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Goldenkoff ER, Deluisi JA, Lee TG, Hampstead BM, Taylor SF, Polk TA, Vesia M. Repeated spaced cortical paired associative stimulation promotes additive plasticity in the human parietal-motor circuit. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 166:202-210. [PMID: 39182339 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2024.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Repeated spaced sessions of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the human primary motor cortex can lead to dose-dependent increases in motor cortical excitability. However, this has yet to be demonstrated in a defined cortical circuit. We aimed to examine the effects of repeated spaced cortical paired associative stimulation (cPAS) on excitability in the motor cortex. METHODS cPAS was delivered to the primary motor cortex (M1) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) with two coils. In the multi-dose condition, three sessions of cPAS were delivered 50-min apart. The single-dose condition had one session of cPAS, followed by two sessions of a control cPAS protocol. Motor-evoked potentials were evaluated before and up to 40 min after each cPAS session as a measure of cortical excitability. RESULTS Compared to a single dose of cPAS, motor cortical excitability significantly increased after multi-dose cPAS. Increasing the number of cPAS sessions resulted in a cumulative, dose-dependent effect on excitability in the motor cortex, with each successive cPAS session leading to notable increases in potentiation. CONCLUSION Repeated spaced cPAS sessions summate to increase motor cortical excitability induced by single cPAS. SIGNIFICANCE Repeated spaced cPAS could potentially restore abilities lost due to disorders like stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Taraz G Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | | | - Stephan F Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Thad A Polk
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Michael Vesia
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
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Rocha JVDS, de Almeida RF, de Lima Cordeiro BN, Cardoso Sarcinelli CH, Zimerer C, Arêas FZ. Effects of bi-hemispheric anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on soccer player performance: a triple-blinded, controlled, and randomized study. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1350660. [PMID: 38584685 PMCID: PMC10995377 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1350660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The search for increased performance and physical performance are linked to the use of ergogenic resources. The vertical jump is one of the measures commonly used to evaluate the performance of lower limbs in athletes. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive, safe, economically viable technique that can modulate cortical excitability, which can influence the increase in the performance of athletes in general. This study aimed to investigate whether the use of tDCS on the primary motor cortex (M1) improves the performance of soccer players. A cross-sectional study was conducted. Twenty-seven players were randomized into three groups: Active tDCS group (n = 9), Sham group (n = 9), and control group (n = 9). Stimulation was applied at 2 mA for 15 min using a cephalic mount. Visual Pain Scale (VAS) and Subjective Recovery Scale (SRS) were monitored before and after tDCS. In addition, the participants performed the Countermovement Jump (CMJ) before and after the stimulation intercalated with Heart Rate (HR) and Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE CR-10). No differences were found in any of the performance variables analyzed (p > 0.05) nor in the responses of HR (p > 0.05), RPE (p > 0.05), VAS (p > 0.05), and SRS (p > 0.05) between groups. The tDCS in M1 did not change the performance of the vertical jump, and there was no improvement in the subjective scales. New studies should also be developed with different stimulus intensities in different cortical areas and sports modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jader Vinicius Da Silva Rocha
- Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | | | - Bárbara Naeme de Lima Cordeiro
- Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | | | - Carla Zimerer
- Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Fernando Zanela Arêas
- Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
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Kim HJ, Phan TT, Lee K, Kim JS, Lee SY, Lee JM, Do J, Lee D, Kim SP, Lee KP, Park J, Lee CJ, Park JM. Long-lasting forms of plasticity through patterned ultrasound-induced brainwave entrainment. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk3198. [PMID: 38394205 PMCID: PMC10889366 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk3198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Achieving long-lasting neuronal modulation with low-intensity, low-frequency ultrasound is challenging. Here, we devised theta burst ultrasound stimulation (TBUS) with gamma bursts for brain entrainment and modulation of neuronal plasticity in the mouse motor cortex. We demonstrate that two types of TBUS, intermittent and continuous TBUS, induce bidirectional long-term potentiation or depression-like plasticity, respectively, as evidenced by changes in motor-evoked potentials. These effects depended on molecular pathways associated with long-term plasticity, including N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin receptor kinase B activation, as well as de novo protein synthesis. Notably, bestrophin-1 and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 play important roles in these enduring effects. Moreover, pretraining TBUS enhances the acquisition of previously unidentified motor skills. Our study unveils a promising protocol for ultrasound neuromodulation, enabling noninvasive and sustained modulation of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Jeong Kim
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tien Thuy Phan
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Keunhyung Lee
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Sook Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yeong Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Moo Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongrok Do
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyun Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Phil Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Pil Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyoung Park
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - C. Justin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Min Park
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Tseng SC, Cherry D, Ko M, Fisher SR, Furtado M, Chang SH. The effects of combined transcranial brain stimulation and a 4-week visuomotor stepping training on voluntary step initiation in persons with chronic stroke-a pilot study. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1286856. [PMID: 38450075 PMCID: PMC10915046 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1286856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Evidence suggests that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can enhance motor performance and learning of hand tasks in persons with chronic stroke (PCS). However, the effects of tDCS on the locomotor tasks in PCS are unclear. This pilot study aimed to: (1) determine aggregate effects of anodal tDCS combined with step training on improvements of the neural and biomechanical attributes of stepping initiation in a small cohort of persons with chronic stroke (PCS) over a 4-week training program; and (2) assess the feasibility and efficacy of this novel approach for improving voluntary stepping initiation in PCS. Methods A total of 10 PCS were randomly assigned to one of two training groups, consisting of either 12 sessions of VST paired with a-tDCS (n = 6) or sham tDCS (s-tDCS, n = 4) over 4 weeks, with step initiation (SI) tests at pre-training, post-training, 1-week and 1-month follow-ups. Primary outcomes were: baseline vertical ground reaction force (B-vGRF), response time (RT) to initiate anticipatory postural adjustment (APA), and the retention of B-VGRF and RT. Results a-tDCS paired with a 4-week VST program results in a significant increase in paretic weight loading at 1-week follow up. Furthermore, a-tDCS in combination with VST led to significantly greater retention of paretic BWB compared with the sham group at 1 week post-training. Clinical implications The preliminary findings suggest a 4-week VST results in improved paretic limb weight bearing (WB) during SI in PCS. Furthermore, VST combined with a-tDCS may lead to better retention of gait improvements (NCT04437251) (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04437251).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chiao Tseng
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Dana Cherry
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Mansoo Ko
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Steven R. Fisher
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Michael Furtado
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Shuo-Hsiu Chang
- Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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Vergallito A, Gramano B, La Monica K, Giuliani L, Palumbo D, Gesi C, Torriero S. Combining transcranial magnetic stimulation with training to improve social cognition impairment in schizophrenia: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1308971. [PMID: 38445059 PMCID: PMC10912559 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1308971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe, chronic mental disorder that profoundly impacts patients' everyday lives. The illness's core features include positive and negative symptoms and cognitive impairments. In particular, deficits in the social cognition domain showed a tighter connection to patients' everyday functioning than the other symptoms. Social remediation interventions have been developed, providing heterogeneous results considering the possibility of generalizing the acquired improvements in patients' daily activities. In this pilot randomized controlled trial, we investigated the feasibility of combining fifteen daily cognitive and social training sessions with non-invasive brain stimulation to boost the effectiveness of the two interventions. We delivered intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Twenty-one patients were randomized into four groups, varying for the assigned stimulation condition (real vs. sham iTBS) and the type of cognitive intervention (training vs. no training). Clinical symptoms and social cognition tests were administered at five time points, i.e., before and after the treatment, and at three follow-ups at one, three, and six months after the treatments' end. Preliminary data show a trend in improving the competence in managing emotion in participants performing the training. Conversely, no differences were found in pre and post-treatment scores for emotion recognition, theory of mind, and attribution of intentions scores. The iTBS intervention did not induce additional effects on individuals' performance. The methodological approach's novelty and limitations of the present study are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bianca Gramano
- Department of Mental Health and Addictions, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Kevin La Monica
- Department of Mental Health and Addictions, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Giuliani
- Department of Psychiatry, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Davide Palumbo
- Department of Psychiatry, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Camilla Gesi
- Department of Mental Health and Addictions, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Torriero
- Department of Mental Health and Addictions, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
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Fox-Hesling J, Wisseman D, Kantak S. Noninvasive cerebellar stimulation and behavioral interventions: A crucial synergy for post-stroke motor rehabilitation. NeuroRehabilitation 2024; 54:521-542. [PMID: 38943401 DOI: 10.3233/nre-230371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improvement of functional movements after supratentorial stroke occurs through spontaneous biological recovery and training-induced reorganization of remnant neural networks. The cerebellum, through its connectivity with the cortex, brainstem and spinal cord, is actively engaged in both recovery and reorganization processes within the cognitive and sensorimotor systems. Noninvasive cerebellar stimulation (NiCBS) offers a safe, clinically feasible and potentially effective way to modulate the excitability of spared neural networks and promote movement recovery after supratentorial stroke. NiCBS modulates cerebellar connectivity to the cerebral cortex and brainstem, as well as influences the sensorimotor and frontoparietal networks. OBJECTIVE Our objective was twofold: (a) to conduct a scoping review of studies that employed NiCBS to influence motor recovery and learning in individuals with stroke, and (b) to present a theory-driven framework to inform the use of NiCBS to target distinct stroke-related deficits. METHODS A scoping review of current research up to August 2023 was conducted to determine the effect size of NiCBS effect on movement recovery of upper extremity function, balance, walking and motor learning in humans with stroke. RESULTS Calculated effect sizes were moderate to high, offering promise for improving upper extremity, balance and walking outcomes after stroke. We present a conceptual framework that capitalizes on cognitive-motor specialization of the cerebellum to formulate a synergy between NiCBS and behavioral interventions to target specific movement deficits. CONCLUSION NiCBS enhances recovery of upper extremity impairments, balance and walking after stroke. Physiologically-informed synergies between NiCBS and behavioral interventions have the potential to enhance recovery. Finally, we propose future directions in neurophysiological, behavioral, and clinical research to move NiCBS through the translational pipeline and augment motor recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darrell Wisseman
- Moss Rehabilitation, Elkins Park, PA, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA, USA
| | - Shailesh Kantak
- Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, PA, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Caccianiga G, Mooney RA, Celnik PA, Cantarero GL, Brown JD. Anodal cerebellar t-DCS impacts skill learning and transfer on a robotic surgery training task. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21394. [PMID: 38123594 PMCID: PMC10733429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47404-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum has demonstrated a critical role during adaptation in motor learning. However, the extent to which it can contribute to the skill acquisition of complex real-world tasks remains unclear. One particularly challenging application in terms of motor activities is robotic surgery, which requires surgeons to complete complex multidimensional visuomotor tasks through a remotely operated robot. Given the need for high skill proficiency and the lack of haptic feedback, there is a pressing need for understanding and improving skill development. We investigated the effect of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation applied during the execution of a robotic surgery training task. Study participants received either real or sham stimulation while performing a needle driving task in a virtual (simulated) and a real-world (actual surgical robot) setting. We found that cerebellar stimulation significantly improved performance compared to sham stimulation at fast (more demanding) execution speeds in both virtual and real-world training settings. Furthermore, participants that received cerebellar stimulation more effectively transferred the skills they acquired during virtual training to the real world. Our findings underline the potential of non-invasive brain stimulation to enhance skill learning and transfer in real-world relevant tasks and, more broadly, its potential for improving complex motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Caccianiga
- Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218, USA.
- Haptic Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany.
| | - Ronan A Mooney
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, John Hopkins Medical Institute, Baltimore, 21218, USA
| | - Pablo A Celnik
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, John Hopkins Medical Institute, Baltimore, 21218, USA
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, 60611, USA
| | - Gabriela L Cantarero
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, John Hopkins Medical Institute, Baltimore, 21218, USA
| | - Jeremy D Brown
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218, USA
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Sherman SO, Jonsen A, Lewis Q, Schlittenhart M, Szafir D, Clark TK, Anderson AP. Training augmentation using additive sensory noise in a lunar rover navigation task. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1180314. [PMID: 37424995 PMCID: PMC10326282 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1180314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The uncertain environments of future space missions means that astronauts will need to acquire new skills rapidly; thus, a non-invasive method to enhance learning of complex tasks is desirable. Stochastic resonance (SR) is a phenomenon where adding noise improves the throughput of a weak signal. SR has been shown to improve perception and cognitive performance in certain individuals. However, the learning of operational tasks and behavioral health effects of repeated noise exposure aimed to elicit SR are unknown. Objective We evaluated the long-term impacts and acceptability of repeated auditory white noise (AWN) and/or noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation (nGVS) on operational learning and behavioral health. Methods Subjects (n = 24) participated in a time longitudinal experiment to access learning and behavioral health. Subjects were assigned to one of our four treatments: sham, AWN (55 dB SPL), nGVS (0.5 mA), and their combination to create a multi-modal SR (MMSR) condition. To assess the effects of additive noise on learning, these treatments were administered continuously during a lunar rover simulation in virtual reality. To assess behavioral health, subjects completed daily, subjective questionnaires related to their mood, sleep, stress, and their perceived acceptance of noise stimulation. Results We found that subjects learned the lunar rover task over time, as shown by significantly lower power required for the rover to complete traverses (p < 0.005) and increased object identification accuracy in the environment (p = 0.05), but this was not influenced by additive SR noise (p = 0.58). We found no influence of noise on mood or stress following stimulation (p > 0.09). We found marginally significant longitudinal effects of noise on behavioral health (p = 0.06) as measured by strain and sleep. We found slight differences in stimulation acceptability between treatment groups, and notably nGVS was found to be more distracting than sham (p = 0.006). Conclusion Our results suggest that repeatedly administering sensory noise does not improve long-term operational learning performance or affect behavioral health. We also find that repetitive noise administration is acceptable in this context. While additive noise does not improve performance in this paradigm, if it were used for other contexts, it appears acceptable without negative longitudinal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sage O. Sherman
- Ann & H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, The University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Anna Jonsen
- Ann & H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, The University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Quinlan Lewis
- Ann & H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, The University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Michael Schlittenhart
- Ann & H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, The University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Daniel Szafir
- Department of Computer Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Torin K. Clark
- Ann & H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, The University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Allison P. Anderson
- Ann & H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, The University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
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Yan H, Wu H, Cai Z, Du S, Li L, Xu B, Chang C, Wang N. The neural correlates of apathy in the context of aging and brain disorders: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1181558. [PMID: 37396666 PMCID: PMC10311641 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1181558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Apathy is a prevalent mood disturbance that occurs in a wide range of populations, including those with normal cognitive aging, mental disorders, neurodegenerative disorders and traumatic brain injuries. Recently, neuroimaging technologies have been employed to elucidate the neural substrates underlying brain disorders accompanying apathy. However, the consistent neural correlates of apathy across normal aging and brain disorders are still unclear. Methods This paper first provides a brief review of the neural mechanism of apathy in healthy elderly individuals, those with mental disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, and traumatic brain injuries. Further, following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, the structural and functional neuroimaging meta-analysis using activation likelihood estimation method is performed on the apathy group with brain disorders and the healthy elderly, aiming at exploring the neural correlates of apathy. Results The structural neuroimaging meta-analysis showed that gray matter atrophy is associated with apathy in the bilateral precentral gyrus (BA 13/6), bilateral insula (BA 47), bilateral medial frontal gyrus (BA 11), bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, left caudate (putamen) and right anterior cingulate, while the functional neuroimaging meta-analysis suggested that the functional connectivity in putamen and lateral globus pallidus is correlated with apathy. Discussion Through the neuroimaging meta-analysis, this study has identified the potential neural locations of apathy in terms of brain structure and function, which may offer valuable pathophysiological insights for developing more effective therapeutic interventions for affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Yan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Huijun Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zenglin Cai
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Gusu School, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shouyun Du
- Department of Neurology, Guanyun People’s Hospital, Guanyun, China
| | - Lejun Li
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Bingchao Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Chunqi Chang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nizhuan Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Araujo MO, Tamplain P, Duarte NAC, Comodo ACM, Ferreira GOA, Queiróga A, Oliveira CS, Collange-Grecco LA. Transcranial direct current stimulation to facilitate neurofunctional rehabilitation in children with autism spectrum disorder: a protocol for a randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1196585. [PMID: 37396775 PMCID: PMC10310925 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1196585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the primary motor cortex and cerebellum is gaining prominence in the literature due to its potential to favor learning and motor performance. If administered during motor training, tDCS is capable of increasing the effect of training. Considering the motor impairment presented by children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), atDCS applied during motor training may contribute to the rehabilitation of these children. However, it is necessary to examine and compare the effects of atDCS over the motor cortex and the cerebellum on the motor skills of children with ASD. This information may benefit future clinical indications of tDCS for rehabilitation of children with ASD. The aim of the proposed study is to determine whether anodal tDCS over the primary motor cortex and cerebellum can enhance the effects of gait training and postural control on motor skills, mobility, functional balance, cortical excitability, cognitive aspects and behavioral aspects in children with ASD. Our hypothesis is the active tDCS combined with motor training will enhance the performance of the participants in comparison to sham tDCS. Methods and design A randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind clinical trial will be conducted involving 30 children with ASD that will be recruited to receive ten sessions of sham or ten sessions of active anodal tDCS (1 mA, 20 min) over the primary motor cortex or cerebellun combined with motor training. The participants will be assessed before as well as one, four and eight weeks after the interventions. The primary outcome will be gross and fine motor skills. The secondary outcomes will be mobility, functional balance, motor cortical excitability, cognitive aspects and behavioral aspects. Discussion Although abnormalities in gait and balance are not primary characteristics of ASD, such abnormalities compromise independence and global functioning during the execution of routine activities of childhood. If demonstrated that anodal tDCS administered over areas of the brain involved in motor control, such as the primary motor cortex and cerebellum, can enhance the effects of gait and balance training in only ten sessions in two consecutive weeks, the clinical applicability of this stimulation modality will be expanded as well as more scientifically founded.Clinical trial registration February 16, 2023 (https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-3bskhwf).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela O. Araujo
- Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Post Graduate Program, Evangelic University of Goias, Anápolis, Brazil
- Children's Rehabilitation Department, Follow Kids Child Neurorehabilitation Clinic, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscila Tamplain
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Natália A. C. Duarte
- Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Post Graduate Program, Evangelic University of Goias, Anápolis, Brazil
| | - Andréa C. M. Comodo
- Children's Rehabilitation Department, Follow Kids Child Neurorehabilitation Clinic, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giselle O. A. Ferreira
- Children's Rehabilitation Department, Follow Kids Child Neurorehabilitation Clinic, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda Queiróga
- Department of Child Neurofunctional Physiotherapy, Center of Pediatric Neurostimulation, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia S. Oliveira
- Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Post Graduate Program, Evangelic University of Goias, Anápolis, Brazil
| | - Luanda A. Collange-Grecco
- Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Post Graduate Program, Evangelic University of Goias, Anápolis, Brazil
- Department of Child Neurofunctional Physiotherapy, Center of Pediatric Neurostimulation, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Advances in applications of head mounted devices (HMDs): Physical techniques for drug delivery and neuromodulation. J Control Release 2023; 354:810-820. [PMID: 36709924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Head-mounted medical devices (HMDs) are disruptive inventions representing laboratories and clinical institutions worldwide are climbing the apexes of brain science. These complex devices are inextricably linked with a wide range knowledge containing the Physics, Imaging, Biomedical engineering, Biology and Pharmacology, particularly could be specifically designed for individuals, and finally exerting integrated bio-effect. The salient characteristics of them are non-invasive intervening in human brain's physiological structures, and alterating the biological process, such as thermal ablating the tumor, opening the BBB to deliver drugs and neuromodulating to enhance cognitive performance or manipulate prosthetic. The increasing demand and universally accepted of them have set off a dramatic upsurge in HMDs' studies, seminal applications of them span from clinical use to psychiatric disorders and neurological modulation. With subsequent pre-clinical studies and human trials emerging, the mechanisms of transcranial stimulation methods of them were widely studied, and could be basically came down to three notable approach: magnetic, electrical and ultrasonic stimulation. This review provides a comprehensive overviews of their stimulating mechanisms, and recent advances in clinic and military. We described the potential impact of HMDs on brain science, and current challenges to extensively adopt them as promising alternative treating tools.
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12
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation on the dorsal premotor cortex facilitates human visuomotor adaptation. Neuroreport 2022; 33:723-727. [PMID: 36165034 PMCID: PMC9521582 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The premotor cortex is traditionally known to be involved in motor preparation and execution. More recently, evidence from neuroscience research shows that the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) is also involved in sensory error-based motor adaptation and that invasive brain stimulation on PMd can attenuate adaptation in monkeys. The present study examines if adaptation can be modulated noninvasively in humans. Twenty-five healthy volunteers participated in a motor task in which rapid arm-reaching movements were made to hit a target, whereas the online cursor feedback about the hand position was visually rotated, inducing sensory error that drove motor adaptation. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was delivered to PMd just before experiencing a sensory error, as in the previous study on monkeys. The degree of motor adaptation was measured as the change in the hand direction in response to the experienced error. TMS was found to increase adaptation compared with control conditions. Interestingly, the direction of modulation was opposite to the previous study on monkeys, which might originate from different methods and parameters of stimulation. The effect was also location-specific and was not a mere artifact of applying TMS because the facilitatory modulation occurred when stimulating PMd but not when stimulating the ventral premotor cortex, which was known for different roles and networks from PMd. Since noninvasive neuromodulation is a promising tool for research and clinical practice, the present study demonstrates that PMd is a feasible target region of neuromodulation to understand human motor adaptation and improve motor rehabilitation.
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Kaminski E, Maudrich T, Bassler P, Ordnung M, Villringer A, Ragert P. tDCS over the primary motor cortex contralateral to the trained hand enhances cross-limb transfer in older adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:935781. [PMID: 36204550 PMCID: PMC9530461 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.935781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transferring a unimanual motor skill to the untrained hand, a phenomenon known as cross-limb transfer, was shown to deteriorate as a function of age. While transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) ipsilateral to the trained hand facilitated cross-limb transfer in older adults, little is known about the contribution of the contralateral hemisphere to cross-limb transfer. In the present study, we investigated whether tDCS facilitates cross-limb transfer in older adults when applied over the motor cortex (M1) contralateral to the trained hand. Furthermore, the study aimed at investigating short-term recovery of tDCS-associated cross-limb transfer. In a randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled setting, 30 older adults (67.0 ± 4.6 years, 15 female) performed a short grooved-pegboard training using their left hand, while anodal (a-tDCS) or sham-tDCS (s-tDCS) was applied over right M1 for 20 min. Left (LHtrained) - and right-hand (RHuntrained) performance was tested before and after training and in three recovery measures 15, 30 and 45 min after training. LHtrained performance improved during both a-tDCS and s-tDCS and improvements persisted during recovery measures for at least 45 min. RHuntrained performance improved only following a-tDCS but not after s-tDCS and outlasted the stimulation period for at least 45 min. Together, these data indicate that tDCS over the M1 contralateral to the trained limb is capable of enhancing cross-limb transfer in older adults, thus showing that cross-limb transfer is mediated not only by increased bi-hemispheric activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Kaminski
- Department of Movement Neuroscience, Faculty of Sport Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Elisabeth Kaminski,
| | - Tom Maudrich
- Department of Movement Neuroscience, Faculty of Sport Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pauline Bassler
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Madeleine Ordnung
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Pediatric Epidemiology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Ragert
- Department of Movement Neuroscience, Faculty of Sport Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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14
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Barbati SA, Podda MV, Grassi C. Tuning brain networks: The emerging role of transcranial direct current stimulation on structural plasticity. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:945777. [PMID: 35936497 PMCID: PMC9351051 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.945777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique (NIBS) that has been proven to promote beneficial effects in a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Unfortunately, although has been widely investigated, the mechanism comprehension around tDCS effects presents still some gaps. Therefore, scientists are still trying to uncover the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind its positive effects to permit a more suitable application. Experimental models have provided converging evidence that tDCS elicits improvements in learning and memory by modulating both excitability and synaptic plasticity in neurons. Recently, among tDCS neurobiological effects, neural synchronization and dendritic structural changes have been reported in physiological and pathological conditions, suggesting possible effects at the neuronal circuit level. In this review, we bring in to focus the emerging effects of tDCS on the structural plasticity changes and neuronal rewiring, with the intent to match these two aspects with the underpinning molecular mechanisms identified so far, providing a new perspective to work on to unveil novel tDCS therapeutic use to treat brain dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Vittoria Podda
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Maria Vittoria Podda,
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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15
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Xu K, Yi P, Liu J, Ren J, Zhang Q, Yu L, Yang Y, Wang Y, Ma L, Zhang Y, Li X. Non-invasive brain stimulation interventions for treating Clinical and Sub-clinical eating disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and nonrandomized studies. Psychiatry Res 2022; 313:114592. [PMID: 35526422 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis examined the effects of noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) for treating eating disorders (EDs), evaluating the difference between repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). We identified 15 studies on EDs, including 9 RCTs (266 participants) and 6 one-arm trials (59 participants). The pooled effect sizes indicated that NIBS plays a positive role in improving the eating symptoms of ED patients. Although its long-term effects need to be further explored, this treatment has the potential to be an important supplement to conventional ED therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Xu
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Department of Medical Psychology, School of Mental Health and Psychological Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Second Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei Anhui 230032, China
| | - Pengcheng Yi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Third People's Hospital of Xiangshan County, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiayuan Liu
- Department of Anesthesia, First Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei Anhui 230032, China
| | - Jing Ren
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hefei normal University, Hefei Anhui 230032, China
| | - Qiqi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medical, First Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Second Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Second Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Second Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei Anhui 230032, China
| | - Lijun Ma
- Department of Medical Psychology, School of Mental Health and Psychological Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Department of Psychology, School of Education, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Department of Medical Psychology, School of Mental Health and Psychological Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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16
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Olgiati E, Malhotra PA. Using non-invasive transcranial direct current stimulation for neglect and associated attentional deficits following stroke. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2022; 32:732-763. [PMID: 32892712 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2020.1805335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Neglect is a disabling neuropsychological syndrome that is frequently observed following right-hemispheric stroke. Affected individuals often present with multiple attentional deficits, ranging from reduced orienting towards contralesional space to a generalized impairment in maintaining attention over time. Although a degree of spontaneous recovery occurs in most patients, in some individuals this condition can be treatment-resistant with prominent ongoing non-spatial deficits. Further, there is a large inter-individual variability in response to different therapeutic approaches. Given its potential to alter neuronal excitability and affect neuroplasticity, non-invasive brain stimulation is a promising tool that could potentially be utilized to facilitate recovery. However, there are many outstanding questions regarding its implementation in this heterogeneous patient group. Here we provide a critical overview of the available evidence on the use of non-invasive electrical brain stimulation, focussing on transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), to improve neglect and associated attentional deficits after right-hemispheric stroke. At present, there is insufficient robust evidence supporting the clinical use of tDCS to alleviate symptoms of neglect. Future research would benefit from careful study design, enhanced precision of electrical montages, multi-modal approaches exploring predictors of response, tailored dose-control applications and increased efforts to evaluate standalone tDCS versus its incorporation into combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Olgiati
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Paresh A Malhotra
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, Care Research & Technology Centre, Imperial College London and University of Surrey, London, UK
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17
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Langsdorf L, Goehringer F, Schween R, Schenk T, Hegele M. Additional cognitive load decreases performance but not adaptation to a visuomotor transformation. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 226:103586. [PMID: 35427929 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual-task paradigms are procedures for investigating interference with two tasks performed simultaneously. Studies that previously addressed dual-task paradigms within a visuomotor reaching task yielded mixed results. While some of the studies found evidence of cognitive interference, called dual-task costs, other studies did not. We assume that dual-task costs only manifest themselves within the explicit component of adaptation, as it involves cognitive resources for processing. We suspect the divergent findings to be due to the lack of differentiation between the explicit and implicit component. In this study, we aimed to investigate how a cognitive secondary task affects visuomotor adaptation overall and its different components, both during and after adaptation. In a series of posttests, we examined the explicit and implicit components separately. Eighty participants performed a center-outward reaching movement with a 30° cursor perturbation. Participants were either assigned to a single task group (ST) or a dual-task group (DT) with an additional auditory 1-back task. To further enhance our predicted effect of dual-task interference on the explicit component, we added a visual feedback delay condition to both groups (ST/DTDEL). In the other condition, participants received visual feedback immediately after movement termination (ST/DTNoDEL). While there were clear dual-task costs during the practice phase, there were no dual-task effects on any of the posttest measures. On one hand, our findings suggest that dual-task costs in visuomotor adaptation tasks can occur with sufficient cognitive demand, and on the other hand, that cognitive constraints may affect motor performance but not necessarily motor adaptation.
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18
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Antal A, Luber B, Brem AK, Bikson M, Brunoni AR, Cohen Kadosh R, Dubljević V, Fecteau S, Ferreri F, Flöel A, Hallett M, Hamilton RH, Herrmann CS, Lavidor M, Loo C, Lustenberger C, Machado S, Miniussi C, Moliadze V, Nitsche MA, Rossi S, Rossini PM, Santarnecchi E, Seeck M, Thut G, Turi Z, Ugawa Y, Venkatasubramanian G, Wenderoth N, Wexler A, Ziemann U, Paulus W. Non-invasive brain stimulation and neuroenhancement. Clin Neurophysiol Pract 2022; 7:146-165. [PMID: 35734582 PMCID: PMC9207555 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnp.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Attempts to enhance human memory and learning ability have a long tradition in science. This topic has recently gained substantial attention because of the increasing percentage of older individuals worldwide and the predicted rise of age-associated cognitive decline in brain functions. Transcranial brain stimulation methods, such as transcranial magnetic (TMS) and transcranial electric (tES) stimulation, have been extensively used in an effort to improve cognitive functions in humans. Here we summarize the available data on low-intensity tES for this purpose, in comparison to repetitive TMS and some pharmacological agents, such as caffeine and nicotine. There is no single area in the brain stimulation field in which only positive outcomes have been reported. For self-directed tES devices, how to restrict variability with regard to efficacy is an essential aspect of device design and function. As with any technique, reproducible outcomes depend on the equipment and how well this is matched to the experience and skill of the operator. For self-administered non-invasive brain stimulation, this requires device designs that rigorously incorporate human operator factors. The wide parameter space of non-invasive brain stimulation, including dose (e.g., duration, intensity (current density), number of repetitions), inclusion/exclusion (e.g., subject's age), and homeostatic effects, administration of tasks before and during stimulation, and, most importantly, placebo or nocebo effects, have to be taken into account. The outcomes of stimulation are expected to depend on these parameters and should be strictly controlled. The consensus among experts is that low-intensity tES is safe as long as tested and accepted protocols (including, for example, dose, inclusion/exclusion) are followed and devices are used which follow established engineering risk-management procedures. Devices and protocols that allow stimulation outside these parameters cannot claim to be "safe" where they are applying stimulation beyond that examined in published studies that also investigated potential side effects. Brain stimulation devices marketed for consumer use are distinct from medical devices because they do not make medical claims and are therefore not necessarily subject to the same level of regulation as medical devices (i.e., by government agencies tasked with regulating medical devices). Manufacturers must follow ethical and best practices in marketing tES stimulators, including not misleading users by referencing effects from human trials using devices and protocols not similar to theirs.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer’s Disease
- BDNF, brain derived neurotrophic factor
- Cognitive enhancement
- DARPA, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
- DIY stimulation
- DIY, Do-It-Yourself
- DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- EEG, electroencephalography
- EMG, electromyography
- FCC, Federal Communications Commission
- FDA, (U.S.) Food and Drug Administration
- Home-stimulation
- IFCN, International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology
- LTD, long-term depression
- LTP, long-term potentiation
- MCI, mild cognitive impairment
- MDD, Medical Device Directive
- MDR, Medical Device Regulation
- MEP, motor evoked potential
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- NIBS, noninvasive brain stimulation
- Neuroenhancement
- OTC, Over-The-Counter
- PAS, paired associative stimulation
- PET, positron emission tomography
- PPC, posterior parietal cortex
- QPS, quadripulse stimulation
- RMT, resting motor threshold
- SAE, serious adverse event
- SMA, supplementary motor cortex
- TBS, theta-burst stimulation
- TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation
- Transcranial brain stimulation
- rTMS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
- tACS
- tACS, transcranial alternating current stimulation
- tDCS
- tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation
- tES, transcranial electric stimulation
- tRNS, transcranial random noise stimulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Antal
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bruce Luber
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anna-Katharine Brem
- University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marom Bikson
- Biomedical Engineering at the City College of New York (CCNY) of the City University of New York (CUNY), NY, USA
| | - Andre R. Brunoni
- Departamento de Clínica Médica e de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation (SIN), Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), Institute of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roi Cohen Kadosh
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Veljko Dubljević
- Science, Technology and Society Program, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Shirley Fecteau
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Centre intégré universitaire en santé et services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Florinda Ferreri
- Unit of Neurology, Unit of Clinical Neurophysiology, Study Center of Neurodegeneration (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Agnes Flöel
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Standort Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roy H. Hamilton
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christoph S. Herrmann
- Experimental Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Michal Lavidor
- Department of Psychology and the Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Collen Loo
- School of Psychiatry and Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales; The George Institute; Sydney, Australia
| | - Caroline Lustenberger
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Machado
- Department of Sports Methods and Techniques, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience, Neurodiversity Institute, Queimados-RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlo Miniussi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences – CIMeC and Centre for Medical Sciences - CISMed, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Vera Moliadze
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Department Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU, Dortmund, Germany
- Dept. Neurology, University Medical Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
| | - Simone Rossi
- Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Lab (Si-BIN Lab), Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo M. Rossini
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Brain Connectivity Lab, IRCCS-San Raffaele-Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Emiliano Santarnecchi
- Precision Neuroscience and Neuromodulation Program, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margitta Seeck
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Thut
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, School of Psychology and Neuroscience, EEG & Epolepsy Unit, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Zsolt Turi
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Human Neurophysiology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | | | - Nicole Wenderoth
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Future Health Technologies, Singapore-ETH Centre, Campus for Research Excellence And Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore
| | - Anna Wexler
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, University of Tübingen, Germany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Walter Paulus
- Department of of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Germany
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Bao S, Wang J, Wright DL, Buchanan JJ, Lei Y. The decay and consolidation of effector-independent motor memories. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3131. [PMID: 35210478 PMCID: PMC8873205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning a motor adaptation task produces intrinsically unstable or transient motor memories. Despite the presence of effector-independent motor memories following the learning of novel environmental dynamics, it remains largely unknown how those memory traces decay in different contexts and whether an "offline" consolidation period protects memories against decay. Here, we exploit inter-effector transfer to address these questions. We found that newly acquired motor memories formed with one effector could be partially retrieved by the untrained effector to enhance its performance when the decay occurred with the passage of time or "washout" trials on which error feedback was provided. The decay of motor memories was slower following "error-free" trials, on which errors were artificially clamped to zero or removed, compared with "washout" trials. However, effector-independent memory components were abolished following movements made in the absence of task errors, resulting in no transfer gains. The brain can stabilize motor memories during daytime wakefulness. We found that 6 h of wakeful resting increased the resistance of effector-independent memories to decay. Collectively, our results suggest that the decay of effector-independent motor memories is context-dependent, and offline processing preserves those memories against decay, leading to improvements of the subsequent inter-effector transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shancheng Bao
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jinsung Wang
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53151, USA
| | - David L Wright
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - John J Buchanan
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yuming Lei
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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21
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Vergallito A, Gallucci A, Pisoni A, Punzi M, Caselli G, Ruggiero GM, Sassaroli S, Romero Lauro LJ. Effectiveness of noninvasive brain stimulation in the treatment of anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of sham or behaviour-controlled studies. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2021; 46:E592-E614. [PMID: 34753789 PMCID: PMC8580831 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.210050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The possibility of using noninvasive brain stimulation to treat mental disorders has received considerable attention recently. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are considered to be effective treatments for depressive symptoms. However, no treatment recommendation is currently available for anxiety disorders, suggesting that evidence is still limited. We conducted a systematic review of the literature and a quantitative analysis of the effectiveness of rTMS and tDCS in the treatment of anxiety disorders. METHODS Following PRISMA guidelines, we screened 3 electronic databases up to the end of February 2020 for English-language, peer-reviewed articles that included the following: a clinical sample of patients with an anxiety disorder, the use of a noninvasive brain stimulation technique, the inclusion of a control condition, and pre/post scores on a validated questionnaire that measured symptoms of anxiety. RESULTS Eleven papers met the inclusion criteria, comprising 154 participants assigned to a stimulation condition and 164 to a sham or control group. We calculated Hedge's g for scores on disorder-specific and general anxiety questionnaires before and after treatment to determine effect size, and we conducted 2 independent random-effects meta-analyses. Considering the well-known comorbidity between anxiety and depression, we ran a third meta-analysis analyzing outcomes for depression scores. Results showed a significant effect of noninvasive brain stimulation in reducing scores on disorder-specific and general anxiety questionnaires, as well as depressive symptoms, in the real stimulation compared to the control condition. LIMITATIONS Few studies met the inclusion criteria; more evidence is needed to strengthen conclusions about the effectiveness of noninvasive brain stimulation in the treatment of anxiety disorders. CONCLUSION Our findings showed that noninvasive brain stimulation reduced anxiety and depression scores compared to control conditions, suggesting that it can alleviate clinical symptoms in patients with anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alberto Pisoni
- From the Department of Psychology, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy (Vergallito, Pisoni, Punzi, Romero Lauro); the Neuromi, Milan, Italy (Vergallito, Gallucci, Pisoni, Romero Lauro); the Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy (Gallucci); the Studi Cognitivi, Milan, Italy (Caselli, Ruggiero, Sassaroli); and the Faculty of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy (Caseli, Ruggiero, Sassaroli)
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22
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Ortelli P, Ferrazzoli D, Maestri R, Saltuari L, Kofler M, Alibardi A, Koch G, Spampinato D, Castagna A, Sebastianelli L, Versace V. Experimental Protocol to Test Explicit Motor Learning–Cerebellar Theta Burst Stimulation. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2021; 2:720184. [PMID: 36188833 PMCID: PMC9397715 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2021.720184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Implicit and explicit motor learning processes work interactively in everyday life to promote the creation of highly automatized motor behaviors. The cerebellum is crucial for motor sequence learning and adaptation, as it contributes to the error correction and to sensorimotor integration of on-going actions. A non-invasive cerebellar stimulation has been demonstrated to modulate implicit motor learning and adaptation. The present study aimed to explore the potential role of cerebellar theta burst stimulation (TBS) in modulating explicit motor learning and adaptation, in healthy subjects. Cerebellar TBS will be applied immediately before the learning phase of a computerized task based on a modified Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT) paradigm. Here, we present a study protocol aimed at evaluating the behavioral effects of continuous (cTBS), intermittent TBS (iTBS), or sham Theta Burst Stimulation (TBS) on four different conditions: learning, adaptation, delayed recall and re-adaptation of SRTT. We are confident to find modulation of SRTT performance induced by cerebellar TBS, in particular, processing acceleration and reduction of error in all the conditions induced by cerebellar iTBS, as already known for implicit processes. On the other hand, we expect that cerebellar cTBS could induce opposite effects. Results from this protocol are supposed to advance the knowledge about the role of non-invasive cerebellar modulation in neurorehabilitation, providing clinicians with useful data for further exploiting this technique in different clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Ortelli
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Italy
- *Correspondence: Paola Ortelli
| | - Davide Ferrazzoli
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Italy
| | - Roberto Maestri
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Pavia, Italy
| | - Leopold Saltuari
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Italy
| | - Markus Kofler
- Department of Neurology, Hochzirl Hospital, Zirl, Austria
| | - Alessia Alibardi
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Italy
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Danny Spampinato
- Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Castagna
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Sebastianelli
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Italy
| | - Viviana Versace
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno (SABES-ASDAA), Vipiteno-Sterzing, Italy
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23
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Salehinejad MA, Wischnewski M, Ghanavati E, Mosayebi-Samani M, Kuo MF, Nitsche MA. Cognitive functions and underlying parameters of human brain physiology are associated with chronotype. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4672. [PMID: 34344864 PMCID: PMC8333420 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24885-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms have natural relative variations among humans known as chronotype. Chronotype or being a morning or evening person, has a specific physiological, behavioural, and also genetic manifestation. Whether and how chronotype modulates human brain physiology and cognition is, however, not well understood. Here we examine how cortical excitability, neuroplasticity, and cognition are associated with chronotype in early and late chronotype individuals. We monitor motor cortical excitability, brain stimulation-induced neuroplasticity, and examine motor learning and cognitive functions at circadian-preferred and non-preferred times of day in 32 individuals. Motor learning and cognitive performance (working memory, and attention) along with their electrophysiological components are significantly enhanced at the circadian-preferred, compared to the non-preferred time. This outperformance is associated with enhanced cortical excitability (prominent cortical facilitation, diminished cortical inhibition), and long-term potentiation/depression-like plasticity. Our data show convergent findings of how chronotype can modulate human brain functions from basic physiological mechanisms to behaviour and higher-order cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Salehinejad
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Miles Wischnewski
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elham Ghanavati
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mohsen Mosayebi-Samani
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Min-Fang Kuo
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany.
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24
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Age-related changes in motor cortex plasticity assessed with non-invasive brain stimulation: an update and new perspectives. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:2661-2678. [PMID: 34269850 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is commonly accepted that the brains capacity to change, known as plasticity, declines into old age. Recent studies have used a variety of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques to examine this age-related decline in plasticity in the primary motor cortex (M1), but the effects seem inconsistent and difficult to unravel. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on studies that have used different NIBS techniques to assess M1 plasticity with advancing age and offer some new perspective on NIBS strategies to boost plasticity in the ageing brain. We find that early studies show clear differences in M1 plasticity between young and older adults, but many recent studies with motor training show no decline in use-dependent M1 plasticity with age. For NIBS-induced plasticity in M1, some protocols show more convincing differences with advancing age than others. Therefore, our view from the NIBS literature is that it should not be automatically assumed that M1 plasticity declines with age. Instead, the effects of age are likely to depend on how M1 plasticity is measured, and the characteristics of the elderly population tested. We also suggest that NIBS performed concurrently with motor training is likely to be most effective at producing improvements in M1 plasticity and motor skill learning in older adults. Proposed NIBS techniques for future studies include combining multiple NIBS protocols in a co-stimulation approach, or NIBS strategies to modulate intracortical inhibitory mechanisms, in an effort to more effectively boost M1 plasticity and improve motor skill learning in older adults.
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25
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O'Leary GH, Jenkins DD, Coker-Bolt P, George MS, Kautz S, Bikson M, Gillick BT, Badran BW. From adults to pediatrics: A review noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) to facilitate recovery from brain injury. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 264:287-322. [PMID: 34167660 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a major problem worldwide that impacts over 100 million adults and children annually. Rehabilitation therapy is the current standard of care to restore functional impairments post-stroke, however its effects are limited and many patients suffer persisting functional impairments and life-long disability. Noninvasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) has emerged as a potential rehabilitation treatment option in both adults and children with brain injury. In the last decade, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) and Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (taVNS) have been investigated to improve motor recovery in adults post-stroke. These promising adult findings using NIBS, however, have yet to be widely translated to the area of pediatrics. The limited studies exploring NIBS in children have demonstrated safety, feasibility, and utility of stimulation-augmented rehabilitation. This chapter will describe the mechanism of NIBS therapy (cortical excitability, neuroplasticity) that underlies its use in stroke and motor function and how TMS, tDCS, and taVNS are applied in adult stroke treatment paradigms. We will then discuss the current state of NIBS in early pediatric brain injury and will provide insight regarding practical considerations and future applications of NIBS in pediatrics to make this promising treatment option a viable therapy in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia H O'Leary
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Dorothea D Jenkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Patricia Coker-Bolt
- Division of Occupational Therapy, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Mark S George
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Steve Kautz
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States; Department of Health Sciences and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bernadette T Gillick
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Bashar W Badran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
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26
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Pollok B, Schmitz-Justen C, Krause V. Cathodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Applied to the Left Premotor Cortex Interferes with Explicit Reproduction of a Motor Sequence. Brain Sci 2021; 11:207. [PMID: 33572164 PMCID: PMC7914983 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that allows the modulation of cortical excitability. TDCS effects can outlast the stimulation period presumably due to changes of GABA concentration which play a critical role in use-dependent plasticity. Consequently, tDCS and learning-related synaptic plasticity are assumed to share common mechanisms. Motor sequence learning has been related to activation changes within a cortico-subcortical network and findings from a meta-analysis point towards a core network comprising the cerebellum as well as the primary motor (M1) and the dorsolateral premotor cortex (dPMC). The latter has been particularly related to explicit motor learning by means of brain imaging techniques. We here test whether tDCS applied to the left dPMC affects the acquisition and reproduction of an explicitly learned motor sequence. To this end, 18 healthy volunteers received anodal, cathodal and sham tDCS to the left dPMC and were then trained on a serial reaction time task (SRTT) with their right hand. Immediately after the training and after overnight sleep, reproduction of the learned sequence was tested by means of reaction times as well as explicit recall. Regression analyses suggest that following cathodal tDCS reaction times at the end of the SRTT training-block explained a significant proportion of the number of correctly reported sequence items after overnight sleep. The present data suggest the left premotor cortex as one possible target for the application of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques in explicit motor sequence learning with the right hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Pollok
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (C.S.-J.); (V.K.)
| | - Claire Schmitz-Justen
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (C.S.-J.); (V.K.)
| | - Vanessa Krause
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (C.S.-J.); (V.K.)
- Department of Neuropsychology, Mauritius Hospital and Neurorehabilitation Center Meerbusch, 40670 Meerbusch, Germany
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27
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Tzvi E, Koeth F, Karabanov AN, Siebner HR, Krämer UM. Cerebellar – Premotor cortex interactions underlying visuomotor adaptation. Neuroimage 2020; 220:117142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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28
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Azarpaikan A, Torbati HRT, Sohrabi M, Boostani R, Ghoshoni M. Timing-Dependent Priming Effects of Anodal tDCS on Two-Hand Coordination. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The aim of study was to investigate the interaction of time of applying anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with motor learning using a two-hand coordination (THC) task. Sixty-four healthy participants were tested under four stimulation conditions: anodal tDCS a head of the motor task, anodal tDCS during the motor task, anodal tDCS following the motor task, and sham tDCS. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) stimulation was applied on cerebellum by using a weak direct current (15 min) of 1.5 mA generated by a battery and regulated by the drive stimulator. The results show that on-line learning increased in the anodal tDCS-during group ( p = .039). The anodal tDCS-after group relied more on off-line learning ( p = .05). The during-tDCS and after-tDCS groups achieved greater improvements in speed/accuracy than the before-tDCS and sham-tDCS groups. The cerebellar tDCS may play a significant role to speed up motor skill acquisition and improve motor skill accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Azarpaikan
- Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Taherii Torbati
- Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sohrabi
- Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Boostani
- Department of Neurology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Majid Ghoshoni
- Department of Medicine Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Azad University of Mashhad, Iran
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29
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King BR, Rumpf JJ, Heise KF, Veldman MP, Peeters R, Doyon J, Classen J, Albouy G, Swinnen SP. Lateralized effects of post-learning transcranial direct current stimulation on motor memory consolidation in older adults: An fMRI investigation. Neuroimage 2020; 223:117323. [PMID: 32882377 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research has consistently demonstrated that older adults have difficulties transforming recently learned movements into robust, long-lasting memories (i.e., motor memory consolidation). One potential avenue to enhance consolidation in older individuals is the administration of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to task-relevant brain regions after initial learning. Although this approach has shown promise, the underlying cerebral correlates have yet to be revealed. Moreover, it is unknown whether the effects of tDCS are lateralized, an open question with implications for rehabilitative approaches following predominantly unilateral neurological injuries. In this research, healthy older adults completed a sequential motor task before and 6 h after receiving anodal or sham stimulation to right or left primary motor cortex (M1) while functional magnetic resonance images were acquired. Unexpectedly, anodal stimulation to right M1 following left-hand sequence learning significantly hindered consolidation as compared to a sham control, whereas no differences were observed with left M1 stimulation following right-hand learning. Impaired performance following right M1 stimulation was paralleled by sustained engagement of regions known to be critical for early learning stages, including the caudate nucleus and the premotor and parietal cortices. Thus, post-learning tDCS in older adults not only exerts heterogenous effects across the two hemispheres but can also disrupt ongoing memory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R King
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; LBI - KU Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | - Kirstin-Friederike Heise
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; LBI - KU Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Menno P Veldman
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; LBI - KU Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ronald Peeters
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical Sciences Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julien Doyon
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Joseph Classen
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Genevieve Albouy
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; LBI - KU Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; LBI - KU Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
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30
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Madhavan S, Cleland BT, Sivaramakrishnan A, Freels S, Lim H, Testai FD, Corcos DM. Cortical priming strategies for gait training after stroke: a controlled, stratified trial. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2020; 17:111. [PMID: 32799922 PMCID: PMC7429759 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-020-00744-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke survivors experience chronic gait impairments, so rehabilitation has focused on restoring ambulatory capacity. High-intensity speed-based treadmill training (HISTT) is one form of walking rehabilitation that can improve walking, but its effectiveness has not been thoroughly investigated. Additionally, cortical priming with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and movement may enhance HISTT-induced improvements in walking, but there have been no systematic investigations. The objective of this study was to determine if motor priming can augment the effects of HISTT on walking in chronic stroke survivors. METHODS Eighty-one chronic stroke survivors participated in a controlled trial with stratification into four groups: 1) control-15 min of rest (n = 20), 2) tDCS-15 min of stimulation-based priming with transcranial direct current stimulation (n = 21), 3) ankle motor tracking (AMT)-15 min of movement-based priming with targeted movements of the ankle and sham tDCS (n = 20), and 4) tDCS+AMT-15 min of concurrent tDCS and AMT (n = 20). Participants performed 12 sessions of HISTT (40 min/day, 3 days/week, 4 weeks). Primary outcome measure was walking speed. Secondary outcome measures included corticomotor excitability (CME). Outcomes were measured at pre, post, and 3-month follow-up assessments. RESULTS HISTT improved walking speed for all groups, which was partially maintained 3 months after training. No significant difference in walking speed was seen between groups. The tDCS+AMT group demonstrated greater changes in CME than other groups. Individuals who demonstrated up-regulation of CME after tDCS increased walking speed more than down-regulators. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the effectiveness of HISTT to improve walking; however, motor priming did not lead to additional improvements. Upregulation of CME in the tDCS+AMT group supports a potential role for priming in enhancing neural plasticity. Greater changes in walking were seen in tDCS up-regulators, suggesting that responsiveness to tDCS might play an important role in determining the capacity to respond to priming and HISTT. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT03492229. Registered 10 April 2018 - retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03492229 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Madhavan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Brain Plasticity Lab, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W. Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Brice T Cleland
- Department of Physical Therapy, Brain Plasticity Lab, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W. Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Anjali Sivaramakrishnan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Brain Plasticity Lab, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W. Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sally Freels
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hyosok Lim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Brain Plasticity Lab, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W. Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Fernando D Testai
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel M Corcos
- Northwestern University, Physical Therapy & Human Movement Sciences, Chicago, IL, USA
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31
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Pollok B, Keitel A, Foerster M, Moshiri G, Otto K, Krause V. The posterior parietal cortex mediates early offline-rather than online-motor sequence learning. Neuropsychologia 2020; 146:107555. [PMID: 32653440 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Learning of new motor skills occurs particularly during training on a task (i.e. online) but has been observed between training-blocks lasting up to days after the end of the training (i.e. offline). Offline-learning occurs as further improvement in task performance indicated by increased accuracy and/or faster responses as well as less interference with respect to a distracting condition. Successful motor learning requires the functional interplay between cortical as well as subcortical brain areas. While the involvement of the primary motor cortex in online-as well as early offline-learning is well established, the functional significance of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is less clear. Since the PPC may act as sensory-motor interface, a causal involvement in motor learning is conceivable. In order to characterize the functional significance of the left PPC for motor sequence learning, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was applied either immediately prior to, during or immediately after training on a serial reaction time task (SRTT) in a total of 54 healthy volunteers. While the analysis did not provide evidence for a significant modulation of reaction times during SRTT training (i.e. online-learning), cathodal tDCS decelerated reaction times of the learned sequences as compared to anodal and sham stimulation 30 min after the end of training. The findings suggest that cathodal tDCS over the left parietal cortex interferes with the reproduction of learned sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Pollok
- Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Germany.
| | - Ariane Keitel
- Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Germany
| | - Maike Foerster
- Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Germany
| | - Geraldine Moshiri
- Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Germany
| | - Katharina Otto
- Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Germany
| | - Vanessa Krause
- Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Germany; Mauritius Hospital Meerbusch, Department of Neuropsychology, Germany
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32
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Wu H, Yan H, Yang Y, Xu M, Shi Y, Zeng W, Li J, Zhang J, Chang C, Wang N. Occupational Neuroplasticity in the Human Brain: A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of Neuroimaging Studies. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:215. [PMID: 32760257 PMCID: PMC7373999 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have revealed the structural or functional brain changes induced by occupational factors. However, it remains largely unknown how occupation-related connectivity shapes the brain. In this paper, we denote occupational neuroplasticity as the neuroplasticity that takes place to satisfy the occupational requirements by extensively professional training and to accommodate the long-term, professional work of daily life, and a critical review of occupational neuroplasticity related to the changes in brain structure and functional networks has been primarily presented. Furthermore, meta-analysis revealed a neurophysiological mechanism of occupational neuroplasticity caused by professional experience. This meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies showed that experts displayed stronger activation in the left precentral gyrus [Brodmann area (BA)6], left middle frontal gyrus (BA6), and right inferior frontal gyrus (BA9) than novices, while meta-analysis of structural studies suggested that experts had a greater gray matter volume in the bilateral superior temporal gyrus (BA22) and right putamen than novices. Together, these findings not only expand the current understanding of the common neurophysiological basis of occupational neuroplasticity across different occupations and highlight some possible targets for neural modulation of occupational neuroplasticity but also provide a new perspective for occupational science research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongjie Yan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Center for Brain Science and Learning Difficulties, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Xu
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuhu Shi
- Lab of Digital Image and Intelligent Computation, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiming Zeng
- Lab of Digital Image and Intelligent Computation, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiewei Li
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunqi Chang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nizhuan Wang
- Artificial Intelligence & Neuro-Informatics Engineering (ARINE) Laboratory, School of Computer Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
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Vleugels LWE, Swinnen SP, Hardwick RM. Skill acquisition is enhanced by reducing trial-to-trial repetition. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:1460-1471. [PMID: 32049588 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00741.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing approaches to improve motor skill learning is of considerable interest across multiple disciplines. Previous research has typically shown that repeating the same action on consecutive trials enhances short-term performance but has detrimental effects on longer term skill acquisition. However, most prior research has contrasted the effects of repetition only at the block level; in the current study we examined the effects of repeating individual trials embedded in a larger randomized block, a feature that is often overlooked when random trial orders are generated in learning tasks. With 4 days of practice, a "Minimal Repeats" group, who rarely experienced repeating stimuli on consecutive trials during training, improved to a greater extent than a "Frequent Repeats" group, who were frequently presented with repeating stimuli on consecutive trials during training. Our results extend the previous finding of the beneficial effects of random compared with blocked practice on performance, showing that reduced trial-to-trial repetition during training is favorable with regard to skill learning. This research highlights that limiting the number of repeats on consecutive trials is a simple behavioral manipulation that can enhance the process of skill learning. Data/analysis code and Supplemental Material are available at https://osf.io/p3278/.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Numerous studies have shown that performing different subtasks across consecutive blocks of trials enhances learning. We examined whether the same effect would occur on a trial-to-trial level. Our Minimal Repeats group, who primarily responded to different stimuli on consecutive trials, learned more than our Frequent Repeats group, who frequently responded to the same stimulus on consecutive trials. This shows that minimizing trial-to-trial repetition is a simple and easily applicable manipulation that can enhance learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lore W E Vleugels
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium.,Cognition and Systems Neuroscience Division, Institute of Neurosciences, UC Louvain, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert M Hardwick
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium.,Cognition and Systems Neuroscience Division, Institute of Neurosciences, UC Louvain, Belgium
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34
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Bhattacharjee S, Kashyap R, Abualait T, Annabel Chen SH, Yoo WK, Bashir S. The Role of Primary Motor Cortex: More Than Movement Execution. J Mot Behav 2020; 53:258-274. [PMID: 32194004 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2020.1738992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The predominant role of the primary motor cortex (M1) in motor execution is well acknowledged. However, additional roles of M1 are getting evident in humans owing to advances in noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques. This review collates such studies in humans and proposes that M1 also plays a key role in higher cognitive processes. The review commences with the studies that have investigated the nature of connectivity of M1 with other cortical regions in light of studies based on NIBS. The review then moves on to discuss the studies that have demonstrated the role of M1 in higher cognitive processes such as attention, motor learning, motor consolidation, movement inhibition, somatomotor response, and movement imagery. Overall, the purpose of the review is to highlight the additional role of M1 in motor cognition besides motor control, which remains unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajan Kashyap
- Center for Research and Development in Learning (CRADLE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Turki Abualait
- Physical Therapy Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shen-Hsing Annabel Chen
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKC Medicine), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Office of Educational Research, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Woo-Kyoung Yoo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Shahid Bashir
- Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.,Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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35
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Rezaee Z, Dutta A. Lobule‐Specific Dosage Considerations for Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation During Healthy Aging: A Computational Modeling Study Using Age‐Specific Magnetic Resonance Imaging Templates. Neuromodulation 2020; 23:341-365. [DOI: 10.1111/ner.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Rezaee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA
| | - Anirban Dutta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA
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36
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Hensel L, Grefkes C, Tscherpel C, Ringmaier C, Kraus D, Hamacher S, Volz LJ, Fink GR. Intermittent theta burst stimulation applied during early rehabilitation after stroke: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e034088. [PMID: 31892668 PMCID: PMC6955550 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) applied to primary motor cortex (M1) has been shown to modulate both the excitability and connectivity of the motor system. A recent proof-of-principle study, based on a small group of hospitalised patients with acute ischemic stroke, suggested that iTBS applied to the ipsilesional M1 combined with physical therapy early after stroke can amplify motor recovery with lasting after effects. A randomised controlled clinical trial using a double-blind design is warranted to justify the implementation of iTBS-assisted motor rehabilitation in neurorehabilitation from an acute ischaemic stroke. METHODS/DESIGN We investigate the effects of daily iTBS on early motor rehabilitation after stroke in an investigator-initiated, longitudinal randomised controlled trial. Patients (n=150) with hemiparesis receive either iTBS (600 pulses) applied to the ipsilesional motor cortex (M1) or a control stimulation (ie, coil placement over the parieto-occipital vertex in parallel to the interhemispheric fissure and with a tilt of 45°). On 8 consecutive workdays, a 45 min arm-centred motor training follows the intervention . The relative grip strength, defined as the grip force ratios of the affected and unaffected hands, serves as the primary outcome parameter. Secondary outcome parameters are measures of arm function (Action Research Arm Test, Fugl-Meyer Motor Scale), stroke severity (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale), stroke-induced disability (modified Rankin Scale, Barthel Index), duration of inpatient rehabilitation, quality of life (EuroQol 5D), motor evoked potentials and the resting motor threshold of the ipsilesional M1. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study was approved by the Ethics Commission of the Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany (reference number 15-343). Data will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and presentations at conferences. Study title: Theta-Burst Stimulation in Early Rehabilitation after Stroke (acronym: TheSiReS). Study registration at German Registry for Clinical Trials (DRKS00008963) and at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02910024).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hensel
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Grefkes
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine-3, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Caroline Tscherpel
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine-3, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Corinna Ringmaier
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daria Kraus
- Clinical Trials Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hamacher
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Computational Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lukas J Volz
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine-3, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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37
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Barbati SA, Cocco S, Longo V, Spinelli M, Gironi K, Mattera A, Paciello F, Colussi C, Podda MV, Grassi C. Enhancing Plasticity Mechanisms in the Mouse Motor Cortex by Anodal Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation: The Contribution of Nitric Oxide Signaling. Cereb Cortex 2019; 30:2972-2985. [PMID: 31821409 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Consistent body of evidence shows that transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) over the primary motor cortex (M1) facilitates motor learning and promotes recovery after stroke. However, the knowledge of molecular mechanisms behind tDCS effects needs to be deepened for a more rational use of this technique in clinical settings. Here we characterized the effects of anodal tDCS of M1, focusing on its impact on glutamatergic synaptic transmission and plasticity. Mice subjected to tDCS displayed increased long-term potentiation (LTP) and enhanced basal synaptic transmission at layer II/III horizontal connections. They performed better than sham-stimulated mice in the single-pellet reaching task and exhibited increased forelimb strength. Dendritic spine density of layer II/III pyramidal neurons was also increased by tDCS. At molecular level, tDCS enhanced: 1) BDNF expression, 2) phosphorylation of CREB, CaMKII, and GluA1, and 3) S-nitrosylation of GluA1 and HDAC2. Blockade of nitric oxide synthesis by L-NAME prevented the tDCS-induced enhancement of GluA1 phosphorylation at Ser831 and BDNF levels, as well as of miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) frequency, LTP and reaching performance. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that anodal tDCS engages plasticity mechanisms in the M1 and highlight a role for nitric oxide (NO) as a novel mediator of tDCS effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Cocco
- Istituto di Fisiologia Umana, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma 00168, Italy
| | - Valentina Longo
- Istituto di Fisiologia Umana, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma 00168, Italy
| | - Matteo Spinelli
- Istituto di Fisiologia Umana, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma 00168, Italy
| | - Katia Gironi
- Istituto di Fisiologia Umana, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma 00168, Italy
| | - Andrea Mattera
- Istituto di Fisiologia Umana, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma 00168, Italy
| | - Fabiola Paciello
- Istituto di Fisiologia Umana, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma 00168, Italy
| | - Claudia Colussi
- Istituto di Fisiologia Umana, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma 00168, Italy.,Istituto di Analisi dei Sistemi ed Informatica "Antonio Ruberti" (IASI) - CNR, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Podda
- Istituto di Fisiologia Umana, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma 00168, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma 00168, Italy
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Istituto di Fisiologia Umana, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma 00168, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma 00168, Italy
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38
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Bashir S, Al‐Hussain F, Hamza A, Asim Niaz T, Albaradie R, Habib SS. Cognitive function assessment during 2 mA transcranial direct current stimulation in DLPFC in healthy volunteers. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14264. [PMID: 31660693 PMCID: PMC6817993 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cognitive function has been reported to change following the anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) but still variable results have been reported in healthy subject and there is paucity of data on the cognitive effects of online tDCS. Therefore, we aimed to assess the online effect of tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on cognitive function and obtain safety data in healthy adults. We recruited 36 healthy (20 male) participants for this double-blind, sham-controlled parallel design. We used Stop Signal Task (SST) Go Trial and Pattern Recognition Memory (PRM) tests to evaluate cognitive function during 2 mA (20 min) anodal or sham tDCS stimulation over the left DLPFC. In active conditions, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was selected for electrode placement with reference over right supraorbital cortex. All related tasks were done during the online tDCS section in both groups (active/sham). There were statistically significant differences in cognitive function according to the PRM test (P = 0.003), SST (P = 0.021), and SST correct response time on Go Trials (P = 0.02) during active stimulation compared to the sham group. Our results reveal that cognitive performance is affected by a single dose of active online tDCS over DLPFC area compared to sham stimulation. In our study, tDCS is well-tolerated and safe that further supports the safety of tDCS in local healthy population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Bashir
- Neuroscience CenterKing Fahad Specialist Hospital DammamDammamSaudi Arabia
| | - Fawaz Al‐Hussain
- Department of NeurologyCollege of MedicineKing Saud UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Ali Hamza
- Department of Electrical EngineeringNational University of Computer and Emerging SciencesLahorePakistan
| | - Talha Asim Niaz
- Neuroscience CenterKing Fahad Specialist Hospital DammamDammamSaudi Arabia
| | - Raidah Albaradie
- Neuroscience CenterKing Fahad Specialist Hospital DammamDammamSaudi Arabia
| | - Syed S. Habib
- Department of PhysiologyCollege of MedicineKing Saud UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
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39
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Lacroix A, Proulx-Bégin L, Hamel R, De Beaumont L, Bernier PM, Lepage JF. Static magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex impairs online but not offline motor sequence learning. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9886. [PMID: 31285526 PMCID: PMC6614538 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Static magnetic fields (SMFs) are known to alter neural activity, but evidence of their ability to modify learning-related neuroplasticity is lacking. The present study tested the hypothesis that application of static magnetic stimulation (SMS), an SMF applied transcranially via a neodymium magnet, over the primary motor cortex (M1) would alter learning of a serial reaction time task (SRTT). Thirty-nine participants took part in two experimental sessions separated by 24 h where they had to learn the SRTT with their right hand. During the first session, two groups received SMS either over contralateral (i.e., left) or ipsilateral (i.e., right) M1 while a third group received sham stimulation. SMS was not applied during the second session. Results of the first session showed that application of SMS over contralateral M1 impaired online learning as compared to both ipsilateral and sham groups, which did not differ. Results further revealed that application of SMS did not impair offline learning or relearning. Overall, these results are in line with those obtained using other neuromodulatory techniques believed to reduce cortical excitability in the context of motor learning and suggest that the ability of SMS to alter learning-related neuroplasticity is temporally circumscribed to the duration of its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélina Lacroix
- Department of Pediatrics, Sherbrooke University, 3001-12th Ave. North, Sherbrooke, Canada.,Sherbrooke University Research Center, 3001-12th Ave. North, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Léa Proulx-Bégin
- Department of Psychology, Montreal University, 90 Ave. Vincent d'Indy, Montréal, Canada
| | - Raphaël Hamel
- Department of Pediatrics, Sherbrooke University, 3001-12th Ave. North, Sherbrooke, Canada.,Sherbrooke University Research Center, 3001-12th Ave. North, Sherbrooke, Canada.,Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, Sherbrooke University, 2500 de l'Université Blvd., Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Louis De Beaumont
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Pavillon Roger-Gaudry C.P, 6128, Montréal, Canada
| | - Pierre-Michel Bernier
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, Sherbrooke University, 2500 de l'Université Blvd., Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Jean-François Lepage
- Department of Pediatrics, Sherbrooke University, 3001-12th Ave. North, Sherbrooke, Canada. .,Sherbrooke University Research Center, 3001-12th Ave. North, Sherbrooke, Canada.
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40
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Horiba M, Ueki Y, Nojima I, Shimizu Y, Sahashi K, Itamoto S, Suzuki A, Yamada G, Matsukawa N, Wada I. Impaired Motor Skill Acquisition Using Mirror Visual Feedback Improved by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Patients With Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:602. [PMID: 31275100 PMCID: PMC6593084 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent non-invasive brain stimulation techniques in combination with motor training can enhance neuroplasticity and learning. It is reasonable to assume that such neuroplasticity-based interventions constitute a useful rehabilitative tool for patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD). Regarding motor skill training, many kinds of tasks that do not involve real motor movements have been applied to PD patients. The purpose of this study is to elucidate whether motor skill training using mirror visual feedback (MVF) is useful to patients with PD in order to improve untrained hand performance dependent on the time course of training; and whether MVF combined with anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over primary motor cortex (M1) causes an additional effect based on increased motor cortical excitability. Eighteen right-handed patients with PD in the off-medication state and 10 age-matched healthy subjects (HS) performed four sessions of right-hand ball rotation using MVF (intervention) on two separate days, 1 week apart (day 1 and day 2). HS subjects received only sham stimulation. The intervention included four sessions of motor-skill training using MVF for 20 min comprised of four sets of training for 30 s each. PD patients were randomly divided into two intervention groups without or with anodal tDCS over the right M1 contralateral to the untrained hand. As the behavior evaluation, the number of ball rotations of the left hand was counted before (pre) and immediately after (post) intervention on both days (pre day 1, post day 1, pre day 2, and post day 2). Motor evoked potential (MEP), input-output function, and cortical silent period were recorded to evaluate the motor cortical excitatory and inhibitory system in M1 pre day 1 and post day 2. The number of ball rotations of the left hand and the facilitation of MEP by intervention were significantly impaired in patients with PD compared to HS. In contrast, if anodal tDCS was applied to right M1 of patients with PD, the number of ball rotations in accordance with I-O function at 150% intensity was significantly increased after day 1 and retained until day 2. This finding may help provide a new strategy for neurorehabilitation improving task-specific motor memory without real motor movements in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuya Horiba
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshino Ueki
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ippei Nojima
- Department of Physical Therapy, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yoko Shimizu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kento Sahashi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shogo Itamoto
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ayuko Suzuki
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Gohei Yamada
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Matsukawa
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ikuo Wada
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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41
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Jin Y, Lee J, Kim S, Yoon B. Noninvasive brain stimulation over M1 and DLPFC cortex enhances the learning of bimanual isometric force control. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 66:73-83. [PMID: 30921762 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Motor learning plays an important role in upper-limb function and the recovery of lost functionality. This study aimed to investigate the relative impact of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on learning in relation to the left primary motor cortex (M1) and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during bimanual isometric force-control tasks performed with both hands under different task constraints. In a single-blind cross-over design, 20 right-handed participants were randomly assigned to either the M1 group (n = 10; mean age, 22.90 ± 1.66 years, mean ± standard deviation) or the DLPFC group (n = 10; mean age, 23.20 ± 1.54 years). Each participant received 30 min of tDCS (anodal or sham, applied randomly in two experiments) while performing the bimanual force control tasks. Anodal tDCS of the M1 improved the accuracy of maintenance and rhythmic alteration of force tasks, while anodal tDCS of the DLPFC improved only the maintenance of the force control tasks compared with sham tDCS. Hence, tDCS over the left M1 and DLPFC has a beneficial effect on the learning of bimanual force control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jin
- Major in Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyuk Lee
- Major in Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyong Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - BumChul Yoon
- Major in Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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42
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Madden DL, Sale MV, O'Sullivan J, Robinson GA. Improved language production with transcranial direct current stimulation in progressive supranuclear palsy. Neuropsychologia 2019; 127:148-157. [PMID: 30836131 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is an atypical parkinsonian disorder that can present with language production deficits in addition to the characteristic progressive parkinsonian motor symptoms. Although typical parkinsonism treatments such as pharmacotherapy are not effective in PSP, non-invasive brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have shown promise for treating cognitive deficits relating to this disorder. We report the case of KN, who presented with reduced verbal fluency and connected speech production in the context of PSP. KN completed a set of language tasks, followed by an alternate version of the tasks in conjunction with either sham or active tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) across four sessions. Results showed improved performance with active stimulation compared to sham stimulation for phonemic fluency and action naming, as well as mixed results suggesting possible benefits for connected speech production. There were no benefits of active stimulation for control tasks, indicating that tDCS can produce specific benefits for phonemic fluency, action naming, and connected speech production in PSP. These promising, preliminary findings warrant further investigation into whether these benefits of tDCS can be a useful therapeutic tool for PSP patients to maintain language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Madden
- Neuropsychology Research Unit, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Martin V Sale
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - John O'Sullivan
- Neurology Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gail A Robinson
- Neuropsychology Research Unit, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia; Neurology Department, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Australia.
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43
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Peltier C, Pettijohn K, Blacker K. Developing the Third Offset: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Can Improve the Human Operator. Mil Med 2019; 184:11-13. [PMID: 30137554 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usy197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chad Peltier
- Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, 2624 Q Street, Area B, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH
| | - Kyle Pettijohn
- Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, 2624 Q Street, Area B, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH
| | - Kara Blacker
- Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, 2624 Q Street, Area B, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH
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44
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Rajak BL, Gupta M, Bhatia D, Mukherjee A. Increasing Number of Therapy Sessions of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Improves Motor Development by Reducing Muscle Spasticity in Cerebral Palsy Children. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2019; 22:302-307. [PMID: 31359942 PMCID: PMC6613416 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_102_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Repetitive TMS (rTMS), a non-invasive neuro-stimulation tool based on the principle of electromagnetic induction is recently being employed both for investigational and interventional purposes. The stimulating effect of rTMS on motor cortex areas of the brain leads to increased motor activity and decreased muscle tone in spastic cerebral palsy (CP) patients. Objective: This modulatory effect of rTMS is used in this study to evaluate its effect on motor function and spasticity by increasing the number of therapy session and keeping frequency of 10Hz and pulse train of 2500 constant. Methods: Total thirty spastic CP patients participated in this study after written informed consent from their parents/guardians. The participants were equally divided into three groups, namely, S-20, S-30 and S-40 depending on the number of therapy sessions. The mean age±SD of participants in different groups were 8.9±3.6, 9.5±2.9 and 8.4±3.5 in S-20, S-30 and S-40 respectively. Participants in S-20, S-30 and S-40 were provided 20, 30 and 40 sessions of rTMS therapy respectively followed by physical therapy of 30 minutes daily. Each rTMS session was of 25 minutes duration and was administered once daily for 5 days a week. Prior to start and after completion of the therapy, pre and post assessment of gross motor function measure (GMFM) for motor function and modified Ashworth scale (MAS) for muscle spasticity was performed on all the participants. Outcomes: The result of pre-versus-post GMFM score showed that 4.27%, 3.12% and 2.36% motor gain was obtained after 40, 30 and 20 sessions of therapy respectively. In addition, significant reduction in spasticity in both upper and limb muscles was also observed in all the three groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bablu Lal Rajak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Meena Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Dinesh Bhatia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
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Borragán G, Gilson M, Guerrero-Mosquera C, Di Ricci E, Slama H, Peigneux P. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Does Not Counteract Cognitive Fatigue, but Induces Sleepiness and an Inter-Hemispheric Shift in Brain Oxygenation. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2351. [PMID: 30555378 PMCID: PMC6284008 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained cognitive demands may result in cognitive fatigue (CF), eventually leading to decreased behavioral performance and compromised brain resources. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) would counteract the behavioral and neurophysiological effects of CF. Twenty young healthy participants were tested in a within-subject counterbalanced order across two different days. Anodal tDCS (real vs. sham) was applied over the left prefrontal cortex. In the real tDCS condition, a current of 1.5 mA was delivered for 25 min. Cortical oxygenation changes were measured using functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) on the frontal cortices. CF was triggered using the TloadDback task, a sustained working memory paradigm that allows tailoring task demands according to each individual's maximal cognitive capacity. Sustained cognitive load-related effects were assessed using pre- versus post-task subjective fatigue and sleepiness scales, evolution of performance accuracy within the task, indirect markers of dopaminergic activity (eye blinks), and cortical oxygenation changes (fNIRS) both during the task and pre- and post-task resting state periods. Results consistently disclosed significant CF-related effects on performance. Transcranial DCS was not effective to counteract the behavioral effects of CF. In the control (sham tDCS) condition, cerebral oxygen exchange (COE) levels significantly increased in the right hemisphere during the resting state immediately after the induction of CF, suggesting a depletion of brain resources. In contrast, tDCS combined with CF induction significantly shifted interhemispheric oxygenation balance during the post-training resting state. Additionally, increased self-reported sleepiness was associated with brain activity in the stimulated hemisphere after recovery from CF during the tDCS condition only, which might reflect a negative middle-term effect of tDCS application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Borragán
- UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit, Centre de Recherches en Cognition et Neurosciences and UNI – ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Médhi Gilson
- UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit, Centre de Recherches en Cognition et Neurosciences and UNI – ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Eleonora Di Ricci
- UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit, Centre de Recherches en Cognition et Neurosciences and UNI – ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hichem Slama
- UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit, Centre de Recherches en Cognition et Neurosciences and UNI – ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- UNESCOG – Cognitive Neurosciences Research Unit, Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuropsychology, Erasme Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Peigneux
- UR2NF, Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit, Centre de Recherches en Cognition et Neurosciences and UNI – ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Cole L, Giuffre A, Ciechanski P, Carlson HL, Zewdie E, Kuo HC, Kirton A. Effects of High-Definition and Conventional Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation on Motor Learning in Children. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:787. [PMID: 30429768 PMCID: PMC6220373 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can improve motor learning in children. High-definition approaches (HD-tDCS) have not been examined in children. Objectives/Hypothesis: We hypothesized that primary motor cortex HD-tDCS would enhance motor learning but be inferior to tDCS in children. Methods: Twenty-four children were recruited for a randomized, sham-controlled, double-blinded interventional trial (NCT03193580, clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03193580) to receive (1) right hemisphere (contralateral) primary motor cortex (M1) 1 mA anodal conventional 1 × 1 tDCS (tDCS), (2) right M1 1 mA anodal 4 × 1 HD-tDCS (HD-tDCS), or (3) sham. Over five consecutive days, participants trained their left hand using the Purdue Pegboard Test (PPTL). The Jebsen-Taylor Test, Serial Reaction Time Task, and right hand and bimanual PPT were also tested at baseline, post-training, and 6-week retention time (RT). Results: Both the tDCS and HD-tDCS groups demonstrated enhanced motor learning compared to sham with effects maintained at 6 weeks. Effect sizes were moderate-to-large for tDCS and HD-tDCS groups at the end of day 4 (Cohen's d tDCS = 0.960, HD-tDCS = 0.766) and day 5 (tDCS = 0.655, HD-tDCS = 0.851). Enhanced motor learning effects were also seen in the untrained hand. HD-tDCS was well tolerated and safe with no adverse effects. Conclusion: HD-tDCS and tDCS can enhance motor learning in children. Further exploration is indicated to advance rehabilitation therapies for children with motor disabilities such as cerebral palsy. Clinical Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT03193580.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauran Cole
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Adrianna Giuffre
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Helen L. Carlson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ephrem Zewdie
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Hsing-Ching Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Adam Kirton
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Brunoni AR, Sampaio-Junior B, Moffa AH, Aparício LV, Gordon P, Klein I, Rios RM, Razza LB, Loo C, Padberg F, Valiengo L. Noninvasive brain stimulation in psychiatric disorders: a primer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 41:70-81. [PMID: 30328957 PMCID: PMC6781710 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2017-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), are increasingly being used to treat mental disorders, particularly major depression. The aim of this comprehensive review is to summarize the main advances, limitations, and perspectives of the field. METHODS We searched PubMed and other databases from inception to July 2017 for articles, particularly systematic reviews and meta-analyses, evaluating the use of NIBS in psychiatric disorders. RESULTS We reviewed the mechanisms of action, safety, tolerability, efficacy, and relevant clinical parameters of NIBS. Repetitive TMS is already an established technique for the treatment of depression, and there is theoretically room for further methodological development towards a high-end therapeutic intervention. In contrast, tDCS is a technically easier method and therefore potentially suitable for wider clinical use. However the evidence of its antidepressant efficacy is less sound, and a recent study found tDCS to be inferior to antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Clinical trials using rTMS for other mental disorders produced mixed findings, whereas tDCS use has not been sufficiently appraised. CONCLUSION The most promising results of NIBS have been obtained for depression. These techniques excel in safety and tolerability, although their efficacy still warrants improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre R Brunoni
- Serviço Interdisciplinar de Neuromodulação, Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBioN), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernardo Sampaio-Junior
- Serviço Interdisciplinar de Neuromodulação, Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano H Moffa
- Black Dog Institute, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Luana V Aparício
- Serviço Interdisciplinar de Neuromodulação, Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Gordon
- Serviço Interdisciplinar de Neuromodulação, Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Department of Neurology and Stroke, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Izio Klein
- Serviço Interdisciplinar de Neuromodulação, Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosa M Rios
- Serviço Interdisciplinar de Neuromodulação, Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lais B Razza
- Serviço Interdisciplinar de Neuromodulação, Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Colleen Loo
- Black Dog Institute, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Frank Padberg
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBioN), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Leandro Valiengo
- Serviço Interdisciplinar de Neuromodulação, Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Lum JAG, Mills A, Plumridge JMA, Sloan NP, Clark GM, Hedenius M, Enticott PG. Transcranial direct current stimulation enhances retention of a second (but not first) order conditional visuo-motor sequence. Brain Cogn 2018; 127:34-41. [PMID: 30253264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the role of the left inferior frontal gyrus in the implicit learning and retention of a 'simple' first order conditional (FOC) sequence and a relatively 'complex' second order conditional (SOC) sequence, using anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS). Groups of healthy adults received either a-tDCS (n = 18) over the left inferior frontal gyrus or sham/placebo (n = 18) stimulation. On separate days, participants completed a serial reaction time (SRT) task whilst receiving stimulation. On one of the days, participants were presented with a FOC sequence and in another, a SOC sequence. Both the learning and short-term retention of the sequences were measured. Results showed a-tDCS enhanced the short-term retention of the SOC sequence but not the FOC sequence. There was no effect of a-tDCS on the learning of either FOC or SOC sequences. The results provide evidence of prefrontal involvement in the retention of a motor sequence. However, its role appears to be influenced by the complexity of the sequence's structure. Additionally, the results show a-tDCS can enhance retention of an implicitly learnt motor sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrad A G Lum
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Australia.
| | - Andrea Mills
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Australia
| | - James M A Plumridge
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Australia
| | - Nicole P Sloan
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Australia
| | - Gillian M Clark
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Australia
| | - Martina Hedenius
- Department of Neuroscience, Speech Language Pathology Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter G Enticott
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Australia
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Electrical brain stimulation in different variants of primary progressive aphasia: A randomized clinical trial. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2018; 4:461-472. [PMID: 30258975 PMCID: PMC6153381 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been recently shown to improve language outcomes in primary progressive aphasia (PPA) but most studies are small and the influence of PPA variant is unknown. Methods Thirty-six patients with PPA participated in a randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind, within-subject crossover design for 15 daily sessions of stimulation coupled with written naming/spelling therapy. Outcome measures were letter accuracy of treated and untreated words immediately after and at 2 weeks and 2 months posttreatment. Results tDCS treatment was more effective than sham: gains for treated words were maintained 2 months posttreatment; gains from tDCS also generalized to untreated words and were sustained 2 months posttreatment. Different effects were obtained for each PPA variant, with no tDCS advantage for semantic variant PPA. Discussion The study supports using tDCS as an adjunct to written language interventions in individuals with logopenic or nonfluent/agrammatic PPA seeking compensatory treatments in clinical settings.
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Gupta M, Rajak BL, Bhatia D, Mukherjee A. Neuromodulatory effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation pulses on functional motor performances of spastic cerebral palsy children. J Med Eng Technol 2018; 42:352-358. [PMID: 30175934 DOI: 10.1080/03091902.2018.1510555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromodulation is emerging as a new therapeutic field towards treatment of neurological disorders through advances in medical devices. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is one such neuromodulatory device that has received increasing interest as a tool for modulating cortical excitability that influence motor activity in both normal and diseased population. However, the therapeutic effect of rTMS varies depending on stimulation frequency, intensity, pulse trains, duration, etc. Our previous studies had already demonstrated that higher frequency of 10 Hz was effective in improving the motor activity of spastic CP patients. OBJECTIVE This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of different rTMS pulses on gross motor performance of spastic CP patients. METHOD Thirty spastic CP patients were divided equally into three groups P1500, P2000 and P2500 with mean age (in years) 7.7 ± SD4.4, 6.8 ± SD5.3 and 7.2 ± SD5.1 respectively. Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) was employed as an outcome measure to assess the motor performance. Constant rTMS frequency of 10 Hz was delivered to each participant but the number of stimulation pulse varied according to the groups; which were 1500, 2000 and 2500 pulses for P1500, P2000 and P2500 group respectively. rTMS therapy of 15 minutes duration was followed by physical therapy of 30 minutes daily for 20 days. RESULT Statistical analysis of pre versus post GMFM scores of different groups revealed significant result (p < .001) and the improvement in functional motor activity was 2.33% in P1500, 3.58% in P2000 and 5.17% in P2500 group. INTERPRETATION The result demonstrated modulatory effect of rTMS pulse by improving motor function of spastic CP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Gupta
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , North Eastern Hill University , Shillong , India
| | - Bablu Lal Rajak
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , North Eastern Hill University , Shillong , India
| | - Dinesh Bhatia
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , North Eastern Hill University , Shillong , India
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