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Al-Hammadi M, Güngörmüşler M. New insights into Chlorella vulgaris applications. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1486-1502. [PMID: 38343183 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Environmental pollution is a big challenge that has been faced by humans in contemporary life. In this context, fossil fuel, cement production, and plastic waste pose a direct threat to the environment and biodiversity. One of the prominent solutions is the use of renewable sources, and different organisms to valorize wastes into green energy and bioplastics such as polylactic acid. Chlorella vulgaris, a microalgae, is a promising candidate to resolve these issues due to its ease of cultivation, fast growth, carbon dioxide uptake, and oxygen production during its growth on wastewater along with biofuels, and other productions. Thus, in this article, we focused on the potential of Chlorella vulgaris to be used in wastewater treatment, biohydrogen, biocement, biopolymer, food additives, and preservation, biodiesel which is seen to be the most promising for industrial scale, and related biorefineries with the most recent applications with a brief review of Chlorella and polylactic acid market size to realize the technical/nontechnical reasons behind the cost and obstacles that hinder the industrial production for the mentioned applications. We believe that our findings are important for those who are interested in scientific/financial research about microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Hammadi
- Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Mine Güngörmüşler
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Türkiye
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2
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Soudagar MEM, Kiong TS, Jathar L, Nik Ghazali NN, Ramesh S, Awasarmol U, Ong HC. Perspectives on cultivation and harvesting technologies of microalgae, towards environmental sustainability and life cycle analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 353:141540. [PMID: 38423144 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The development of algae is seen as a potential and ecologically sound approach to address the increasing demands in multiple sectors. However, successful implementation of processes is highly dependent on effective growing and harvesting methods. The present study provides a complete examination of contemporary techniques employed in the production and harvesting of algae, with a particular emphasis on their sustainability. The review begins by examining several culture strategies, encompassing open ponds, closed photobioreactors, and raceway ponds. The analysis of each method is conducted in a systematic manner, with a particular focus on highlighting their advantages, limitations, and potential for expansion. This approach ensures that the conversation is in line with the objectives of sustainability. Moreover, this study explores essential elements of algae harvesting, including the processes of cell separation, dewatering, and biomass extraction. Traditional methods such as centrifugation, filtration, and sedimentation are examined in conjunction with novel, environmentally concerned strategies including flocculation, electro-coagulation, and membrane filtration. It evaluates the impacts on the environment that are caused by the cultivation process, including the usage of water and land, the use of energy, the production of carbon dioxide, and the runoff of nutrients. Furthermore, this study presents a thorough examination of the current body of research pertaining to Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) studies, presenting a perspective that emphasizes sustainability in the context of algae harvesting systems. In conclusion, the analysis ends up with an examination ahead at potential areas for future study in the cultivation and harvesting of algae. This review is an essential guide for scientists, policymakers, and industry experts associated with the advancement and implementation of algae-based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzoore Elahi M Soudagar
- Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand - 248002, India; Environmental and Atmospheric Sciences Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Nasiriyah, 64001, Iraq.
| | - Tiong Sieh Kiong
- Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Laxmikant Jathar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Army Institute of Technology, Pune, 411015, India.
| | - Nik Nazri Nik Ghazali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - S Ramesh
- Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Umesh Awasarmol
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Army Institute of Technology, Pune, 411015, India.
| | - Hwai Chyuan Ong
- Department of Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
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3
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Tang L, Gao M, Liang S, Wang S, Wang X. Enhanced biological phosphorus removal sustained by aeration-free filamentous microalgal-bacterial granular sludge. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121315. [PMID: 38382289 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The microalgal-bacterial granular sludge (MBGS) based enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) (MBGS-EBPR) was recently proposed as a sustainable wastewater treatment process. Previous work showed the possibility of obtaining an MBGS-EBPR process starting from mature MBGS and phosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) enriched aerobic granular sludge (AGS) and validated the effectiveness of removing carbon/nitrogen/phosphorus with mechanical aeration. The present work evaluated whether the same could be achieved starting from conventional activated sludge and operating under aeration-free conditions in an alternating dark/light photo-sequencing batch reactor (PSBR). We successfully cultivated filamentous MBGS with a high settling rate (34.5 m/h) and fast solid-liquid separation performance, which could be attributed to the proliferation of filamentous cyanobacteria and stimulation of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production. The process achieved near-complete steady-state removal of carbon (97.2 ± 1.9 %), nitrogen (93.9 ± 0.7 %), and phosphorus (97.7 ± 1.7 %). Moreover, improved phosphorus release/uptake driven by photosynthetic oxygenation under dark/light cycles suggests the enrichment of PAOs and the establishment of MBGS-EBPR. Batch tests showed similar phosphorus release rates in the dark but significantly lower phosphorus uptake rates in the presence of light when the filamentous granules were disrupted. This indicates that the filamentous structure of MBGS has minor limitations on substrate mass transfer while exerting protective effects on PAOs, thus playing an important role in sustaining the function of aeration-free EBPR. Microbial assays further indicated that the enrichment of filamentous cyanobacteria (Synechocystis, Leptoolybya, and Nodosilinea), putative PAOs and EPS producers (Hydrogenophaga, Thauera, Flavobacterium, and Bdellovibrio) promoted the development of filamentous MBGS and enabled the high-efficient pollutant removal. This work provides a feasible and cost-effective strategy for the startup and operation of this innovative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liaofan Tang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Mingming Gao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Shuguang Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Weihai Research Institute of Industrial Technology of Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, China
| | - Xinhua Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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4
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Shitanaka T, Higa L, Bryson AE, Bertucci C, Vande Pol N, Lucker B, Khanal SK, Bonito G, Du ZY. Flocculation of oleaginous green algae with Mortierella alpina fungi. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 385:129391. [PMID: 37364649 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are promising sources of valuable bioproducts such as biofuels, food, and nutraceuticals. However, harvesting microalgae is challenging due to their small size and low biomass concentrations. To address this challenge, bio-flocculation of starchless mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (sta6/sta7) was investigated with Mortierella alpina, an oleaginous fungus with high concentrations of arachidonic acid (ARA). Triacylglycerides (TAG) reached 85 % of total lipids in sta6 and sta7 through a nitrogen regime. Scanning electron microscopy determined cell-wall attachment and extra polymeric substances (EPS) to be responsible for flocculation. An algal-fungal biomass ratio around 1:1 (three membranes) was optimal for bio-flocculation (80-85 % flocculation efficiency in 24 h). Nitrogen-deprived sta6/sta7 were flocculated with strains of M. alpina (NVP17b, NVP47, and NVP153) with aggregates exhibiting fatty acid profiles similar to C. reinhardtii, with ARA (3-10 % of total fatty acids). This study showcases M. alpina as a strong bio-flocculation candidate for microalgae and advances a mechanistic understanding of algal-fungal interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty Shitanaka
- Department of Molecular Biosciences & Bioengineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, United States
| | - Lauren Higa
- Department of Molecular Biosciences & Bioengineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, United States
| | - Abigail E Bryson
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Conor Bertucci
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Natalie Vande Pol
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Ben Lucker
- Trait Biosciences, Los Alamos, NM 87544, United States
| | - Samir Kumar Khanal
- Department of Molecular Biosciences & Bioengineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, United States
| | - Gregory Bonito
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
| | - Zhi-Yan Du
- Department of Molecular Biosciences & Bioengineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, United States.
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Jha P, Ghosh S, Panja A, Kumar V, Singh AK, Prasad R. Microalgae and biogas: a boon to energy sector. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-29135-y. [PMID: 37608163 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The global energy generation market immensely depends on fossil fuels which balances our survival on this planet. Energy can be called as the "master element" for our daily needs, starting from household power supply, agricultural purpose, automobile and transportation, industrial workload to economic and research domains. Fuel switching initiatives are being adapted by environmentalist and scientists to bring a novel sustainable source of energy. An environment and renewable alternative to fossil fuels are a must. Over the years, the world has shifted toward generating green fuels immensely. One such potential alternative to fossil fuels are biogases. Being versatile and renewable in nature, it has drawn immense attention globally. Despite having such potentials there exist some major drawbacks which mainly deal with the starting material. One such source for biogases can be microalgae. Microalgae based biogas production can produce huge amount of energy and that has been implemented by many foreign countries and their companies. Despite being in use in many countries, there are issues which needs to be addressed which will overall improve the biogas potential from microalgae even more. This review mainly focuses on generation of biogas from microalgae as a feedstock which are very economical and sustainable in its nature, presenting improvement strategies which can be impended to boost the over biogas sector globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
- Department of Research Facilitation, Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Snigdha Ghosh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Major Arterial Road, New Town, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India
| | - Avirup Panja
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Major Arterial Road, New Town, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
- Plant Biotechnology Lab, Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Belisarai, Motihari, Bihar, 845401, India
| | - Ram Prasad
- Department of Botany, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Belisarai, Motihari, Bihar, 845401, India.
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6
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Zhao Y, Liu Y, Xu H, Fan Q, Zhu C, Liu J, Zhu M, Wang X, Niu A. Preparation and Application of Magnetic Composites Using Controllable Assembly for Use in Water Treatment: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:5799. [PMID: 37570769 PMCID: PMC10421488 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of magnetic composites in wastewater treatment has become widespread due to their high flocculating characteristics and ferromagnetism. This review provides an analysis and summary of the preparation and application of magnetic composites through controllable assembly for use in wastewater treatment. The applications of magnetic composites include the treatment of dye wastewater, heavy metal wastewater, microalgae suspensions, and oily wastewater. Additionally, the recycling and regeneration of magnetic composites have been investigated. In the future, further research could be focused on improving the assembly and regeneration stability of magnetic composites, such as utilizing polymers with a multibranched structure. Additionally, it would be beneficial to explore the recycling and regeneration properties of these composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Yinhua Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Hang Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Qianlong Fan
- College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Chunyou Zhu
- Bureau of Hydrology and Water Resources, Pearl River Water Resources Commission of Ministry of Water Resources, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - Junhui Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Mengcheng Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Anqi Niu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
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7
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Role of lake dissolved organic matter in cyanobacteria removal by cationic polyacrylamide flocculation and screen filtration. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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8
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Study on the Characteristics and Mechanism of the Flocculation Behaviour in a Novel Fluidized Bed Flocculator. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Wang J, Tian Q, Cui L, Cheng J, Zhou H, Zhang Y, Peng A, Shen L. Synergism and mutualistic interactions between microalgae and fungi in fungi-microalgae symbiotic system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 361:127728. [PMID: 35932943 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The method of collecting microalgae using fungal mycelium pellets has attracted widespread attention because of its high efficiency and simplicity. In this study, the interaction in FMSS was explored using Aspergillus fumigatus and Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. Under the conditions of 25-30 °C, pH of 5.0, 160 rpm, a light intensity of 1000 lx, light to darkness ratio of 6:18 h, and glucose concentration of 1.5 g/L, the FMSS had the highest biomass and recovery efficiency. SEM, TEM, and Zeta analysis showed that microalgae can be fixed on the surface of fungal mycelium pellets by the electrostatic attraction (amino, amide, phosphate, hydroxyl, and aldehyde groups) of EPS. The N cycling and CO2-O2 cycling promoted the synthesis of amino acids and provided a guarantee for gas exchange, and the intermediate metabolites (CO32- and HCO3-/H2CO3) satisfied the metabolic activities. The microalgae and fungi worked in coordination each other, which was the mutualistic symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Wang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Qinghua Tian
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Linlin Cui
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Jinju Cheng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Yejuan Zhang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Anan Peng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Li Shen
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
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Zhang S, Zhang L, Xu G, Li F, Li X. A review on biodiesel production from microalgae: Influencing parameters and recent advanced technologies. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:970028. [PMID: 35966657 PMCID: PMC9372408 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.970028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are the important part of carbon cycle in the nature, and they could utilize the carbon resource in water and soil efficiently. The abilities of microalgae to mitigate CO2 emission and produce oil with a high productivity have been proven. Hence, this third-generation biodiesel should be popularized. This review firstly introduce the basic characteristics and application fields of microalgae. Then, the influencing parameters and recent advanced technologies for the microalgae biodiesel production have been discussed. In influencing parameters for biodiesel production section, the factors of microalgae cultivation, lipid accumulation, microalgae harvesting, and lipid extraction have been summarized. In recent advanced technologies for biodiesel production section, the microalgae cultivation systems, lipid induction technologies, microalgae harvesting technologies, and lipid extraction technologies have been reviewed. This review aims to provide useful information to help future development of efficient and commercially viable technology for microalgae-based biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiu Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- School of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Lijie Zhang,
| | - Geng Xu
- School of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Fei Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaokang Li
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China
- Xiaokang Li,
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Furusawa G, Iwamoto K. Removal of Microcystis aeruginosa cells using the dead cells of a marine filamentous bacterium, Aureispira sp. CCB-QB1. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12867. [PMID: 35223202 PMCID: PMC8868019 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inorganic and synthetic flocculants are widely investigated for removing harmful microalgae, such as Microcystis aeruginosa. However, their toxicity and non-biodegradability are shortcomings. Bioflocculants based on extracellular polysaccharides have attracted much attention as alternative flocculants. However, its high production cost is a limiting factor for applying bioflocculants. Here, we investigate the potential of the dead cells of a marine filamentous bacterium, Aureispira sp. CCB-QB1, as a novel flocculant on M. aeruginosa cells. The removal efficiency of M. aeruginosa cells by the dead cells was measured by mixing and shaking both components in a buffer with 5 mM CaCl2 in different incubation times and concentrations of the dead cells. After that, the minimum effective concentration of CaCl2 was determined. The combination effect of FeCl3 and the dead cells on the removal efficiency was tested. The structure of cell aggregates consisted of the dead cells and M. aeruginosa cells were also observed using a scanning electron microscope. The maximum removal efficiency (75.39%) was reached within 3 min in the presence of CaCl2 when 5 mg/ml of the dead cells (wet cells) were added. The optimal concentration of CaCl2 was 5 mM. The combination of the dead cells and a low concentration of FeCl3 (10 mg/L) with 5 mM of CaCl2 significantly improved the removal efficiency by about 1.2 times (P < 0.05). This result indicates that the combination usage of the dead cells can reduce the use of FeCl3. These results indicated that the dead cells could potentially be a novel biolfocculant to remove M. aeruginosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Furusawa
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Koji Iwamoto
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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12
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Abdiyev KZ, Maric M, Orynbayev BY, Toktarbay Z, Zhursumbaeva MB, Seitkaliyeva NZ. Flocculating properties of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid-co-allylamine polyampholytic copolymers. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03994-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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Shaikh SM, Hassan MK, Nasser M, Sayadi S, Ayesh AI, Vasagar V. A comprehensive review on harvesting of microalgae using Polyacrylamide-Based Flocculants: Potentials and challenges. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Visigalli S, Barberis MG, Turolla A, Canziani R, Berden Zrimec M, Reinhardt R, Ficara E. Electrocoagulation–flotation (ECF) for microalgae harvesting – A review. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Manhaeghe D, Allosserie A, Rousseau DPL, Van Hulle SWH. Model based analysis of carbon fluxes within microalgae-bacteria flocs using respirometric-titrimetric data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 784:147048. [PMID: 33894600 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the emerging need of nutrient recycling in resource recovery facilities, the use of microalgae-bacteria flocs has received considerable attention in the past few years. However, although the main biological processes are already known, the complex interactions occurring between algae and bacteria are not fully understood. In this work, a combined respirometric-titrimetric unit was used to assess the microorganisms' kinetics within microalgae-bacteria flocs under different growth regimes (i.e. photoautotrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic) and different ratios of inorganic (IC) to organic carbon (OC) (IC:OC-ratios). Using this respirometric-titrimetric data, a new model was developed, calibrated and successfully validated. The model takes into account the heterotrophic growth of bacteria, the photoautotrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic growth of algae and the production and consumption of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) by both bacteria and algae. As such, the model can be used for detailed analysis of the carbon fluxes within microalgae-bacteria flocs in an efficient way. Model analysis revealed the high importance of the EPS regulatory mechanism. Firstly, under heterotrophic growth conditions, OC-uptake occurred during the first 10-15 min. This was linked with internal OC storage (49% of added OC) and EPS production (40%), as such providing carbon reserves which can be consumed during famine conditions. Moreover, the algae were able to compete with bacteria for OC. Secondly, under photoautotrophic conditions, algae used the added IC to grow (57% of added IC) and to produce EPS (29%), which consecutively stimulated heterotrophic bacteria growth (20%). Finally, under mixotrophic conditions, low IC:OC-ratios resulted in an extensive OC-storage and EPS production (50% of added C) and an enhanced microalgal CO2 reuse, resulting in an increased algal growth of up to 29%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Manhaeghe
- Laboratory for Industrial Water and Ecotechnology (LIWET), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium.
| | - Anton Allosserie
- Laboratory for Industrial Water and Ecotechnology (LIWET), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Diederik P L Rousseau
- Laboratory for Industrial Water and Ecotechnology (LIWET), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Stijn W H Van Hulle
- Laboratory for Industrial Water and Ecotechnology (LIWET), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
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16
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A Review of Energy Consumption in the Acquisition of Bio-Feedstock for Microalgae Biofuel Production. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13168873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae biofuel is expected to be an ideal alternative to fossil fuels to mitigate the effects of climate change and the energy crisis. However, the production process of microalgae biofuel is sometimes considered to be energy intensive and uneconomical, which limits its large-scale production. Several cultivation systems are used to acquire feedstock for microalgal biofuels production. The energy consumption of different cultivation systems is different, and the concentration of culture medium (microalgae cells contained in the unit volume of medium) and other properties of microalgae vary with the culture methods, which affects the energy consumption of subsequent processes. This review compared the energy consumption of different cultivation systems, including the open pond system, four types of closed photobioreactor (PBR) systems, and the hybrid cultivation system, and the energy consumption of the subsequent harvesting process. The biomass concentration and areal biomass production of every cultivation system were also analyzed. The results show that the flat-panel PBRs and the column PBRs are both preferred for large-scale biofuel production for high biomass productivity.
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17
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Isolation of Industrial Important Bioactive Compounds from Microalgae. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040943. [PMID: 33579001 PMCID: PMC7916812 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are known as a rich source of bioactive compounds which exhibit different biological activities. Increased demand for sustainable biomass for production of important bioactive components with various potential especially therapeutic applications has resulted in noticeable interest in algae. Utilisation of microalgae in multiple scopes has been growing in various industries ranging from harnessing renewable energy to exploitation of high-value products. The focuses of this review are on production and the use of value-added components obtained from microalgae with current and potential application in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, energy and agri-food industries, as well as for bioremediation. Moreover, this work discusses the advantage, potential new beneficial strains, applications, limitations, research gaps and future prospect of microalgae in industry.
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18
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Labeeuw L, Commault AS, Kuzhiumparambil U, Emmerton B, Nguyen LN, Nghiem LD, Ralph PJ. A comprehensive analysis of an effective flocculation method for high quality microalgal biomass harvesting. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:141708. [PMID: 32892040 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flocculation is a low-cost harvesting technique for microalgae biomass production, but flocculation efficiency is species dependent. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of two synthetic (polyacrylamide) and one natural (chitosan) flocculants against three algal species: the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp., the freshwater Chlorella vulgaris, and the marine Phaeodactylum tricornutum at laboratory and pilot scales to evaluate harvesting efficiency, biomass integrity and media recycling. Growth phase affected the harvesting efficiency of the eukaryotic microalgae. The flocculation was optimal at stationary phase with high flocculation efficiency achieved using polyacrylamides at 24-36 mg/g dry weight. The effect of the flocculants on the harvested biomass was investigated. The flocculated Synechocystis sp. showed a higher proportion of compromised cells compared to C. vulgaris and P. tricornutum likely due to differences in cell walls composition. Compromised cells could lead to the release of valuable products into the surrounding growth media during flocculation. The residual culture media was recycled once with no impact on cell growth for all treatments and algal species. The flocculation technique was demonstrated at pilot-scale using 350 L microalgal suspension, showing an efficiency of 82-90% at a polyacrylamide dosage of 6.5-10 mg/L. This efficiency and the biomass quality are comparable to the laboratory-scale results. Overall, results indicate that polyacrylamide flocculants work on a wide range of species without the need for pre-treatment. The information generated in this study can contribute to making the microalgae industry more competitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Labeeuw
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Audrey S Commault
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | | | - Benjamin Emmerton
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Luong N Nguyen
- University of Technology Sydney, Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Long D Nghiem
- University of Technology Sydney, Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; Nguyen Tat Thanh University, NTT Institute of Hi-Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Peter J Ralph
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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19
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Demir I, Blockx J, Dague E, Guiraud P, Thielemans W, Muylaert K, Formosa-Dague C. Nanoscale Evidence Unravels Microalgae Flocculation Mechanism Induced by Chitosan. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:8446-8459. [PMID: 35019616 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae are a promising resource for biofuel production, although their industrial use is limited by the lack of effective harvesting techniques. Flocculation consists in the aggregation and adhesion of cells into flocs that can be more easily removed from water than individual cells. Although it is an efficient harvesting technique, contamination is a major issue as chemical flocculants are often used. An alternative is to use natural biopolymers flocculants such as chitosan. Chitosan is a biobased nontoxic polymer that has been effectively used to harvest Chlorella vulgaris cells at a pH lower than its pKa (6.5). While the reported flocculation mechanism is said to rely on electrostatic interactions between chitosan and the negative cell surface, no molecular evidence has yet confirmed this mechanism. In this study, we performed force spectroscopy atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments to probe the interactions between C. vulgaris cells and chitosan at the molecular scale to decipher its flocculation mechanism. Our results showed that at pH 6, chitosan interacts with C. vulgaris cell wall through biological interactions rather than electrostatic interactions. These observations were confirmed by comparing the data with cationically modified cellulose nanocrystals, for which the flocculation mechanism, relying on an electrostatic patch mechanism, has already been described for C. vulgaris. Further AFM experiments also showed that a different mechanism was at play at higher pH, based on chitosan precipitation. Thus, this AFM-based approach highlights the complexity of chitosan-induced flocculation mechanisms for C. vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem Demir
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, INSA, INRAE, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France.,LAAS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Jonas Blockx
- Sustainable Materials Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak Kortrijk, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium.,Laboratory for Aquatic Biology, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak Kortrijk, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Etienne Dague
- LAAS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France.,Fédération de Recherche FERMAT, CNRS, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Guiraud
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, INSA, INRAE, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France.,Fédération de Recherche FERMAT, CNRS, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Wim Thielemans
- Sustainable Materials Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak Kortrijk, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Koenraad Muylaert
- Laboratory for Aquatic Biology, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak Kortrijk, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Cécile Formosa-Dague
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, INSA, INRAE, CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France.,Fédération de Recherche FERMAT, CNRS, 31000 Toulouse, France
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20
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Pugazhendhi A, Nagappan S, Bhosale RR, Tsai PC, Natarajan S, Devendran S, Al-Haj L, Ponnusamy VK, Kumar G. Various potential techniques to reduce the water footprint of microalgal biomass production for biofuel-A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 749:142218. [PMID: 33370912 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to their rapid growth rates, high lipid productivity, and ability to synthesize value-added products, microalgae are considered as the potential biofuel feedstocks. However, among the several bottlenecks that are hindering the commercialization of microalgal biofuel synthesis, the issue of high water consumption is the least explored. This analysis, therefore, examines the factors that decide water use for the production of microalgae biofuel. Microalgae biodiesel water footprint varies from 3.5 to 3726 kg of water per kg of biodiesel. The study further investigates the cause for large variability in the estimation of the water footprint for microalgae fuel. Various strategies, including the reuse of harvested water, the use of high density cultivation that could be adopted for low water consumption in microalgal biofuel production are discussed. Specifically, the review identified a reciprocal relationship between biomass productivity and water footprint. On the basis of which the review emphasizes the significance of high density cultivation, which can be inexpensive and feasible relative to other water-saving techniques. With the setback of water scarcity due to the rapid industrialization in developing countries, the implementation of the cultivation system with a focus on minimizing the water consumption is inevitable for a successful large scale microalgal biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Senthil Nagappan
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering (Autonomous- Affiliated to Anna University), Sriperumbudur 602 117, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rahul R Bhosale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Pei-Chien Tsai
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Shakunthala Natarajan
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering (Autonomous- Affiliated to Anna University), Sriperumbudur 602 117, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saravanan Devendran
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Lamya Al-Haj
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, & Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan.
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Musa M, Ward A, Ayoko GA, Rösch C, Brown R, Rainey TJ. Single-step dynamic dewatering of microalgae from dilute suspensions using flocculant assisted filtration. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:222. [PMID: 33276792 PMCID: PMC7716443 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01472-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dewatering constitutes a major challenge to the production of microalgae, accounting for 20–30% of the product cost. This presents a setback for the applicability of microalgae in the development of several sustainable products. This study presents an investigation into the dynamic dewatering of microalgae in a combined flocculation-filtration process. The effect of process conditions on the performance of 12 flocculants and their mixtures was assessed. Results The mechanism of flocculation via the electrostatic path was dominated by charge neutralization and subsequently followed bridging in a ‘sweep flocculation’ process. Cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) based flocculants recorded the highest biomass retention with PAM1 and PAM2 attaining 99 and 98% retention with flocculant dosages of 10 and 15 mg/L respectively. Polyvinylamine (PVAM) was also found to improve system stability across the pH range 4–10. Alum was observed to be only effective in charge neutralization, bringing the system close to its isoelectric point (IEP). Chemometric analysis using the multi-criteria decision methods, PROMETHEE and GAIA, was applied to provide a sequential performance ranking based on the net outranking flow (ф) from 207 observations. A graphical exploration of the flocculant performance pattern, grouping the observations into clusters in relation to the decision axis (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\pi$$\end{document}π), which indicated the weighted resultant of most favorable performance for all criteria was explored. Conclusion CPAM based flocculants and their mixtures demonstrated superior performance due to their viscoelastic behaviour under turbulence. The use of PVAM or alum in mixtures with CPAM reduced the required doses of both flocculants, which will provide beneficial financial impact for largescale microalgae dewatering in a flocculant assisted dynamic filtration process. Chemometric analysis based on the physico-chemical properties of the system provides a time saving assessment of performance across several criteria. The study findings provide an important foundation for flocculant assisted dynamic filtration processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutah Musa
- Biofuel Engine Research Facility (BERF), School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.,Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), University of Queensland (UQ), St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew Ward
- Innovation Centre, Queensland Urban Utilities (QUU), Main Beach Road Myrtletown, Pinkenba, Brisbane, QLD, 4008, Australia.,Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), University of Queensland (UQ), St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Godwin A Ayoko
- Environmental Technologies Discipline, School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Christine Rösch
- Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis (ITAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Richard Brown
- Biofuel Engine Research Facility (BERF), School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Thomas J Rainey
- Biofuel Engine Research Facility (BERF), School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
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22
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Ferreira J, de Assis LR, Oliveira APDS, Castro JDS, Calijuri ML. Innovative microalgae biomass harvesting methods: Technical feasibility and life cycle analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 746:140939. [PMID: 32763596 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to ease one of the main challenges of biomass production in wastewater, the harvest stage, this study proposes as main innovations: the comparison of technical and environmental performance of different methods of harvesting biomass which have not been addressed in the literature and the projection of an optimal environmental scenario for biomass harvesting. For this, three harvesting methods were evaluated and compared, namely the gravitational sedimentation (GS) via settling tank, coagulation with tannin followed by gravitational sedimentation (TC/GS), and a biofilm reactor operated in parallel with a settling tank (BR/GS). TC/GS required less time to concentrate the biomass (121.13 g/day); however, the biomass had a higher moisture content (99.02%), which may compromise its direct application for production of most bioproducts and bioenergy, only a dewatering step is recommended. The harvesting methods interfered in biomass characterisation, mainly in carbohydrate content, which was higher in biomass concentrated over time (28-37%) than biomass concentrated in a single day by coagulation (13.8%). The results of the life cycle assessment revealed that in scenarios which included TC/GS methods and the BR/GS presented less environmental impact in relation to only GS. Additionally, the combination of these two methods comprises the best scenario and promises to optimise the harvest of biomass grown in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Ferreira
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Advanced Environmental Research Group - nPA, Department of Civil Engineering, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Rodrigues de Assis
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Advanced Environmental Research Group - nPA, Department of Civil Engineering, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Paulo de Sousa Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Advanced Environmental Research Group - nPA, Department of Civil Engineering, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Jackeline de Siqueira Castro
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Advanced Environmental Research Group - nPA, Department of Civil Engineering, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Lúcia Calijuri
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Advanced Environmental Research Group - nPA, Department of Civil Engineering, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900, Brazil
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23
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Chittapun S, Jangyubol K, Charoenrat T, Piyapittayanun C, Kasemwong K. Cationic cassava starch and its composite as flocculants for microalgal biomass separation. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:917-926. [PMID: 32553968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Commercial- and laboratory modified- cationic cassava starches and their composites with magnetic particles were examined for characteristics and separation efficiency. Scanning electron micrographs showed that cationic starch with an increasing degree of substitution (DS) value (0.0180 to 0.91) showed greater clumped polyhedral granules and became markedly enlarged with disintegrated boundaries. Zeta potential analysis revealed that the increase in the DS value in cationic starches resulted in an increase in positive charge. The maximum harvesting efficiency of 92.86 ± 0.46% was achieved when commercial cationic starch with DS 0.040 at 1.0 g L-1 was added to the Chlorella sp. solution. The maximum recovery capacity (10.20 ± 0.16 g DCW g starch-1) was recorded by using commercial cationic starch with DS 0.040 at a lower dosage of 0.1 g L-1. Their composites showed lower separation efficiency than the commercial cationic starches. The results suggest that the commercial cationic cassava starch with 0.040 DS shows great potential as a flocculant for algal separation. This first report of using commercial cationic cassava starch as a flocculant provides a low cost and convenient process to separate algal cells from the culture medium. Moreover, uncontaminated magnetic particle biomass allows for wide range of algal utilization in food and pharmaceutical biotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supenya Chittapun
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Centre, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Kanthida Jangyubol
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Centre, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Theppanya Charoenrat
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Centre, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Chanitchote Piyapittayanun
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Centre, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kittiwut Kasemwong
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong-Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
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24
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Narchonai G, Arutselvan C, LewisOscar F, Thajuddin N. Enhancing starch accumulation/production in Chlorococcum humicola through sulphur limitation and 2,4- D treatment for butanol production. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 28:e00528. [PMID: 32995316 PMCID: PMC7508686 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Depleting fuel resources is a global concern worldwide due to the unstable and cost of fuel resources. Increased transportation has gradually depleted the fossil-based fuel resources leading to find a cost-effective, readily available, and renewable source. Considering these issues, various private and government organizations have focussed on producing bio-based fuels from natural sources. In this scenario, algae are a potential emerging source of feedstock or biomass for biobutanol production, which can effectively replace fossil fuels and their environmental drawbacks. The present study focussed on evaluating the potential of freshwater microalga Chlorococcum humicola isolated from temple pond as feedstock for biobutanol production using Clostridium acetobutylicum. The results indicated that C. humicola produced 846.33 μgmg-1of starch under full strength Chu10 medium. While under sulphur and phosphorus limitation, the accumulation of starch was 947.33 μg mg-1 and 766.67 μgmg-1, respectively. Also, C. humicola was exposed to different concentrations of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). At 10μgml-1 of 2,4-D, the highest starch concentration of 989μgmg-1was achieved in C. humicola. Finally, starch in C. humicola were hydrolysed and ABE fermentation was performed using C. acetobutylicum under anaerobic condition in a 5 L automated fermenter. After 72 h of fermentation, the fermented broth is analyed in Gas Chromatography showing the fermented product containing Acetone: Butanol: Ethanol. The present study is the first report on the production of biobutanol from C. humicola isolated from Temple pond. This study emphasizes the importance of local isolates of microalgae as a third-generation substrate to produce butanol to replace fossil-based fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Narchonai
- Division of Microalgal Biodiversity and Bioenergy, National Repository for Microalgae and Cyanobacteria - Freshwater, Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chitirai Arutselvan
- Division of Microalgal Biodiversity and Bioenergy, National Repository for Microalgae and Cyanobacteria - Freshwater, Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024 Tamil Nadu, India.,Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Felix LewisOscar
- Division of Microalgal Biodiversity and Bioenergy, National Repository for Microalgae and Cyanobacteria - Freshwater, Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024 Tamil Nadu, India.,Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nooruddin Thajuddin
- Division of Microalgal Biodiversity and Bioenergy, National Repository for Microalgae and Cyanobacteria - Freshwater, Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024 Tamil Nadu, India.,Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024 Tamil Nadu, India
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25
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Tan JS, Lee SY, Chew KW, Lam MK, Lim JW, Ho SH, Show PL. A review on microalgae cultivation and harvesting, and their biomass extraction processing using ionic liquids. Bioengineered 2020; 11:116-129. [PMID: 31909681 PMCID: PMC6999644 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1711626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The richness of high-value bio-compounds derived from microalgae has made microalgae a promising and sustainable source of useful product. The present work starts with a review on the usage of open pond and photobioreactor in culturing various microalgae strains, followed by an in-depth evaluation on the common harvesting techniques used to collect microalgae from culture medium. The harvesting methods discussed include filtration, centrifugation, flocculation, and flotation. Additionally, the advanced extraction technologies using ionic liquids as extractive solvents applied to extract high-value bio-compounds such as lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and other bioactive compounds from microalgae biomass are summarized and discussed. However, more work needs to be done to fully utilize the potential of microalgae biomass for the application in large-scale production of biofuels, food additives, and nutritive supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sen Tan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Science, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sze Ying Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long Campus, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Kit Wayne Chew
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Man Kee Lam
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Perak, Malaysia.,Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia.,Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
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26
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Chua ET, Shekh AY, Eltanahy E, Thomas-Hall SR, Schenk PM. Effective Harvesting of Nannochloropsis Microalgae Using Mushroom Chitosan: A Pilot-Scale Study. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:771. [PMID: 32766222 PMCID: PMC7381157 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
For efficient downstream processing, harvesting remains as one of the challenges in producing Nannochloropsis biomass, a microalga with high-value omega-3 oils. Flocculation is an effective, low-energy, low-cost method to harvest microalgae. Chitosan has been shown to be an effective food-grade flocculant; however, commercial chitosan is sourced from crustaceans, which has disadvantages including concerns over heavy-metal contamination. Thus, this study tests the flocculation potential of mushroom chitosan. Our results indicate a 13% yield of chitosan from mushroom. The identity of the prepared chitosan was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Furthermore, results show that mushroom chitosan can be an alternative flocculant with >95% flocculation efficiency when tested in 100-mL jar and 200-L vertical column photobioreactor. Applications in a 2000-L raceway pond demonstrated that thorough mixing of mushroom chitosan with the algal culture is required to achieve efficient flocculation. With proper mixing, mushroom chitosan can be used to produce food-grade Nannochloropsis biomass suitable for the production of vegan omega-3 oils as a fish oil alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis T Chua
- Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ajam Y Shekh
- Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | - Eladl Eltanahy
- Algae Laboratory, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Skye R Thomas-Hall
- Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peer M Schenk
- Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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27
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Deshmukh AR, Aloui H, Khomlaem C, Negi A, Yun JH, Kim HS, Kim BS. Biodegradable films based on chitosan and defatted Chlorella biomass: Functional and physical characterization. Food Chem 2020; 337:127777. [PMID: 32799163 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable films based on chitosan, glycerol, and defatted Chlorella biomass (DCB) were prepared and characterized in terms of thermal stability, mechanical, water barrier, and optical properties. Increasing DCB content from 5 to 25 wt% increased tensile strength of chitosan films by 235%. The incorporation of DCB decreased both moisture content and swelling degree of chitosan/defatted Chlorella biomass (Cs/DCB) films. Furthermore, increasing the content of defatted algal biomass decreased light transmission and reduced water vapor permeability of composite films by more than 60%. As confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared analysis, such improvement in functional and physical properties is mainly due to the homogeneous and uniform distribution of DCB into the polymeric matrix along with the establishment of strong hydrogen bond interactions between chitosan and algal biomass constituents. Moreover, Cs/DCB composite films showed more than 50% of degradation in 60 days soil burial test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti R Deshmukh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hajer Aloui
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanin Khomlaem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Abhishek Negi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Yun
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sik Kim
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Soo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Han SF, Jin W, Tu R, Gao SH, Zhou X. Microalgae harvesting by magnetic flocculation for biodiesel production: current status and potential. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:105. [PMID: 32632607 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02884-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing demand for energy, microalgae, as one of the promising feedstocks of biodiesel, has raised great awareness. Because of its small size, similar density to water and electrical stability, harvesting methods of microalgae that have low energy consumption and that are highly efficient, easy to large-scale and environmentally friendly have become a bottleneck restricting development of the whole process. Among the numerous possible harvesting methods, magnetic flocculation has the advantages of simple operation, fast separation and energy saving and thus is considered as a promising novel harvesting method. In this review, we have summarized the updated status and application potential of magnetic flocculation, including the principle of magnetic flocculation, magnetic flocculating materials, flocculating efficiency and its effect on downstream process. The major challenges such as magnetic materials recovery, large-scale magnetic flocculation device design, and magnetic flocculation costs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Fang Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, China
| | - Wenbiao Jin
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgal Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Renjie Tu
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgal Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shu-Hong Gao
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgal Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Xu Zhou
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Microalgal Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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29
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Roy M, Mohanty K. Valorization of waste eggshell-derived bioflocculant for harvesting T. obliquus: Process optimization, kinetic studies and recyclability of the spent medium for circular bioeconomy. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 307:123205. [PMID: 32234589 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Waste eggshell-derived bioflocculant was used for harvesting T. obliquus in a circular bioeconomy approach. It was found that 120 mg L-1 bioflocculant can flocculate 98.62 ± 0.43% of T. obliquus cells within 25 min at optimal pH 4.0 and temperature 35 °C. The influence of bioflocculant concentration, pH and temperature on zeta potential was evaluated to understand the flocculation mechanism. Microscopic and FESEM-EDX images were analyzed to evaluate the microalgal structural changes. Adsorption mechanism of bioflocculant over the microalgal cells was determined by performing adsorption kinetic studies. Pseudo-second order kinetic model was a suitable fit for the data obtained from the experiments, which indicated chemisorption as the probable mechanism. The spent medium recovered after harvesting process was successfully recycled for subsequent cultivation of T. obliquus, thus reducing the dependency on fresh medium. The FAME composition of the biomass treated with bioflocculant was not altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madonna Roy
- Centre for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Kaustubha Mohanty
- Centre for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India.
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30
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Amorim ML, Soares J, Coimbra JSDR, Leite MDO, Albino LFT, Martins MA. Microalgae proteins: production, separation, isolation, quantification, and application in food and feed. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1976-2002. [PMID: 32462889 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1768046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many countries have been experienced an increase in protein consumption due to the population growth and adoption of protein-rich dietaries. Unfortunately, conventional-based protein agroindustry is associated with environmental impacts that might aggravate as the humankind increase. Thus, it is important to screen for novel protein sources that are environmentally friendly. Microalgae farming is a promising alternative to couple the anthropic emissions with the production of food and feed. Some microalgae show protein contents two times higher than conventional protein sources. The use of whole microalgae biomass as a protein source in food and feed is simple and well-established. Conversely, the production of microalgae protein supplements and isolates requires the development of feasible and robust processes able to fractionate the microalgae biomass in different value-added products. Since most of the proteins are inside the microalgae cells, several techniques of disruption have been proposed to increase the efficiency to extract them. After the disruption of the microalgae cells, the proteins can be extracted, concentrated, isolated or purified allowing the development of different products. This critical review addresses the current state of the production of microalgae proteins for multifarious applications, and possibilities to concatenate the production of proteins and advanced biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Lopes Amorim
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Jimmy Soares
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marcio Arêdes Martins
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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31
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Li H, Wu S, Du C, Zhong Y, Yang C. Preparation, Performances, and Mechanisms of Microbial Flocculants for Wastewater Treatment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1360. [PMID: 32093205 PMCID: PMC7068532 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, close attention has been paid to microbial flocculants because of their advantages, including safety to humans, environmental friendliness, and acceptable removal performances. In this review, the preparation methods of microbial flocculants were first reviewed. Then, the performances of bioflocculants in the removal of suspended solids, heavy metals, and other organic pollutants from various types of wastewater were described and commented, and the removal mechanisms, including adsorption bridging, charge neutralization, chemical reactions, and charge neutrality, were also discussed. The future research needs on microbial flocculants were also proposed. This review would lead to a better understanding of current status, challenges, and corresponding strategies on microbial flocculants and bioflocculation in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiru Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China; (H.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Shaohua Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China; (H.L.); (S.W.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China; (C.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Cheng Du
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China; (C.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuanyuan Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China; (C.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chunping Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China; (H.L.); (S.W.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China; (C.D.); (Y.Z.)
- Hunan Provincial Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Organic Pollution Control of Urban Water and Wastewater, Changsha 410001, China
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32
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Wibisono Y, Agung Nugroho W, Akbar Devianto L, Adi Sulianto A, Roil Bilad M. Microalgae in Food-Energy-Water Nexus: A Review on Progress of Forward Osmosis Applications. MEMBRANES 2019; 9:membranes9120166. [PMID: 31817329 PMCID: PMC6950520 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9120166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays the world is facing vulnerability problems related to food, energy and water demands. The challenges in those subsystems are intertwined and thus require inter-discipline approaches to address them. Bioresources offer promising solutions of the dilemma. Microalgae biomass is expected to become a superfood and a favorable energy feedstock and assist in supplying clean water and treat wastewater. Efficient mass production of microalgae, both during upstream and downstream processes, is thus a key process for providing high quality and affordable microalgae biomass. This paper covers recent progress in microalgae harvesting and dewatering by using osmotic driven membrane process, i.e., forward osmosis. Critical factors during forward osmosis process for microalgae harvesting and dewatering are discussed. Finally, perspective on further research directions and implementation scenarios of the forward osmosis are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Wibisono
- Bioprocess Enginering, Brawijaya University, Malang 65141, Indonesia;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Luhur Akbar Devianto
- Environmental Engineering, Brawijaya University, Malang 65141, Indonesia; (L.A.D.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Akhmad Adi Sulianto
- Environmental Engineering, Brawijaya University, Malang 65141, Indonesia; (L.A.D.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Muhammad Roil Bilad
- Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia;
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Malik S, Khan F, Atta Z, Habib N, Haider MN, Wang N, Alam A, Jambi EJ, Gull M, Mehmood MA, Zhu H. Microalgal flocculation: Global research progress and prospects for algal biorefinery. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 67:52-60. [PMID: 31584208 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Microalgal research has made significant progress due to versatile and high-value industrial applications of microalgal biomass or its derivatives. However, to explore their full potential and to achieve commercial robustness, microalgal biorefinery needs cost-effective technologies to produce, harvest, and process the microalgal biomass on large scale as higher production and harvesting cost is one of the key hindrances in the commercialization of algae-based products. Among several other algal biomass harvesting technologies, self-flocculation seems to be an attractive, low-cost, and eco-friendly harvesting technology. This review covers various flocculation-based methods that have been employed to harvest microalgal biomass with a special emphasis on self-flocculation in microalgae. Moreover, genetic engineering approaches to induce self-flocculation in non-flocculating microalgae along with the factors affecting self-flocculation and recent research trends have also been discussed. It is concluded that self-flocculation is the most desired approach for the energy- and environment-efficient harvesting of microalgal biomass. However, its poorly understood genetic basis needs to be deciphered through detailed studies to harness its potential for the algal biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Malik
- Bioenergy Research Centre, Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Khan
- Bioenergy Research Centre, Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahida Atta
- Bioenergy Research Centre, Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nida Habib
- Bioenergy Research Centre, Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nabeel Haider
- Bioenergy Research Centre, Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, People's Republic of China
| | - Asraful Alam
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Munazza Gull
- Biochemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Aamer Mehmood
- Bioenergy Research Centre, Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,School of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhu
- School of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, People's Republic of China
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Wang S, Yerkebulan M, Abomohra AEF, El-Khodary S, Wang Q. Microalgae harvest influences the energy recovery: A case study on chemical flocculation of Scenedesmus obliquus for biodiesel and crude bio-oil production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 286:121371. [PMID: 31030071 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, centrifugation was used as a standard harvest method, while chemical flocculation was comparatively used as a cost-effective harvest method for microalgae. Lipid recovery from the centrifuged cells was 17.4%, which significantly increased by flocculation to 20.7%. Although both harvest methods showed similar thermal decomposition patterns, flocculated biomass showed 15.7% higher bio-char formation than the centrifuged cells, which resulted in significant reduction in the bio-oil yield by 18.5%. The estimated energy output of bio-oil using centrifugation and flocculation were 0.87 and 0.68 GJ per ton, respectively. For biodiesel production, the energy output using centrifugation and flocculation were 0.177 and 0.211 GJ per ton, respectively. Due to the higher biodiesel yield, better bio-oil quality and lower energy consumption, flocculation was suggested by the present study as a superior method over centrifugation for microalgae harvest from the economic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013 Jiangsu, China
| | - Mukhambet Yerkebulan
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013 Jiangsu, China
| | - Abd El-Fatah Abomohra
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013 Jiangsu, China; Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, 31527 Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Sherif El-Khodary
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013 Jiangsu, China; Building Physics and Environment Institute, Housing & Building National Research Center (HBRC), 12311 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013 Jiangsu, China
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35
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Abstract
Microalgae have been considered as one of the most promising biomass feedstocks for various industrial applications such as biofuels, animal/aquaculture feeds, food supplements, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals. Several biotechnological challenges associated with algae cultivation, including the small size and negative surface charge of algal cells as well as the dilution of its cultures, need to be circumvented, which increases the cost and labor. Therefore, efficient biomass recovery or harvesting of diverse algal species represents a critical bottleneck for large-scale algal biorefinery process. Among different algae harvesting techniques (e.g., centrifugation, gravity sedimentation, screening, filtration, and air flotation), the flocculation-based processes have acquired much attention due to their promising efficiency and scalability. This review covers the basics and recent research trends of various flocculation techniques, such as auto-flocculation, bio-flocculation, chemical flocculation, particle-based flocculation, and electrochemical flocculation, and also discusses their advantages and disadvantages. The challenges and prospects for the development of eco-friendly and economical algae harvesting processes have also been outlined here.
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