA3 and hilus of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, aromatase immunostaining in the hilus, and doublecortin (DCX)+ neuronal progenitors in the inner granular zone of the dentate gyrus. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA was also measured in the hippocampus by the quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In SHR, PPT had no effect on blood pressure, decreased astrogliosis, slightly increased BDNF mRNA, had no effect on the number of DCX+ progenitors, and increased aromatase staining. Treatment with DPN decreased blood pressure, decreased astrogliosis, increased BDNF mRNA and DCX+ progenitors, and did not modify aromatase staining. We hypothesise that, although both receptor types may participate in the previously reported beneficial effects of 17β-oestradiol in SHR, receptor activation with DPN may preferentially facilitate BDNF mRNA expression and neurogenesis. The results of the present study may help in the design of ER-based neuroprotection for the encephalopathy of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pietranera
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Human Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J Correa
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M E Brocca
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Roig
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Lima
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N Di Giorgio
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L M Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain
| | - A F De Nicola
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Department of Human Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Shapiro DJ, Livezey M, Yu L, Zheng X, Andruska N. Anticipatory UPR Activation: A Protective Pathway and Target in Cancer. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:731-741. [PMID: 27354311 PMCID: PMC5035594 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (EnR) stress sensor, the unfolded protein response (UPR), plays a key role in regulating intracellular protein homeostasis. The extensively studied reactive mode of UPR activation is characterized by unfolded protein, or other EnR stress, triggering UPR activation. Here we focus on the emerging anticipatory mode of UPR activation in which mitogenic steroid and peptide hormones and other effectors preactivate the UPR and anticipate a future need for increased protein folding capacity. Mild UPR activation in breast cancer can be protective and contributes to antiestrogen resistance. Hyperactivation of the anticipatory UPR pathway in cancer cells with a small molecule converts it from cytoprotective to cytotoxic, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Mara Livezey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Liqun Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Xiaobin Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Neal Andruska
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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35
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Rubin DS, Parakati I, Lee LA, Moss HE, Joslin CE, Roth S. Perioperative Visual Loss in Spine Fusion Surgery: Ischemic Optic Neuropathy in the United States from 1998 to 2012 in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Anesthesiology 2016; 125:457-64. [PMID: 27362870 PMCID: PMC5270754 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000001211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perioperative ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) causes visual loss in spinal fusion. Previous case-control studies are limited by study size and lack of a random sample. The purpose of this study was to study trends in ION incidence in spinal fusion and risk factors in a large nationwide administrative hospital database. METHODS In the Nationwide Inpatient Sample for 1998 to 2012, procedure codes for posterior thoracic, lumbar, or sacral spine fusion and diagnostic codes for ION were identified. ION was studied over five 3-yr periods (1998 to 2000, 2001 to 2003, 2004 to 2006, 2007 to 2009, and 2010 to 2012). National estimates were obtained using trend weights in a statistical survey procedure. Univariate and Poisson logistic regression assessed trends and risk factors. RESULTS The nationally estimated volume of thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spinal fusion from 1998 to 2012 was 2,511,073. ION was estimated to develop in 257 patients (1.02/10,000). The incidence rate ratio (IRR) for ION significantly decreased between 1998 and 2012 (IRR, 0.72 per 3 yr; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.88; P = 0.002). There was no significant change in the incidence of retinal artery occlusion. Factors significantly associated with ION were age (IRR, 1.24 per 10 yr of age; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.45; P = 0.009), transfusion (IRR, 2.72; 95% CI, 1.38 to 5.37; P = 0.004), and obesity (IRR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.09 to 5.66; P = 0.030). Female sex was protective (IRR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.56; P = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS Perioperative ION in spinal fusion significantly decreased from 1998 to 2012 by about 2.7-fold. Aging, male sex, transfusion, and obesity significantly increased the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Rubin
- From the Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (D.S.R.); College of the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (I.P.); Department of Anesthesiology (L.A.L.) and Neuroanesthesia (L.A.L.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (H.E.M., C.E.J., S.R.), Neurology and Rehabilitation (H.E.M.), and Anesthesiology (S.R.), College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (C.E.J.); and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care (S.R.) and The Center for Health and the Social Sciences (S.R.), University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. Current position: Department of Biostatistics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (I.P.)
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36
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Mikelman S, Mardirossian N, Gnegy ME. Tamoxifen and amphetamine abuse: Are there therapeutic possibilities? J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 83-84:50-58. [PMID: 27585851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although best known as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), tamoxifen is a drug with a wide range of activities. Tamoxifen has demonstrated some efficacy has a therapeutic for bipolar mania and is believed to exert these effects through inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC). As the symptoms of amphetamine treatment in rodents are believed to mimic the symptoms of a manic episode, many of the preclinical studies for this indication have demonstrated that tamoxifen inhibits amphetamine action. The amphetamine-induced increase in extracellular dopamine which gives rise to the 'manic' effects is due to interaction of amphetamine with the dopamine transporter. We and others have demonstrated that PKC reduces amphetamine-induced reverse transport through the dopamine transporter. In this review, we will outline the actions of tamoxifen as a SERM and further detail another known action of tamoxifen-inhibition of PKC. We will summarize the literature showing how tamoxifen affects amphetamine action. Finally, we will present our hypothesis that tamoxifen, or an analog, could be used therapeutically to reduce amphetamine abuse in addition to treating mania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mikelman
- Department of Pharmacology, 2220E MSRB III, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 28109-5632, United States
| | - Natalie Mardirossian
- Department of Pharmacology, 2220E MSRB III, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 28109-5632, United States
| | - Margaret E Gnegy
- Department of Pharmacology, 2220E MSRB III, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 28109-5632, United States.
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Biasibetti R, Almeida Dos Santos JP, Rodrigues L, Wartchow KM, Suardi LZ, Nardin P, Selistre NG, Vázquez D, Gonçalves CA. Hippocampal changes in STZ-model of Alzheimer's disease are dependent on sex. Behav Brain Res 2016; 316:205-214. [PMID: 27585561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The majority of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases are sporadic and aging is the major risk factor for developing the disease, affecting more women than men. In spite of different gender prevalence, most experimental studies in animal models have been performed in male. This study investigates the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced AD model at three different times (2, 4 and 8 weeks afterwards) and in male and female rats, evaluating cognitive deficit, cholinergic neurotransmission, glucose uptake, glutathione content and specific glial markers (GFAP and S100B protein) in the hippocampus of the rat. Our data reinforce the relevance of alterations in STZ model of dementia, reported in the genesis and/or progression of AD such as cholinergic deficit and glucose uptake decrease. All alterations in these parameters (except GFAP) were dependent on sex. It is unclear, at this moment, which alterations are due to sex steroid modulation. In spite of limitations of this experimental model, these data may contribute to understand AD susceptibility and progression dependent on sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Biasibetti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Almeida Dos Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Letícia Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Krista Minéia Wartchow
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Zingano Suardi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Nardin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nicholas Guerini Selistre
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Dandara Vázquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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