1
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Anderson G. Melatonin, BAG-1 and cortisol circadian interactions in tumor pathogenesis and patterned immune responses. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2023; 4:962-993. [PMID: 37970210 PMCID: PMC10645470 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2023.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A dysregulated circadian rhythm is significantly associated with cancer risk, as is aging. Both aging and circadian dysregulation show suppressed pineal melatonin, which is indicated in many studies to be linked to cancer risk and progression. Another independently investigated aspect of the circadian rhythm is the cortisol awakening response (CAR), which is linked to stress-associated hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation. CAR and HPA axis activity are primarily mediated via activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which drives patterned gene expression via binding to the promotors of glucocorticoid response element (GRE)-expressing genes. Recent data shows that the GR can be prevented from nuclear translocation by the B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2)-associated athanogene 1 (BAG-1), which translocates the GR to mitochondria, where it can have diverse effects. Melatonin also suppresses GR nuclear translocation by maintaining the GR in a complex with heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). Melatonin, directly and/or epigenetically, can upregulate BAG-1, suggesting that the dramatic 10-fold decrease in pineal melatonin from adolescence to the ninth decade of life will attenuate the capacity of night-time melatonin to modulate the effects of the early morning CAR. The interactions of pineal melatonin/BAG-1/Hsp90 with the CAR are proposed to underpin how aging and circadian dysregulation are associated with cancer risk. This may be mediated via differential effects of melatonin/BAG-1/Hsp90/GR in different cells of microenvironments across the body, from which tumors emerge. This provides a model of cancer pathogenesis that better integrates previously disparate bodies of data, including how immune cells are regulated by cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment, at least partly via the cancer cell regulation of the tryptophan-melatonin pathway. This has a number of future research and treatment implications.
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2
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Clemente-Suárez VJ, Martín-Rodríguez A, Redondo-Flórez L, Ruisoto P, Navarro-Jiménez E, Ramos-Campo DJ, Tornero-Aguilera JF. Metabolic Health, Mitochondrial Fitness, Physical Activity, and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030814. [PMID: 36765772 PMCID: PMC9913323 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer continues to be a significant global health issue. Traditional genetic-based approaches to understanding and treating cancer have had limited success. Researchers are increasingly exploring the impact of the environment, specifically inflammation and metabolism, on cancer development. Examining the role of mitochondria in this context is crucial for understanding the connections between metabolic health, physical activity, and cancer. This study aimed to review the literature on this topic through a comprehensive narrative review of various databases including MedLine (PubMed), Cochrane (Wiley), Embase, PsychINFO, and CinAhl. The review highlighted the importance of mitochondrial function in overall health and in regulating key events in cancer development, such as apoptosis. The concept of "mitochondrial fitness" emphasizes the crucial role of mitochondria in cell metabolism, particularly their oxidative functions, and how proper function can prevent replication errors and regulate apoptosis. Engaging in high-energy-demanding movement, such as exercise, is a powerful intervention for improving mitochondrial function and increasing resistance to environmental stressors. These findings support the significance of considering the role of the environment, specifically inflammation and metabolism, in cancer development and treatment. Further research is required to fully understand the mechanisms by which physical activity improves mitochondrial function and potentially reduces the risk of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Redondo-Flórez
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo s/n Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Ruisoto
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, 31006 Navarre, Spain
| | | | - Domingo Jesús Ramos-Campo
- Departamento de Salud y Rendimiento, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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3
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dos Reis FD, Jerónimo C, Correia MP. Epigenetic modulation and prostate cancer: Paving the way for NK cell anti-tumor immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1152572. [PMID: 37090711 PMCID: PMC10113550 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1152572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoepigenetics is a growing field, as there is mounting evidence on the key role played by epigenetic mechanisms in the regulation of tumor immune cell recognition and control of immune cell anti-tumor responses. Moreover, it is increasingly acknowledgeable a tie between epigenetic regulation and prostate cancer (PCa) development and progression. PCa is intrinsically a cold tumor, with scarce immune cell infiltration and low inflammatory tumor microenvironment. However, Natural Killer (NK) cells, main anti-tumor effector immune cells, have been frequently linked to improved PCa prognosis. The role that epigenetic-related mechanisms might have in regulating both NK cell recognition of PCa tumor cells and NK cell functions in PCa is still mainly unknown. Epigenetic modulating drugs have been showing boundless therapeutic potential as anti-tumor agents, however their role in immune cell regulation and recognition is scarce. In this review, we focused on studies addressing modulation of epigenetic mechanisms involved in NK cell-mediated responses, including both the epigenetic modulation of tumor cell NK ligand expression and NK cell receptor expression and function in different tumor models, highlighting studies in PCa. The integrated knowledge from diverse epigenetic modulation mechanisms promoting NK cell-mediated immunity in various tumor models might open doors for the development of novel epigenetic-based therapeutic options for PCa management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa D. dos Reis
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal
- Master Program in Oncology, School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Margareta P. Correia
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Margareta P. Correia,
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4
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Li S, Zhao R, Zheng D, Qin L, Cui Y, Li Y, Jiang Z, Zhong M, Shi J, Li M, Wang X, Tang Z, Wu Q, Long Y, Hu D, Wang S, Yao Y, Liu S, Yang LH, Zhang Z, Tang Q, Liu P, Li Y, Li P. DAP10 integration in CAR-T cells enhances the killing of heterogeneous tumors by harnessing endogenous NKG2D. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 26:15-26. [PMID: 35784403 PMCID: PMC9218287 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells have achieved remarkable successes in hematological malignancies, the efficacies of CAR-T cells against solid tumors remains unsatisfactory. Heterogeneous antigen expression is one of the obstacles on its effective elimination of solid cancer cells. DNAX-activating protein 10 (DAP10) interacts with natural killer group 2D (NKG2D), acting as an adaptor that targets various malignant cells for surveillance. Here, we designed a DAP10 chimeric receptor that utilized native NKG2D on T cells to target NKG2D ligand-expressing cancer cells. We then tandemly incorporated it with anti-glypican 3 (GPC3) single-chain variable fragment (scFv) to construct a dual-antigen-targeting system. T cells expressing DAP10 chimeric receptor (DAP10-T cells) displayed with an enhancement on both cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion against solid cancer cell lines, and its tandem connection with anti-GPC3 scFv (CAR GPC3-DAP10-T cells) exhibited a dual-antigen-targeting capacity on eliminating heterogeneous cancer cells in vitro and suppressing the growth of heterogeneous cancer in vivo. Thus, this novel dual-targeting system enabled a high efficacy on killing cancer cells and extended the recognition profile of CAR-T cells toward tumors, which providing a potential strategy on treatment of solid cancer clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanglin Li
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruocong Zhao
- Institute of Hematology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Diwei Zheng
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Le Qin
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanbin Cui
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Li
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwu Jiang
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengjun Zhong
- Institute of Hematology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingxuan Shi
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Li
- Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Xindong Wang
- Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyang Tang
- Guangdong Zhaotai InVivo Biomedicine Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Zhaotai Cell Biology Technology, Ltd., Foshan, China
| | - Qiting Wu
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youguo Long
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Duo Hu
- Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suna Wang
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Yao
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Hua Yang
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Translational Provincial Education Department Key Laboratory of Nano-Immmunoregulation Tumor Microenvironment, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiannan Tang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pentao Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yangqiu Li
- Institute of Hematology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Li
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.,Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China
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5
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Lu X, Liu M, Yang J, Yi Q, Zhang X. Panobinostat enhances NK cell cytotoxicity in soft tissue sarcoma. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 209:127-139. [PMID: 35867577 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoma is a rare and heterogeneous class of mesenchymal malignancies with poor prognosis. Panobinostat (LBH589) as one of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, has demonstrated anti-tumor activity in patients with sarcoma, but its mechanisms remains unclear. Here, we found that LBH589 alone inhibited the proliferation and colony formation of soft tissue sarcoma(STS) cell lines. Transcriptome analysis showed that treatment with LBH589 augmented the NK cell mediated cytotoxicity. Quantitative real-time PCR and flow cytometric analysis (FACS) further confirmed that LBH589 increased the expression of NKG2D ligands MICA/MICB. Mechanistically, LBH589 activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by upregulating the histone acetylation in β-catenin promoter. In vitro co-culture experiments and in vivo animal experiments showed that LBH589 increased the cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells while Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor decreased the effects. Our findings suggests that LBH589 facilitates the anti-tumor effect of NK cells, highlights LBH589 an effective assistance drug in NK cell-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxia Lu
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology Unit, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology Unit, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology Unit, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Que Yi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P. R. China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology Unit, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China
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6
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Xiang XS, Li PC, Wang WQ, Liu L. Histone deacetylases: A novel class of therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188676. [PMID: 35016922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the seventh leading cause of cancer death worldwide, with a low 5-year survival rate. Novel agents are urgently necessary to treat the main pathological type, known as pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDAC). The dysregulation of histone deacetylases (HDACs) has been identified in association with PDAC, which can be more easily targeted by small molecular inhibitors than gene mutations and may represent a therapeutic breakthrough for PDAC. However, the contributions of HDACs to PDAC remain controversial, and pharmacokinetic challenges have limited the application of HDAC inhibitors (HDACis) in PDAC. This review summarizes the mechanisms associated with success and failure of HDACis in PDAC and discusses the recent progress made in HDACi development and application, such as combination therapies designed to enhance efficacy. More precise strategies involving HDACis might eventually improve the outcomes of PDAC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Song Xiang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Quan Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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7
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Xi Y, Jingying D, Chenglong L, Hong Z, Rong Z, Xiaodong W, Chunsen W, Xiaobing H. Epigenetic Therapy Promotes the Ratio of Th1/Th17 Lineage to Reverse Immune Evasion and Treat Leukemia Relapse Post-allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation in Non-APL AML Patients. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:595395. [PMID: 34504867 PMCID: PMC8421566 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.595395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To reverse the early-stage relapse post-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, we investigated the safety and efficacy of a new epigenetic regimen (chidamide and decitabine plus thymalfasin simultaneously) on acute myeloid leukemia patients (excluding acute promyelocytic leukemia). Twenty-four patients were enrolled in this observational study during April 2015 to May 2018. The most common adverse event was reversible CTCAE grade 2 thrombocytopenia (20/24). Strikingly, all 24 patients had response to this epigenetic regimen accompanied with decreased measurable residual disease. The overall survival rate is 79.2% (19/24), with a relapse-free survival rate of 79.2% (19/24). During this regimen treatment, Th1 cells and CD3+CD4-CD8+T cells increased, and Th17 cells decreased gradually. The status of high Th1 and low Th17 cells was still observed on the 3rd month after discontinuation of this regimen. Interestingly, the significantly elevated ratio of Th1/Th17 seemed to reflect the treatment-related immune effect, which may be a valuable marker to be monitored in the early-relapse stage for evaluating the efficacy and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xi
- Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dai Jingying
- Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Chenglong
- Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zheng Hong
- Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Zhang Rong
- Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wang Xiaodong
- Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wang Chunsen
- Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Huang Xiaobing
- Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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8
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Hicks KC, Chariou PL, Ozawa Y, Minnar CM, Knudson KM, Meyer TJ, Bian J, Cam M, Schlom J, Gameiro SR. Tumour-targeted interleukin-12 and entinostat combination therapy improves cancer survival by reprogramming the tumour immune cell landscape. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5151. [PMID: 34446712 PMCID: PMC8390765 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poorly inflamed carcinomas do not respond well to immune checkpoint blockade. Converting the tumour microenvironment into a functionally inflamed immune hub would extend the clinical benefit of immune therapy to a larger proportion of cancer patients. Here we show, by using comprehensive single-cell transcriptome, proteome, and immune cell analysis, that Entinostat, a class I histone deacetylase inhibitor, facilitates accumulation of the necrosis-targeted recombinant murine immune-cytokine, NHS-rmIL12, in experimental mouse colon carcinomas and poorly immunogenic breast tumours. This combination therapy reprograms the tumour innate and adaptive immune milieu to an inflamed landscape, where the concerted action of highly functional CD8+ T cells and activated neutrophils drive macrophage M1-like polarization, leading to complete tumour eradication in 41.7%-100% of cases. Biomarker signature of favourable overall survival in multiple human tumor types shows close resemblance to the immune pattern generated by Entinostat/NHS-rmIL12 combination therapy. Collectively, these findings provide a rationale for combining NHS-IL12 with Entinostat in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin C Hicks
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul L Chariou
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yohei Ozawa
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christine M Minnar
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karin M Knudson
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J Meyer
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource (CCBR), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jing Bian
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource (CCBR), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Margaret Cam
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource (CCBR), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Sofia R Gameiro
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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9
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Fuertes MB, Domaica CI, Zwirner NW. Leveraging NKG2D Ligands in Immuno-Oncology. Front Immunol 2021; 12:713158. [PMID: 34394116 PMCID: PMC8358801 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.713158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) revolutionized the field of immuno-oncology and opened new avenues towards the development of novel assets to achieve durable immune control of cancer. Yet, the presence of tumor immune evasion mechanisms represents a challenge for the development of efficient treatment options. Therefore, combination therapies are taking the center of the stage in immuno-oncology. Such combination therapies should boost anti-tumor immune responses and/or target tumor immune escape mechanisms, especially those created by major players in the tumor microenvironment (TME) such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). Natural killer (NK) cells were recently positioned at the forefront of many immunotherapy strategies, and several new approaches are being designed to fully exploit NK cell antitumor potential. One of the most relevant NK cell-activating receptors is NKG2D, a receptor that recognizes 8 different NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL), including MICA and MICB. MICA and MICB are poorly expressed on normal cells but become upregulated on the surface of damaged, transformed or infected cells as a result of post-transcriptional or post-translational mechanisms and intracellular pathways. Their engagement of NKG2D triggers NK cell effector functions. Also, MICA/B are polymorphic and such polymorphism affects functional responses through regulation of their cell-surface expression, intracellular trafficking, shedding of soluble immunosuppressive isoforms, or the affinity of NKG2D interaction. Although immunotherapeutic approaches that target the NKG2D-NKG2DL axis are under investigation, several tumor immune escape mechanisms account for reduced cell surface expression of NKG2DL and contribute to tumor immune escape. Also, NKG2DL polymorphism determines functional NKG2D-dependent responses, thus representing an additional challenge for leveraging NKG2DL in immuno-oncology. In this review, we discuss strategies to boost MICA/B expression and/or inhibit their shedding and propose that combination strategies that target MICA/B with antibodies and strategies aimed at promoting their upregulation on tumor cells or at reprograming TAM into pro-inflammatory macrophages and remodeling of the TME, emerge as frontrunners in immuno-oncology because they may unleash the antitumor effector functions of NK cells and cytotoxic CD8 T cells (CTL). Pursuing several of these pipelines might lead to innovative modalities of immunotherapy for the treatment of a wide range of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Beatriz Fuertes
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Inés Domaica
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Norberto Walter Zwirner
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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10
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Hu J, Xia X, Zhao Q, Li S. Lysine acetylation of NKG2D ligand Rae-1 stabilizes the protein and sensitizes tumor cells to NKG2D immune surveillance. Cancer Lett 2021; 502:143-153. [PMID: 33279621 PMCID: PMC10142196 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Shedding, loss of expression, or internalization of natural killer group 2, member D (NKG2D) ligands from the tumor cell surface leads to immune evasion, which is associated with poor prognosis in patients with cancer. In many cancers, matrix metalloproteinases cause the proteolytic shedding of NKG2D ligands. However, it remained unclear how to protect NKG2D ligands from shedding. Here, we showed that the shedding of the mouse NKG2D ligand Rae-1 can be prevented by two critical acetyltransferases, GCN5 and PCAF, which acetylate the lysine residues of Rae-1 to avoid shedding both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, mutations at lysines 80 and 87 of Rae-1 abrogated this acetylation and thereby desensitized tumor cells to NKG2D-dependent immune surveillance. Notably, the protein levels of GCN5 correlated with the expression levels of the human NKG2D ligand ULPB1 in a human tumor tissue microarray and, more importantly, with prolonged overall survival in many cancers. Our results suggest that the acetylation of Rae-1 protein at lysines 80 and 87 by GCN5 and PCAF protects Rae-1 from shedding so as to activate NKG2D-dependent immune surveillance. This discovery may shed light on new targets for NKG2D immunotherapy in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiemiao Hu
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 853, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xueqing Xia
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 853, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Qingnan Zhao
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 853, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shulin Li
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 853, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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11
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Tuyet Anh DT, Cuc DT, Thuy Giang LN, Hien NT, Doan VN, Thanh NH, Tuyen NV, Van Kiem P. Design, Synthesis, and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Novel Lupane Triterpenoid Derived Hydroxamates. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20931967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of new hydroxamate derivatives of lupane triterpenoids has been designed and successfully synthesized. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antitumor activity using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]−2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide-based assay against the human cancer cell lines KB and HepG2. Most of these derivatives possess at least moderate cytotoxic activity and the hydroxamate derivative compounds 3c, 3e, 7a, and 15b could be lead compounds for further optimization to develop novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang Thi Tuyet Anh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dinh Thi Cuc
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Nhat Thuy Giang
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Hien
- Faculty of Environment, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Vietnam
| | - Vu Ngoc Doan
- Le Quy Don Technical University, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Ha Thanh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Tuyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phan Van Kiem
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
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12
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Hicks KC, Knudson KM, Lee KL, Hamilton DH, Hodge JW, Figg WD, Ordentlich P, Jones FR, Rabizadeh S, Soon-Shiong P, Schlom J, Gameiro SR. Cooperative Immune-Mediated Mechanisms of the HDAC Inhibitor Entinostat, an IL15 Superagonist, and a Cancer Vaccine Effectively Synergize as a Novel Cancer Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 26:704-716. [PMID: 31645354 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-0727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immunotherapy has demonstrated clinical efficacy in subsets of patients with solid carcinomas. Multimodal therapies using agents that can affect different arms of the immune system and/or tumor microenvironment (TME) might increase clinical responses. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We demonstrate that entinostat, a class I histone deacetylase inhibitor, enhances the antitumor efficacy of the IL15 superagonist N-803 plus vaccine in 4T1 triple-negative breast and MC38-CEA colon murine carcinoma models. A comprehensive immune and gene-expression analysis was performed in the periphery and/or TME of MC38-CEA tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS Although N-803 plus vaccine induced peripheral CD8+ T-cell activation and cytokine production, there was no reduction in tumor burden and poor tumor infiltration of CD8+ T cells with minimal levels of granzyme B. For the first time, we demonstrate that the addition of entinostat to N-803 plus vaccine promoted significant tumor control, correlating with increased expression of genes associated with tumor inflammation, enhanced infiltration of activated CD8+ T cells with maximal granzyme B, T-cell responses to multiple tumor-associated antigens, increased serum IFNγ, reduction of regulatory T cells in the TME, and decreased expression of the checkpoint V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA) on multiple immune subsets. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data demonstrate that the synergistic combination of entinostat, N-803, and vaccine elicits potent antitumor activity by generating a more inflamed TME. These findings thus form the rationale for the use of this combination of agents for patients harboring poorly or noninflamed solid carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin C Hicks
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Karin M Knudson
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Karin L Lee
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Duane H Hamilton
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William D Figg
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Office of the Clinical Director, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Shahrooz Rabizadeh
- ImmunityBio, Culver City, California.,NantOmics, LLC, Culver City, California.,NantWorks, Culver City, California
| | - Patrick Soon-Shiong
- ImmunityBio, Culver City, California.,NantOmics, LLC, Culver City, California.,NantWorks, Culver City, California
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Sofia R Gameiro
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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13
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Chen Z, Yang Y, Liu LL, Lundqvist A. Strategies to Augment Natural Killer (NK) Cell Activity against Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11071040. [PMID: 31340613 PMCID: PMC6678934 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11071040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a crucial role to prevent local growth and dissemination of cancer. Therapies based on activating the immune system can result in beneficial responses in patients with metastatic disease. Treatment with antibodies targeting the immunological checkpoint axis PD-1 / PD-L1 can result in the induction of anti-tumor T cell activation leading to meaningful long-lasting clinical responses. Still, many patients acquire resistance or develop dose-limiting toxicities to these therapies. Analysis of tumors from patients who progress on anti-PD-1 treatment reveal defective interferon-signaling and antigen presentation, resulting in immune escape from T cell-mediated attack. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that can kill tumor cells without prior sensitization to antigens and can be activated to kill tumor cells that have an impaired antigen processing and presentation machinery. Thus, NK cells may serve as useful effectors against tumor cells that have become resistant to classical immune checkpoint therapy. Various approaches to activate NK cells are being increasingly explored in clinical trials against cancer. While clinical benefit has been demonstrated in patients with acute myeloid leukemia receiving haploidentical NK cells, responses in patients with solid tumors are so far less encouraging. Several hurdles need to be overcome to provide meaningful clinical responses in patients with solid tumors. Here we review the recent developments to augment NK cell responses against solid tumors with regards to cytokine therapy, adoptive infusion of NK cells, NK cell engagers, and NK cell immune checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Chen
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17164 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17164 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa L Liu
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17164 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Andreas Lundqvist
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17164 Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Anderson G, Reiter RJ. Glioblastoma: Role of Mitochondria N-acetylserotonin/Melatonin Ratio in Mediating Effects of miR-451 and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and in Coordinating Wider Biochemical Changes. Int J Tryptophan Res 2019; 12:1178646919855942. [PMID: 31244524 PMCID: PMC6580708 DOI: 10.1177/1178646919855942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide array of different factors and processes have been linked to the biochemical underpinnings of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and glioblastoma stem cells (GSC), with no clear framework in which these may be integrated. Consequently, treatment of GBM/GSC is generally regarded as very poor. This article provides a framework that is based on alterations in the regulation of the melatonergic pathways within mitochondria of GBM/GSC. It is proposed that the presence of high levels of mitochondria-synthesized melatonin is toxic to GBM/GSC, with a number of processes in GBM/GSC acting to limit melatonin’s synthesis in mitochondria. One such factor is the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, which increases cytochrome P450 (CYP)1b1 in mitochondria, leading to the ‘backward’ conversion of melatonin to N-acetylserotonin (NAS). N-acetylserotonin has some similar, but some important differential effects compared with melatonin, including its activation of the tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) receptor. TrkB activation is important to GBM/GSC survival and proliferation. A plethora of significant, but previously disparate, data on GBM/GSC can then be integrated within this framework, including miR-451, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mTOR, 14-3-3 proteins, sirtuins, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, and the kynurenine pathways. Such a conceptualization provides a framework for the development of more effective treatment for this poorly managed condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Anderson
- Department of Clinical Research, CRC Scotland & London, London, UK
| | - Russell J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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15
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Schnekenburger M, Dicato M, Diederich MF. Anticancer potential of naturally occurring immunoepigenetic modulators: A promising avenue? Cancer 2019; 125:1612-1628. [PMID: 30840315 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune system represents the major primary defense line against carcinogenesis and acts by identifying and eradicating nascent transformed cells. A growing body of evidence is indicating that aberrant epigenetic reprogramming plays a key role in tumor immune escape through: 1) impaired efficient recognition of neoplastic cells by the immune system, resulting from a downregulation or loss of the expression of tumor-associated antigens, human leukocyte antigens, antigen processing and presenting machinery, and costimulatory molecule genes; 2) aberrant expression of immune checkpoint proteins and their ligands; and 3) modification of cytokine profiles and tumor-associated immune cell populations toward an immunosuppressive state in the tumor microenvironment. Consistent with the inherent reversibility of epigenetic alterations, epigenetic drugs, including DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors, have the unique potential to favorably modify the tumor microenvironment, restore tumor recognition and stimulate an antitumor immune response. The objective of this review is to highlight selected, naturally occurring epigenetic modulators, namely, butyrate, curcumin, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, resveratrol, romidepsin, and trichostatin A, with a special focus on their antitumor immune properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schnekenburger
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer, Kirchberg Hospital, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Mario Dicato
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer, Kirchberg Hospital, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Marc F Diederich
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Schmiedel D, Mandelboim O. NKG2D Ligands-Critical Targets for Cancer Immune Escape and Therapy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2040. [PMID: 30254634 PMCID: PMC6141707 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage, oncogene activation and excessive proliferation, chromatin modulations or oxidative stress are all important hallmarks of cancer. Interestingly, all of these abnormalities also induce a cellular stress response. By upregulating “stress-induced ligands,” damaged or transformed cells can be recognized by immune cells and cleared. The human genome encodes eight functional “stress-induced ligands”: MICA, MICB, and ULBP1-6. All of them are recognized by a single receptor, NKG2D, which is expressed on natural killer (NK) cells, cytotoxic T cells and other T cell subsets. The NKG2D ligand/NKG2D-axis is well-recognized as an important mediator of anti-tumor activity; however, patient data about the role of NKG2D ligands in immune surveillance and escape appears conflicting. As these ligands are often actively transcribed, tumor cells are urged to manipulate the expression of these ligands on post-transcriptional or post-translational level. Although our knowledge on the regulation of NKG2D ligand expression remains fragmentary, research of the past years revealed multiple cellular mechanisms that are adopted by tumor cells to reduce the expression of “stress-induced ligands” and therefore escape immune recognition. Here, we review the post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms by which NKG2D ligands are modulated in cancer cells and their impact on patient prognosis.We discuss controversies and approaches to apply our understanding of the NKG2D ligand/NKG2D-axis for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Schmiedel
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel Canada of the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel Canada of the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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17
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Hicks KC, Fantini M, Donahue RN, Schwab A, Knudson KM, Tritsch SR, Jochems C, Clavijo PE, Allen CT, Hodge JW, Tsang KY, Schlom J, Gameiro SR. Epigenetic priming of both tumor and NK cells augments antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity elicited by the anti-PD-L1 antibody avelumab against multiple carcinoma cell types. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1466018. [PMID: 30377559 PMCID: PMC6205056 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1466018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis are promising immunotherapies shown to elicit objective responses against multiple tumor types, yet these agents fail to benefit most patients with carcinomas. This highlights the need to develop effective therapeutic strategies to increase responses to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors in combination with immunotherapies have provided preliminary evidence of anti-tumor effects. We investigated here whether exposure of either natural killer (NK) cells and/or tumor cells to two different classes of HDAC inhibitors would augment (a) NK cell‒mediated direct tumor cell killing and/or (b) antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) using avelumab, a fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody targeting PD-L1. Treatment of a diverse array of human carcinoma cells with a clinically relevant dose of either the pan-HDAC inhibitor vorinostat or the class I HDAC inhibitor entinostat significantly enhanced the expression of multiple NK ligands and death receptors resulting in enhanced NK cell‒mediated lysis. Moreover, HDAC inhibition enhanced tumor cell PD-L1 expression both in vitro and in carcinoma xenografts. These data demonstrate that treatment of a diverse array of carcinoma cells with two different classes of HDAC inhibitors results in enhanced NK cell tumor cell lysis and avelumab-mediated ADCC. Furthermore, entinostat treatment of NK cells from healthy donors and PBMCs from cancer patients induced an activated NK cell phenotype, and heightened direct and ADCC-mediated healthy donor NK lysis of multiple carcinoma types. This study thus extends the mechanism and provides a rationale for combining HDAC inhibitors with PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint blockade to increase patient responses to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin C. Hicks
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Massimo Fantini
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Renee N. Donahue
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Angie Schwab
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karin M. Knudson
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah R. Tritsch
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Caroline Jochems
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul E. Clavijo
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute of Deafness and other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clint T. Allen
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute of Deafness and other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James W. Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kwong Y. Tsang
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sofia R. Gameiro
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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18
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Ding H, Yang X, Wei Y. Fusion Proteins of NKG2D/NKG2DL in Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010177. [PMID: 29316666 PMCID: PMC5796126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
NKG2D (natural killer group 2, member D) is an important activating receptor in natural killer (NK) cells and some T cells. NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs) are specifically expressed on most tumor cells. The engagement of these ligands on tumor cells to NKG2D on NK cells will induce cell-mediated cytotoxicity and have target cells destroyed. This gives NKG2D/NKG2DLs great potential in cancer therapeutic application. The creation of NKG2D/NKG2DL-based multi-functional fusion proteins is becoming one of the most promising strategies in immunotherapy for cancer. Antibodies, cytokines, and death receptors have been fused with NKG2D or its ligands to produce many powerful fusion proteins, including NKG2D-based chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). In this article, we review the recent developments of the fusion proteins with NKG2D/NKG2DL ligands in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ding
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 190 Collings Street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 190 Collings Street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - Yanzhang Wei
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 190 Collings Street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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19
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Kiany S, Huang G, Kleinerman ES. Effect of entinostat on NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against osteosarcoma cells and osteosarcoma lung metastasis. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1333214. [PMID: 28919994 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1333214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a crucial need for a new therapeutic approach for osteosarcoma (OS) lung metastasis since this disease remains the main cause of mortality in OS. We previously demonstrated that natural killer (NK) cell therapy has minimal efficacy against OS metastasis. This study determined whether the histone deacetylase inhibitor entinostat could immunosensitize OS cells to NK cell lysis and increases the efficacy of NK cell therapy for OS lung metastasis. Entinostat upregulated ligands for NK cell-activating receptors (major histocompatibility complex [MHC] class I polypeptide-related chain A [MICA] and B [MICB]; UL16 binding proteins 1, 2, 5, and 6; and CD155) on OS cells both in vitro and in vivo and led to more susceptibility to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. Importantly, entinostat did not change NK cell viability, receptor expression, or function within the 24-h treatment. We also demonstrated two potential mechanisms by which entinostat enhanced expression of MICA and MICB on OS cells. Although entinostat upregulated ligands for the NK cell activating receptor on OS lung metastasis, it failed to augment the efficacy of NK cell therapy in our nude mouse human OS lung metastasis model. This can be partly explained by our finding that although the infused NK cells were active and functional and could penetrate into the lungs, they failed to infiltrate into the lung nodules. These challenges regarding cellular immunotherapy against solid tumors may be overcome by combination therapy, such as adding a NK cell-activating cytokine (IL-2 or IL-21).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Kiany
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gangxiong Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eugenie S Kleinerman
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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20
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Abstract
Natural killer cells are important effector lymphocytes of the innate immune system, playing critical roles in antitumor and anti-infection host defense. Tumor progression or chronic infections, however, usually leads to exhaustion of NK cells, thus limiting the antitumor/infection potential of NK cells. In many tumors or chronic infections, multiple mechanisms might contribute to the exhaustion of NK cells, such as dysregulated NK cell receptors signaling, as well as suppressive effects by regulatory cells or soluble factors within the microenvironment. Better understanding of the characteristics, as well as the underlying mechanisms of NK cell exhaustion, not only should increase our understanding of the basic biology of NK cells but also could reveal novel NK cell-based antitumor/infection targets. Here, we provide an overview of our current knowledge on NK cell exhaustion in tumors, and in chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Bi
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Antibody Engineering, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease of Chinese Academy of Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Dunn J, Rao S. Epigenetics and immunotherapy: The current state of play. Mol Immunol 2017; 87:227-239. [PMID: 28511092 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells employ a number of mechanisms to escape immunosurveillance and facilitate tumour progression. The recent explosion of interest in immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint blockade, is a result of discoveries about the fundamental ligand-receptor interactions that occur between immune and cancer cells within the tumour microenvironment. Distinct ligands expressed by cancer cells engage with cell surface receptors on immune cells, triggering inhibitory pathways (such as PD-1/PD-L1) that render immune cells immunologically tolerant. Importantly, recent studies on the role of epigenetics in immune evasion have exposed a key role for epigenetic modulators in augmenting the tumour microenvironment and restoring immune recognition and immunogenicity. Epigenetic drugs such as DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors can reverse immune suppression via several mechanisms such as enhancing expression of tumour-associated antigens, components of the antigen processing and presenting machinery pathways, immune checkpoint inhibitors, chemokines, and other immune-related genes. These discoveries have established a highly promising basis for studies using combined epigenetic and immunotherapeutic agents as anti-cancer therapies. In this review, we discuss the exciting role of epigenetic immunomodulation in tumour immune escape, emphasising its significance in priming and sensitising the host immune system to immunotherapies through mechanisms such as the activation of the viral defence pathway. With this background in mind, we highlight the promise of combined epigenetic therapy and immunotherapy, focusing on immune checkpoint blockade, to improve outcomes for patients with many different cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Dunn
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Sudha Rao
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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22
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Hu J, Bernatchez C, Zhang L, Xia X, Kleinerman ES, Hung MC, Hwu P, Li S. Induction of NKG2D Ligands on Solid Tumors Requires Tumor-Specific CD8 + T Cells and Histone Acetyltransferases. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 5:300-311. [PMID: 28223282 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
NKG2D-mediated immune surveillance is crucial for inhibiting tumor growth and metastases. Malignant tumor cells often downregulate NKG2D ligands to escape from immune surveillance. High-profile studies have shown that restoring NKG2D ligand expression via genetic engineering inhibits tumor formation and progression. However, no effective in vivo approaches are available to restore these ligands across different types of solid tumors because the classic stress signal-dependent induction of this ligand in vitro is transient and has rarely been duplicated in solid tumors in vivo We found that coadministration of an immune stimulatory signal (IL12) and chemotherapy (doxorubicin) restored the NKG2D ligand Rae-1 in multiple tumor types, including a human tumor model. The restored expression of NKG2D ligands was associated with tumor cell death and delay of tumor progression in vivo Induction of tumor-specific NKG2D ligands required the engagement of CD8+ T cells and was regulated by the histone acetyltransferases GCN5 and PCAF. The tumor-specific restoration of NKG2D ligands in a variety of tumor models, including a human tumor model, resulted in NKG2D-dependent tumor regression and extended survival time. The elucidation of a CD8+ T cell-dependent mechanism suggests that activated NKG2D+CD8+ T-cell therapy alone may be able to restore the NKG2D ligand in tumors. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(4); 300-11. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiemiao Hu
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chantale Bernatchez
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Xueqing Xia
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Eugenie S Kleinerman
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Center of Molecular Medicine and Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Patrick Hwu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shulin Li
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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23
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Sinha C, Cunningham LC. An overview of the potential strategies for NK cell-based immunotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:2078-2085. [PMID: 27535002 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have relatively low survival rates compared to patients with other pediatric cancers. Relapse is frequent with conventional treatment and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Natural killer (NK) cells offer an alternative approach to chemotherapy that combats relapse by substantially eradicating AML blasts. New methods for enhancing NK cell activation and expression of the activating ligand on target malignant cells will increase the likelihood of success with this approach. We review these latest discoveries in NK cell-based therapy for AML and delineate recent advances in sensitizing AML cells to NK cell-mediated immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrima Sinha
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Lea C Cunningham
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
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24
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Garrido C, Spivak AM, Soriano-Sarabia N, Checkley MA, Barker E, Karn J, Planelles V, Margolis DM. HIV Latency-Reversing Agents Have Diverse Effects on Natural Killer Cell Function. Front Immunol 2016; 7:356. [PMID: 27708642 PMCID: PMC5030263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In an effort to clear persistent HIV infection and achieve a durable therapy-free remission of HIV disease, extensive pre-clinical studies and early pilot clinical trials are underway to develop and test agents that can reverse latent HIV infection and present viral antigen to the immune system for clearance. It is, therefore, critical to understand the impact of latency-reversing agents (LRAs) on the function of immune effectors needed to clear infected cells. We assessed the impact of LRAs on the function of natural killer (NK) cells, the main effector cells of the innate immune system. We studied the effects of three histone deacetylase inhibitors [SAHA or vorinostat (VOR), romidepsin, and panobinostat (PNB)] and two protein kinase C agonists [prostratin (PROST) and ingenol] on the antiviral activity, cytotoxicity, cytokine secretion, phenotype, and viability of primary NK cells. We found that ex vivo exposure to VOR had minimal impact on all parameters assessed, while PNB caused a decrease in NK cell viability, antiviral activity, and cytotoxicity. PROST caused non-specific NK cell activation and, interestingly, improved antiviral activity. Overall, we found that LRAs can alter the function and fate of NK cells, and these effects must be carefully considered as strategies are developed to clear persistent HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Garrido
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Adam M Spivak
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, UT , USA
| | - Natalia Soriano-Sarabia
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mary Ann Checkley
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, OH , USA
| | - Edward Barker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, OH , USA
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, UT , USA
| | - David M Margolis
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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25
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Patel S, Hurez V, Nawrocki ST, Goros M, Michalek J, Sarantopoulos J, Curiel T, Mahalingam D. Vorinostat and hydroxychloroquine improve immunity and inhibit autophagy in metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:59087-59097. [PMID: 27463016 PMCID: PMC5312297 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) enhances the anti-cancer activity of the histone deacetylase inhibitor, vorinostat (VOR), in pre-clinical models and early phase clinical studies of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Mechanisms could include autophagy inhibition, accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, and subsequent tumor cell apoptosis. There is growing evidence that autophagy inhibition could lead to improved anti-cancer immunity. To date, effects of autophagy on immunity have not been reported in cancer patients. To address this, we expanded an ongoing clinical study to include patients with advanced, refractory mCRC to evaluate further the clinical efficacy and immune effects of VOR plus HCQ. Refractory mCRC patients received VOR 400 milligrams orally with HCQ 600 milligrams orally daily, in a 3-week cycle. The primary endpoint was median progression-free survival (mPFS). Secondary endpoints include median overall survival (mOS), adverse events (AE), pharmacodynamic of inhibition of autophagy in primary tumors, immune cell analyses, and cytokine levels. Twenty patients were enrolled (19 evaluable for survival) with a mPFS of 2.8 months and mOS of 6.7 months. Treatment-related grade 3-4 AEs occurred in 8 patients (40%), with fatigue, nausea/vomiting, and anemia being the most common. Treatment significantly reduced CD4+CD25hiFoxp3+ regulatory and PD-1+ (exhausted) CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and decreased CD45RO-CD62L+ (naive) T cells, consistent with improved anti-tumor immunity. On-study tumor biopsies showed increases in lysosomal protease cathepsin D and p62 accumulation, consistent with autophagy inhibition. Taken together, VOR plus HCQ is active, safe and well tolerated in refractory CRC patients, resulting in potentially improved anti-tumor immunity and inhibition of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukeshi Patel
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Vincent Hurez
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Steffan T. Nawrocki
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Martin Goros
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Joel Michalek
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - John Sarantopoulos
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Tyler Curiel
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Devalingam Mahalingam
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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26
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Fionda C, Abruzzese MP, Zingoni A, Cecere F, Vulpis E, Peruzzi G, Soriani A, Molfetta R, Paolini R, Ricciardi MR, Petrucci MT, Santoni A, Cippitelli M. The IMiDs targets IKZF-1/3 and IRF4 as novel negative regulators of NK cell-activating ligands expression in multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2015; 6:23609-30. [PMID: 26269456 PMCID: PMC4695140 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) have potent anti-tumor activities in multiple myeloma (MM) and are able to enhance the cytotoxic function of natural killer (NK) cells, important effectors of the immune response against MM. Here, we show that these drugs can enhance the expression of the NKG2D and DNAM-1 activating receptor ligands MICA and PVR/CD155 in human MM cell lines and primary malignant plasma cells. Depletion of cereblon (CRBN) by shRNA interference strongly impaired upregulation of these ligands and, more interestingly, IMiDs/CRBN-mediated downregulation of the transcription factors Ikaros (IKZF1), Aiolos (IKZF3) and IRF4 was critical for these regulatory mechanisms. Indeed, shRNA knockdown of IKZF1 or IKZF3 expression was both necessary and sufficient for the upregulation of MICA and PVR/CD155 expression, suggesting that these transcription factors can repress these genes; accordingly, the direct interaction and the negative role of IKZF1 and IKZF3 proteins on MICA and PVR/CD155 promoters were demonstrated. Finally, MICA expression was enhanced in IRF4-silenced cells, indicating a specific suppressive role of this transcription factor on MICA gene expression in MM cells.Taken together, these findings describe novel molecular pathways involved in the regulation of MICA and PVR/CD155 gene expression and identify the transcription factors IKZF-1/IKZF-3 and IRF4 as repressors of these genes in MM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Fionda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Abruzzese
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zingoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Cecere
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Vulpis
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Peruzzi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, CLNS@Sapienza, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Soriani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Molfetta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Paolini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Ricciardi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Petrucci
- Division of Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Mediterraneo di Neuroscienze Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Marco Cippitelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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27
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Pereboeva L, Harkins L, Wong S, Lamb LS. The safety of allogeneic innate lymphocyte therapy for glioma patients with prior cranial irradiation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:551-62. [PMID: 25676710 PMCID: PMC11029122 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1662-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The standard treatment of high-grade glioma presents a combination of radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery. Immunotherapy is proposed as a potential adjunct to standard cytotoxic regimens to target remaining microscopic disease following resection. We have shown ex vivo expanded/activated γδ T cells to be a promising innate lymphocyte therapy based on their recognition of stress antigens expressed on gliomas. However, successful integration of γδ T cell therapy protocols requires understanding the efficacy and safety of adoptively transferred immune cells in the post-treatment environment. The unique features of γδ T cell product and the environment (hypoxia, inflammation) can affect levels of expression of key cell receptors and secreted factors and either promote or hinder the feasibility of γδ T cell therapy. We investigated the potential for the γδ T cells to injure normal brain tissue that may have been stressed by treatment. We evaluated γδ T cell toxicity by assessing actual and correlative toxicity indicators in several available models including: (1) expression of stress markers on normal primary human astrocytes (as surrogate for brain parenchyma) after irradiation and temozolomide treatment, (2) cytotoxicity of γδ T cells on normal and irradiated primary astrocytes, (3) microglial activation and expression of stress-induced ligands in mouse brain after whole-brain irradiation and (4) expression of stress-induced markers on human brain tumors and on normal brain tissue. The lack of expression of stress-induced ligands in all tested models suggests that γδ T cell therapy is safe for brain tumor patients who undergo standard cytotoxic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Pereboeva
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1824 6th Ave S, WTI 510C, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA,
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28
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Sta Maria NS, Barnes SR, Jacobs RE. In vivo monitoring of natural killer cell trafficking during tumor immunotherapy. MAGNETIC RESONANCE INSIGHTS 2014; 7:15-21. [PMID: 25114550 PMCID: PMC4122546 DOI: 10.4137/mri.s13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a crucial part of the innate immune system and play critical roles in host anti-viral, anti-microbial, and antitumor responses. The elucidation of NK cell biology and their therapeutic use are actively being pursued with 200 clinical trials currently underway. In this review, we outline the role of NK cells in cancer immunotherapies and summarize current noninvasive imaging technologies used to track NK cells in vivo to investigate mechanisms of action, develop new therapies, and evaluate efficacy of adoptive transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi S Sta Maria
- Biology and Biological Engineering, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Samuel R Barnes
- Biology and Biological Engineering, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Biology and Biological Engineering, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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29
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Chretien AS, Le Roy A, Vey N, Prebet T, Blaise D, Fauriat C, Olive D. Cancer-Induced Alterations of NK-Mediated Target Recognition: Current and Investigational Pharmacological Strategies Aiming at Restoring NK-Mediated Anti-Tumor Activity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:122. [PMID: 24715892 PMCID: PMC3970020 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite evidence of cancer immune-surveillance, which plays a key role in tumor rejection, cancer cells can escape immune recognition through different mechanisms. Thus, evasion to Natural killer (NK) cell-mediated anti-tumor activity is commonly described and is mediated by various mechanisms, mainly cancer cell-induced down-regulation of NK-activating receptors (NCRs, NKG2D, DNAM-1, and CD16) as well as up-regulation of inhibitory receptors (killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors, KIRs, NKG2A). Alterations of NK cells lead to an impaired recognition of tumor cells as well as a decreased ability to interact with immune cells. Alternatively, cancer cells downregulate expression of ligands for NK cell-activating receptors and up-regulate expression of the ligands for inhibitory receptors. A better knowledge of the extent and the mechanisms of these defects will allow developing pharmacological strategies to restore NK cell ability to recognize and lyse tumor cells. Combining conventional chemotherapy and immune modulation is a promising approach likely to improve clinical outcome in diverse neoplastic malignancies. Here, we overview experimental approaches as well as strategies already available in the clinics that restore NK cell functionality. Yet successful cancer therapies based on the manipulation of NK cell already have shown efficacy in the context of hematologic malignancies. Additionally, the ability of cytotoxic agents to increase susceptibility of tumors to NK cell lysis has been studied and may require improvement to maximize this effect. More recently, new strategies were developed to specifically restore NK cell phenotype or to stimulate NK cell functions. Overall, pharmacological immune modulation trends to be integrated in therapeutic strategies and should improve anti-tumor effects of conventional cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Chretien
- Centre de Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
| | - Aude Le Roy
- Centre de Cancérologie de Marseille, Plateforme d’Immunomonitoring en Cancérologie, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
| | - Norbert Vey
- Centre de Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
- Département d’Hématologie, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Prebet
- Département d’Hématologie, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Blaise
- Centre de Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
- Unité de Transplantation et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Cyril Fauriat
- Centre de Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Centre de Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
- Centre de Cancérologie de Marseille, Plateforme d’Immunomonitoring en Cancérologie, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
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30
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Pan DS, Yang QJ, Fu X, Shan S, Zhu JZ, Zhang K, Li ZB, Ning ZQ, Lu XP. Discovery of an orally active subtype-selective HDAC inhibitor, chidamide, as an epigenetic modulator for cancer treatment. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00350k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is maintained through a complex interplay of multiple cellular biological processes and is regulated to some extent by epigenetic control of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Si Pan
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Ltd
- BIO-Incubator
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Qian-Jiao Yang
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Ltd
- BIO-Incubator
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Xin Fu
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Ltd
- BIO-Incubator
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Song Shan
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Ltd
- BIO-Incubator
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Jing-Zhong Zhu
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Ltd
- BIO-Incubator
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Ltd
- BIO-Incubator
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Bin Li
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Ltd
- BIO-Incubator
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Ning
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Ltd
- BIO-Incubator
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Xian-Ping Lu
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences Ltd
- BIO-Incubator
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
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31
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Sigalotti L, Fratta E, Coral S, Maio M. Epigenetic drugs as immunomodulators for combination therapies in solid tumors. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 142:339-50. [PMID: 24384533 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Continuously improving knowledge of the fine mechanisms regulating cross-talk between immune cells, and of their multi-faceted interactions with cancer cells, has prompted the development of several novel immunotherapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. Among these, modulation of the host's immune system by targeting immunological synapses has shown notable clinical efficacy in different tumor types. Despite this, objective clinical responses and, more importantly, long-term survival are achieved only by a fraction of patients; therefore, identification of the mechanism(s) responsible for the differential effectiveness of immune checkpoint blockade in specific patient populations is an area of intense investigation. Neoplastic cells can activate multiple mechanisms to escape from immune control; among these, epigenetic reprogramming is emerging as a key player. Selected tumor-associated antigens, Human Leukocyte Antigens, and accessory/co-stimulatory molecules required for efficient recognition of neoplastic cells by the immune system have been shown to be epigenetically silenced or down-regulated in cancer. Consistent with the inherent reversibility of epigenetic silencing, "epigenetic" drugs, such as inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases and of histone deacetylases, can restore the functional expression of these down-regulated molecules, thus improving the recognition of cancer cells by both the innate and adaptive immune responses. This review focuses on the immunomodulatory activity of epigenetic drugs and on their proposed clinical use in novel combined chemo-immunotherapeutic regimens for the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sigalotti
- Cancer Bioimmunotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Fratta
- Cancer Bioimmunotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Sandra Coral
- Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Siena, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena, Italy
| | - Michele Maio
- Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Siena, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena, Italy.
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32
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Baier C, Fino A, Sanchez C, Farnault L, Rihet P, Kahn-Perlès B, Costello RT. Natural killer cells modulation in hematological malignancies. Front Immunol 2013; 4:459. [PMID: 24391641 PMCID: PMC3867693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematological malignancies (HM) treatment improved over the last years resulting in increased achievement of complete or partial remission, but unfortunately high relapse rates are still observed, due to remaining minimal residual disease. Therefore, sustainment of long-term remission is crucial, using either drug maintenance treatment or by boosting or prolonging an immune response. Immune system has a key role in tumor surveillance. Nonetheless, tumor-cells evade the specific T-lymphocyte mediated immune surveillance using many mechanisms but especially by the down-regulation of the expression of HLA class I antigens. In theory, these tumor-cells lacking normal expression of HLA class I molecules should be destroyed by natural killer (NK) cells, according to the missing-self hypothesis. NK cells, at the frontier of innate and adaptive immune system, have a central role in tumor-cells surveillance as demonstrated in the setting of allogenic stem cell transplantation. Nevertheless, tumors develop various mechanisms to escape from NK innate immune pressure. Abnormal NK cytolytic functions have been described in many HM. We present here various mechanisms involved in the escape of HM from NK-cell surveillance, i.e., NK-cells quantitative and qualitative abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Baier
- UMR1090 TAGC, INSERM , Marseille , France ; UMR1090 TAGC, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille , France
| | - Aurore Fino
- UMR1090 TAGC, INSERM , Marseille , France ; UMR1090 TAGC, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille , France
| | | | - Laure Farnault
- UMR1090 TAGC, INSERM , Marseille , France ; Service d'hématologie, APHM, Hôpital de la Conception , Marseille , France
| | - Pascal Rihet
- UMR1090 TAGC, INSERM , Marseille , France ; UMR1090 TAGC, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille , France
| | - Brigitte Kahn-Perlès
- UMR1090 TAGC, INSERM , Marseille , France ; UMR1090 TAGC, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille , France
| | - Régis T Costello
- UMR1090 TAGC, INSERM , Marseille , France ; UMR1090 TAGC, Aix-Marseille Université , Marseille , France ; Service d'hématologie, APHM, Hôpital de la Conception , Marseille , France
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Roeven MWH, Hobo W, Schaap N, Dolstra H. Immunotherapeutic approaches to treat multiple myeloma. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 10:896-910. [PMID: 24335570 PMCID: PMC4896532 DOI: 10.4161/hv.27380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular immunotherapy can be an effective adjuvant treatment for multiple myeloma (MM), as demonstrated by induction of durable remissions after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. However, anti-myeloma immunity is often hampered by suppressive mechanisms in the tumor micro-environment resulting in relapse or disease progression. To overcome this immunosuppression, new cellular immunotherapies have been developed, based on the important effector cells in anti-myeloma immunity, namely T cells and natural killer cells. These effectors can be modulated to improve their functionality, activated by dendritic cell vaccines, or combined with immune stimulating antibodies or immunomodulatory drugs to enhance their efficacy. In this review, we discuss promising pre-clinical and clinical data in the field of cellular immunotherapy in MM. In addition, we address the potential of combining these strategies with other therapies to maximize clinical effects without increasing toxicity. The reviewed therapies might pave the way to effective personalized treatments for MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke WH Roeven
- Department of Hematology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Willemijn Hobo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine—Laboratory of Hematology Radboud; University Medical Center; Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas Schaap
- Department of Hematology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Dolstra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine—Laboratory of Hematology Radboud; University Medical Center; Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Kepp O, Galluzzi L, Kroemer G. Immune effectors required for the therapeutic activity of vorinostat. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e27157. [PMID: 24475375 PMCID: PMC3891759 DOI: 10.4161/onci.27157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kepp
- INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP; Paris, France
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The narrow-spectrum HDAC inhibitor entinostat enhances NKG2D expression without NK cell toxicity, leading to enhanced recognition of cancer cells. Pharm Res 2013; 32:779-92. [PMID: 24203492 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity correlates with the ligation of activating receptors (e.g., NKG2D) by their ligands (e.g., MHC class I-related chains [MIC] A and B) on target cells. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) at high concentrations inhibit tumor growth and can increase NKG2D ligand expression on tumor targets, but are widely regarded as toxic to NK cells. METHODS We investigated the mechanism of entinostat, a benzamide-derivative narrow-spectrum HDACi, in augmenting the cytotoxicity of NK cells against human colon carcinoma and sarcoma by assessing gene and protein expression, histone acetylation, and cytotoxicity in in vitro and murine models. RESULTS We observed that entinostat dose- and time-dependent increase in MIC expression in tumor targets and NKG2D in primary human NK cells, both correlating with increased acetylated histone 3 (AcH3) binding to associated promoters. Entinostat pretreatment of colon carcinoma and sarcoma cells, NK cells, or both led to enhanced overall cytotoxicity in vitro, which was reversed by NKG2D blockade, and inhibited growth of tumor xenografts. Lastly, we showed decreased expression of MICA and ULBP2 transcription in primary human osteosarcoma. CONCLUSIONS Entinostat enhances NK cell killing of cancer cells through upregulation of both NKG2D and its ligands, suggesting an attractive approach for augmenting NK cell immunotherapy of solid tumors such as colon carcinoma and sarcomas.
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Krieg S, Ullrich E. Novel immune modulators used in hematology: impact on NK cells. Front Immunol 2013; 3:388. [PMID: 23316191 PMCID: PMC3539673 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a wide range of important pharmaceuticals used in treatment of cancer. Besides their known effects on tumor cells, there is growing evidence for modulation of the immune system. Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs®) play an important role in the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma or myelodysplastic syndrome and have already demonstrated antitumor, anti-angiogenic, and immunostimulating effects, in particular on natural killer (NK) cells. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are directly targeting different kinases and are known to regulate effector NK cells and expression of NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs) on tumor cells. Demethylating agents, histone deacetylases, and proteasome inhibitors interfere with the epigenetic regulation and protein degradation of malignant cells. There are first hints that these drugs also sensitize tumor cells to chemotherapy, radiation, and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity by enhanced expression of TRAIL and NKG2DLs. However, these pharmaceuticals may also impair NK cell function in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In summary, this review provides an update on the effects of different novel molecules on the immune system focusing NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Krieg
- Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine 5, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Erlangen, Germany
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37
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Jardine L, Hambleton S, Bigley V, Pagan S, Wang XN, Collin M. Sensitizing primary acute lymphoblastic leukemia to natural killer cell recognition by induction of NKG2D ligands. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 54:167-73. [PMID: 22742576 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.708026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell immunosurveillance may be impaired by malignant disease, resulting in tumor escape and disease progression. Therapies that enhance NK cytotoxicity may therefore prove valuable in remission-induction and maintenance treatment regimens. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has previously been considered resistant to NK cell lysis and not tractable to this approach. Our study demonstrates that bortezomib, valproate and troglitazone can up-regulate NK activating ligands on a B-ALL cell line and on a proportion but not all adult primary B-ALL samples. Drug-treated ALL cells trigger higher levels of NK degranulation, as measured by CD107a expression, and this effect is dependent on signaling through the NK activating receptor NKG2D. These results suggest that bortezomib, valproate and troglitazone may have clinical utility in sensitizing ALL to NK mediated lysis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jardine
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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38
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YAMANEGI KOJI, YAMANE JUNKO, KOBAYASHI KENTA, OHYAMA HIDEKI, NAKASHO KEIJI, YAMADA NAOKO, HATA MASAKI, FUKUNAGA SATORU, FUTANI HIROYUKI, OKAMURA HARUKI, TERADA NOBUYUKI. Downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 mRNA by valproic acid plays a role in inhibiting the shedding of MHC class I-related molecules A and B on the surface of human osteosarcoma cells. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1585-90. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Veuillen C, Aurran-Schleinitz T, Castellano R, Rey J, Mallet F, Orlanducci F, Pouyet L, Just-Landi S, Coso D, Ivanov V, Carcopino X, Bouabdallah R, Collette Y, Fauriat C, Olive D. Primary B-CLL resistance to NK cell cytotoxicity can be overcome in vitro and in vivo by priming NK cells and monoclonal antibody therapy. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:632-46. [PMID: 22318393 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-011-9624-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances with monoclonal antibody therapy, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains incurable. Natural killer (NK) cells are potent antitumoral effectors, particularly against hematological malignancies. Defective recognition of B-CLL leukemic cells by NK cells has been previously described. Here, we deciphered the mechanisms that hamper NK cell-mediated clearance of B-CLL and evaluated the potential of NK cells as therapeutic tools for treatment of CLL. First of all, leukemic B cells resemble to normal B cells with a weak expression of ligands for NK receptors. Conversely, NK cells from B-CLL patients were functionally and phenotypically competent, despite a decrease of expression of the activating receptor NKp30. Consequently, resting allogeneic NK cells were unable to kill leukemic B cells in vitro. These data suggest that patients' NK cells cannot initiate a proper immune reaction due to a lack of leukemic cell recognition. We next set up a xenotransplantation mouse model to study NK-CLL cell interactions. Together with our in vitro studies, in vivo data revealed that activation of NK cells is required in order to control B-CLL and that activated NK cells synergize to enhance rituximab effect on tumor load. This study points out the requirements for immune system manipulation for treatment of B-CLL in combination with monoclonal antibody therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Veuillen
- Laboratoire Immunologie et Cancer, INSERM U 1068, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, 27 Bd Leï Roure, BP 30059, 13273, Marseille, France
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40
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Godfrey J, Benson DM. The role of natural killer cells in immunity against multiple myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 53:1666-76. [PMID: 22423650 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.676175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an essentially incurable malignancy associated with profound immune dysregulation. Despite the advent of novel therapies and improvements in survival over the last 10 years, death from progressive disease and infection remains a common outcome. Natural killer (NK) cells are CD56(+)CD3(-) large granular lymphocytes that constitute a key cellular subset of the innate immune system. For over 30 years, the relationship between NK cells and MM has been described in the clinical setting and characterized in the laboratory. Data suggest that NK cells may play a role in the immune response to MM; however, this effect is lost due to immunoevasive strategies utilized by MM. Nevertheless, progress in the understanding of the mechanisms perpetuating this effect have led to new opportunities to recover or augment NK cell function therapeutically in MM. In fact, the novel agents thalidomide, lenalidomide and bortezomib all confer anti-MM effects, in part, through enhancement of NK cell function. Currently, the development of therapies designed specifically to increase NK cell cytotoxicity against MM is under way. The present review summarizes the current understanding of the NK cell versus MM effect and characterizes therapeutic interventions that exert anti-MM efficacy via NK cell function against the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Godfrey
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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41
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Berghuis D, Schilham MW, Vos HI, Santos SJ, Kloess S, Buddingh' EP, Egeler RM, Hogendoorn PC, Lankester AC. Histone deacetylase inhibitors enhance expression of NKG2D ligands in Ewing sarcoma and sensitize for natural killer cell-mediated cytolysis. Clin Sarcoma Res 2012; 2:8. [PMID: 22587892 PMCID: PMC3351702 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3329-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ewing sarcoma patients have a poor prognosis despite multimodal therapy. Integration of combination immunotherapeutic strategies into first-/second-line regimens represents promising treatment options, particularly for patients with intrinsic or acquired resistance to conventional therapies. We evaluated the susceptibility of Ewing sarcoma to natural killer cell-based combination immunotherapy, by assessing the capacity of histone deacetylase inhibitors to improve immune recognition and sensitize for natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Methods Using flow cytometry, ELISA and immunohistochemistry, expression of natural killer cell receptor ligands was assessed in chemotherapy-sensitive/-resistant Ewing sarcoma cell lines, plasma and tumours. Natural killer cell cytotoxicity was evaluated in Chromium release assays. Using ATM/ATR inhibitor caffeine, the contribution of the DNA damage response pathway to histone deacetylase inhibitor-induced ligand expression was assessed. Results Despite comparable expression of natural killer cell receptor ligands, chemotherapy-resistant Ewing sarcoma exhibited reduced susceptibility to resting natural killer cells. Interleukin-15-activation of natural killer cells overcame this reduced sensitivity. Histone deacetylase inhibitor-pretreatment induced NKG2D-ligand expression in an ATM/ATR-dependent manner and sensitized for NKG2D-dependent cytotoxicity (2/4 cell lines). NKG2D-ligands were expressed in vivo, regardless of chemotherapy-response and disease stage. Soluble NKG2D-ligand plasma concentrations did not differ between patients and controls. Conclusion Our data provide a rationale for combination immunotherapy involving immune effector and target cell manipulation in first-/second-line treatment regimens for Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Berghuis
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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42
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Abstract
It has recently become clear that the tumour microenvironment, and in particular the immune system, has a crucial role in modulating tumour progression and response to therapy. Indicators of an ongoing immune response, such as the composition of the intratumoural immune infiltrate, as well as polymorphisms in genes encoding immune modulators, have been correlated with therapeutic outcome. Moreover, several anticancer agents--including classical chemotherapeutics and targeted compounds--stimulate tumour-specific immune responses either by inducing the immunogenic death of tumour cells or by engaging immune effector mechanisms. Here, we discuss the molecular and cellular circuitries whereby cytotoxic agents can activate the immune system against cancer, and their therapeutic implications.
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43
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Kuratnik A, Senapati VE, Verma R, Mellone BG, Vella AT, Giardina C. Acute sensitization of colon cancer cells to inflammatory cytokines by prophase arrest. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1217-28. [PMID: 22306067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how colon cancer cells survive within the inflammatory milieu of a tumor, and developing approaches that increase their sensitivity to inflammatory cytokines, may ultimately lead to novel approaches for colon cancer therapy and prevention. Analysis of a number of chemopreventive and therapeutic agents reveal that HDAC inhibitors are particularly adept at sensitizing colon cancer cells TNF or TRAIL mediated apoptosis. In vivo data are consistent with an interaction between SAHA and TNF in inducing apoptosis, as AOM-induced colon tumors express elevated levels of TNF and are more sensitive to SAHA administration. Cell cycle analysis and time-lapse imaging indicated a close correspondence between SAHA-induced prophase arrest and TNF or TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Prophase arrest induced by the Aurora kinase inhibitor VX680 likewise sensitized cells to TNF and TRAIL, with siRNA analysis pointing to Aurora kinase A (and not Aurora kinase B) as being the relevant target for this sensitization. We propose that agents that promote prophase arrest may help sensitize cancer cells to TNF and other inflammatory cytokines. We also discuss how circumvention of an early mitotic checkpoint may facilitate cancer cell survival in the inflammatory micro-environment of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Kuratnik
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 91 North Eagleville Road, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
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44
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Rossi LE, Avila DE, Spallanzani RG, Ziblat A, Fuertes MB, Lapyckyj L, Croci DO, Rabinovich GA, Domaica CI, Zwirner NW. Histone deacetylase inhibitors impair NK cell viability and effector functions through inhibition of activation and receptor expression. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 91:321-31. [PMID: 22124136 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0711339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HDACi are being used as a novel, therapeutic approach for leukemias and other hematological malignancies. However, their effect on immune cells remains ill-defined, as HDACi may impair immune surveillance. In this work, we demonstrate that TSA, VPA, and NaB inhibited IFN-γ production by CD56(dim) and CD56(bright) NK cells and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against K562 target cells. HDACi promoted minor NK cell apoptosis but inhibited nuclear mobilization of NF-κB p50, which was accompanied by a robust down-regulation of NKG2D and NKp46 on resting NK cells and of NKG2D, NKp44, NKp46, and CD25 on cytokine-activated NK cells. Decreased CD25 expression promoted a weakened IFN-γ secretion upon restimulation of NK cells with IL-2, whereas reduced expression of NKG2D and NKp46 was accompanied by an impaired NKG2D- and NKp46-dependent cytotoxicity. Moreover, NK cells from normal mice treated in vivo with TSA displayed a diminished expression of NK1.1, NKG2D, and NKp46 and secreted reduced amounts of IFN-γ upon ex vivo stimulation with cytokines. Thus, our preclinical results indicate that HDACi exert deleterious effects on NK cell function, which may weaken immune surveillance and facilitate relapse of the malignant disease in HDACi-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas E Rossi
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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45
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Mamessier E, Sylvain A, Bertucci F, Castellano R, Finetti P, Houvenaeghel G, Charaffe-Jaufret E, Birnbaum D, Moretta A, Olive D. Human breast tumor cells induce self-tolerance mechanisms to avoid NKG2D-mediated and DNAM-mediated NK cell recognition. Cancer Res 2011; 71:6621-32. [PMID: 21937679 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-0792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of death for women between the ages of 35 to 65. This is mostly due to intertumor heterogeneity and the lack of specific therapies for all subtypes. However, some breast cancers with an unexpected good prognosis are associated with enhanced antitumor immunity in situ. We studied whether breast cancer subtypes might have different susceptibilities to natural killer (NK) cells' antitumor immunity. We collected a large public set of microarray data for primary breast tumors and determined NK cell ligand expression. We found that despite heterogeneous levels of inhibitory HLA members, NKG2D ligands and DNAM ligands are expressed in virtually all breast tumor subtypes. Functional experiments in breast cancer subtypes expressing various levels of NK cell ligands showed that NK-mediated cytotoxicity is mainly HLA, NKG2D, and DNAM dependent. In parallel, we showed that cell lines and primary breast tumor cells secrete soluble inhibitory factors that alter NK cell functions. Finally, we showed that these mechanisms of escape occur in vivo in the MMTV-Neu model of spontaneous murine breast cancer. Our study shows that breast cancer cells, independent of the subtype, have developed different mechanisms to escape from NK cells' antitumor immunity. These results emphasize the role of NK cells in breast tumor clearance and underlie the importance of devising future therapy aiming at enhancing NK cell-mediated recognition in parallel with the prevention of the tumor-editing process.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/classification
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/classification
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/immunology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Estrogens
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/classification
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Ligands
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mice
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K/immunology
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/immunology
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Progesterone
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Self Tolerance
- Tumor Escape
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Mamessier
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Genova, Italy.
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46
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Ma Y, Conforti R, Aymeric L, Locher C, Kepp O, Kroemer G, Zitvogel L. How to improve the immunogenicity of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2011; 30:71-82. [PMID: 21298323 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-011-9283-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy or radiotherapy could induce various tumor cell death modalities, releasing tumor-derived antigen as well as danger signals that could either be captured for triggering antitumor immune response or ignored. Exploring the interplay among therapeutic drugs, tumor cell death and the immune cells should improve diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and therapeutic management of tumor. We summarized some of the cell death-derived danger signals and the mechanism for host to sense and response to cell death in the tumor microenvironment. Based on the recent clinical or experimental findings, several strategies have been suggested to improve the immunogenicity of cell death and augment antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Ma
- INSERM, U1015, 94805 Villejuif, France
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47
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Knipstein J, Gore L. Entinostat for treatment of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:1455-67. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.613822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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48
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is a commonly diagnosed cancer in men and a leading cause of cancer deaths. Whilst the underlying mechanisms leading to prostate cancer are still to be determined, it is evident that both genetic and epigenetic changes contribute to the development and progression of this disease. Epigenetic changes involving DNA hypo- and hypermethylation, altered histone modifications and more recently changes in microRNA expression have been detected at a range of genes associated with prostate cancer. Furthermore, there is evidence that particular epigenetic changes are associated with different stages of the disease. Whilst early detection can lead to effective treatment, and androgen deprivation therapy has a high response rate, many tumours develop towards hormone-refractory prostate cancer, for which there is no successful treatment. Reliable markers for early detection and more effective treatment strategies are, therefore, needed. Consequently, there is a considerable interest in the potential of epigenetic changes as markers or targets for therapy in prostate cancer. Epigenetic modifiers that demethylate DNA and inhibit histone deacetylases have recently been explored to reactivate silenced gene expression in cancer. However, further understanding of the mechanisms and the effects of chromatin modulation in prostate cancer are required. In this review, we examine the current literature on epigenetic changes associated with prostate cancer and discuss the potential use of epigenetic modifiers for treatment of this disease.
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49
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Avitalized bacteria mediate tumor growth control via activation of innate immunity. Cell Immunol 2011; 269:120-7. [PMID: 21463858 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute bacterial infections have beneficial effects on tumor patients. To eliminate side effects evoked by viable microbes, we here assessed the immunotherapeutic potential of inactivated bacteria on colorectal carcinomas. Our In vitro results indicate a cell-specific direct cytotoxicity towards tumor cells presented by G1-arrest. Antitumoral activity was boosted in the presence of leukocytes. Long time stimulations revealed massive activation of NK cells even in complete autologous settings. In vivo, repetitive local treatment mediated tumor growth control. Evaluation of residual tumors identified increased infiltrates, with NK cells (CD49b(+), NKG2D(+)) being the main responding cell population. Substantial NK cell-mediated delay of tumor growth was also achieved in T-cell deficient mice xenografted with human colorectal carcinomas. Of note, local as well as systemic therapy mediated tumor growth control. These data highlight the potential of avitalized bacteria to especially activate the immune system's innate arm and they should be considered for future integrated immunotherapy.
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50
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Sun S, Sprenger CC, Vessella RL, Haugk K, Soriano K, Mostaghel EA, Page ST, Coleman IM, Nguyen HM, Sun H, Nelson PS, Plymate SR. Castration resistance in human prostate cancer is conferred by a frequently occurring androgen receptor splice variant. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:2715-30. [PMID: 20644256 PMCID: PMC2912187 DOI: 10.1172/jci41824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression of prostate cancer following castration is associated with increased androgen receptor (AR) expression and signaling despite AR blockade. Recent studies suggest that these activities are due to the generation of constitutively active AR splice variants, but the mechanisms by which these splice variants could mediate such effects are not fully understood. Here we have identified what we believe to be a novel human AR splice variant in which exons 5, 6, and 7 are deleted (ARv567es) and demonstrated that this variant can contribute to cancer progression in human prostate cancer xenograft models in mice following castration. We determined that, in human prostate cancer cell lines, ARv567es functioned as a constitutively active receptor, increased expression of full-length AR (ARfl), and enhanced the transcriptional activity of AR. In human xenografts, human prostate cancer cells transfected with ARv567es cDNA formed tumors that were resistant to castration. Furthermore, the ratio of ARv567es to ARfl expression within the xenografts positively correlated with resistance to castration. Importantly, we also detected ARv567es frequently in human prostate cancer metastases. In summary, these data indicate that constitutively active AR splice variants can contribute to the development of castration-resistant prostate cancers and may serve as biomarkers for patients who are likely to suffer from early recurrence and are candidates for therapies directly targeting the AR rather than ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihua Sun
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cynthia C.T. Sprenger
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert L. Vessella
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kathleen Haugk
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kathryn Soriano
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Elahe A. Mostaghel
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephanie T. Page
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ilsa M. Coleman
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Holly M. Nguyen
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Huiying Sun
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peter S. Nelson
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen R. Plymate
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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