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Nishimura KJ, Poulos A, Drew MR, Rajbhandari AK. Know thy SEFL: Fear sensitization and its relevance to stressor-related disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 142:104884. [PMID: 36174795 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Extreme stress can cause long-lasting changes in affective behavior manifesting in conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Understanding the biological mechanisms that govern trauma-induced behavioral dysregulation requires reliable and rigorous pre-clinical models that recapitulate multiple facets of this complex disease. For decades, Pavlovian fear conditioning has been a dominant paradigm for studying the effects of trauma through an associative learning framework. However, severe stress also causes long-lasting nonassociative fear sensitization, which is often overlooked in Pavlovian fear conditioning studies. This paper synthesizes recent research on the stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL) paradigm, a valuable rodent model that can dissociate associative and nonassociative effects of stress. We discuss evidence that the SEFL paradigm produces nonassociative fear sensitization that is distinguishable from Pavlovian fear conditioning. We also discuss key biological variables, such as age and sex, neural circuit mechanisms, and crucial gaps in knowledge. We argue that nonassociative fear sensitization deserves more attention within current PTSD models and that SEFL provides a valuable complement to Pavlovian conditioning research on trauma-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji J Nishimura
- Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA, 78712
| | - Andrew Poulos
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience Research, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, USA, 12222
| | - Michael R Drew
- Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA, 78712
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2
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Shultz B, Farkash A, Collins B, Mohammadmirzaei N, Knox D. Fear learning-induced changes in AMPAR and NMDAR expression in the fear circuit. Learn Mem 2022; 29:83-92. [PMID: 35169047 PMCID: PMC8852224 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053525.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and AMPA receptors (AMPARs) in amygdala nuclei and the dorsal hippocampus (dHipp) are critical for fear conditioning. Enhancements in synaptic AMPAR expression in amygdala nuclei and the dHipp are critical for fear conditioning, with some studies observing changes in AMPAR expression across many neurons in these brain regions. Whether similar changes occur in other nodes of the fear circuit (e.g., ventral hippocampus [vHipp]) or changes in NMDAR expression in the fear circuit occur with fear conditioning have not been sufficiently examined. To address this we used near-infrared immunohistochemistry (IHC) to measure AMPAR and NMDAR subunit expression in several nodes of the fear circuit. Long-term changes in GluR1 and GluR2 expression in the ventral hippocampus (vHipp) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), enhanced NR2A expression in amygdala nuclei, and changes in the ratio of GluR1/NR2A and GluR2/NR2A in the dHipp was observed with fear conditioning. Most of these changes were dependent on protein synthesis during fear conditioning and were not observed immediately after fear conditioning. The results of the study suggest that global changes in AMPARs and NMDARs occur in multiple nodes within the fear circuit and raise the possibility that these changes contribute to fear memory. Further research examining how global changes in AMPAR, NMDAR, and AMPAR/NMDAR ratios within nodes of the fear circuit contribute to fear memory is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Shultz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
| | - Abigail Farkash
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
| | - Bailey Collins
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
| | - Negin Mohammadmirzaei
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
| | - Dayan Knox
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716
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3
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Seemiller LR, Mooney-Leber SM, Henry E, McGarvey A, Druffner A, Peltz G, Gould TJ. Genetic background determines behavioral responses during fear conditioning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 184:107501. [PMID: 34400349 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Freezing behavior is used as a measure of a rodent's ability to learn during fear conditioning. However, it is possible that the expression of other behaviors may compete with freezing, particularly in rodent populations that have not been thoroughly studied in this context. Rearing and grooming are complex behaviors that are frequently exhibited by mice during fear conditioning. Both behaviors have been shown to be stress-sensitive, and the expression of these behaviors is dependent upon strain background. To better understand how genetic background impacts behavioral responses during fear conditioning, we examined freezing, rearing, and grooming frequencies prior to fear conditioning training and across different stages of fear conditioning testing in male mice from eight inbred mouse strains (C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, FVB/NJ, SWR/J, BTBR T + ltpr3Tf/J, SM/J, LP/J, 129S1/SvlmJ) that exhibited diverse freezing responses. We found that genetic background determined rearing and grooming expression throughout fear conditioning, and their patterns of expression across stages of fear conditioning were strain dependent. Using publicly available SNP data, we found that polymorphisms in Dab1, a gene that is implicated in both grooming and learning phenotypes, separated the strains with high contextual grooming from the others using a hierarchical clustering analysis. This suggested a potential genetic mechanism for the observed behavioral differences. These findings demonstrate that genetic background determines behavioral responses during fear conditioning and suggest that shared genetic substrates underlie fear conditioning behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Seemiller
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - S M Mooney-Leber
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Stevens Point, Stevens Point, WI, USA
| | - E Henry
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - A McGarvey
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - A Druffner
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - G Peltz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - T J Gould
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Jovasevic V, Zhang H, Sananbenesi F, Guedea AL, Soman KV, Wiktorowicz JE, Fischer A, Radulovic J. Primary cilia are required for the persistence of memory and stabilization of perineuronal nets. iScience 2021; 24:102617. [PMID: 34142063 PMCID: PMC8185192 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that the formation of episodic memories requires multiple hippocampal mechanisms operating on different time scales. Early mechanisms of memory formation (synaptic consolidation) have been extensively characterized. However, delayed mechanisms, which maintain hippocampal activity as memories stabilize in cortical circuits, are not well understood. Here we demonstrate that contrary to the transient expression of early- and delayed-response genes, the expression of cytoskeleton- and extracellular matrix-associated genes remains dynamic even at remote time points. The most profound expression changes clustered around primary cilium-associated and collagen genes. These genes most likely contribute to memory by stabilizing perineuronal nets in the dorsohippocampal CA1 subfield, as revealed by targeted disruptions of the primary cilium or perineuronal nets. The findings show that nonsynaptic, primary cilium-mediated mechanisms are required for the persistence of context memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Jovasevic
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Room 13-100, Montgomery Ward Memorial Building, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Rose F. Kennedy Center, 1410 Pelham Parkway South, Room 115, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Anita L. Guedea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kizhake V. Soman
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, UTMB – Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | - Andre Fischer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Jelena Radulovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Room 13-100, Montgomery Ward Memorial Building, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Rose F. Kennedy Center, 1410 Pelham Parkway South, Room 115, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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5
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Distinct Transcriptomic Profiles in the Dorsal Hippocampus and Prelimbic Cortex Are Transiently Regulated following Episodic Learning. J Neurosci 2021; 41:2601-2614. [PMID: 33536202 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1557-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental, evolutionarily conserved biological mechanism required for long-term memory formation is rapid induction of gene transcription upon learning in relevant brain areas. For episodic types of memories, two regions undergoing this transcription are the dorsal hippocampus (dHC) and prelimbic (PL) cortex. Whether and to what extent these regions regulate similar or distinct transcriptomic profiles upon learning remain to be understood. Here, we used RNA sequencing in the dHC and PL cortex of male rats to profile their transcriptomes in untrained conditions (baseline) and at 1 h and 6 d after inhibitory avoidance learning. We found that, of 33,713 transcripts, >14,000 were significantly expressed at baseline in both regions and ∼3000 were selectively enriched in each region. Gene Ontology biological pathway analyses indicated that commonly expressed pathways included synapse organization, regulation of membrane potential, and vesicle localization. The enriched pathways in the dHC were gliogenesis, axon development, and lipid modification, while in the PL cortex included vesicle localization and synaptic vesicle cycle. At 1 h after learning, 135 transcripts changed significantly in the dHC and 478 in the PL cortex; of these, only 34 were shared. Biological pathways most significantly regulated by learning in the dHC were protein dephosphorylation, glycogen and glucan metabolism, while in the PL cortex were axon development and axonogenesis. The transcriptome profiles returned to baseline by 6 d after training. Thus, a significant portion of dHC and PL cortex transcriptomic profiles is divergent, and their regulation upon learning is largely distinct and transient.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Long-term episodic memory formation requires gene transcription in several brain regions, including the hippocampus and PFC. The comprehensive profiles of the dynamic mRNA changes that occur in these regions following learning are not well understood. Here, we performed RNA sequencing in the dorsal hippocampus and prelimbic cortex, a PFC subregion, at baseline, 1 h, and 6 d after episodic learning in rats. We found that, at baseline, dorsal hippocampus and prelimbic cortex differentially express a significant portion of mRNAs. Moreover, learning produces a transient regulation of region-specific profiles of mRNA, indicating that unique biological programs in different brain regions underlie memory formation.
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Chen S, Yan C, Xiang H, Xiao J, Liu J, Zhang H, Wang J, Liu H, Zhang X, Ou M, Chen Z, Li W, Turner SP, Zhao X. Transcriptome changes underlie alterations in behavioral traits in different types of chicken. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5841043. [PMID: 32432320 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, artificial selection has contributed greatly to meeting the demands for animal meat, eggs, and milk. However, it has also resulted in changes in behavior, metabolic and digestive function, and alterations in tissue development, including the brain and skeleton. Our study aimed to profile the behavioral traits and transcriptome pattern of chickens (broilers, layers, and dual-purpose breeds) in response to artificial selection. Broilers spent less time gathered as a group in a novel arena (P < 0.01), suggesting reduced fearfulness in these birds. Broilers also showed a greater willingness to approach a model predator during a vigilance test but had a greater behavioral response when first exposed to the vocalization of the predator. Genes found to be upregulated and downregulated in previous work on chickens divergently selected for fear responses also showed consistent differences in expression between breeds in our study and indicated a reduction in fearfulness in broilers. Gene ACTB_G1 (actin) was differentially expressed between breeds and is a candidate gene involved with skeletal muscle growth and disease susceptibility in broilers. Furthermore, breed-specific alterations in the chicken domestic phenotype leading to differences in growth and egg production were associated with behavioral changes, which are probably underpinned by alterations in gene expression, gene ontology terms, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. The results highlight the change in behavior and gene expression of the broiler strain relative to the layer and a dual-purpose native breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Guizhou Nayong Professor Workstation of China Agricultural University, Bijie, China
| | - Chao Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Guizhou Nayong Professor Workstation of China Agricultural University, Bijie, China
| | - Hai Xiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Guizhou Nayong Professor Workstation of China Agricultural University, Bijie, China
| | - Jinlong Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Guizhou Nayong Professor Workstation of China Agricultural University, Bijie, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jikun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education; Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiben Zhang
- Guizhou Nayong Professor Workstation of China Agricultural University, Bijie, China
| | - Maojun Ou
- Guizhou Nayong Professor Workstation of China Agricultural University, Bijie, China
| | - Zelin Chen
- Guizhou Nayong Professor Workstation of China Agricultural University, Bijie, China
| | - Weibo Li
- Guizhou Nayong Professor Workstation of China Agricultural University, Bijie, China
| | - Simon P Turner
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences Department, Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Xingbo Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Guizhou Nayong Professor Workstation of China Agricultural University, Bijie, China
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7
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Haack F, Trakooljul N, Gley K, Murani E, Hadlich F, Wimmers K, Ponsuksili S. Deep sequencing of small non-coding RNA highlights brain-specific expression patterns and RNA cleavage. RNA Biol 2019; 16:1764-1774. [PMID: 31432767 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2019.1657743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advance of high-throughput sequencing technology numerous new regulatory small RNAs have been identified, that broaden the variety of processing mechanisms and functions of non-coding RNA. Here we explore small non-coding RNA (sncRNA) expression in central parts of the physiological stress and anxiety response system. Therefore, we characterize the sncRNA profile of tissue samples from Amygdala, Hippocampus, Hypothalamus and Adrenal Gland, obtained from 20 pigs. Our analysis reveals that all tissues but Amygdala and Hippocampus possess distinct, tissue-specific expression pattern of miRNA that are associated with Hypoxia, stress responses as well as memory and fear conditioning. In particular, we observe marked differences in the expression profile of limbic tissues compared to those associated to the HPA/stress axis, with a surprisingly high aggregation of 3´-tRNA halves in Amygdala and Hippocampus. Since regulation of sncRNA and RNA cleavage plays a pivotal role in the central nervous system, our work provides seminal insights in the role/involvement of sncRNA in the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of negative emotion, stress and coping behaviour in pigs, and mammals in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiete Haack
- Institute for Genome Biology, Functional Genome Analysis Research Unit, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Nares Trakooljul
- Institute for Genome Biology, Genomics Research Unit, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Kevin Gley
- Institute for Genome Biology, Functional Genome Analysis Research Unit, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Eduard Murani
- Institute for Genome Biology, Genomics Research Unit, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Frieder Hadlich
- Institute for Genome Biology, Functional Genome Analysis Research Unit, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Institute for Genome Biology, Genomics Research Unit, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany.,Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Institute for Genome Biology, Functional Genome Analysis Research Unit, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
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8
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Gley K, Murani E, Haack F, Trakooljul N, Zebunke M, Puppe B, Wimmers K, Ponsuksili S. Haplotypes of coping behavior associated QTL regions reveal distinct transcript profiles in amygdala and hippocampus. Behav Brain Res 2019; 372:112038. [PMID: 31202863 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stress response and coping behavior in pigs are largely shaped by hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympatho-adrenomedullary system action. However, the dynamic interaction between amygdala and hippocampus crucially modulates the behavioral response towards significant emotional events. While this functional relationship is well documented, the molecular underpinnings still remain insufficiently understood. Our study used transcriptome profiling of porcine amygdala and hippocampus to identify molecular pathways that are differentially activated depending on the haplotype of a significantly coping behavior-associated region on pig chromosome 12 (SSC12). The pigs were classified into two groups based on the haplotype information of this QTL-region discovered in our previous genome-wide association study. Ten each of high- (HR) and low- (LR) reactive pigs (n = 20) were selected for differential gene expression analysis and weighted gene co-expression analysis with subsequent pathway analysis. Differentially expressed genes identified in the amygdala include SELL, CXCR7 and NTS, while TRAF3, PTGS2 and CFI were detected in the hippocampus indicating a role of neuroinflammation and immunological processes. Pathway analysis revealed IL-8 signaling, NF-κB signaling, glutamate and GABA metabolism, glucocorticoid receptor signaling and chemokine signaling in the amygdala and ephrin receptor signaling, as well as NF-κB signaling in the hippocampus. We discovered candidate genes in regions detected by genome-wide association study including ARRB2, ADRBK2, THRB, NEK7 and ACVR2B, which relate to dopaminergic and other monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems, neuroimmunomodulation, neuroinflammation and GABA-ergic neurotransmission. These findings provide insights into the molecular underpinning of divergent coping behavior and associated haplotypes in limbic forebrain system in pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Gley
- Leibniz Institute of Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Eduard Murani
- Leibniz Institute of Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Fiete Haack
- Leibniz Institute of Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Nares Trakooljul
- Leibniz Institute of Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Manuela Zebunke
- Leibniz Institute of Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Behavioral Physiology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Birger Puppe
- Leibniz Institute of Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Behavioral Physiology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Leibniz Institute of Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Leibniz Institute of Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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9
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Circadian Rhythms in Fear Conditioning: An Overview of Behavioral, Brain System, and Molecular Interactions. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:3750307. [PMID: 28698810 PMCID: PMC5494081 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3750307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of fear memories is a powerful and highly evolutionary conserved mechanism that serves the behavioral adaptation to environmental threats. Accordingly, classical fear conditioning paradigms have been employed to investigate fundamental molecular processes of memory formation. Evidence suggests that a circadian regulation mechanism allows for a timestamping of such fear memories and controlling memory salience during both their acquisition and their modification after retrieval. These mechanisms include an expression of molecular clocks in neurons of the amygdala, hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex and their tight interaction with the intracellular signaling pathways that mediate neural plasticity and information storage. The cellular activities are coordinated across different brain regions and neural circuits through the release of glucocorticoids and neuromodulators such as acetylcholine, which integrate circadian and memory-related activation. Disturbance of this interplay by circadian phase shifts or traumatic experience appears to be an important factor in the development of stress-related psychopathology, considering these circadian components are of critical importance for optimizing therapeutic approaches to these disorders.
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10
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Poplawski SG, Peixoto L, Porcari GS, Wimmer ME, McNally AG, Mizuno K, Giese KP, Chatterjee S, Koberstein JN, Risso D, Speed TP, Abel T. Contextual fear conditioning induces differential alternative splicing. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 134 Pt B:221-35. [PMID: 27451143 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The process of memory consolidation requires transcription and translation to form long-term memories. Significant effort has been dedicated to understanding changes in hippocampal gene expression after contextual fear conditioning. However, alternative splicing by differential transcript regulation during this time period has received less attention. Here, we use RNA-seq to determine exon-level changes in expression after contextual fear conditioning and retrieval. Our work reveals that a short variant of Homer1, Ania-3, is regulated by contextual fear conditioning. The ribosome biogenesis regulator Las1l, small nucleolar RNA Snord14e, and the RNA-binding protein Rbm3 also change specific transcript usage after fear conditioning. The changes in Ania-3 and Las1l are specific to either the new context or the context-shock association, while the changes in Rbm3 occur after context or shock only. Our analysis revealed novel transcript regulation of previously undetected changes after learning, revealing the importance of high throughput sequencing approaches in the study of gene expression changes after learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane G Poplawski
- Pharmacology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lucia Peixoto
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Giulia S Porcari
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mathieu E Wimmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anna G McNally
- Pharmacology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Keiko Mizuno
- Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, King's College London, London, UK
| | - K Peter Giese
- Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - John N Koberstein
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Davide Risso
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Terence P Speed
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ted Abel
- Pharmacology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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11
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Chung NC, Huang YH, Chang CH, Liao JC, Yang CH, Chen CC, Liu IY. Behavior training reverses asymmetry in hippocampal transcriptome of the cav3.2 knockout mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118832. [PMID: 25768289 PMCID: PMC4358833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Homozygous Cav3.2 knockout mice, which are defective in the pore-forming subunit of a low voltage activated T-type calcium channel, have been documented to show impaired maintenance of late-phase long-term potentiation (L-LTP) and defective retrieval of context-associated fear memory. To investigate the role of Cav3.2 in global gene expression, we performed a microarray transcriptome study on the hippocampi of the Cav3.2-/- mice and their wild-type littermates, either naïve (untrained) or trace fear conditioned. We found a significant left-right asymmetric effect on the hippocampal transcriptome caused by the Cav3.2 knockout. Between the naive Cav3.2-/- and the naive wild-type mice, 3522 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in the left hippocampus, but only 4 DEGs were found in the right hippocampus. Remarkably, the effect of Cav3.2 knockout was partially reversed by trace fear conditioning. The number of DEGs in the left hippocampus was reduced to 6 in the Cav3.2 knockout mice after trace fear conditioning, compared with the wild-type naïve mice. To our knowledge, these results demonstrate for the first time the asymmetric effects of the Cav3.2 and its partial reversal by behavior training on the hippocampal transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni-Chun Chung
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsueh Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Hsiung Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - James C. Liao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chih-Hsien Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chang Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ingrid Y. Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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12
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Carhuatanta KAK, Shea CJA, Herman JP, Jankord R. Unique genetic loci identified for emotional behavior in control and chronic stress conditions. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:341. [PMID: 25374516 PMCID: PMC4204525 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An individual's genetic background affects their emotional behavior and response to stress. Although studies have been conducted to identify genetic predictors for emotional behavior or stress response, it remains unknown how prior stress history alters the interaction between an individual's genome and their emotional behavior. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify chromosomal regions that affect emotional behavior and are sensitive to stress exposure. We utilized the BXD behavioral genetics mouse model to identify chromosomal regions that predict fear learning and emotional behavior following exposure to a control or chronic stress environment. 62 BXD recombinant inbred strains and C57BL/6 and DBA/2 parental strains underwent behavioral testing including a classical fear conditioning paradigm and the elevated plus maze. Distinct quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified for emotional learning, anxiety and locomotion in control and chronic stress populations. Candidate genes, including those with already known functions in learning and stress were found to reside within the identified QTLs. Our data suggest that chronic stress history reveals novel genetic predictors of emotional behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A K Carhuatanta
- Applied Neuroscience, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA ; Research Associate Program, National Research Council, National Academies of Sciences Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chloe J A Shea
- Applied Neuroscience, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
| | - James P Herman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ryan Jankord
- Applied Neuroscience, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
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13
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Poplawski SG, Schoch H, Wimmer M, Hawk JD, Walsh JL, Giese KP, Abel T. Object-location training elicits an overlapping but temporally distinct transcriptional profile from contextual fear conditioning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 116:90-95. [PMID: 25242102 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampus-dependent learning is known to induce changes in gene expression, but information on gene expression differences between different learning paradigms that require the hippocampus is limited. The bulk of studies investigating RNA expression after learning use the contextual fear conditioning task, which couples a novel environment with a footshock. Although contextual fear conditioning has been useful in discovering gene targets, gene expression after spatial memory tasks has received less attention. In this study, we used the object-location memory task and studied gene expression at two time points after learning in a high-throughput manner using a microfluidic qPCR approach. We found that expression of the classic immediate-early genes changes after object-location training in a fashion similar to that observed after contextual fear conditioning. However, the temporal dynamics of gene expression are different between the two tasks, with object-location memory producing gene expression changes that last at least 2 hours. Our findings indicate that different training paradigms may give rise to distinct temporal dynamics of gene expression after learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane G Poplawski
- Pharmacology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hannah Schoch
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mathieu Wimmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joshua D Hawk
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jennifer L Walsh
- Departments of Psychology and Mathematics, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, 19081, United States
| | - Karl P Giese
- Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, King's College London, London, UK SE5 9NU
| | - Ted Abel
- Pharmacology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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14
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The neuronal activity-driven transcriptome. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:1071-88. [PMID: 24935719 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8772-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Activity-driven transcription is a key event associated with long-lasting forms of neuronal plasticity. Despite the efforts to investigate the regulatory mechanisms that control this complex process and the important advances in the knowledge of the function of many activity-induced genes in neurons, as well as the specific contribution of activity-regulated transcription factors, our understanding of how activity-driven transcription operates at the systems biology level is still very limited. This review focuses on the research of neuronal activity-driven transcription from an "omics" perspective. We will discuss the different high-throughput approaches undertaken to characterize the gene programs downstream of specific activity-regulated transcription factors, including CREB, SRF, MeCP2, Fos, Npas4, and others, and the interplay between epigenetic and transcriptional mechanisms underlying neuronal plasticity changes. Although basic questions remain unanswered and important challenges still lie ahead, the refinement of genome-wide techniques for investigating the neuronal transcriptome and epigenome promises great advances.
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15
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Sabariego M, Morón I, Gómez MJ, Donaire R, Tobeña A, Fernández-Teruel A, Martínez-Conejero JA, Esteban FJ, Torres C. Incentive loss and hippocampal gene expression in inbred Roman high- (RHA-I) and Roman low- (RLA-I) avoidance rats. Behav Brain Res 2013; 257:62-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Díaz-Morán S, Palència M, Mont-Cardona C, Cañete T, Blázquez G, Martínez-Membrives E, López-Aumatell R, Sabariego M, Donaire R, Morón I, Torres C, Martínez-Conejero JA, Tobeña A, Esteban FJ, Fernández-Teruel A. Gene expression in hippocampus as a function of differential trait anxiety levels in genetically heterogeneous NIH-HS rats. Behav Brain Res 2013; 257:129-39. [PMID: 24095878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To identify genes involved in the development/expression of anxiety/fear, we analyzed the gene expression profile in the hippocampus of genetically heterogeneous NIH-HS rats. The NIH-HS rat stock is a unique genetic resource for the fine mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) to very small genomic regions, due to the high amount of genetic recombinants accumulated along more than 50 breeding generations, and for the same reason it can be expected that those genetically heterogeneous rats should be especially useful for studying differential gene expression as a function of anxiety, fearfulness or other complex traits. We selected high- and low-anxious NIH-HS rats according to the number of avoidance responses they performed in a single 50-trial session of the two-way active avoidance task. Rats were also tested in unconditioned anxiety/fearfulness tests, i.e. the elevated zero-maze and a "novel-cage activity" test. Three weeks after behavioral testing, the hippocampus was dissected and prepared for the microarray study. There appeared 29 down-regulated and 37 up-regulated SNC-related genes (fold-change>|2.19|, FDR<0.05) in the "Low-anxious" vs. the "High-anxious" group. Regression analyses (stepwise) revealed that differential expression of some genes could be predictive of anxiety/fear responses. Among those genes for which the present results suggest a link with individual differences in trait anxiety, nine relevant genes (Avpr1b, Accn3, Cd74, Ltb, Nrg2, Oprdl1, Slc10a4, Slc5a7 and RT1-EC12), tested for validation through qRT-PCR, have either neuroendocrinological or neuroinmunological/inflammation-related functions, or have been related with the hippocampal cholinergic system, while some of them have also been involved in the modulation of anxiety or stress-related (neurobiological and behavioral) responses (i.e. Avpr1b, Oprdl1). The present work confirms the usefulness of NIH-HS rats as a good animal model for research on the neurogenetic basis or mechanisms involved in anxiety and/or fear, and suggest that some MHC-(neuroinmunological/inflammation)-related pathways, as well as the cholinergic system within the hippocampus, may play a role in shaping individual differences in trait anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sira Díaz-Morán
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry & Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Díaz-Morán S, Palència M, Mont-Cardona C, Cañete T, Blázquez G, Martínez-Membrives E, López-Aumatell R, Sabariego M, Donaire R, Morón I, Torres C, Martínez-Conejero JA, Tobeña A, Esteban FJ, Fernández-Teruel A. Gene expression in amygdala as a function of differential trait anxiety levels in genetically heterogeneous NIH-HS rats. Behav Brain Res 2013; 252:422-31. [PMID: 23777796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To identify genes involved in anxiety/fear traits, we analyzed the gene expression profile in the amygdala of genetically heterogeneous NIH-HS rats. The NIH-HS rat stock has revealed to be a unique genetic resource for the fine mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) to very small genomic regions, due to the high amount of genetic recombinants accumulated along more than 50 breeding generations, and for the same reason it can be expected that those genetically heterogeneous rats should be especially useful for studying differential gene expression as a function of anxiety-(or other)-related traits. We selected high- and low-anxious NIH-HS rats differing in their number of avoidances in a single 50-trial session of the two-way active avoidance task. Rats were also tested in unconditioned anxiety tests (e.g., elevated zero-maze). Three weeks after behavioural testing, the amygdala was dissected and prepared for the microarray study. There appeared 6 significantly down-regulated and 28 up-regulated genes (fold-change >|2|, FDR<0.05) between the low- and high-anxious groups, with central nervous system-related functions. Regression analyses (stepwise) revealed that differential expression of some genes could be predictive of anxiety/fear responses. Among those genes for which the present results suggest a link with individual differences in trait anxiety, six relevant genes were examined with qRT-PCR, four of which (Ucn3, Tacr3, H2-M9 and Arr3) were validated. Remarkably, some of them are characterized by sharing known functions related with hormonal HPA-axis responses to (and/or modulation of) stress, anxiety or fear, and putative involvement in related neurobehavioural functions. The results confirm the usefulness of NIH-HS rats as a good animal model for research on the neurogenetic basis of anxiety and fear, while suggesting the involvement of some neuropeptide/neuroendocrine pathways on the development of differential anxiety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sira Díaz-Morán
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry & Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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18
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Schlussman SD, Buonora M, Brownstein AJ, Zhang Y, Ho A, Kreek MJ. Regional mRNA expression of GABAergic receptor subunits in brains of C57BL/6J and 129P3/J mice: strain and heroin effects. Brain Res 2013; 1523:49-58. [PMID: 23732339 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
C57BL/6J and 129 substrains of mice are known to differ in their basal levels of anxiety and behavioral response to drugs of abuse. We have previously shown strain differences in heroin-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) between C57BL/6J (C57) and 129P3/J (129) mice, and in the regional expression of several receptor and peptide mRNAs. In this study, we examined the contribution of the GABAergic system in the cortex, nucleus accumbens (NAc), caudate putamen (CPu) and the region containing the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA) to heroin reward by measuring mRNA levels of 7 of the most commonly expressed GABA-A receptor subunits, and both GABA-B receptor subunits, in these same mice following saline (control) or heroin administration in a CPP design. Using real-time PCR, we studied the effects of strain and heroin administration on GABA-A α1, α2, α3, β2, and γ2 subunits, which typically constitute synaptic GABA-A receptors, GABA-A α4 and δ subunits, which typically constitute extrasynaptic GABA-A receptors, and GABA-B R1 and R2 subunits. In saline-treated animals, we found an experiment-wise significant strain difference in GABA-Aα2 mRNA expression in the SN/VTA. Point-wise significant strain differences were also observed in GABA-Aα2, GABA-Aα3, and GABA-Aα4 mRNA expression in the NAc, as well as GABA-BR2 mRNA expression in the NAc and CPu, and GABA-BR1 mRNA expression in the cortex. For all differences, 129 mice had higher mRNA expression compared to C57 animals, with the exception of GABA-BR1 mRNA in the cortex where we observed lower levels in 129 mice. Therefore, it may be possible that known behavioral differences between these two strains are, in part, due to differences in their GABAergic systems. While we did not find heroin dose-related changes in mRNA expression levels in C57 mice, we did observe dose-related differences in 129 mice. These results may relate to our earlier behavioral finding that 129 mice are hyporesponsive to the rewarding effects of heroin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Schlussman
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - M Buonora
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - A J Brownstein
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Y Zhang
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - A Ho
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - M J Kreek
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
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19
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Hong I, Kang T, Yun KN, Yoo Y, Park S, Kim J, An B, Song S, Lee S, Kim J, Song B, Kwon KH, Kim JY, Park YM, Choi S. Quantitative proteomics of auditory fear conditioning. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 434:87-94. [PMID: 23542466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Auditory fear conditioning is a well-characterized rodent learning model where a neutral auditory cue is paired with an aversive outcome to induce associative fear memory. The storage of long-term auditory fear memory requires long-term potentiation (LTP) in the lateral amygdala and de novo protein synthesis. Although many studies focused on individual proteins have shown their contribution to LTP and fear conditioning, non-biased genome-wide studies have only recently been possible with microarrays, which nevertheless fall short of measuring changes at the level of proteins. Here we employed quantitative proteomics to examine the expression of hundreds of proteins in the lateral amygdala in response to auditory fear conditioning. We found that various proteins previously implicated in LTP, learning and axon/dendrite growth were regulated by fear conditioning. A substantial number of proteins that were regulated by fear conditioning have not yet been studied specifically in learning or synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingie Hong
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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20
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Ding AY, Li Q, Zhou IY, Ma SJ, Tong G, McAlonan GM, Wu EX. MR diffusion tensor imaging detects rapid microstructural changes in amygdala and hippocampus following fear conditioning in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e51704. [PMID: 23382811 PMCID: PMC3559642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following fear conditioning (FC), ex vivo evidence suggests that early dynamics of cellular and molecular plasticity in amygdala and hippocampal circuits mediate responses to fear. Such altered dynamics in fear circuits are thought to be etiologically related to anxiety disorders including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Consistent with this, neuroimaging studies of individuals with established PTSD in the months after trauma have revealed changes in brain regions responsible for processing fear. However, whether early changes in fear circuits can be captured in vivo is not known. METHODS We hypothesized that in vivo magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) would be sensitive to rapid microstructural changes elicited by FC in an experimental mouse PTSD model. We employed a repeated measures paired design to compare in vivo DTI measurements before, one hour after, and one day after FC-exposed mice (n=18). RESULTS Using voxel-wise repeated measures analysis, fractional anisotropy (FA) significantly increased then decreased in amygdala, decreased then increased in hippocampus, and was increasing in cingulum and adjacent gray matter one hour and one day post-FC respectively. These findings demonstrate that DTI is sensitive to early changes in brain microstructure following FC, and that FC elicits distinct, rapid in vivo responses in amygdala and hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that DTI can detect rapid microstructural changes in brain regions known to mediate fear conditioning in vivo. DTI indices could be explored as a translational tool to capture potential early biological changes in individuals at risk for developing PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby Y. Ding
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Reproduction Growth and Development, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Iris Y. Zhou
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Samantha J. Ma
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gehua Tong
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Grainne M. McAlonan
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Reproduction Growth and Development, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London
| | - Ed X. Wu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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21
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Sriram K, Rodriguez-Fernandez M, Doyle FJ. A detailed modular analysis of heat-shock protein dynamics under acute and chronic stress and its implication in anxiety disorders. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42958. [PMID: 22937003 PMCID: PMC3425570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiological and psychological stresses cause anxiety disorders such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and induce drastic changes at a molecular level in the brain. To counteract this stress, the heat-shock protein (HSP) network plays a vital role in restoring the homeostasis of the system. To study the stress-induced dynamics of heat-shock network, we analyzed three modules of the HSP90 network—namely trimerization reactions, phosphorylation–dephosphorylation reactions, and the conversion of HSP90 from an open to a closed conformation—and constructed a corresponding nonlinear differential equation model based on mass action kinetics laws. The kinetic parameters of the model were obtained through global optimization, and sensitivity analyses revealed that the most sensitive parameters are the kinase and phosphatase that drive the phosphorylation–dephosphorylation reactions. Bifurcation analysis carried out with the estimated kinetic parameters of the model with stress as bifurcation parameter revealed the occurrence of “mushroom”, a type of complex dynamics in which S-shaped and Z-shaped hysteretic bistable forms are present together. We mapped the molecular events responsible for generating the mushroom dynamics under stress and interpreted the occurrence of the S-shaped hysteresis to a normal level of stress, and the Z-shaped hysteresis to the HSP90 variations under acute and chronic stress in the fear conditioned system, and further, we hypothesized that this can be extended to stress-related disorders such as depression and PTSD in humans. Finally, we studied the effect of parameter variations on the mushroom dynamics to get insight about the role of phosphorylation–dephosphorylation parameters in HSP90 network in bringing about complex dynamics such as isolas, where the stable steady states in a bistable system are isolated and separated from each other and not connected by an unstable steady state.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Sriram
- Institute of Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Delhi, India
| | - Maria Rodriguez-Fernandez
- Institute of Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Francis J. Doyle
- Institute of Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Abstract
In addition to its role in cellular development and proliferation, there are emerging in vitro data implicating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in synaptic plasticity. Yet in vivo studies have not examined whether Wnt activity is required for learning and memory. In the amygdala during fear memory formation, we found that many Wnt-signaling genes were dynamically regulated, with an immediate decrease, followed by an eventual normalization during memory consolidation. This rapid decrease in Wnt mRNA was confirmed with individual quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization. We then manipulated Wnt signaling with a specific peptide antagonist (Dkk-1) or agonist (Wnt1) injected stereotaxically into the adult amygdala during fear learning. We found that neither manipulation had an effect on locomotion, anxiety, fear acquisition, or fear expression. However, both Wnt modulators prevented long-term fear memory consolidation without affecting short-term memory. Dkk-1 and Wnt infusions had destabilizing, but opposite, effects on the requisite β-catenin/cadherin dynamic interactions that occur during consolidation. These data suggest that dynamic modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling during consolidation is critical for the structural basis of long-term memory formation.
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23
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Differential gene expression between inbred Roman high- (RHA-I) and low- (RLA-I) avoidance rats. Neurosci Lett 2011; 504:265-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Knoll AT, Muschamp JW, Sillivan SE, Ferguson D, Dietz DM, Meloni EG, Carroll FI, Nestler EJ, Konradi C, Carlezon WA. Kappa opioid receptor signaling in the basolateral amygdala regulates conditioned fear and anxiety in rats. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 70:425-33. [PMID: 21531393 PMCID: PMC3150294 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system contributes to the prodepressive and aversive consequences of stress and is implicated in the facilitation of conditioned fear and anxiety in rodents. Here, we sought to identify neural circuits that mediate KOR system effects on fear and anxiety in rats. METHODS We assessed whether fear conditioning induces plasticity in KOR or dynorphin (the endogenous KOR ligand) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in the basolateral (BLA) and central (CeA) nuclei of the amygdala, hippocampus, or striatum. We then assessed whether microinfusions of the KOR antagonist JDTic (0-10 μg/side) into the BLA or CeA affect the expression of conditioned fear or anxiety. Finally, we examined whether fear extinction induces plasticity in KOR mRNA expression that relates to the quality of fear extinction. RESULTS Fear conditioning upregulated KOR mRNA in the BLA by 65% and downregulated it in the striatum by 22%, without affecting KOR levels in the CeA or hippocampus, or dynorphin levels in any region. KOR antagonism in either the BLA or CeA decreased conditioned fear in the fear-potentiated startle paradigm, whereas KOR antagonism in the BLA, but not the CeA, produced anxiolytic-like effects in the elevated plus maze. Effective fear extinction was associated with a 67% reduction in KOR mRNA in the BLA. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that fear conditioning and extinction dynamically regulate KOR expression in the BLA and provide evidence that the BLA and CeA are important neural substrates mediating the anxiolytic-like effects of KOR antagonists in models of fear and anxiety.
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MESH Headings
- Amygdala/drug effects
- Amygdala/metabolism
- Animals
- Anxiety/metabolism
- Conditioning, Psychological/drug effects
- Conditioning, Psychological/physiology
- Corpus Striatum/drug effects
- Corpus Striatum/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dynorphins/physiology
- Extinction, Psychological/physiology
- Fear/drug effects
- Fear/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Male
- Maze Learning/drug effects
- Maze Learning/physiology
- Microinjections
- Piperidines/administration & dosage
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/physiology
- Reflex, Startle/drug effects
- Reflex, Startle/physiology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Tetrahydroisoquinolines/administration & dosage
- Tetrahydroisoquinolines/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison T. Knoll
- Behavioral Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478 (ATK, JWM, EGM, WAC)
| | - John W. Muschamp
- Behavioral Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478 (ATK, JWM, EGM, WAC)
| | | | - Deveroux Ferguson
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029 (DF, DMD, EJN)
| | - David M. Dietz
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029 (DF, DMD, EJN)
| | - Edward G. Meloni
- Behavioral Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478 (ATK, JWM, EGM, WAC)
| | - F. Ivy Carroll
- Research Triangle Institute, Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 (FIC)
| | - Eric J. Nestler
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029 (DF, DMD, EJN)
| | - Christine Konradi
- Department of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 (CK)
| | - William A. Carlezon
- Behavioral Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478 (ATK, JWM, EGM, WAC)
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Smalheiser NR, Lugli G, Thimmapuram J, Cook EH, Larson J. Endogenous siRNAs and noncoding RNA-derived small RNAs are expressed in adult mouse hippocampus and are up-regulated in olfactory discrimination training. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 17:166-181. [PMID: 21045079 PMCID: PMC3004058 DOI: 10.1261/rna.2123811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We previously proposed that endogenous siRNAs may regulate synaptic plasticity and long-term gene expression in the mammalian brain. Here, a hippocampal-dependent task was employed in which adult mice were trained to execute a nose-poke in a port containing one of two simultaneously present odors in order to obtain a reward. Mice demonstrating olfactory discrimination training were compared to pseudo-training and nose-poke control groups; size-selected hippocampal RNA was subjected to Illumina deep sequencing. Sequences that aligned uniquely and exactly to the genome without uncertain nucleotide assignments, within exons or introns of MGI annotated genes, were examined further. The data confirm that small RNAs having features of endogenous siRNAs are expressed in brain; that many of them derive from genes that regulate synaptic plasticity (and have been implicated in neuropsychiatric diseases); and that hairpin-derived endo-siRNAs and the 20- to 23-nt size class of small RNAs show a significant increase during an early stage of training. The most abundant putative siRNAs arose from an intronic inverted repeat within the SynGAP1 locus; this inverted repeat was a substrate for dicer in vitro, and SynGAP1 siRNA was specifically associated with Argonaute proteins in vivo. Unexpectedly, a dramatic increase with training (more than 100-fold) was observed for a class of 25- to 30-nt small RNAs derived from specific sites within snoRNAs and abundant noncoding RNAs (Y1 RNA, RNA component of mitochondrial RNAse P, 28S rRNA, and 18S rRNA). Further studies are warranted to characterize the role(s) played by endogenous siRNAs and noncoding RNA-derived small RNAs in learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Smalheiser
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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Lisowski P, Juszczak GR, Goscik J, Wieczorek M, Zwierzchowski L, Swiergiel AH. Effect of chronic mild stress on hippocampal transcriptome in mice selected for high and low stress-induced analgesia and displaying different emotional behaviors. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 21:45-62. [PMID: 20961740 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that mood disorders may derive from the impact of environmental pressure on genetically susceptible individuals. Stress-induced hippocampal plasticity has been implicated in depression. We studied hippocampal transcriptomes in strains of mice that display high (HA) and low (LA) swim stress-induced analgesia and that differ in emotional behaviors and responses to different classes of antidepressants. Chronic mild stress (CMS) affected expression of a number of genes common for both strains. CMS also produced strain specific changes in expression suggesting that hippocampal responses to stress depend on genotype. Considerably larger number of genes, biological processes, molecular functions, biochemical pathways, and gene networks were affected by CMS in LA than in HA mice. The results suggest that potential drug targets against detrimental effects of stress include glutamate transporters, and cholinergic, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucocorticoids, and thyroid hormones receptors. Furthermore, some biological processes evoked by stress and different between the strains, such as apoptosis, neurogenesis and chromatin modifications, may be responsible for the long-term, irreversible effects of stress and suggest a role for epigenetic regulation of mood related stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Lisowski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
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Role of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) in amygdalo-hippocampal interactions and salience determination of contextual fear memory. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 13:661-74. [PMID: 20003620 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145709991106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) is an important molecular constituent of adaptive and maladaptive circuit (re-)organization in the central nervous system. Here, we further investigate its putative involvement in amygdala and hippocampus functions during context fear memory formation. Using laser capture microdissection and quantitative RT-PCR, we show high NCAM mRNA expression levels in the lateral and basolateral subnuclei of the amygdala, as well as their training intensity- and context-dependent regulation during fear memory consolidation. Moreover, we demonstrate that deficits of NCAM-/- mice in context fear memory can be overcome through contextual pre-exposure, i.e. by reducing the modulatory influence of the amygdala on this hippocampus-dependent memory. On the contrary, NCAM-/- mice failed to increase contextual fear memory after salient overtraining, although they adequately increased their response to auditory-cued fear stimuli. Finally, we demonstrate a reduction of amygdalo-hippocampal theta synchronization in NCAM-/- mice during fear memory retrieval. Together, these results suggest an involvement of NCAM-mediated cell recognition processes in information processing of the amygdalo-hippocampal system and in the amygdala-mediated modulation of context fear memory according to stimulus salience.
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Ponomarev I, Rau V, Eger EI, Harris RA, Fanselow MS. Amygdala transcriptome and cellular mechanisms underlying stress-enhanced fear learning in a rat model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:1402-11. [PMID: 20147889 PMCID: PMC3040562 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Severe stress or trauma can cause permanent changes in brain circuitry, leading to dysregulation of fear responses and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). To date, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying stress-induced long-term plasticity in fear circuits. We addressed this question by using global gene expression profiling in an animal model of PTSD, stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL). A total of 15 footshocks were used to induce SEFL and the volatile anesthetic isoflurane was used to suppress the behavioral effects of stress. Gene expression in lateral/basolateral amygdala was measured using microarrays at 3 weeks after the exposure to different combinations of shock and isoflurane. Shock produced robust effects on amygdalar transcriptome and isoflurane blocked or reversed many of the stress-induced changes. We used a modular approach to molecular profiles of shock and isoflurane and built a network of regulated genes, functional categories, and cell types that represent a mechanistic foundation of perturbation-induced plasticity in the amygdala. This analysis partitioned perturbation-induced changes in gene expression into neuron- and astrocyte-specific changes, highlighting a previously underappreciated role of astroglia in amygdalar plasticity. Many neuron-enriched genes were highly correlated with astrocyte-enriched genes, suggesting coordinated transcriptional responses to environmental challenges in these cell types. Several individual genes were validated using RT-PCR and behavioral pharmacology. This study is the first to propose specific cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying SEFL, an animal model of PTSD, and to nominate novel molecular and cellular targets with potential for therapeutic intervention in PTSD, including glycine and neuropeptide systems, chromatin remodeling, and gliotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Ponomarev
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research and the College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, 1 University Station, Austin, TX, USA,Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A4800, Austin, TX 78712, USA, Tel: +512-471-5122, Fax: +512-232-2525, E-mail:
| | - Vinuta Rau
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Edmond I Eger
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - R Adron Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research and the College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, 1 University Station, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Michael S Fanselow
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Sirri A, Bianchi V, Pelizzola M, Mayhaus M, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Toniolo D, D'Adamo P. Temporal gene expression profile of the hippocampus following trace fear conditioning. Brain Res 2009; 1308:14-23. [PMID: 19857472 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we report the results of gene expression profiling of C57Bl/6N mice hippocampus after trace fear conditioning (TFC), and the identification of genes regulated at early and late steps after conditioning. Several of the genes regulated at early steps following TFC appeared common to many training protocols. At later stages (2 and 6 h), most of the genes identified were different from those identified following other learning paradigms resulting in memory consolidation. At 6 h after training, few genes were upregulated in respect to the naïve condition, suggesting that many gene products have eventually to be downregulated to achieve stable synapses modification and memory formation. In conclusion, the results presented highlight a number of genes whose expression is specifically modified in the mouse hippocampus following TFC and demonstrate the specificity associated to different forms of conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Sirri
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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30
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Bilecki W, Wawrzczak-Bargiela A, Przewłocki R. Regulation of kinesin light chain 1 level correlates with the development of morphine reward in the mouse brain. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:1101-10. [PMID: 19735294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Persistent changes that take place during the development of opioid addiction are thought to be due to reorganization of synaptic connections in relevant brain circuits. This neuronal plasticity requires trafficking of signaling molecules that are controlled by kinesins. In neurons, kinesin light chain 1 (KLC1) acts as the primary regulator of kinesin action. We observed that KLC1 was enriched in sub-cortical regions of the brain in C57Bl/6J mice. KLC1 expression was especially enriched in the striatum, hippocampus and amygdala, which are known to be involved in opioid addiction. Our study revealed that conditioning of C57Bl/6J mice with morphine elevated KLC1 levels in the amygdala, frontal cortex and hippocampus, but not in the striatum. Further study revealed that alterations in KLC1 protein levels in the studied brain regions correlated with the expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference. In the cortex, hippocampus and amygdala, KLC1 co-localized with calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), suggesting that KLC1 was present in the cell bodies and dendrites of pyramidal neurons. Our findings indicate that KLC1, a molecule involved in dendritic and axonal transport in the brain, is affected during chronic morphine treatment and may be involved in the development of opioid addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktor Bilecki
- Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.
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31
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Klur S, Muller C, Pereira de Vasconcelos A, Ballard T, Lopez J, Galani R, Certa U, Cassel JC. Hippocampal-dependent spatial memory functions might be lateralized in rats: An approach combining gene expression profiling and reversible inactivation. Hippocampus 2009; 19:800-16. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Wu P, Jiang C, Shen Q, Hu Y. Systematic gene expression profile of hypothalamus in calorie-restricted mice implicates the involvement of mTOR signaling in neuroprotective activity. Mech Ageing Dev 2009; 130:602-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Lamprecht R, Dracheva S, Assoun S, LeDoux JE. Fear conditioning induces distinct patterns of gene expression in lateral amygdala. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2009; 8:735-43. [PMID: 19689454 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2009.00515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) has been implicated in the formation of long-term associative memory (LTM) of stimuli associated with danger through fear conditioning. The current study aims to detect genes that are expressed in LA following associative fear conditioning. Using oligonucleotide microarrays, we monitored gene expression in rats subjected to paired training where a tone co-terminates with a footshock, or unpaired training where the tone and footshock are presented in a non-overlapping manner. The paired protocol consistently leads to auditory fear conditioning memory formation, whereas the unpaired protocol does not. When the paired group was compared with the unpaired group 5 h after training, the expression of genes coding for the limbic system-associated membrane protein (Lsamp), kinesin heavy chain member 2 (Kif2), N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF) and Hippocalcin-like 4 protein (Hpcal4) was higher in the paired group. These genes encode proteins that regulate neuronal axonal morphology (Lsamp, Kif2), presynaptic vesicle cycling and release (Hpcal4 and NSF), and AMPA receptor maintenance in synapses (NSF). Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) showed that Kif2 and Lsamp are expressed hours following fear conditioning but minutes after unpaired training. Hpcal4 is induced by paired stimulation only 5 h after the training. These results show that fear conditioning induces a unique temporal activation of molecular pathways involved in regulating synaptic transmission and axonal morphology in LA, which is different from non-associative stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lamprecht
- Department of Neurobiology and Ethology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
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34
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Kelley JB, Balda MA, Anderson KL, Itzhak Y. Impairments in fear conditioning in mice lacking the nNOS gene. Learn Mem 2009; 16:371-8. [PMID: 19470653 DOI: 10.1101/lm.1329209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The fear conditioning paradigm is used to investigate the roles of various genes, neurotransmitters, and substrates in the formation of fear learning related to contextual and auditory cues. In the brain, nitric oxide (NO) produced by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) functions as a retrograde neuronal messenger that facilitates synaptic plasticity, including the late phase of long-term potentiation (LTP) and formation of long-term memory (LTM). Evidence has implicated NO signaling in synaptic plasticity and LTM formation following fear conditioning, yet little is known about the role of the nNOS gene in fear learning. Using knockout (KO) mice with targeted mutation of the nNOS gene and their wild-type (WT) counterparts, the role of NO signaling in fear conditioning was investigated. Plasma levels of the stress hormone corticosterone were measured to determine the relationship between physiological and behavioral response to fear conditioning. Contextual fear learning was severely impaired in male and female nNOS KO mice compared with WT counterparts; cued fear learning was slightly impaired in nNOS KO mice. Sex-dependent differences in both contextual and cued fear learning were not observed in either genotype. Deficits in contextual fear learning in nNOS KO mice were partially overcome by multiple trainings. A relationship between increase in plasma corticosterone levels following footshock administration and the magnitude of contextual, but not cued freezing was also observed. Results suggest that the nNOS gene contributes more to optimal contextual fear learning than to cued fear learning, and therefore, inhibition of the nNOS enzyme may ameliorate context-dependent fear response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Kelley
- Division of Neuroscience, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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35
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MeCP2-mediated transcription repression in the basolateral amygdala may underlie heightened anxiety in a mouse model of Rett syndrome. J Neurosci 2009; 29:4218-27. [PMID: 19339616 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4225-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is an X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder that results from loss of function mutations in the methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene. Using viral-mediated basolateral amygdala (BLA)-specific deletion of Mecp2 in mice, we show that intact Mecp2 function is required for normal anxiety behavior as well as some types of learning and memory. To examine whether these behavioral deficits are the result of impaired transcriptional repression, because Mecp2 is believed to act as a transcriptional repressor in complex with histone deacetylases (HDACs), we infused a HDAC inhibitor chronically into the BLA of wild-type mice. We found that HDAC inhibition produces behavioral deficits similar to those observed after the deletion of Mecp2 in the BLA. These results suggest a key role for Mecp2 as a transcriptional repressor in the BLA in mediating behavioral features of RTT.
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36
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Cavallaro S. Genomic analysis of serotonin receptors in learning and memory. Behav Brain Res 2008; 195:2-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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37
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Keverne EB, Curley JP. Epigenetics, brain evolution and behaviour. Front Neuroendocrinol 2008; 29:398-412. [PMID: 18439660 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 03/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Molecular modifications to the structure of histone proteins and DNA (chromatin) play a significant role in regulating the transcription of genes without altering their nucleotide sequence. Certain epigenetic modifications to DNA are heritable in the form of genomic imprinting, whereby subsets of genes are silenced according to parent-of-origin. This form of gene regulation is primarily under matrilineal control and has evolved partly to co-ordinate in-utero development with maternal resource availability. Changes to epigenetic mechanisms in post-mitotic neurons may also be activated during development in response to environmental stimuli such as maternal care and social interactions. This results in long-lasting stable, or short-term dynamic, changes to the neuronal phenotype producing long-term behavioural consequences. Use of evolutionary conserved mechanisms have thus been adapted to modify the control of gene expression and embryonic growth of the brain as well as allowing for plastic changes in the post-natal brain in response to external environmental and social cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B Keverne
- Sub-Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Cambridge, Madingley, Cambridge, CB23 8AA, UK.
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38
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Abstract
This review assesses the parallel data on the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in depression and anxiety. We review historical and new data from both animal and human experimentation which have helped define the key role for this transmitter in both these mental pathologies. By exploring the overlap in these conditions in terms of GABAergic neurochemistry, neurogenetics, brain circuitry, and pharmacology, we develop a theory that the two conditions are intrinsically interrelated. The role of GABAergic agents in demonstrating this interrelationship and in pointing the way to future research is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan V Kalueff
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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39
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Williams LM, Gordon E. Dynamic organization of the emotional brain: responsivity, stability, and instability. Neuroscientist 2007; 13:349-70. [PMID: 17644766 DOI: 10.1177/10738584070130040801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Models of emotion processing have commonly been formulated as dichotomies such as approach versus avoidance. These models and associated research on evolutionary adaptation, awareness, motivational arousal, and cortical-subcortical brain systems are reviewed. A continuum model of emotional-significance processing is proposed to integrate current dichotomies and reflect the highly interconnected nature of brain systems. This model highlights a spectrum from "mismatches," signifying potential danger, to "matches," signifying safety and the expectation of reward. Subcortical-cortical interactions and autonomic arousal modulation support mismatch and match processing across a temporal continuum from milliseconds (in which processing is automatic and arguably nonconscious) to tenths of a second (in which responses are facilitated and contextual evaluation commences) to minutes and hours (when memory consolidation and neural plasticity occur). Variations at distinct points along this continuum, with contributions from constitutional and genetic factors, may contribute to individual differences in emotional stability and instability in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne M Williams
- Brain Dynamics Center, Acacia House, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia.
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40
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Yamauchi R, Wada E, Kamichi S, Yamada D, Maeno H, Delawary M, Nakazawa T, Yamamoto T, Wada K. Neurotensin type 2 receptor is involved in fear memory in mice. J Neurochem 2007; 102:1669-1676. [PMID: 17697051 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurotensin receptor subtype 2 (Ntsr2) is a levocabastine-sensitive neurotensin receptor expressed diffusely throughout the mouse brain. Previously, we found that Ntsr2-deficient mice have an abnormality in the processing of thermal nociception. In this study, to examine the involvement of Ntsr2 in mouse behavior, we performed a fear-conditioning test in Ntsr2-deficient mice. In the contextual fear-conditioning test, the freezing response was significantly reduced in Ntsr2-deficient mice compared with that of wild-type mice. This reduction was observed from 1 h to 3 weeks after conditioning, and neither shock sensitivity nor locomotor activity was altered in Ntsr2-deficient mice. In addition, we found that Ntsr2 mRNA was predominantly expressed in cultured astrocytes and weakly expressed in cultured neurons derived from mouse brain. The combination of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry showed that Ntsr2 mRNA was dominantly expressed in glial fibrillary acidic protein positive cells in many brain regions including the hypothalamus, while Ntsr2 gene was co-expressed with neuron-specific microtubule associated protein-2 in limited numbers of cells. These results suggest that Ntsr2 in astrocytes and neurons may have unique function like a modulation of fear memory in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Yamauchi
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, JapanJapan Society for Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, JapanCREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, JapanDivision of Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsuko Wada
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, JapanJapan Society for Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, JapanCREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, JapanDivision of Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sari Kamichi
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, JapanJapan Society for Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, JapanCREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, JapanDivision of Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamada
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, JapanJapan Society for Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, JapanCREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, JapanDivision of Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Maeno
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, JapanJapan Society for Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, JapanCREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, JapanDivision of Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mina Delawary
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, JapanJapan Society for Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, JapanCREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, JapanDivision of Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanobu Nakazawa
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, JapanJapan Society for Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, JapanCREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, JapanDivision of Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, JapanJapan Society for Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, JapanCREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, JapanDivision of Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Wada
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, JapanJapan Society for Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, JapanCREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, JapanDivision of Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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41
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Kalueff AV. Neurobiology of memory and anxiety: from genes to behavior. Neural Plast 2007; 2007:78171. [PMID: 17502911 PMCID: PMC1847471 DOI: 10.1155/2007/78171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Revised: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Interaction of anxiety and memory represents an essential feature of CNS functioning. This paper reviews experimental data coming from neurogenetics, neurochemistry, and behavioral pharmacology (as well as parallel clinical findings) reflecting different mechanisms of memory-anxiety interplay, including brain neurochemistry, circuitry, pharmacology, neuroplasticity, genes, and gene-environment interactions. It emphasizes the complexity and nonlinearity of such interplay, illustrated by a survey of anxiety and learning/memory phenotypes in various genetically modified mouse models that exhibit either synergistic or reciprocal effects of the mutation on anxiety levels and memory performance. The paper also assesses the putative role of different neurotransmitter systems and neuropeptides in the regulation of memory processes and anxiety, and discusses the role of neural plasticity in these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan V Kalueff
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, Division of Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health , Bethesda, MD 20892-1264, USA.
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42
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Li C, Niu W, Jiang CH, Hu Y. Effects of enriched environment on gene expression and signal pathways in cortex of hippocampal CA1 specific NMDAR1 knockout mice. Brain Res Bull 2006; 71:568-77. [PMID: 17292799 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Revised: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor 1 (NMDAR1) plays a pivotal role in different forms of memory. Indeed, hippocampal CA1 region specific knockout (KO) of NMDAR1 in mice showed memory impairment. Recently, it has been reported that environmental enrichment enhanced memory and rescued the memory deficits of the NMDAR1-KO mice. It is well known that cortex has synaptic connections with hippocampus and is the storage region of the brain for long-term memory. To understand the molecular mechanisms of the memory impairments in the NMDAR1-KO mice, we have examined gene expression profiles in cortex from the receptor KO mice compared to wild type mice. Furthermore, since memory deficits were rescued after exposure of the NMDAR1-KO mice to enriched environment, we also analyzed the gene expression in the cortex of the KO mice after 3 hours, 2 days and 2 weeks enrichment. We found that the expression levels of 104 genes were altered in the cortex of NMDAR1-KO mice. Environmental enrichment for 3 hours, 2 days and 2 weeks affected the expression of 45, 34 and 56 genes, respectively. Genes involved in multiple signal pathways were regulated in the NMDAR1-KO mice, such as neurotransmission, structure, transcription, protein synthesis and protein processing. It is not surprising that since enriched environment rescued the memory decline in the NMDAR1-KO mice, the expression changes of a number of genes involved in these signal pathways were recovered or even reversed after enrichment. Our results further demonstrated that reelin and Notch signal pathways could be involved in the enrichment effects on memory improvement in the KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, MOE & STCSM, Shanghai Institute of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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Abstract
Specific phobia is the most prevalent of the anxiety disorders. Although there have been relatively few studies of its psychobiology and pharmacotherapy, there is a rich laboratory of literature on fear conditioning and extinction and a clear evolutionary perspective. Advances in the cognitive-affective neuroscience of fear processing may ultimately lead to new approaches to the clinical management of phobias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Abstract
The ability to form tenable hypotheses regarding the neurobiological basis of normative functions as well as mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders is often limited by the highly complex brain circuitry and the cellular and molecular mosaics therein. The brain is an intricate structure with heterogeneous neuronal and nonneuronal cell populations dispersed throughout the central nervous system. Varied and diverse brain functions are mediated through gene expression, and ultimately protein expression, within these cell types and interconnected circuits. Large-scale high-throughput analysis of gene expression in brain regions and individual cell populations using modern functional genomics technologies has enabled the simultaneous quantitative assessment of dozens to hundreds to thousands of genes. Technical and experimental advances in the accession of tissues, RNA amplification technologies, and the refinement of downstream genetic methodologies including microarray analysis and real-time quantitative PCR have generated a wellspring of informative studies pertinent to understanding brain structure and function. In this review, we outline the advantages as well as some of the potential challenges of applying high throughput functional genomics technologies toward a better understanding of brain tissues and diseases using animal models as well as human postmortem tissues.
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