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González-García M, Carrillo-Franco L, Morales-Luque C, Dawid-Milner MS, López-González MV. Central Autonomic Mechanisms Involved in the Control of Laryngeal Activity and Vocalization. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:118. [PMID: 38392336 PMCID: PMC10886357 DOI: 10.3390/biology13020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
In humans, speech is a complex process that requires the coordinated involvement of various components of the phonatory system, which are monitored by the central nervous system. The larynx in particular plays a crucial role, as it enables the vocal folds to meet and converts the exhaled air from our lungs into audible sounds. Voice production requires precise and sustained exhalation, which generates an air pressure/flow that creates the pressure in the glottis required for voice production. Voluntary vocal production begins in the laryngeal motor cortex (LMC), a structure found in all mammals, although the specific location in the cortex varies in humans. The LMC interfaces with various structures of the central autonomic network associated with cardiorespiratory regulation to allow the perfect coordination between breathing and vocalization. The main subcortical structure involved in this relationship is the mesencephalic periaqueductal grey matter (PAG). The PAG is the perfect link to the autonomic pontomedullary structures such as the parabrachial complex (PBc), the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF), the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), and the nucleus retroambiguus (nRA), which modulate cardiovascular autonomic function activity in the vasomotor centers and respiratory activity at the level of the generators of the laryngeal-respiratory motor patterns that are essential for vocalization. These cores of autonomic structures are not only involved in the generation and modulation of cardiorespiratory responses to various stressors but also help to shape the cardiorespiratory motor patterns that are important for vocal production. Clinical studies show increased activity in the central circuits responsible for vocalization in certain speech disorders, such as spasmodic dysphonia because of laryngeal dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta González-García
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Unit of Neurophysiology of the Autonomic Nervous System (CIMES), University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura Carrillo-Franco
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Unit of Neurophysiology of the Autonomic Nervous System (CIMES), University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Carmen Morales-Luque
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Marc Stefan Dawid-Milner
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Unit of Neurophysiology of the Autonomic Nervous System (CIMES), University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Manuel Víctor López-González
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Unit of Neurophysiology of the Autonomic Nervous System (CIMES), University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND), 29010 Málaga, Spain
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Krohn F, Novello M, van der Giessen RS, De Zeeuw CI, Pel JJM, Bosman LWJ. The integrated brain network that controls respiration. eLife 2023; 12:83654. [PMID: 36884287 PMCID: PMC9995121 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiration is a brain function on which our lives essentially depend. Control of respiration ensures that the frequency and depth of breathing adapt continuously to metabolic needs. In addition, the respiratory control network of the brain has to organize muscular synergies that integrate ventilation with posture and body movement. Finally, respiration is coupled to cardiovascular function and emotion. Here, we argue that the brain can handle this all by integrating a brainstem central pattern generator circuit in a larger network that also comprises the cerebellum. Although currently not generally recognized as a respiratory control center, the cerebellum is well known for its coordinating and modulating role in motor behavior, as well as for its role in the autonomic nervous system. In this review, we discuss the role of brain regions involved in the control of respiration, and their anatomical and functional interactions. We discuss how sensory feedback can result in adaptation of respiration, and how these mechanisms can be compromised by various neurological and psychological disorders. Finally, we demonstrate how the respiratory pattern generators are part of a larger and integrated network of respiratory brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Krohn
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manuele Novello
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johan J M Pel
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Sutor TW, Fuller DD, Fox EJ. Locomotor-respiratory coupling in ambulatory adults with incomplete spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord Ser Cases 2022; 8:49. [PMID: 35501342 PMCID: PMC9061751 DOI: 10.1038/s41394-022-00515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Observational, analytical cohort study. OBJECTIVES After incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI), propriospinal pathways may remain intact enabling coupling between respiration and locomotion. This locomotor-respiratory coupling (LRC) may enable coordination between these two important behaviors and have implications for rehabilitation after iSCI. However, coordination between these behaviors is not well understood and it is unknown if iSCI disrupts LRC. The objective of this study was to compare LRC in ambulatory adults with iSCI to able-bodied controls. SETTING Rehabilitation Research Center, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America. METHODS Adults with iSCI (4 males, 1 female) and able-bodied controls (2 males, 3 females) walked at their fastest comfortable speed for 6 min over ground, and on a treadmill with bodyweight support (10-20%) and as-needed assistance at a standardized fast speed (controls) or their fastest speed (iSCI) for 6 min. LRC was quantified as the percent of breaths that were coupled with steps at a consistent ratio during the last 4 min of each walking condition. RESULTS Over ground, participants with iSCI demonstrated significantly more LRC than able-bodied controls (72.4 ± 6.4% vs. 59.1% ± 7.5, p = 0.016). During treadmill walking, LRC did not differ between groups (iSCI 67.5 ± 15.8% vs. controls 66.3 ± 4.0%, p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Adults with iSCI demonstrated similar or greater LRC compared to able-bodied controls. This suggests that pathways subserving coordination between these behaviors remain intact in this group of individuals who walk independently after iSCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy W Sutor
- Research Service, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David D Fuller
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Emily J Fox
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Brooks Rehabilitation, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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Paushter AM, Hague DW, Foss KD, Sander WE. Assessment of the cutaneous trunci muscle reflex in neurologically abnormal cats. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:1200-1205. [PMID: 32462965 PMCID: PMC10814374 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20917810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of the cutaneous trunci reflex (CTR) in a population of neurologically abnormal cats in regard to age, body condition score (BCS), sex, breed, evidence of traumatic injury, pain, known metabolic disease, mentation, neurolocalization and diagnostic classification. METHODS A retrospective medical record review was performed to identify cats with a history of neurologic disease undergoing a complete neurologic assessment between 24 September 2012 and 20 March 2019. CTR outcome (present, absent), signalment, evidence of traumatic injury, pain, known metabolic disease, mentation, neurolocalization and diagnostic classification were recorded. RESULTS A total of 182 cats were identified. The CTR was present in 118 cats (64.8%) and absent in 64 cats (35.2%). Statistical analysis revealed no association between CTR outcome and age, BCS, sex, breed, evidence of traumatic injury, non-spinal pain, known metabolic disease, mentation, neurolocalization or diagnostic classification. A significant association was found between spinal pain and CTR outcome (P = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that elicitation of the CTR in the cat can be unreliable. Further prospective controlled studies are warranted to determine whether continued inclusion of the CTR in feline neurologic examinations is justified. Consideration of the reliability of the CTR is indicated, particularly in the context of fractious or anxious patients for which only a limited window for examination may be present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Paushter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Devon W Hague
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kari D Foss
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - William E Sander
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Rusbridge C. Neurobehavioral Disorders: The Corticolimbic System in Health and Disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2020; 50:1157-1181. [PMID: 32680665 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The corticolimbic system (prefrontal cortices, amygdala, and hippocampus) integrates emotion with cognition and produces a behavioral output that is flexible based on the environmental circumstances. It also modulates pain, being implicated in pathophysiology of maladaptive pain. Because of the anatomic and function overlap between corticolimbic circuitry for pain and emotion, the pathophysiology for maladaptive pain conditions is extremely complex. Addressing environmental needs and underlying triggers is more important than pharmacotherapy when dealing with feline orofacial pain syndrome or feline hyperesthesia syndrome. By contrast, autoimmune limbic encephalitis requires prompt diagnosis and management with immunosuppression and seizure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Rusbridge
- Fitzpatrick Referrals, Godalming, Surrey GU7 2QQ, UK; School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7AL, UK.
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Sasaki SI, Muramatsu K, Niwa M. Firing properties of medullary expiratory neurons during fictive straining in cats. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:961-968. [PMID: 31571147 PMCID: PMC10717739 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-019-00715-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Expiratory (E) neurons in the caudal nucleus retroambigualis extend descending spinal axons to the lumbar and sacral spinal cord. Discharge rates of single E neurons were recorded to examine differences in activity of E neurons projecting to the lumbar or sacral spinal cord during fictive straining induced by distention of the colon with a balloon. Firing frequencies of E neurons with descending axons in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord increased during the repetitive rise of rectum pressure, whereas those of E neurons with descending axons in the sacral spinal cord decreased. E neurons with descending axons in the thoracic/lumbar and sacral spinal cord exhibit different firing characteristics during the repetitive rise of rectum pressure when straining during defecation. The activity of abdominal nerves during fictive straining is in phase with changes in rectum pressure, but out of phase with the activity of E neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei-Ichi Sasaki
- Center for Medical Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan
- Toyo Public Health College, 6-21-7 Hommachi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 151-0071, Japan
| | - Ken Muramatsu
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Niwa
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Kyorin University, 5-4-1 Shimorenjaku, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8612, Japan.
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Bol S, Caspers J, Buckingham L, Anderson-Shelton GD, Ridgway C, Buffington CAT, Schulz S, Bunnik EM. Responsiveness of cats (Felidae) to silver vine (Actinidia polygama), Tatarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica), valerian (Valeriana officinalis) and catnip (Nepeta cataria). BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:70. [PMID: 28302120 PMCID: PMC5356310 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-0987-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Olfactory stimulation is an often overlooked method of environmental enrichment for cats in captivity. The best known example of olfactory enrichment is the use of catnip, a plant that can cause an apparently euphoric reaction in domestic cats and most of the Pantherinae. It has long been known that some domestic cats and most tigers do not respond to catnip. Although many anecdotes exist of other plants with similar effects, data are lacking about the number of cats that respond to these plants, and if cats that do not respond to catnip respond to any of them. Furthermore, much is still unknown about which chemicals in these plants cause this response. Methods We tested catnip, silver vine, Tatarian honeysuckle and valerian root on 100 domestic cats and observed their response. Each cat was offered all four plant materials and a control, multiple times. Catnip and silver vine also were offered to nine tigers. The plant materials were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to quantify concentrations of compounds believed to exert stimulating effects on cats. Results Nearly all domestic cats responded positively to olfactory enrichment. In agreement with previous studies, one out of every three cats did not respond to catnip. Almost 80% of the domestic cats responded to silver vine and about 50% to Tatarian honeysuckle and valerian root. Although cats predominantly responded to fruit galls of the silver vine plant, some also responded positively to its wood. Of the cats that did not respond to catnip, almost 75% did respond to silver vine and about one out of three to Tatarian honeysuckle. Unlike domestic cats, tigers were either not interested in silver vine or responded disapprovingly. The amount of nepetalactone was highest in catnip and only present at marginal levels in the other plants. Silver vine contained the highest concentrations of all other compounds tested. Conclusions Olfactory enrichment for cats may have great potential. Silver vine powder from dried fruit galls and catnip were most popular among domestic cats. Silver vine and Tatarian honeysuckle appear to be good alternatives to catnip for domestic cats that do not respond to catnip. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-017-0987-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jana Caspers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | - Carrie Ridgway
- Mary S. Roberts Pet Adoption Center, 6165 Industrial Street, Riverside, CA, 92504, USA
| | - C A Tony Buffington
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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Boutin RCT, Alsahafi Z, Pagliardini S. Cholinergic modulation of the parafacial respiratory group. J Physiol 2016; 595:1377-1392. [PMID: 27808424 DOI: 10.1113/jp273012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS This study investigates the effects of cholinergic transmission on the expiratory oscillator, the parafacial respiratory group (pFRG) in urethane anaesthetized adult rats. Local inhibition of the acetyl cholinesterase enzyme induced activation of expiratory abdominal muscles and active expiration. Local application of the cholinomimetic carbachol elicited recruitment of late expiratory neurons, expiratory abdominal muscle activity and active expiration. This effect was antagonized by local application of the muscarinic antagonists scopolamine, J104129 and 4DAMP. We observed distinct physiological responses between the more medial chemosensitive region of the retrotrapezoid nucleus and the more lateral region of pFRG. These results support the hypothesis that pFRG is under cholinergic neuromodulation and the region surrounding the facial nucleus contains a group of neurons with distinct physiological roles. ABSTRACT Active inspiration and expiration are opposing respiratory phases generated by two separate oscillators in the brainstem: inspiration driven by a neuronal network located in the preBötzinger complex (preBötC) and expiration driven by a neuronal network located in the parafacial respiratory group (pFRG). While continuous activity of the preBötC is necessary for maintaining ventilation, the pFRG behaves as a conditional expiratory oscillator, being silent in resting conditions and becoming rhythmically active in the presence of increased respiratory drive (e.g. hypoxia, hypercapnia, exercise and through release of inhibition). Recent evidence from our laboratory suggests that expiratory activity in the principal expiratory pump muscles, the abdominals, is modulated in a state-dependent fashion, frequently occurring during periods of REM sleep. We hypothesized that acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter released in wakefulness and REM sleep by mesopontine structures, contributes to the activation of pFRG neurons and thus acts to promote the recruitment of expiratory abdominal muscle activity. We investigated the stimulatory effect of cholinergic neurotransmission on pFRG activity and recruitment of active expiration in vivo under anaesthesia. We demonstrate that local application of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine into the pFRG potentiated expiratory activity. Furthermore, local application of the cholinomimetic carbachol into the pFRG activated late expiratory neurons and induced long lasting rhythmic active expiration. This effect was completely abolished by pre-application of the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine, and more selective M3 antagonists 4DAMP and J104129. We conclude that cholinergic muscarinic transmission contributes to excitation of pFRG neurons and promotes both active recruitment of abdominal muscles and active expiratory flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozlyn C T Boutin
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children's Health Research Institute & Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, 3020F Katz Group Centre, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Zaki Alsahafi
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children's Health Research Institute & Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, 3020F Katz Group Centre, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Silvia Pagliardini
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children's Health Research Institute & Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, 3020F Katz Group Centre, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
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Dorsal and ventral aspects of the most caudal medullary reticular formation have differential roles in modulation and formation of the respiratory motor pattern in rat. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:4353-4368. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Holstege G, Subramanian HH. Two different motor systems are needed to generate human speech. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:1558-77. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gert Holstege
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Neuromodulation; Queensland Brain Institute; The University of Queensland; Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | - Hari H. Subramanian
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Neuromodulation; Queensland Brain Institute; The University of Queensland; Brisbane 4072 Australia
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11
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Bautista TG, Dutschmann M. The role of the Kölliker-Fuse nuclei in the determination of abdominal motor output in a perfused brainstem preparation of juvenile rat. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2015; 226:102-9. [PMID: 26254869 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The abdominal muscles are largely quiescent during normal breathing but may exhibit tonic activity or subtle respiratory modulation. The origin of baseline abdominal motor nerve activity (AbNA) if present remains uncharacterised. The contribution of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF) in the dorsolateral pons in the patterning and amplitude of AbNA was investigated using in situ perfused brainstem preparations of juvenile rats (n=12). Two types of AbNA were observed: Type I - expiratory-modulated (n=7), and Type II - weakly inspiratory/post-inspiratory-modulated (n=5). Despite this, all preparations exhibited the same bi-phasic late expiratory/postinspiratory bursts upon elicitation of the peripheral chemoreflex. Interestingly, the type of AbNA exhibited correlated with postinspiratory duration. Targeted microinjections of GABA-A receptor agonist isoguvacine (10mM; 70nl) into KF however did not significantly modify pattern or amplitude of baseline AbNA in either Type besides the selective abolition of the postinspiratory phase and, consequently, postinspiratory modulation in AbNAwhen present. In sum, the KF is not a major contributorin setting baseline abdominal motor output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara G Bautista
- Systems Neurophysiology division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Gate 11 Royal Parade, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Mathias Dutschmann
- Systems Neurophysiology division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Gate 11 Royal Parade, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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de Almeida ATR, Kirkwood PA. Specificity in monosynaptic and disynaptic bulbospinal connections to thoracic motoneurones in the rat. J Physiol 2013; 591:4043-63. [PMID: 23774278 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.256503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory activity in the intercostal nerves of the rat is unusual, in that motoneurones of both branches of the intercostal nerves, internal and external, are activated during expiration. Here, the pathways involved in that activation were investigated in anaesthetised and in decerebrate rats by cross-correlation and by intracellular spike-triggered averaging from expiratory bulbospinal neurones (EBSNs), with a view to revealing specific connections that could be used in studies of experimental spinal cord injury. Decerebrate preparations, which showed the strongest expiratory activity, were found to be the most suitable for these measurements. Cross-correlations in these preparations showed monosynaptic connections from 16/19 (84%) of EBSNs, but only to internal intercostal nerve motoneurones (24/37, 65% of EBSN/nerve pairs), whereas disynaptic connections were seen for external intercostal nerve motoneurones (4/19, 21% of EBSNs or 7/25, 28% of EBSN/nerve pairs). There was evidence for additional disynaptic connections to internal intercostal nerve motoneurones. Intracellular spike-triggered averaging revealed excitatory postsynaptic potentials, which confirmed these connections. This is believed to be the first report of single descending fibres that participate in two different pathways to two different groups of motoneurones. It is of interest compared with the cat, where only one group of motoneurones is activated during expiration and only one of the pathways has been detected. The specificity of the connections could be valuable in studies of plasticity in pathological situations, but care will be needed in studying connections in such situations, because their strength was found here to be relatively weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoushka T R de Almeida
- Sobell Department for Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Road JD, Ford TW, Kirkwood PA. Connections between expiratory bulbospinal neurons and expiratory motoneurons in thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord. J Neurophysiol 2013; 109:1837-51. [PMID: 23324322 PMCID: PMC3628013 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01008.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-correlation of neural discharges was used to investigate the connections between expiratory bulbospinal neurons (EBSNs) in the caudal medulla and expiratory motoneurons innervating thoracic and abdominal muscles in anesthetized cats. Peaks were seen in the cross-correlation histograms for around half of the EBSN-nerve pairs for the following: at T8, the nerve branches innervating internal intercostal muscle and external abdominal oblique muscle and a more distal branch of the internal intercostal nerve; and at L1, a nerve branch innervating internal abdominal oblique muscle and a more distal branch of the ventral ramus. Fewer peaks were seen for the L1 nerve innervating external abdominal oblique, but a paucity of presumed α-motoneuron discharges could explain the rarity of the peaks in this instance. Taking into account individual EBSN conduction times to T8 and to L1, as well as peripheral conduction times, nearly all of the peaks were interpreted as representing monosynaptic connections. Individual EBSNs showed connections at both T8 and L1, but without any discernible pattern. The overall strength of the monosynaptic connection from EBSNs at L1 was found to be very similar to that at T8, which was previously argued to be substantial and responsible for the temporal patterns of expiratory motoneuron discharges. However, we argue that other inputs are required to create the stereotyped spatial patterns of discharges in the thoracic and abdominal musculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Road
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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Menuet C, Cazals Y, Gestreau C, Borghgraef P, Gielis L, Dutschmann M, Van Leuven F, Hilaire G. Age-related impairment of ultrasonic vocalization in Tau.P301L mice: possible implication for progressive language disorders. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25770. [PMID: 22022446 PMCID: PMC3192129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tauopathies, including Alzheimer's Disease, are the most frequent neurodegenerative diseases in elderly people and cause various cognitive, behavioural and motor defects, but also progressive language disorders. For communication and social interactions, mice produce ultrasonic vocalization (USV) via expiratory airflow through the larynx. We examined USV of Tau.P301L mice, a mouse model for tauopathy expressing human mutant tau protein and developing cognitive, motor and upper airway defects. Methodology/Principal Findings At age 4–5 months, Tau.P301L mice had normal USV, normal expiratory airflow and no brainstem tauopathy. At age 8–10 months, Tau.P301L mice presented impaired USV, reduced expiratory airflow and severe tauopathy in the periaqueductal gray, Kolliker-Fuse and retroambiguus nuclei. Tauopathy in these nuclei that control upper airway function and vocalization correlates well with the USV impairment of old Tau.P301L mice. Conclusions In a mouse model for tauopathy, we report for the first time an age-related impairment of USV that correlates with tauopathy in midbrain and brainstem areas controlling vocalization. The vocalization disorder of old Tau.P301L mice could be, at least in part, reminiscent of language disorders of elderly suffering tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Menuet
- Maturation, Plasticity, Physiology and Pathology of Respiration, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6231, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de la Méditerranée, Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
| | - Yves Cazals
- Neurovegetative physiology laboratory, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6231, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de la Méditerranée, Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
| | - Christian Gestreau
- Maturation, Plasticity, Physiology and Pathology of Respiration, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6231, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de la Méditerranée, Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
| | - Peter Borghgraef
- Experimental Genetics Group, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies Gielis
- Experimental Genetics Group, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathias Dutschmann
- Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Fred Van Leuven
- Experimental Genetics Group, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gérard Hilaire
- Maturation, Plasticity, Physiology and Pathology of Respiration, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6231, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de la Méditerranée, Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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15
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Respiration-related control of abdominal motoneurons. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 179:80-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Holstege G, Huynh HK. Brain circuits for mating behavior in cats and brain activations and de-activations during sexual stimulation and ejaculation and orgasm in humans. Horm Behav 2011; 59:702-7. [PMID: 21352827 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In cats, there exists a descending system that controls the posture necessary for mating behavior. A key role is played by the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray (PAG), which maintains strong specific projections to the nucleus retroambiguus located laterally in the most caudal medulla. The NRA, in turn, has direct access to motoneurons in the lumbosacral cord that produce the mating posture. This pathway is slightly different in males and females, but in females its strength fluctuates strongly depending on whether or not the cat is in heat. This way the PAG determines whether or not mating can take place. Via the PAG many other regions in the limbic system as well as in the prefrontal cortex and insula can influence mating behavior. In humans, the brain also controls responses to sexual stimulation as well as ejaculation in men and orgasm in women. Neuroimaging techniques show activations and de-activations but are not able to verify whether the PAG has a similar effect as in cats. PET-scanning results revealed that there is activation in the upper brainstem and cerebellum, as well as insula in men and in the somatomotor and somatosensory cortex in women. During sexual stimulation, but especially during ejaculation and orgasm there was strong de-activation mainly on the left side in the temporal lobe and ventral prefrontal cortex. These neuroimaging results show the importance of lowering the level of alertness regarding your immediate environment (left hemisphere) to have proper sexual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Holstege
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Center for Uroneurology, Postbus 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands.
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17
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Projections from the brain to the spinal cord in the mouse. Brain Struct Funct 2010; 215:159-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-010-0281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Gruber-Dujardin E. Role of the periaqueductal gray in expressing vocalization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374593-4.00030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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19
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Subramanian HH, Holstege G. The nucleus retroambiguus control of respiration. J Neurosci 2009; 29:3824-32. [PMID: 19321779 PMCID: PMC6665025 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0607-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the nucleus retroambiguus (NRA) in the context of respiration control has been subject of debate for considerable time. To solve this problem, we chemically (using d, l-homocysteic acid) stimulated the NRA in unanesthetized precollicularly decerebrated cats and studied the respiratory effect via simultaneous measurement of tracheal pressure and electromyograms of diaphragm, internal intercostal (IIC), cricothyroid (CT), and external oblique abdominal (EO) muscles. NRA-stimulation 0-1 mm caudal to the obex resulted in recruitment of IIC muscle and reduction in respiratory frequency. NRA-stimulation 1-3 mm caudal to the obex produced vocalization along with CT activation and slight increase in tracheal pressure, but no change in respiratory frequency. NRA-stimulation 3-5 mm caudal to the obex produced CT muscle activation and an increase in respiratory frequency, but no vocalization. NRA-stimulation 5-8 mm caudal to the obex produced EO muscle activation and reduction in respiratory frequency. A change to the inspiratory effort was never observed, regardless of which NRA part was stimulated. The results demonstrate that NRA does not control eupneic inspiration but consists of topographically separate groups of premotor interneurons each producing detailed motor actions. These motor activities have in common that they require changes to eupneic breathing. Different combination of activation of these premotor neurons determines the final outcome, e.g., vocalization, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, mating posture, or child delivery. Higher brainstem regions such as the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) decides which combination of NRA neurons are excited. In simple terms, the NRA is the piano, the PAG one of the piano players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari H. Subramanian
- Center for Uroneurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Holstege
- Center for Uroneurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Giraudin A, Cabirol-Pol MJ, Simmers J, Morin D. Intercostal and abdominal respiratory motoneurons in the neonatal rat spinal cord: spatiotemporal organization and responses to limb afferent stimulation. J Neurophysiol 2008; 99:2626-40. [PMID: 18337363 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01298.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiration requires the coordinated rhythmic contractions of diverse muscles to produce ventilatory movements adapted to organismal requirements. During fast locomotion, locomotory and respiratory movements are coordinated to reduce mechanical conflict between these functions. Using semi-isolated and isolated in vitro brain stem-spinal cord preparations from neonatal rats, we have characterized for the first time the respiratory patterns of all spinal intercostal and abdominal motoneurons and explored their functional relationship with limb sensory inputs. Neuroanatomical and electrophysiological procedures were initially used to locate intercostal and abdominal motoneurons in the cord. Intercostal motoneuron somata are distributed rostrocaudally from C(7)-T(13) segments. Abdominal motoneuron somata lie between T(8) and L(2). In accordance with their soma distributions, inspiratory intercostal motoneurons are recruited in a rostrocaudal sequence during each respiratory cycle. Abdominal motoneurons express expiratory-related discharge that alternates with inspiration. Lesioning experiments confirmed the pontine origin of this expiratory activity, which was abolished by a brain stem transection at the rostral boundary of the VII nucleus, a critical area for respiratory rhythmogenesis. Entrainment of fictive respiratory rhythmicity in intercostal and abdominal motoneurons was elicited by periodic low-threshold dorsal root stimulation at lumbar (L(2)) or cervical (C(7)) levels. These effects are mediated by direct ascending fibers to the respiratory centers and a combination of long-projection and polysynaptic descending pathways. Therefore the isolated brain stem-spinal cord in vitro generates a complex pattern of respiratory activity in which alternating inspiratory and expiratory discharge occurs in functionally identified spinal motoneuron pools that are in turn targeted by both forelimb and hindlimb somatic afferents to promote locomotor-respiratory coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Giraudin
- Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, UMR CNRS 5227, Laboratoire Mouvement-Adaptation-Cognition, Bâtiment 2A, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, France
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21
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Robb MP, Crowell DH, Dunn-Rankin P. Cry analysis in infants resuscitated for apnea of infancy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2007; 71:1117-23. [PMID: 17493692 PMCID: PMC4170519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to examine the acoustic features of crying demonstrated by infants who experienced apnea of infancy (AOI) and compare these features to a non-AOI group of infants. Based on past physiological descriptions of AOI, three predictions in regard to the influence of AOI on acoustic cry features were proposed: (1) the rate of crying would be significantly faster among infants with AOI, (2) the latency of crying onset would be significantly longer among infants with AOI and (3) the F(0) characterizing an overall episode of crying would be significantly lower among infants with AOI. PATIENTS AND METHODS Pain-induced crying episodes were collected from a group of healthy term infants (HT) and those with AOI. One complete crying episode was obtained from each infant and analyzed acoustically with regard to durational and spectral features of the cry. RESULTS Infants comprising the AOI group were found to demonstrate a significantly longer cry latency and lower F(0) compared to HT infants. CONCLUSIONS The acoustic cry features measured for the AOI infants are discussed with regard to past reports of poor arousal and decreased muscle tone. A model of AOI crying is proposed whereby the autonomic nervous system and associated pathways are slower to interpret pain stimulus compared to HT infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Robb
- Department of Communication Disorders, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Saywell SA, Anissimova NP, Ford TW, Meehan CF, Kirkwood PA. The respiratory drive to thoracic motoneurones in the cat and its relation to the connections from expiratory bulbospinal neurones. J Physiol 2007; 579:765-82. [PMID: 17204500 PMCID: PMC2151366 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.122481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The descending control of respiratory-related motoneurones in the thoracic spinal cord remains the subject of some debate. In this study, direct connections from expiratory bulbospinal neurones to identified motoneurones were investigated using spike-triggered averaging and the strengths of connection revealed were related to the presence and size of central respiratory drive potentials in the same motoneurones. Intracellular recordings were made from motoneurones in segments T5-T9 of the spinal cord of anaesthetized cats. Spike-triggered averaging from expiratory bulbospinal neurones in the caudal medulla revealed monosynaptic EPSPs in all groups of motoneurones, with the strongest connections to expiratory motoneurones with axons in the internal intercostal nerve. In the latter, connection strength was similar irrespective of the target muscle (e.g. external abdominal oblique or internal intercostal) and the EPSP amplitude was positively correlated with the amplitude of the central respiratory drive potential of the motoneurone. For this group, EPSPs were found in 45/83 bulbospinal neurone/motoneurone pairs, with a mean amplitude of 40.5 microV. The overall strength of the connection supports previous measurements made by cross-correlation, but is about 10 times stronger than that reported in the only previous similar survey to use spike-triggered averaging. Calculations are presented to suggest that this input alone is sufficient to account for all the expiratory depolarization seen in the recorded motoneurones. However, extra sources of input, or amplification of this one, are likely to be necessary to produce a useful motoneurone output.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Saywell
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Jürgens U, Hage SR. On the role of the reticular formation in vocal pattern generation. Behav Brain Res 2006; 182:308-14. [PMID: 17173983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Revised: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This review is an attempt to localize the brain region responsible for pattern generation of species-specific vocalizations. A catalogue is set up, listing the criteria considered to be essential for a vocal pattern generator. According to this catalogue, a vocal pattern generator should show vocalization-correlated activity, starting before vocal onset and reflecting specific acoustic features of the vocalization. Artificial activation by electrical or glutamatergic stimulation should produce artificially sounding vocalization. Lesioning is expected to have an inhibitory or deteriorating effect on vocalization. Anatomically, a vocal pattern generator can be assumed to have direct or, at least, oligosynaptic connections with all the motoneuron pools involved in phonation. A survey of the literature reveals that the only area meeting all these criteria is a region, reaching from the parvocellular pontine reticular formation just above the superior olive through the lateral reticular formation around the facial nucleus and nucleus ambiguus down to the caudalmost medulla, including the dorsal and ventral reticular nuclei and nucleus retroambiguus. It is proposed that vocal pattern generation takes place within this whole region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Jürgens
- Department of Neurobiology, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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Ford TW, Kirkwood PA. Respiratory drive in hindlimb motoneurones of the anaesthetized female cat. Brain Res Bull 2006; 70:450-6. [PMID: 17027781 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Revised: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Anatomical studies have shown a monosynaptic projection from nucleus retroambiguus (NRA) to semimembranosus (Sm) motor nucleus in female cats, which is stronger in oestrus. Expiratory bulbospinal neurones are the best documented functional cell type in the NRA. If these cells participate in this projection, an expiratory drive would be expected in Sm motoneurones and this drive would be expected to be stronger in oestrus. In anaesthetized, paralyzed, ovariohysterectomized female cats, artificially ventilated to produce a strong respiratory drive (as monitored by phrenic nerve discharges), intracellular recordings were made from Sm motoneurones and from motoneurones in the surrounding hindlimb motor nuclei that are outside the focus of the NRA projection. The animals comprised two groups: either treated for 7 days with oestradiol benzoate (oestrous) or untreated (non-oestrous). Central respiratory drive potentials (CRDPs) were observed in most motoneurones of both groups, with amplitudes larger for the oestrous than for the non-oestrous group (1.58+/-1.34 mV versus 0.89+/-0.79 mV, mean+/-S.D.). However, the CRDPs most often consisted of a maximum depolarization in early expiration, which declined in late expiration and into inspiration. This pattern is different from the incrementing firing pattern of most expiratory bulbospinal neurones. The CRDPs in Sm and semitendinosus motoneurones (located in the same motor column) were of similar size and frequency to CRDPs in motoneurones outside that column. The hypothesis that expiratory bulbospinal neurones are significantly involved in the projection was rejected. Alternative sources and possible functional roles for the CRDPs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Ford
- University of Nottingham School of Nursing, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
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