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von Stebut J, Heiland M, Preissner R, Rendenbach C, Preissner S. Association of Herpes simplex infection with significantly increased risk of head and neck cancer: real-world evidence of about 500,000 patients. Int J Dermatol 2024. [PMID: 38643367 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.17196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of viral agents in the development of head and neck cancers has remained controversial. While markers of viral origin have been isolated from oral cancer tissues, a causative relationship has yet to be shown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between head and neck cancers and Herpes simplex virus, one of the most common viral infections of the oral orifice. METHODS Here, we conducted a retrospective analysis of two age- and gender-matched cohorts extracted from the real-world database TriNetX on March 10th, 2023, each consisting of 249,272 patients with and without Herpes simplex infections (ICD-10: B00). The diagnoses C00-C14 were analyzed, and risk analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival statics were computed. RESULTS The strongest association was found for lip cancer (ICD-10: C00) with a hazard ratio [HR (CI 95% low-high)] of 3.08 (1.77-5.35). A significant association with HR of 1.17 (1.02-1.34) was found for the entire group of head and neck cancers. Confounders like smoking and alcohol dependence were considered using propensity score matching. CONCLUSION The surprisingly strong correlation with lip, oral cavity, and pharynx neoplasms sheds new light on supposedly harmless herpes simplex infections, suggesting them as a possible new factor for risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer von Stebut
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Heiland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Preissner
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Science-IT and Institute for Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Rendenbach
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saskia Preissner
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Jain P, Kumar N, Shetty SC, Kalladka SS, Ramesh PS, Patil P, Kumar M, Rajendra VK, Devegowda D, Shetty V. Prevalence of Epstein Barr Virus and Herpes Simplex Virus Among Human Papillomavirus Negative Oral Cancer Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study from South India. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 76:414-421. [PMID: 38440516 PMCID: PMC10908691 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-023-04174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The high incidence of oral carcinomas is due to its multifactorial etiology and the presence of various risk factors. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) has a proven role in the pathogenesis of oral carcinomas, but in the recent times there has been an increasing incidence of oral cancers who are negative for HPV infection. Also, these patients are non-smokers and non-drinkers so it could be speculated that these oral cancers are due to some other etiological factor probably of other viral infections. Therefore, this study examined the prevalence of Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) among oral cancer patients. This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2019 to June 2020. Biopsy samples from 47 newly diagnosed untreated patients with oral malignancies were collected along with their demographic and clinicopathological information. DNA extracted from the biopsies was processed for nested PCR for the detection of EBV and HSV. All the samples tested negative for HPV and HSV infection. Nested PCR detected 29 cases (70.7%) to be positive for EBV. The non-cancerous adjacent tissues also were negative for HPV, EBV and HSV. The prevalence of EBV was found to be more in males (62.1%) and the highest number of cases was of the left buccal mucosa compromising 34% of the total cases. From the present study it can be concluded that EBV but not HSV infection is associated with an increased risk of developing oral cancers. Although, 70.7% of the patients were found to be positive for EBV whether the viral infection played any role in the driving the malignancy needs to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paras Jain
- Department of General Surgery, KS Hegde Medical Academy (KSHEMA), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka 575018 India
| | - Nawin Kumar
- Department of General Surgery, KS Hegde Medical Academy (KSHEMA), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka 575018 India
- Department of Surgery, Manipal TATA Medical College, Jamshedpur, India
| | - Shriya C. Shetty
- Central Research Laboratory, KS Hegde Medical Academy (KSHEMA), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka 575018 India
| | - Shwetha Shetty Kalladka
- Central Research Laboratory, KS Hegde Medical Academy (KSHEMA), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka 575018 India
| | - Pushkal Sinduvadi Ramesh
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology & Regenerative Medicine (DST-FIST Sponsored centre), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570015 India
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104 United States
| | - Prakash Patil
- Central Research Laboratory, KS Hegde Medical Academy (KSHEMA), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka 575018 India
| | - Mohana Kumar
- Nitte University Centre for Stem Cell Research & Regenerative Medicine (NUCSReM), KS Hegde Medical Academy (KSHEMA), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka 575018 India
| | - Vinay Kumar Rajendra
- Department of Surgical Oncology, KS Hegde Medical Academy (KSHEMA), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka 575018 India
| | - Devanand Devegowda
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology & Regenerative Medicine (DST-FIST Sponsored centre), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka 570015 India
| | - Veena Shetty
- Department of Microbiology, KS Hegde Medical Academy (KSHEMA), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka 575018 India
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3
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Vistarop A, Ferressini Gerpe NM, Preciado MV, De Matteo E, Chabay P. Expression of EBV-encoded genes in children with asymptomatic infection detected by sensitive methods. Virology 2023; 587:109847. [PMID: 37515946 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an usually harmless virus whose oncogenic properties in vitro are related to its ability to transform lymphoid cells, and, in consequence, it can be associated with lymphomas. Since a few studies detected EBV presence in supposedly EBV-negative lymphomas, our aim was to evaluate EBV presence by sensitive gene expression assays in the tonsils from healthy pediatric donors from a region with high incidence of EBV-associated lymphomas. EBERs transcripts were detected by View RNA ISH in all cases, even in cases assessed negative by widely used in situ hybridization. The presence of LMP1 transcripts was proved in 93% of cases, co-expressed with EBNA2 in 30%. In this study, evidence for the expression of different latent and lytic viral genes in a population of young age of primary infection, detected with more sensitive methods, in particular at the germinal center, where most EBV-associated lymphomas originate, was provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vistarop
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA. Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Gallo1330, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N M Ferressini Gerpe
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA. Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Gallo1330, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M V Preciado
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA. Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Gallo1330, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - E De Matteo
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA. Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Gallo1330, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Gallo 1330, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Chabay
- Multidisciplinary Institute for Investigation in Pediatric Pathologies (IMIPP), CONICET-GCBA. Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Gallo1330, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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4
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Kalavacharla A, Koon CR, Freeman MR, Miller WE. Atypical patterns of human cytomegalovirus infection and spread in U373 glioblastoma cells. Virus Res 2023; 330:199112. [PMID: 37040820 PMCID: PMC10148911 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is ubiquitous in the human population, infecting >70% of people during the course of their lifetime. HCMV DNA and proteins have been detected in glioblastoma (GBM) tumor samples, but whether the virus is a driver of the malignant process or serendipitous passenger is not well understood. Traditionally, HCMV functions in a cytolytic fashion by proceeding through the lytic cycle and spreading viral particles to other cells. Our study focuses on understanding the pattern of HCMV infection and spread within GBM cells using an in vitro model. In cells derived from a GBM biopsy (U373), we found that HCMV does not spread throughout the culture and, in fact, virus-positive cells rapidly decline over time. Interestingly, the viability of the infected GBM cells remained high over the time course, and this was accompanied by a rapid decline in the number of viral genomes over the same time course. The implications of this atypical infection pattern and how this may affect GBM progression is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Kalavacharla
- Undergraduate Baccalaureate Program in Medical Sciences; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Chloe R Koon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - MacKenzie R Freeman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - William E Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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5
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Dragani TA, Muley T, Schneider MA, Kobinger S, Eichhorn M, Winter H, Hoffmann H, Kriegsmann M, Noci S, Incarbone M, Tosi D, Franzi S, Colombo F. Lung Adenocarcinoma Diagnosed at a Younger Age Is Associated with Advanced Stage, Female Sex, and Ever-Smoker Status, in Patients Treated with Lung Resection. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082395. [PMID: 37190323 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, the factors which affect the age at diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma are not fully understood. In our study, we examined the relationships of age at diagnosis with smoking, pathological stage, sex, and year of diagnosis in a discovery (n = 1694) and validation (n = 1384) series of lung adenocarcinoma patients who had undergone pulmonary resection at hospitals in the Milan area and at Thoraxklinik (Heidelberg), respectively. In the discovery series, younger age at diagnosis was associated with ever-smoker status (OR = 1.5, p = 0.0035) and advanced stage (taking stage I as reference: stage III OR = 1.4, p = 0.0067; stage IV OR = 1.7, p = 0.0080), whereas older age at diagnosis was associated with male sex (OR = 0.57, p < 0.001). Analysis in the validation series confirmed the ever versus never smokers' association (OR = 2.9, p < 0.001), the association with highest stages (stage III versus stage I OR = 1.4, p = 0.0066; stage IV versus stage I OR = 2.0, p = 0.0022), and the male versus female sex association (OR = 0.78, p = 0.032). These data suggest the role of smoking in affecting the natural history of the disease. Moreover, aggressive tumours seem to have shorter latency from initiation to clinical detection. Finally, younger age at diagnosis is associated with the female sex, suggesting that hormonal status of young women confers risk to develop lung adenocarcinoma. Overall, this study provided novel findings on the mechanisms underlying age at diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso A Dragani
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Muley
- Translational Research Unit (STF), Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc A Schneider
- Translational Research Unit (STF), Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sonja Kobinger
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Eichhorn
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hauke Winter
- Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans Hoffmann
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Mark Kriegsmann
- Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sara Noci
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Incarbone
- Department of Surgery, IRCCS Multimedica, 20099 Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
| | - Davide Tosi
- Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Franzi
- Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Colombo
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, CNR, 20054 Segrate, Italy
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6
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Kondo A, Shinozaki-Ushiku A, Rokutan H, Kunita A, Ikemura M, Yamashita H, Seto Y, Nagae G, Tatsuno K, Aburatani H, Koinuma D, Ushiku T. Loss of viral genome with altered immune microenvironment during tumour progression of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma. J Pathol 2023; 260:124-136. [PMID: 36806225 DOI: 10.1002/path.6067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is one of the major drivers of gastric carcinogenesis. EBV infection is established before tumour initiation and is generally maintained throughout tumour development; however, the significance of EBV in tumour maintenance and progression remains to be elucidated. Here, we report eight cases of EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) with intratumoural heterogenous expression of EBV-encoded small RNA (EBER), a highly expressed latent gene of EBV, and demonstrate clinicopathological characteristics of these rare cases. By performing detailed histological assessment of EBER-positive and -negative components of each case, detection of EBV genome in tumour cells by fluorescence in situ hybridisation, TP73 methylation analysis, whole exome sequencing, and targeted gene panel sequencing, we identified tumours in two patients to be collision tumours of different origins. In the other six patients, some genetic/epigenetic alterations were shared between EBER-positive and -negative components, suggesting that EBV was eliminated from tumour cells during progression. Interestingly, in both tumour types, programmed death ligand 1 and intratumoural infiltration of CD8+ T lymphocytes were lower in EBER-negative than in EBER-positive components, suggesting an immunogenic role of EBV. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate the detailed histological features and genetic/epigenetic alterations in EBVaGC with heterogenous EBER expression; the loss of EBV may benefit tumour progression and immune evasion and might be clinically important for selecting treatment strategies for such cancers. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kondo
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Shinozaki-Ushiku
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Integrative Genomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Rokutan
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Kunita
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Next-Generation Precision Medicine Development Laboratory, and Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Ikemura
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroharu Yamashita
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digestive Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Seto
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Genta Nagae
- Genome Science and Medicine Laboratory, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Tatsuno
- Genome Science and Medicine Laboratory, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Genome Science and Medicine Laboratory, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daizo Koinuma
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ushiku
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Ferreira DA, Idris A, McMillan NAJ. Analysis of a hit-and-run tumor model by HPV in oropharyngeal cancers. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28260. [PMID: 36305515 PMCID: PMC9828080 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Several viruses are known to be associated with the development of certain cancers, including human papilloma virus (HPV), an established causative agent for a range of anogenital and head and neck cancers. However, the causality has been based on the presence of the virus, or its genetic material, in the sampled tumors. We have long wondered if viruses cause cancer via a "hit and run" mechanism such that they are no longer present in the resulting tumors. Here, we hypothesize that the absence of viral genes from the tumor does not necessarily exclude the viral aetiology. To test this, we used an HPV-driven oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) tumor model and CRISPR to delete the viral oncogene, E7. Indeed, the genetic removal of HPV E7 oncogene eliminates tumors in vivo. Remarkably, E7 deleted tumors recurred over time and develop new mutations not previously seen in HPV+ OPC tumors. Importantly, a number of these new mutations are found to be already present in HPV- OPC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyelle Assis Ferreira
- Griffith Centre for Cell and Gene Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Pharmacy and Medical ScienceGriffith UniversitySouthportQueenslandAustralia
| | - Adi Idris
- Griffith Centre for Cell and Gene Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Pharmacy and Medical ScienceGriffith UniversitySouthportQueenslandAustralia
| | - Nigel A. J. McMillan
- Griffith Centre for Cell and Gene Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Pharmacy and Medical ScienceGriffith UniversitySouthportQueenslandAustralia
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8
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Hasanzadeh A, Sadeghi F, Kamrani G, Mohammadi N, Vosough Z, Ranaee M, Tabarraei A, Yahyapour Y. Quantitative analysis of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) genome in non-melanoma skin cancer and normal tumor margins. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1987-1994. [PMID: 36279096 PMCID: PMC9679045 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00850-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is the cause of approximately 80% of Merkel cell carcinomas (MCC). The common types of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) are histologically similar to MCC. In the present study, 58 NMSC formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPE) samples including 12 SCC, 46 BCC, and 58 FFPE samples of adjacent non-tumoral margins as the control were included. Determination of large tumor antigens (LTAg) copy number was performed by qReal-Time PCR as a viral copy number per cell to elucidate MCPyV carcinogenic role in non-melanoma skin cancer. Out of 58 samples, 36 (62%) cancerous and 22 (37.9%) normal tumor margins were positive for MCPyV LTAg. Median copy numbers of MCPyV LTAg among all NMSC samples and non-tumoral margins were 0.308×10-2 and 0.269×10-3 copies per cell respectively (P=0.001). In addition, although the viral load in the majority of samples was detected to be lower than one copy per cell, in 4 BCC samples, a viral load higher than one LTAg copy per cell was detected. The present study revealed that the detection of higher levels of MCPyV LTAg viral load in some BCC and SCC samples may be correlated with the role of MCPyV in some cases of BCC and SCC skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hasanzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Farzin Sadeghi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ghodsieh Kamrani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Neda Mohammadi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Vosough
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ranaee
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Alijan Tabarraei
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Yousef Yahyapour
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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9
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Tarharoudi R, Sari S, Sakhaee F, Vaziri F, Rahimi Jamnani F, Siadat SD, Fateh A. BK polyomavirus in Iranian patients with papillary thyroid cancer: Is it a major future challenge? J Med Virol 2022; 94:6023-6027. [PMID: 35927225 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is a well-known cause of nephropathy in renal transplant recipients. It has recently received much attention from researchers as a major predisposing factor for various cancers. This study aimed to investigate how BKPyV affected the advancement of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). A total of 1057 samples were tested for BKPyV DNA and RNA, comprising 645 paraffin-embedded PTC biopsy samples (PEBS), 412 fresh biopsy samples (FBS), and 1057 adjacent noncancerous samples. The BKPyV DNA was found in 511 (48.3%) of the specimens, including 347 (84.2%) FBS and 164 (25.4%) PEBS. The mean BKPyV copy number was significantly lower in patients with PEBS (0.5 × 10-4 ± 0.1 × 10-4 copies/cell) than in FBS (1.3 × 10-1 ± 0.2 × 10-1 copies/cell) and non-PTC normal samples (0.3 × 10-5 ± 0.04 × 10-5 copies/cell). The PEBS had lower LT-Ag RNA expression than FBS, and no VP1 gene transcript expression was detected. In conclusion, although our findings indicated the presence of BKPyV in some Iranian PTC patients, more research is needed to corroborate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahil Tarharoudi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soyar Sari
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sakhaee
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzam Vaziri
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahimi Jamnani
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Fateh
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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10
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EBV persistence in gastric cancer cases conventionally classified as EBER-ISH negative. Infect Agent Cancer 2022; 17:57. [DOI: 10.1186/s13027-022-00469-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes various B-cell lymphomas and epithelial malignancies, including gastric cancer (GC) at frequencies ranging from 5 to 10% in adenocarcinomas (ADK) to 80% in GC with lymphoid stroma (GCLS). Using high-sensitivity methods, we recently detected EBV traces in a large cohort of EBV-negative B-cell lymphomas, suggesting a hit-and-run mechanism.
Methods
Here, we used routine and higher-sensitivity methods [droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) for EBV segments on microdissected tumour cells and RNAscope for EBNA1 mRNA] to assess EBV infection in a cohort of 40 GCs (28 ADK and 12 GCLS).
Results
ddPCR documented the presence of EBV nucleic acids in rare tumour cells of several cases conventionally classified as EBV-negative (ADK, 8/26; GCLS, 6/7). Similarly, RNAscope confirmed EBNA1 expression in rare tumour cells (ADK, 4/26; GCLS, 3/7). Finally, since EBV induces epigenetic changes that are heritable and retained after complete loss of the virus from the host cell, we studied the methylation pattern of EBV-specifically methylated genes (Timp2, Eya1) as a mark of previous EBV infection. Cases with EBV traces showed a considerable level of methylation in Timp2 and Eya1 genes that was similar to that observed in EBER-ISH positive cases and greater than cases not featuring any EBV traces.
Conclusions
These findings suggest that: (a) EBV may contribute to gastric pathogenesis more widely than currently acknowledged and (b) indicate the methylation changes as a mechanistic framework for how EBV can act in a hit-and-run manner. Finally, we found that the viral state was of prognostic significance in univariate and multivariate analyses.
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11
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Karimi AA, Tarharoudi R, Kianmehr Z, Sakhaee F, Jamnani FR, Siadat SD, Fateh A. Traces of JC polyomavirus in papillary thyroid cancer: a comprehensive study in Iran. Virol J 2022; 19:153. [PMID: 36163265 PMCID: PMC9513940 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01881-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is known to induce solid tumors such as astrocytomas, glioblastomas, and neuroblastomas in experimental animals, and recent studies have shown that the virus may be correlated with carcinogenesis. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of JCPyV on the progression of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Methods A total of 1057 samples, including 645 paraffin-embedded PTC biopsy samples (PEBS) and 412 fresh biopsy samples (FBS), and 1057 adjacent non-cancerous samples were evaluated for the presence of JCPyV DNA and RNA. Results We observed that 10.8% (114/1057) samples, including 17.5% (72/412) FBS and 6.5% (42/645) PEBS were positive for the JCPyV DNA. Among the JCPyV-positive samples, the mean JCPyV copy number was lower in patients with PEBS (0.3 × 10–4 ± 0.1 × 10–4 copies/cell) compared to FBS (1.8 × 10–1 ± 0.4 × 10–1 copies/cell) and non-PTC normal samples (0.2 × 10–5 ± 0.01 × 10–5 copies/cell), with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). The LT-Ag RNA expression was lower in PEBS than in FBS, while no VP1 gene transcript expression was found. Conclusions Although our results confirmed the presence of JCPyV in some Iranian patients with PTC, more research is needed to verify these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ali Karimi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahil Tarharoudi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Kianmehr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sakhaee
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahimi Jamnani
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Fateh
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. .,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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EBV-positive follicular lymphoma and concurrent EBV-negative diffuse large B-cell lymphoma illustrating branched evolution model and “Hit and Run” hypothesis. J Hematop 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12308-022-00502-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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13
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Epstein-Barr virus-associated posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders: new insights in pathogenesis, classification and treatment. Curr Opin Oncol 2022; 34:413-421. [PMID: 35900750 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a serious complication following transplantation from an allogeneic donor. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is involved in a substantial number of cases. In this review, we aim to summarize recent knowledge on pathogenesis, classification and treatment of EBV + PTLD. RECENT FINDINGS New insights in the complex oncogenic properties of EBV antigens noncoding Ribonucleic acids (RNAs), especially EBV MicroRNA (miRNAs), have increased our knowledge of the pathogenesis of EBV + PTLD. In addition the potential influence of EBV on the tumor microenvironment is becoming clearer, paving the way for new types of immunotherapy. Currently PTLD is classified according to the World Health Organization classification together with other lymphoproliferative disorders, based on the specific immunosuppression. However, a new framework integrating all types of lymphoproliferative disorders in all different settings of immune deficiency and dysregulation is needed. Although treatment of EBV + and EBV - PTLD was largely similar in the past, EBV-directed therapies are currently increasingly used. SUMMARY The use of EBV-directed therapies and new agents, based on better understanding of pathogenesis and classification of PTLD, will change the treatment landscape of EBV + PTLD in the next era.
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14
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Yogi N, Usui G, Matsusaka K, Fukuyo M, Fujiki R, Seki M, Takano S, Abe H, Morikawa T, Ushiku T, Ohtsuka M, Kaneda A. Association of tumors having Epstein-Barr virus in surrounding lymphocytes with poor prognosis. Cancer Med 2022; 12:1122-1136. [PMID: 35726701 PMCID: PMC9883551 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with certain viruses is an important cause of cancer. The Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium recently analyzed the whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data from 2656 cases across 21 cancer types, and indicated that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is detected in many different cancer cases at a higher frequency than previously reported. However, whether EBV-positive cancer cases detected by WGS-based screening correspond to those detected by conventional histopathological techniques is still unclear. In this study, to elucidate the involvement of EBV in various cancers, we reanalyzed the WGS data of the PCAWG cohort combined with the analysis of clinical samples of gastric and pancreatic cancer in our cohort. Based on EBV copy number in each case, we classified tumors into three subgroups: EBV-High, EBV-Low, and EBV-Negative. The EBV-High subgroup was found to be EBV-positive in the cancer cells themselves, whereas the EBV-Low subgroup was EBV-positive in the surrounding lymphocytes. Further, the EBV-Low subgroup showed a significantly worse prognosis for both gastric cancer and across cancer types. In summary, we classified tumors based on EBV copy number and found a unique cancer subgroup, EBV-positive in the surrounding lymphocytes, which was associated with a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu Yogi
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of MedicineChiba UniversityJapan,Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of MedicineChiba UniversityJapan
| | - Genki Usui
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of MedicineChiba UniversityJapan,Department of Pathology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan,Department of Diagnostic PathologyNTT Medical Center TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Keisuke Matsusaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of MedicineChiba UniversityJapan,Department of PathologyChiba University HospitalChibaJapan
| | - Masaki Fukuyo
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of MedicineChiba UniversityJapan
| | - Ryoji Fujiki
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of MedicineChiba UniversityJapan,Cancer Genomics CenterChiba University HospitalChibaJapan
| | - Motoaki Seki
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of MedicineChiba UniversityJapan,Cancer Genomics CenterChiba University HospitalChibaJapan
| | - Shigetsugu Takano
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of MedicineChiba UniversityJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Abe
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Teppei Morikawa
- Department of Diagnostic PathologyNTT Medical Center TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Tetsuo Ushiku
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Masayuki Ohtsuka
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of MedicineChiba UniversityJapan
| | - Atsushi Kaneda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of MedicineChiba UniversityJapan
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15
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Ansari S, Yamaoka Y. Animal Models and Helicobacter pylori Infection. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11113141. [PMID: 35683528 PMCID: PMC9181647 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11113141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonize the gastric mucosa of at least half of the world’s population. Persistent infection is associated with the development of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and an increased risk of gastric cancer and gastric-mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. In vivo studies using several animal models have provided crucial evidence for understanding the pathophysiology of H. pylori-associated complications. Numerous animal models, such as Mongolian gerbils, transgenic mouse models, guinea pigs, and other animals, including non-human primates, are being widely used due to their persistent association in causing gastric complications. However, finding suitable animal models for in vivo experimentation to understand the pathophysiology of gastric cancer and MALT lymphoma is a complicated task. In this review, we summarized the most appropriate and latest information in the scientific literature to understand the role and importance of H. pylori infection animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshul Ansari
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan;
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Oita, Japan;
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-97-586-5740
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16
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Manara F, Jay A, Odongo GA, Mure F, Maroui MA, Diederichs A, Sirand C, Cuenin C, Granai M, Mundo L, Hernandez-Vargas H, Lazzi S, Khoueiry R, Gruffat H, Herceg Z, Accardi R. Epigenetic Alteration of the Cancer-Related Gene TGFBI in B Cells Infected with Epstein-Barr Virus and Exposed to Aflatoxin B1: Potential Role in Burkitt Lymphoma Development. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1284. [PMID: 35267594 PMCID: PMC8909323 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a malignant B cell neoplasm that accounts for almost half of pediatric cancers in sub-Saharan African countries. Although the BL endemic prevalence is attributable to the combination of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection with malaria and environmental carcinogens exposure, such as the food contaminant aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), the molecular determinants underlying the pathogenesis are not fully understood. Consistent with the role of epigenetic mechanisms at the interface between the genome and environment, AFB1 and EBV impact the methylome of respectively leukocytes and B cells specifically. Here, we conducted a thorough investigation of common epigenomic changes following EBV or AFB1 exposure in B cells. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling identified an EBV-AFB1 common signature within the TGFBI locus, which encodes for a putative tumor suppressor often altered in cancer. Subsequent mechanistic analyses confirmed a DNA-methylation-dependent transcriptional silencing of TGFBI involving the recruitment of DNMT1 methyltransferase that is associated with an activation of the NF-κB pathway. Our results reveal a potential common mechanism of B cell transformation shared by the main risk factors of endemic BL (EBV and AFB1), suggesting a key determinant of disease that could allow the development of more efficient targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Manara
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69000 Lyon, France; (F.M.); (A.J.); (G.A.O.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Antonin Jay
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69000 Lyon, France; (F.M.); (A.J.); (G.A.O.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Grace Akinyi Odongo
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69000 Lyon, France; (F.M.); (A.J.); (G.A.O.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Fabrice Mure
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, RNA Expression in Viruses and Eukaryotes Group, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon I, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; (F.M.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Mohamed Ali Maroui
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, RNA Expression in Viruses and Eukaryotes Group, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon I, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; (F.M.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Audrey Diederichs
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69000 Lyon, France; (F.M.); (A.J.); (G.A.O.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Cecilia Sirand
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69000 Lyon, France; (F.M.); (A.J.); (G.A.O.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Cyrille Cuenin
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69000 Lyon, France; (F.M.); (A.J.); (G.A.O.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Massimo Granai
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Section of Pathology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Lucia Mundo
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
| | | | - Stefano Lazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Section of Pathology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (M.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Rita Khoueiry
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69000 Lyon, France; (F.M.); (A.J.); (G.A.O.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Henri Gruffat
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, RNA Expression in Viruses and Eukaryotes Group, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon I, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; (F.M.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Zdenko Herceg
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69000 Lyon, France; (F.M.); (A.J.); (G.A.O.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (R.K.)
| | - Rosita Accardi
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69000 Lyon, France; (F.M.); (A.J.); (G.A.O.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (C.C.); (R.K.)
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17
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Butterworth J, Gregoire D, Peter M, Roca Suarez AA, Desandré G, Simonin Y, Virzì A, Zine El Aabidine A, Guivarch M, Andrau JC, Bertrand E, Assenat E, Lupberger J, Hibner U. GOLT1B Activation in Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Hepatocytes Links ER Trafficking and Viral Replication. Pathogens 2021; 11:pathogens11010046. [PMID: 35055994 PMCID: PMC8781247 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C carries a high risk of development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), triggered by both direct and indirect effects of the virus. We examined cell-autonomous alterations in gene expression profiles associated with hepatitis C viral presence. Highly sensitive single molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization applied to frozen tissue sections of a hepatitis C patient allowed the delineation of clusters of infected hepatocytes. Laser microdissection followed by RNAseq analysis of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive and -negative regions from the tumoral and non-tumoral tissues from the same patient revealed HCV-related deregulation of expression of genes in the tumor and in the non-tumoral tissue. However, there was little overlap between both gene sets. Our interest in alterations that increase the probability of tumorigenesis prompted the examination of genes whose expression was increased by the virus in the non-transformed cells and whose level remained high in the tumor. This strategy led to the identification of a novel HCV target gene: GOLT1B, which encodes a protein involved in ER-Golgi trafficking. We further show that GOLT1B expression is induced during the unfolded protein response, that its presence is essential for efficient viral replication, and that its expression is correlated with poor outcome in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Butterworth
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (M.P.); (G.D.); (Y.S.); (A.Z.E.A.); (J.-C.A.); (E.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Damien Gregoire
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (M.P.); (G.D.); (Y.S.); (A.Z.E.A.); (J.-C.A.); (E.B.); (E.A.)
- Correspondence: (D.G.); (U.H.)
| | - Marion Peter
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (M.P.); (G.D.); (Y.S.); (A.Z.E.A.); (J.-C.A.); (E.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Armando Andres Roca Suarez
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.A.R.S.); (A.V.); (M.G.); (J.L.)
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Guillaume Desandré
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (M.P.); (G.D.); (Y.S.); (A.Z.E.A.); (J.-C.A.); (E.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Yannick Simonin
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (M.P.); (G.D.); (Y.S.); (A.Z.E.A.); (J.-C.A.); (E.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Alessia Virzì
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.A.R.S.); (A.V.); (M.G.); (J.L.)
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Amal Zine El Aabidine
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (M.P.); (G.D.); (Y.S.); (A.Z.E.A.); (J.-C.A.); (E.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Marine Guivarch
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.A.R.S.); (A.V.); (M.G.); (J.L.)
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Andrau
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (M.P.); (G.D.); (Y.S.); (A.Z.E.A.); (J.-C.A.); (E.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Edouard Bertrand
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (M.P.); (G.D.); (Y.S.); (A.Z.E.A.); (J.-C.A.); (E.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Eric Assenat
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (M.P.); (G.D.); (Y.S.); (A.Z.E.A.); (J.-C.A.); (E.B.); (E.A.)
- Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Saint Eloi Hospital, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Joachim Lupberger
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (A.A.R.S.); (A.V.); (M.G.); (J.L.)
- Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Urszula Hibner
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.B.); (M.P.); (G.D.); (Y.S.); (A.Z.E.A.); (J.-C.A.); (E.B.); (E.A.)
- Correspondence: (D.G.); (U.H.)
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18
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DiMaio D, Emu B, Goodman AL, Mothes W, Justice A. Cancer Microbiology. J Natl Cancer Inst 2021; 114:651-663. [PMID: 34850062 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djab212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes play important roles in cancer from direct carcinogenic effects to their use in treatment. Cancers caused by microorganisms account for approximately 15% of cancers, mostly in low- and middle-income countries. Unique features of infectious carcinogens include their transmissibility, mutability, and specific immune interactions, which provide challenges and opportunities for cancer prevention and treatment. For these agents, infection control through exposure reduction, antivirals, antibiotics, and vaccines is cancer control. In addition, developing evidence suggests that microorganisms including the human microbiome can indirectly modulate cancer formation and influence the effectiveness and toxicity of cancer treatments. Finally, microorganisms themselves can be used to prevent or treat cancer. The convergence of these factors signals the emergence of a new field, Cancer Microbiology. Recognition of Cancer Microbiology will spur research, stimulate cross-disciplinary training, inform drug development, and improve public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel DiMaio
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, P.O. Box 208005, CT, USA, 06520-8005.,Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, P.O. Box 208040, CT, USA, 06520-8040.,Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, P.O. Box 208024, CT, USA, 06520-8024.,Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, P.O. Box 208028, CT, USA, 06520-8028
| | - Brinda Emu
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, P.O. Box 208028, CT, USA, 06520-8028.,Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, P.O. Box 208022, CT, 06520-8022
| | - Andrew L Goodman
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, P.O. Box 208028, CT, USA, 06520-8028.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, P.O. Box 9812, CT, USA, 06536-0812
| | - Walther Mothes
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, P.O. Box 208028, CT, USA, 06520-8028.,Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, P.O. Box 9812, CT, USA, 06536-0812
| | - Amy Justice
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, P.O. Box 208028, CT, USA, 06520-8028.,Department of General Medicine, Yale University, VA Medical Center, New Haven, 06516, CT, USA
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19
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Evidencing the presence of merkel cell polyomavirus in papillary thyroid cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21447. [PMID: 34728730 PMCID: PMC8563948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) infects most people asymptomatically, but recent reports indicate that the virus may be related to carcinogenesis. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of MCPyV on the development of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Totally, 1057 samples, including 412 fresh biopsy samples (FBS) and 645 paraffin-embedded PTC biopsy samples (PEBS), and 1057 adjacent non-cancerous samples were assessed for the presence of MCPyV DNA and RNA. MCPyV DNA was positive in 215 (20.3%) of samples, including 126 (30.6%) in FBS and 89 (13.8%) in PEBS. In MCPyV-positive samples, the mean MCPyV copy number was higher in the patients with FBS (2.3 × 10-1 ± 0.5 × 10-1 copies/cell) compared to PEBS (0.7 × 10-4 ± 0.1 × 10-4 copies/cell) and adjacent non-PTC normal samples (0.3 × 10-5 ± 0.02 × 10-5 copies/cell), indicating a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). The LT-Ag RNA expression was higher in FBS compared to PEBS, while VP1 gene transcript was not detected in any samples. Although our findings showed the presence of MCPyV in a subset of PTC Iranian patients, further research is required to confirm these findings.
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20
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Fernandes A, Viveros-Carreño D, Hoegl J, Ávila M, Pareja R. Human papillomavirus-independent cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2021; 32:1-7. [PMID: 34725203 DOI: 10.1136/ijgc-2021-003014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most frequent cancer in women worldwide, representing nearly 8% of all female cancer deaths every year. The majority of cases of cervical cancer are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV); however, up to 5% of tumors are not associated with HPV-persistent infection and, moreover, the new WHO Female Genital Tumors classification subdivided cervical squamous and adenocarcinomas into HPV-associated and HPV-independent tumors. Based on this new information, the aim of this review is to provide an overview of HPV-independent cervical cancer, evaluating diagnostic techniques, molecular profiles, and clinical outcomes. The HPV-independent tumors are characterized by a differentiated molecular profile with lower proliferative activity, a p53 immunostaining, a decreased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins, such as p16, p14, and p27, and alterations in PTEN, p53, KRAS, CTNNB1, ARID1A, and ARID5B HPV-independent tumors are associated with both adenocarcinomas and squamous histologic subtypes, with lymph node involvement in the early stages, more distant metastasis, and generally worse oncological outcomes. Thus far, no specific therapeutic strategies have been developed based on HPV status; however, with advancing knowledge of differences in the molecular profiles and possible targetable alterations, novel approaches may offer potential options in the near future. Investigators should report on clinical outcomes, evaluating the overall response rates to specific treatments, and consider new biomarkers to establish more accurate prognostics factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreina Fernandes
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Oncología y Hematología, Caracas, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
| | - David Viveros-Carreño
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Jorge Hoegl
- Obstetrics and Gynecology. Division of Gynecological Oncology, Hospital General del Este "Dr. Domingo Luciani", Caracas, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
| | - Maira Ávila
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Oncología y Hematología, Caracas, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
| | - Rene Pareja
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Bogota, Colombia .,Clínica ASTORGA, Medellín, Colombia
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Duggan MR, Torkzaban B, Ahooyi TM, Khalili K. Potential Role for Herpesviruses in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 78:855-869. [PMID: 33074235 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Across the fields of virology and neuroscience, the role of neurotropic viruses in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has received renewed enthusiasm, with a particular focus on human herpesviruses (HHVs). Recent genomic analyses of brain tissue collections and investigations of the antimicrobial responses of amyloid-β do not exclude a role of HHVs in contributing to or accelerating AD pathogenesis. Due to continued expansion in our aging cohort and the lack of effective treatments for AD, this composition examines a potential neuroviral theory of AD in light of these recent data. Consideration reveals a possible viral "Hit-and-Run" scenario of AD, as well as neurobiological mechanisms (i.e., neuroinflammation, protein quality control, oxidative stress) that may increase risk for AD following neurotropic infection. Although limitations exist, this theoretical framework reveals several novel therapeutic targets that may prove efficacious in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Duggan
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bahareh Torkzaban
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Taha Mohseni Ahooyi
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Abstract
Up to 95% of all anal cancers are associated with infection by human papillomavirus (HPV); however, no established preclinical model exists for high-grade anal disease and cancer mediated by a natural papillomavirus infection. To establish an infection-mediated model, we infected both immunocompromised NSG and immunocompetent FVB/NJ mice with the recently discovered murine papillomavirus MmuPV1, with and without the additional cofactors of UV B radiation (UVB) and/or the chemical carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). Infections were tracked via lavages and swabs for MmuPV1 DNA, and pathology was assessed at the endpoint. Tissues were analyzed for biomarkers of viral infection and papillomavirus-mediated disease, and the localization of viral infection was investigated using biomarkers to characterize the anal microanatomical zones.
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23
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Farrell JA, Yetsko K, Whitmore L, Whilde J, Eastman CB, Ramia DR, Thomas R, Linser P, Creer S, Burkhalter B, Schnitzler C, Duffy DJ. Environmental DNA monitoring of oncogenic viral shedding and genomic profiling of sea turtle fibropapillomatosis reveals unusual viral dynamics. Commun Biol 2021; 4:565. [PMID: 33980988 PMCID: PMC8115626 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen-induced cancers account for 15% of human tumors and are a growing concern for endangered wildlife. Fibropapillomatosis is an expanding virally and environmentally co-induced sea turtle tumor epizootic. Chelonid herpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) is implicated as a causative virus, but its transmission method and specific role in oncogenesis and progression is unclear. We applied environmental (e)DNA-based viral monitoring to assess viral shedding as a direct means of transmission, and the relationship between tumor burden, surgical resection and ChHV5 shedding. To elucidate the abundance and transcriptional status of ChHV5 across early, established, regrowth and internal tumors we conducted genomics and transcriptomics. We determined that ChHV5 is shed into the water column, representing a likely transmission route, and revealed novel temporal shedding dynamics and tumor burden correlations. ChHV5 was more abundant in the water column than in marine leeches. We also revealed that ChHV5 is latent in fibropapillomatosis, including early stage, regrowth and internal tumors; higher viral transcription is not indicative of poor patient outcome, and high ChHV5 loads predominantly arise from latent virus. These results expand our knowledge of the cellular and shedding dynamics of ChHV5 and can provide insights into temporal transmission dynamics and viral oncogenesis not readily investigable in tumors of terrestrial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Farrell
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kelsey Yetsko
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA
| | - Liam Whitmore
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Jenny Whilde
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA
| | - Catherine B Eastman
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA
| | - Devon Rollinson Ramia
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA
| | - Rachel Thomas
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA
| | - Paul Linser
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA
| | - Simon Creer
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
| | - Brooke Burkhalter
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA
| | - Christine Schnitzler
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David J Duffy
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK.
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Kostov S, Dzhenkov D, Metodiev D, Kornovski Y, Slavchev S, Ivanova Y, Yordanov A. A case of human papillomavirus infection and vulvar cancer in a young patient - "hit and run" theory. Gynecol Oncol Rep 2021; 36:100760. [PMID: 33869714 PMCID: PMC8047159 DOI: 10.1016/j.gore.2021.100760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous vulvar cancer is often associated with human papillomavirus infection. Vulvar cancer located in the Bartholini gland area should be distinguished from Bartholini gland carcinoma. The “hit and run” theory states that the viral genome may disappear after the host cell accumulates numerous mutations. The “hit and run” theory suggests that viruses might cause more cancers than previously thought.
Vulvar cancer (VC) is a rare disease, of which the squamous vulvar carcinomas (SVCs) are the most common histological subtype. SVC is often associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. HPV- positive SVCs are multifocal, typically have non-keratinizing morphology, presence of koilocytes and tend to arise in younger women (<50 years), which are often smokers. The “hit and run” theory has been a subject of longstanding curiosity in tumor virology. The “hit and run” scenario suggests that viruses have an activating role in the cancer development and the viral genome may disappear after the host cell accumulates numerous mutations. Herein, a case of HPV- positive SVC in a 22-year-old patient with a possible “hit and run” scenario, is presented. Gynecological examination revealed a vulvar mass (3 cm) with ulcerated surface, located at the left Bartholini gland area. Punch biopsies of the lesion were performed. The histopathological examination revealed non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (Grade 2) of the vulva and presence of koilocytes. P16 immunostaining was block-positive. HPV-testing of the specimen was negative. In the majority of cases, VC arising in young patients is associated with HPV. VC located in the BG area should be distinguished from BG carcinoma. Future studies should reconsider the third diagnostic (histological areas of apparent transition from normal elements to malignant ones) criteria for defining BG carcinoma. The “hit and run” theory is rarely mentioned in oncology, but should be considered in cancer- associated viruses. The “hit and run” affair suggests that viruses may cause more cancers than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoyan Kostov
- Department of Gynecology, MHAT "Saint Anna'' Varna, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria.,Medical University Pleven, Pleven, Bulgaria
| | - Deyan Dzhenkov
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Division of General and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine,Medical University - Varna "Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov",9002 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Dimitar Metodiev
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory, MHAT "Nadezda" Women's Health Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria; Neuropathological Laboratory, University Hospital "Saint Ivan Rilski", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Yavor Kornovski
- Department of Gynecology, MHAT "Saint Anna'' Varna,Medical University Varna " Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov", 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Stanislav Slavchev
- Department of Gynecology, MHAT "Saint Anna'' Varna,Medical University Varna " Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov", 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Yonka Ivanova
- Department of Gynecology, MHAT "Saint Anna'' Varna,Medical University Varna " Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov", 9002 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Angel Yordanov
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Medical University Pleven, 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria
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Turkington CJR, Varadan AC, Grenier SF, Grasis JA. The Viral Janus: Viruses as Aetiological Agents and Treatment Options in Colorectal Cancer. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:601573. [PMID: 33489934 PMCID: PMC7817644 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.601573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, our understanding of the importance of microorganisms on and within our bodies has been revolutionized by the ability to characterize entire microbial communities. No more so is this true than in cases of disease. Community studies have revealed strong associations between microbial populations and disease states where such concomitance was previously absent from aetiology: including in cancers. The study of viruses, in particular, has benefited from the development of new community profiling techniques and we are now realising that their prominence within our physiology is nearly as broad as the diversity of the organisms themselves. Here, we examine the relationship between viruses and colorectal cancer (CRC), the leading cause of gastrointestinal cancer-related death worldwide. In CRC, viruses have been suggested to be involved in oncogenesis both directly, through infection of our cells, and indirectly, through modulating the composition of bacterial communities. Interestingly though, these characteristics have also led to their examination from another perspective—as options for treatment. Advances in our understanding of molecular and viral biology have caused many to look at viruses as potential modular biotherapeutics, where deleterious characteristics can be tamed and desirable characteristics exploited. In this article, we will explore both of these perspectives, covering how viral infections and involvement in microbiome dynamics may contribute to CRC, and examine ways in which viruses themselves could be harnessed to treat the very condition their contemporaries may have had a hand in creating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ambarish C Varadan
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Shea F Grenier
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Juris A Grasis
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, United States
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26
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Paehler vor der Holte A, Fangk I, Glombitza S, Wilkens L, Welkoborsky HJ. Impact of human papillomaviruses (HPV) on recurrence rate and malignant progression of sinonasal papillomas. Cancer Med 2021; 10:634-641. [PMID: 33350606 PMCID: PMC7877357 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinonasal papillomas are characterized by their potential for frequent recurrences and malignant progression. Currently, the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in sinonasal papillomas is unclear. A study was conducted to elucidate the impact of HPV infection on recurrence and malignant progression of sinonasal papillomas. One hundred and seven patients with 151 tumors could be examined. One hundred and one patients suffered from benign papilloma, mostly inverted papillomas (IP); six patients suffered from carcinomas in situ and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) ex-IP. Recurrent IP were more often HPV-positive than non-recurrent tumors (38.8% vs. 60%-65%). Low-risk (LR) HPV infection (especially HPV 6) increased the risk of tumor recurrences (p = 0.0385 and p = 0.0556, respectively). IP and oncocytic papillomas (both lesions are known for their malignant potential) were more often high-risk (HR) HPV-positive (15.5% and 16.7%) than fungiform papilloma (which usually does not progress to carcinoma). CIS and SCC ex-IP displayed higher HPV rates than benign IP (83.3% vs. 38.8%), especially higher rates of HR-HPV (66.7% vs. 23.8%, p = 0.0415). Data from this study endorse the hypothesis that recurrence of sinonasal papillomas is promoted by LR-HPV infection and that malignant progression of IP is promoted by HR-HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inger Fangk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryNordstadt ClinicAcademic HospitalHanoverGermany
| | - Sabine Glombitza
- Department of Pathology and Molecular PathologyNordstadt ClinicAcademic HospitalHanoverGermany
| | - Ludwig Wilkens
- Department of Pathology and Molecular PathologyNordstadt ClinicAcademic HospitalHanoverGermany
| | - Hans J. Welkoborsky
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryNordstadt ClinicAcademic HospitalHanoverGermany
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27
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Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Skin Microbiome Is Characterized by Shifts in Certain Commensal Bacteria but not Viruses when Compared with Healthy Controls. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:1604-1608. [PMID: 33212154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Ferreira DA, Tayyar Y, Idris A, McMillan NAJ. A "hit-and-run" affair - A possible link for cancer progression in virally driven cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188476. [PMID: 33186643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well-known that certain cancers are caused by viruses. However, viral oncogenesis is complex and only a small fraction of the infected people develop cancer. Indeed, a number of environmental factors can contribute to virally infected cells developing cancer hallmarks, promoting tumorigenesis. SCOPE OF REVIEW The hit-and-run theory proposes that viruses facilitate the accumulation of mutations and promote genomic instability until the virus becomes dispensable for tumour maintenance. Indeed, several studies have reported viral genome, episome and/or oncogene loss in tumour cells without losing malignant phenotype. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The current evidence supports the clear contribution of certain viruses to develop cancers. Importantly, the evidence supporting the sustained maintenance of malignancy after the loss of viral "presence" is sufficient to support the hit-and-run hypothesis of viral cancer development. Long-term tracking of vaccination outcome over the decades will test this theory. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE If the hit-and-run theory is true, viruses might cause more cancers than previously thought and will have implications in the prevention of many cancers through implementing vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyelle A Ferreira
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yaman Tayyar
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adi Idris
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Nigel A J McMillan
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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Tan R, Phua SKA, Soong YL, Oon LLE, Chan KS, Lucky SS, Mong J, Tan MH, Lim CM. Clinical utility of Epstein-Barr virus DNA and other liquid biopsy markers in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2020; 40:564-585. [PMID: 32989921 PMCID: PMC7668470 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant epithelial tumor ubiquitously associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is highly prevalent in South China, Southeast Asia, and North Africa. Despite being a highly radio-sensitive and treatable cancer, a majority of NPC patients are diagnosed in their advanced stage, and locoregional and distant relapses following definitive treatment contribute largely to cancer-specific mortality among these patients. Given that EBV-driven NPC is the predominant variant seen in endemic regions, various EBV detection methods have been developed and are utilized in screening, prognostication, and post-treatment surveillance of NPC patients. While the Immunoglobulin A (IgA) serology assay is the most extensively studied EBV detection method, the detection of plasma EBV DNA released during replication or cellular apoptosis has shown superior outcomes in endemic population screening, prognostication, and detection of distant relapse. Furthermore, there is emerging evidence on the use of circulating tumor cells, microRNAs, DNA hypermethylation, and combination assays in various clinical scenarios. Herein, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the relevant studies using various EBV detection techniques in the management of NPC. Specifically, the recent advances, clinical evidence, and challenges associated with the clinical application of EBV liquid biopsies in population screening, prognostication, and surveillance of NPC are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tan
- Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore117599Singapore
| | - Sean Kean Ann Phua
- Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore117599Singapore
| | - Yoke Lim Soong
- Department of Radiation OncologyNational Cancer CenterSingapore169608Singapore
| | - Lynette Lin Ean Oon
- Department of Molecular PathologySingapore General HospitalSingapore169608Singapore
| | - Kian Sing Chan
- Department of Molecular PathologySingapore General HospitalSingapore169608Singapore
| | | | - Jamie Mong
- Institute of Bioengineering and NanotechnologySingapore138669Singapore
| | - Min Han Tan
- Institute of Bioengineering and NanotechnologySingapore138669Singapore
- Lucence DiagnosticsSingapore159552Singapore
| | - Chwee Ming Lim
- Institute of Bioengineering and NanotechnologySingapore138669Singapore
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgerySingapore General HospitalSingapore169608Singapore
- Surgery Academic Clinical ProgrammeDuke‐NUS Graduate Medical SchoolSingapore169857Singapore
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Naipauer J, Salyakina D, Journo G, Rosario S, Williams S, Abba M, Shamay M, Mesri EA. High-throughput sequencing analysis of a "hit and run" cell and animal model of KSHV tumorigenesis. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008589. [PMID: 32603362 PMCID: PMC7357787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), is an AIDS-associated neoplasm caused by the KS herpesvirus (KSHV/ HHV-8). KSHV-induced sarcomagenesis is the consequence of oncogenic viral gene expression as well as host genetic and epigenetic alterations. Although KSHV is found in all KS-lesions, the percentage of KSHV-infected (LANA+) spindle-cells of the lesion is variable, suggesting the existence of KS-spindle cells that have lost KSHV and proliferate autonomously or via paracrine mechanisms. A mouse model of KSHVBac36-driven tumorigenesis allowed us to induce KSHV-episome loss before and after tumor development. Although infected cells that lose the KSHV-episome prior to tumor formation lose their tumorigenicity, explanted tumor cells that lost the KSHV-episome remained tumorigenic. This pointed to the existence of virally-induced irreversible oncogenic alterations occurring during KSHV tumorigenesis supporting the possibility of hit and run viral-sarcomagenesis. RNA-sequencing and CpG-methylation analysis were performed on KSHV-positive and KSHV-negative tumors that developed following KSHV-episome loss from explanted tumor cells. When KSHV-positive cells form KSHV-driven tumors, along with viral-gene upregulation there is a tendency for hypo-methylation in genes from oncogenic and differentiation pathways. In contrast, KSHV-negative tumors formed after KSHV-episome loss, show a tendency towards gene hyper-methylation when compared to KSHV-positive tumors. Regarding occurrence of host-mutations, we found the same set of innate-immunity related mutations undetected in KSHV-infected cells but present in all KSHV-positive tumors occurring en exactly the same position, indicating that pre-existing host mutations that provide an in vivo growth advantage are clonally-selected and contribute to KSHV-tumorigenesis. In addition, KSHV-negative tumors display de novo mutations related to cell proliferation that, together with the PDGFRAD842V and other proposed mechanism, could be responsible for driving tumorigenesis in the absence of KSHV-episomes. KSHV-induced irreversible genetic and epigenetic oncogenic alterations support the possibility of “hit and run” KSHV-sarcomagenesis and point to the existence of selectable KSHV-induced host mutations that may impact AIDS-KS treatment. KSHV-infected KS lesions are composed of latently-infected cells, as well as cells expressing lytic genes that have been implicated in the development of the KS angioproliferative phenotype. The existence of KS lesions with varying levels of KSHV-infected cells suggests also the existence of virus-independent “hit and run” mechanisms of sarcomagenesis, whereby viral infection irreversibly induce genetic or epigenetic oncogenic alterations in host cells. We used the unique mECK36 animal model of multistep KSHV sarcomagenesis to dissect transcriptional, genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of KSHV dependent tumorigenesis and during tumorigenesis following KSHV-episome loss (“hit and run”) sarcomagenesis in an unbiased high-throughput fashion. These analyses revealed that KSHV in vivo tumorigenesis: A) Occurs predominantly with CpG hypo-methylation of oncogenic and differentiation pathways. B) Selects for pre-existing host mutations that allow the KSHV oncovirus to express oncogenic lytic genes by creating permissive environment for viral-induced innate immunity and inflammation, which provides a selective advantage in vivo conducive to tumorigenesis. Our results highlight the mutagenic potential of KSHV pointing to the existence in KS lesions, of KSHV-induced oncogenic host mutations that could be selected upon treatment and impact AIDS-KS therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- DNA Methylation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/metabolism
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Mice
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/virology
- Plasmids/genetics
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/genetics
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/pathology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Naipauer
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- UM-CFAR/ Sylvester CCC Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally induced AIDS-Malignancies University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Daria Salyakina
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Guy Journo
- Daniella Lee Casper Laboratory in Viral Oncology, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Santas Rosario
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sion Williams
- UM-CFAR/ Sylvester CCC Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally induced AIDS-Malignancies University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Neurology Basic Science Division, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Martin Abba
- UM-CFAR/ Sylvester CCC Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally induced AIDS-Malignancies University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Centro de Investigaciones Inmunológicas Básicas y Aplicadas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Meir Shamay
- Daniella Lee Casper Laboratory in Viral Oncology, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
- * E-mail: (MS); (EAM)
| | - Enrique A. Mesri
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- UM-CFAR/ Sylvester CCC Argentina Consortium for Research and Training in Virally induced AIDS-Malignancies University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MS); (EAM)
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Temporal Control of the Helicobacter pylori Cag Type IV Secretion System in a Mongolian Gerbil Model of Gastric Carcinogenesis. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01296-20. [PMID: 32605987 PMCID: PMC7327173 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01296-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Helicobacter pylori Cag type IV secretion system (T4SS) translocates the effector protein CagA and nonprotein bacterial constituents into host cells. In this study, we infected Mongolian gerbils with an H. pylori strain in which expression of the cagUT operon (required for Cag T4SS activity) is controlled by a TetR/tetO system. Transcript levels of cagU were significantly higher in gastric tissue from H. pylori-infected animals receiving doxycycline-containing chow (to derepress Cag T4SS activity) than in tissue from infected control animals receiving drug-free chow. At 3 months postinfection, infected animals receiving doxycycline had significantly increased gastric inflammation compared to infected control animals. Dysplasia (a premalignant histologic lesion) and/or invasive gastric adenocarcinoma were detected only in infected gerbils receiving doxycycline, not in infected control animals. We then conducted experiments in which Cag T4SS activity was derepressed during defined stages of infection. Continuous Cag T4SS activity throughout a 3-month time period resulted in higher rates of dysplasia and/or gastric cancer than observed when Cag T4SS activity was limited to early or late stages of infection. Cag T4SS activity for the initial 6 weeks of infection was sufficient for the development of gastric inflammation at the 3-month time point, with gastric cancer detected in a small proportion of animals. These experimental results, together with previous studies of cag mutant strains, provide strong evidence that Cag T4SS activity contributes to gastric carcinogenesis and help to define the stages of H. pylori infection during which Cag T4SS activity causes gastric alterations relevant for cancer pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE The "hit-and-run model" of carcinogenesis proposes that an infectious agent triggers carcinogenesis during initial stages of infection and that the ongoing presence of the infectious agent is not required for development of cancer. H. pylori infection and actions of CagA (an effector protein designated a bacterial oncoprotein, secreted by the Cag T4SS) are proposed to constitute a paradigm for hit-and-run carcinogenesis. In this study, we report the development of methods for controlling H. pylori Cag T4SS activity in vivo and demonstrate that Cag T4SS activity contributes to gastric carcinogenesis. We also show that Cag T4SS activity during an early stage of infection is sufficient to initiate a cascade of cellular alterations leading to gastric inflammation and gastric cancer at later time points.
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Foy JP, Bertolus C, Boutolleau D, Agut H, Gessain A, Herceg Z, Saintigny P. Arguments to Support a Viral Origin of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Non-Smoker and Non-Drinker Patients. Front Oncol 2020; 10:822. [PMID: 32528893 PMCID: PMC7253757 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In some western countries, an increasing incidence of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been observed in non-smoker non-drinker patients (NSND), mostly in women with HPV-negative OSCC. In the context of the unknown etiology and mechanisms of tumorigenesis of OSCC in NSND, we discuss data supporting the hypothesis of a viral origin not related to HPV. OSCC from NSND are characterized by an antiviral DNA methylation and gene expression signature. Based on the similar increasing incidence of oral tongue SCC (OTSCC) and oropharyngeal SCC (OPSCC) in young women and men respectively, we hypothesize that changes in sexual behaviors may lead to an increasing incidence of herpesvirus in the oral cavity, especially HSV-2, similarly to what has already been described in HPV-positive OPSCC. Because viral genome integration has not been detected in OSCC from NSND, a "hit and run" viral mechanism involving epigenome deregulation could therefore play a key role at early steps of oral carcinogenesis in this population of patients. In conclusion, epidemiological, clinical and molecular data supports a "hit and run" viral origin of OSCC from NSND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Foy
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Bertolus
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Paris, France
| | - David Boutolleau
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Centre National de Référence Herpèsvirus, Department of Virology, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et de Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), INSERM U1135, Paris, France
| | - Henri Agut
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Centre National de Référence Herpèsvirus, Department of Virology, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et de Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), INSERM U1135, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS, UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Zdenko Herceg
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Saintigny
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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Sadato D, Ogawa M, Hirama C, Hishima T, Horiguchi S, Harada Y, Shimoyama T, Itokawa M, Ohashi K, Oboki K. Potential prognostic impact of EBV RNA-seq reads in gastric cancer: a reanalysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas cohort. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:455-467. [PMID: 31991047 PMCID: PMC7050242 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC), whose prognosis remains controversial, is diagnosed by in situ hybridization of EBV-derived EBER1/2 small RNAs. In The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Stomach Adenocarcinoma (STAD) project, the EBV molecular subtype was determined through a combination of multiple next-generation sequencing methods, but not by the gold standard in situ hybridization method. This leaves unanswered questions regarding the discordance of EBV positivity detected by different approaches and the threshold of sequencing reads. Therefore, we reanalyzed the TCGA-STAD RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) dataset including 375 tumor and 32 normal samples, using our analysis pipeline. We defined a reliable threshold for EBV-derived next-generation sequencing reads by mapping them to the EBV genome with three different random arbitrary alignments. We analyzed the prognostic impact of EBV status on the histopathological subtypes of gastric cancer. EBV-positive cases identified by reanalysis comprised nearly half of the cases (49.6%) independent from infiltrating lymphocyte signatures, and showed significantly longer overall survival for adenocarcinomas of the 'not-otherwise-specified' type [P = 0.016 (log-rank test); hazard ratios (HR): 0.476; 95% CI: 0.260-0.870, P = 0.016 (Cox univariate analysis)], but shorter overall survival for the tubular adenocarcinoma type [P = 0.005 (log-rank test); HR: 3.329; 95% CI: 1.406-7.885, P = 0.006 (Cox univariate analysis)]. These results demonstrate that the EBV positivity rates were higher when determined by RNA-seq than when determined by EBER1/2 in situ hybridization. The RNA-seq-based EBV positivity demonstrated distinct results for gastric cancer prognosis depending on the histopathological subtype, suggesting its potential to be used in clinical prognoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Sadato
- Division of HematologyTokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome HospitalBunkyo‐kuJapan
- Center for Medical Research CooperationTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical ScienceSetagaya‐kuJapan
- Divisions of Clinical Research SupportTokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome HospitalBunkyo-kuJapan
| | - Mina Ogawa
- Center for Medical Research CooperationTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical ScienceSetagaya‐kuJapan
- Divisions of Clinical Research SupportTokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome HospitalBunkyo-kuJapan
- Department of Medical OncologyTokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome HospitalBunkyo‐kuJapan
| | - Chizuko Hirama
- Division of HematologyTokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome HospitalBunkyo‐kuJapan
- Center for Medical Research CooperationTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical ScienceSetagaya‐kuJapan
- Divisions of Clinical Research SupportTokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome HospitalBunkyo-kuJapan
| | - Tsunekazu Hishima
- Department of PathologyTokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome HospitalBunkyo‐kuJapan
| | - Shin‐Ichiro Horiguchi
- Department of PathologyTokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome HospitalBunkyo‐kuJapan
| | - Yuka Harada
- Divisions of Clinical Research SupportTokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome HospitalBunkyo-kuJapan
| | - Tatsu Shimoyama
- Department of Medical OncologyTokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome HospitalBunkyo‐kuJapan
| | - Masanari Itokawa
- Center for Medical Research CooperationTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical ScienceSetagaya‐kuJapan
| | - Kazuteru Ohashi
- Division of HematologyTokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome HospitalBunkyo‐kuJapan
| | - Keisuke Oboki
- Center for Medical Research CooperationTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical ScienceSetagaya‐kuJapan
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Pathak S, Wilczyński JR, Paradowska E. Factors in Oncogenesis: Viral Infections in Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E561. [PMID: 32121320 PMCID: PMC7139377 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death in women, with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) being the most lethal gynecologic malignancy among women. This high fatality rate is the result of diagnosis of a high number of new cases when cancer implants have already spread. The poor prognosis is due to our inadequate understanding of the molecular mechanisms preceding ovarian malignancy. Knowledge about the site of origination has been improved recently by the discovery of tube intraepithelial cancer (TIC), but the potential risk factors are still obscure. Due to high tumoral heterogeneity in OC, the establishment of early stage biomarkers is still underway. Microbial infection may induce or result in chronic inflammatory infection and in the pathogenesis of cancers. Microbiome research has shed light on the relationships between the host and microbiota, as well as the direct roles of host pathogens in cancer development, progression, and drug efficacy. While controversial, the detection of viruses within ovarian malignancies and fallopian tube tissues suggests that these pathogens may play a role in the development of OC. Genomic and proteomic approaches have enhanced the methods for identifying candidates in early screening. This article summarizes the existing knowledge related to the molecular mechanisms that lead to tumorigenesis in the ovary, as well as the viruses detected in OC cases and how they may elevate this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Pathak
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Jacek R. Wilczyński
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Gynecology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Edyta Paradowska
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland;
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Human alpha and beta herpesviruses and cancer: passengers or foes? Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 65:439-449. [PMID: 32072398 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-020-00780-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Based on seroepidemiological studies, human herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2) are put in relation with a number of cancer diseases; however, they do not appear to play a direct role, being only considered cofactors. Their ability to transform the cells in vitro could be demonstrated experimentally by removing their high lytic ability by a certain dose of UV radiation or by photoinactivation in the presence of photosensitizers, such as neutral red or methylene blue, or culturing under conditions suppressing their lytic activity. However, recent studies indicate that UV irradiated or photoinactivated HSV-1 and HSV-2, able to transform non-transformed cells, behave differently in transformed cells suppressing their transformed phenotype. Furthermore, both transforming and transformed phenotype suppressing activities are pertaining only to non-syncytial virus strains. There are some proposed mechanisms explaining their transforming activity. According to the "hit and run" mechanism, viral DNA induces only initiation of transformation by interacting with cellular DNA bringing about mutations and epigenetic changes and is no longer involved in other processes of neoplastic progression. According to the "hijacking" mechanism, virus products in infected cells may activate signalling pathways and thus induce uncontrolled proliferation. Such a product is e.g. a product of HSV-2 gene designated ICP10 that encodes an oncoprotein RR1PK that activates the Ras pathway. In two cases of cancer, in the case of serous ovarian carcinoma and in some prostate tumours, virus-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) were detected as a possible cofactor in tumorigenesis. And, recently described herpes virus-associated growth factors with transforming and transformation repressing activity might be considered important factors playing a role in tumour formation. And finally, there is a number of evidence that HSV-2 may increase the risk of cervical cancer after infection with human papillomaviruses. A similar situation is with human cytomegalovirus; however, here, a novel mechanism named oncomodulation has been proposed. Oncomodulation means that HCMV infects tumour cells and modulates their malignant properties without having a direct effect on cell transformation.
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Lynch KL, Gooding LR, Garnett-Benson C, Ornelles DA, Avgousti DC. Epigenetics and the dynamics of chromatin during adenovirus infections. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:3551-3570. [PMID: 31769503 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The DNA genome of eukaryotic cells is compacted by histone proteins within the nucleus to form chromatin. Nuclear-replicating viruses such as adenovirus have evolved mechanisms of chromatin manipulation to promote infection and subvert host defenses. Epigenetic factors may also regulate persistent adenovirus infection and reactivation in lymphoid tissues. In this review, we discuss the viral proteins E1A and protein VII that interact with and alter host chromatin, as well as E4orf3, which separates host chromatin from sites of viral replication. We also highlight recent advances in chromatin technologies that offer new insights into virus-directed chromatin manipulation. Beyond the role of chromatin in the viral replication cycle, we discuss the nature of persistent viral genomes in lymphoid tissue and cell lines, and the potential contribution of epigenetic signals in maintaining adenovirus in a quiescent state. By understanding the mechanisms through which adenovirus manipulates host chromatin, we will understand new aspects of this ubiquitous virus and shed light on previously unknown aspects of chromatin biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey L Lynch
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Linda R Gooding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - David A Ornelles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Daphne C Avgousti
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Multiple Signatures of the JC Polyomavirus in Paired Normal and Altered Colorectal Mucosa Indicate a Link with Human Colorectal Cancer, but Not with Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235965. [PMID: 31783512 PMCID: PMC6928985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The JC polyomavirus (JCV) has been repeatedly but discordantly detected in healthy colonic mucosa, adenomatous polyps, and colorectal cancer (CRC), and proposed to contribute to oncogenesis. The controversies may derive from differences in JCV targets, patient’s cohorts, and methods. Studies of simultaneous detection, quantification, and characterization of JCV presence/expression in paired samples of normal/altered tissues of the same patient are lacking. Therefore, we simultaneously quantified JCV presence (DNA) and expression (mRNA and protein) of T-antigen (T-Ag), Viral Protein 1 (Vp1), and miR-J1-5p in paired normal/altered tissues of CRC or polyps, and from controls. JCV signatures were found in most samples. They increased in patients, but were higher in normal mucosa than in corresponding polyp or CRC lesions. JCV non-coding control region (NCCR) DNA rearrangements increased in CRC patients, also in normal mucosa, thus before the onset of the lesion. A new ∆98bp NCCR DNA rearrangement was detected. T-Ag levels were higher in normal mucosa than in adenoma and adenocarcinoma lesions, but decreased to levels of controls in established CRC lesions. In CRC, miR-J1-5p expression decreased with CRC progression. Vp1 expression was not detected. The data indicate a JCV link with the disease, but possible JCV contributes to oncogenesis should occur at pre-polyp stages.
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Schaefer EAF, Chu S, Pearce JW, Bryan JN, Flesner BK. Papillomavirus DNA not detected in canine lobular orbital adenoma and normal conjunctival tissue. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:226. [PMID: 31277650 PMCID: PMC6612140 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine lobular orbital adenomas are benign tumors that arise from orbital glandular tissue and extend into the orbit, conjunctiva, and third eyelid. Surgical excision is challenging and recurrence rates are high following excision alone. Enucleation and exenteration reduces the likelihood of recurrence, but is a radical therapeutic option for an otherwise visual and comfortable eye. Human papillomavirus causes 4.5% of worldwide cancers in people and has been identified in up to 23% of benign salivary gland tumors. To date, the etiology of canine lobular orbital adenomas has not been established and it is reasonable to consider canine papillomaviruses as an associative agent with benign glandular tumors in dogs. Identification of the underlying etiology of these tumors may help establish treatment or preventative measures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate conjunctival and orbital tissue of phenotypically normal dogs and tissue from canine lobular orbital adenomas for the presence of papillomavirus DNA. RESULTS Thirty seven canine lobular orbital adenoma samples (36 formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue samples from 33 dogs and one freshly collected sample) were evaluated via polymerase chain reaction for the presence of papillomavirus DNA. Conjunctival tissue samples, from 10 dogs with normal ocular examinations, excised immediately following euthanasia, were used as phenotypically normal controls. Three FFPE and one freshly collected tissue samples previously confirmed to be positive for papillomavirus DNA were used as positive controls. PCR products verified positive controls. Papillomavirus DNA was not detected in fresh conjunctival tissue of the phenotypically normal control dogs or in samples of fresh or FFPE canine lobular orbital adenoma tissue. CONCLUSIONS An association between papillomavirus and the development of canine lobular orbital adenomas is unlikely. Further research is needed to evaluate if other viruses play a role in the pathogenesis of canine lobular orbital adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A F Schaefer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shirley Chu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jacqueline W Pearce
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Present address: VCA Canada Vancouver Animal Emergency and Referral Centre, 2303 Alberta St, Vancouver, BC, V5Y 4A7, Canada
| | - Jeffrey N Bryan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Brian K Flesner
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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Richardson AK, Walker LC, Cox B, Rollag H, Robinson BA, Morrin H, Pearson JF, Potter JD, Paterson M, Surcel HM, Pukkala E, Currie MJ. Breast cancer and cytomegalovirus. Clin Transl Oncol 2019; 22:585-602. [PMID: 31256361 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-019-02164-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether cytomegalovirus is causally associated with breast cancer and whether cytomegalovirus should be categorised as an oncogenic virus. METHODS We undertook a review of published epidemiological and laboratory studies, using established causal criteria: Bradford Hill criteria to determine whether cytomegalovirus is associated with breast cancer; and Evans/Mueller criteria to determine whether cytomegalovirus should be categorised as an oncogenic virus. RESULTS Although there are inconsistencies in the findings of published epidemiological and laboratory studies, these may be explained by factors such as: differences in timing of blood samples, differences in selection of cases and controls, or high cytomegalovirus seroprevalence among participants in the epidemiological studies; and, in the laboratory studies, differences in sample preparations, age of sample, whether or not paired breast cancer and normal breast tissue samples were used, differences in the tests, primers and/or antibodies used, differences in histological types of breast cancer studied, and/or features of the virus. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results of published studies of cytomegalovirus and breast cancer suggest cytomegalovirus is a causal factor for at least some types of breast cancer. If the evidence for a link between cytomegalovirus and breast cancer continues to strengthen, further research could lead to: targeted screening; therapy using antiviral drugs; and, perhaps, primary prevention of a significant proportion of breast cancer. Vaccination against viruses has already been shown to be effective in preventing cervix and liver cancer; cytomegalovirus vaccines are already under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Richardson
- Wayne Francis Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - L C Walker
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - B Cox
- Hugh Adam Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - H Rollag
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - B A Robinson
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - H Morrin
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J F Pearson
- Department of the Dean, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J D Potter
- Wayne Francis Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Paterson
- University of Canterbury Library, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - H-M Surcel
- European Science Infrastructure Services, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - E Pukkala
- Finnish Cancer Registry Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - M J Currie
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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40
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Perez S, Kaspi A, Domovitz T, Davidovich A, Lavi-Itzkovitz A, Meirson T, Alison Holmes J, Dai CY, Huang CF, Chung RT, Nimer A, El-Osta A, Yaari G, Stemmer SM, Yu ML, Haviv I, Gal-Tanamy M. Hepatitis C virus leaves an epigenetic signature post cure of infection by direct-acting antivirals. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008181. [PMID: 31216276 PMCID: PMC6602261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing worldwide prevalence of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), characterized by resistance to conventional chemotherapy, poor prognosis and eventually mortality, place it as a prime target for new modes of prevention and treatment. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is the predominant risk factor for HCC in the US and Europe. Multiple epidemiological studies showed that sustained virological responses (SVR) following treatment with the powerful direct acting antivirals (DAAs), which have replaced interferon-based regimes, do not eliminate tumor development. We aimed to identify an HCV-specific pathogenic mechanism that persists post SVR following DAAs treatment. We demonstrate that HCV infection induces genome-wide epigenetic changes by performing chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by next-generation sequencing (ChIP-seq) for histone post-translational modifications that are epigenetic markers for active and repressed chromatin. The changes in histone modifications correlate with reprogramed host gene expression and alter signaling pathways known to be associated with HCV life cycle and HCC. These epigenetic alterations require the presence of HCV RNA or/and expression of the viral proteins in the cells. Importantly, the epigenetic changes induced following infection persist as an "epigenetic signature" after virus eradication by DAAs treatment, as detected using in vitro HCV infection models. These observations led to the identification of an 8 gene signature that is associated with HCC development and demonstrate persistent epigenetic alterations in HCV infected and post SVR liver biopsy samples. The epigenetic signature was reverted in vitro by drugs that inhibit epigenetic modifying enzyme and by the EGFR inhibitor, Erlotinib. This epigenetic "scarring" of the genome, persisting following HCV eradication, suggest a novel mechanism for the persistent pathogenesis of HCV after its eradication by DAAs. Our study offers new avenues for prevention of the persistent oncogenic effects of chronic hepatitis infections using specific drugs to revert the epigenetic changes to the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Perez
- Molecular Virology Lab, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
- Cancer Personalized Medicine and Diagnostic Genomics Lab, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Antony Kaspi
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tom Domovitz
- Molecular Virology Lab, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Ateret Davidovich
- Molecular Virology Lab, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Anat Lavi-Itzkovitz
- Molecular Virology Lab, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
- Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Tomer Meirson
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Jacinta Alison Holmes
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chia-Yen Dai
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Cancer Research and Center for Liquid Biopsy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Feng Huang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Cancer Research and Center for Liquid Biopsy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Raymond T. Chung
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Assy Nimer
- Internal Medicine Department A, Western Galilee Medical Center, Naharyia, and Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Assam El-Osta
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Gur Yaari
- Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Salomon M. Stemmer
- Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petach Tikva, and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ming-Lung Yu
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine and Hepatitis Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine and Hepatitis Research Center, College of Medicine, and Center for Cancer Research and Center for Liquid Biopsy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (MLY); (IH); (MGT)
| | - Izhak Haviv
- Cancer Personalized Medicine and Diagnostic Genomics Lab, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
- * E-mail: (MLY); (IH); (MGT)
| | - Meital Gal-Tanamy
- Molecular Virology Lab, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
- * E-mail: (MLY); (IH); (MGT)
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41
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Ingerslev K, Høgdall E, Skovrider-Ruminski W, Schnack TH, Lidang M, Høgdall C, Blaakaer J. The prevalence of EBV and CMV DNA in epithelial ovarian cancer. Infect Agent Cancer 2019; 14:7. [PMID: 30858874 PMCID: PMC6390605 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-019-0223-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The underlying cause of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is unknown. It has been theorized that infectious agents could contribute to ovarian tumorigenesis. Objective To investigate the potential role of oncogenic viral infection in EOC, we examined the prevalence of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) DNA and cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA in EOC tissue samples. Methods Formalin-fixed, paraffin-imbedded (FFPE) tumor tissue samples from 198 patients included in the Danish Pelvic Mass Study were studied: 163 with serous adenocarcinomas, 15 with endometrioid adenocarcinomas, 11 with mucinous adenocarcinomas, and nine with clear-cell carcinomas. For controls in the EBV analysis, we used 176 tissue samples from patients diagnosed with benign mucinous cystadenomas. EBV and CMV genotyping was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction with CMV and EBV CE-IVD approved kits. In-situ hybridization (ISH) was performed on the EBV positive samples. Results Sufficient DNA material was obtained in 191 and 174 tissue samples from cases and controls, respectively. Ten of 191 case samples (5.2%) and one of 174 control samples (0.5%) were positive for EBV DNA (P value = 0.011). CMV DNA was detected in only one case sample (0.5%). ISH confirmed that three of the samples were of stromal origin, while the remaining seven tested negative for EBV. Conclusions This study is the first to demonstrate a higher prevalence of EBV DNA in tissue samples from patients with EOC than in a benign control group. However, the cellular origin of seven of the samples could not be determined by ISH analysis. Our study did not support an association between CMV and EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Ingerslev
- 1Department of Gynecology, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Estrid Høgdall
- 2Department of Pathology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | | | - Tine Henrichsen Schnack
- 3Department of Gynecology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Marianne Lidang
- 2Department of Pathology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Claus Høgdall
- 3Department of Gynecology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jan Blaakaer
- 1Department of Gynecology, Odense University Hospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
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42
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Eliassen E, Lum E, Pritchett J, Ongradi J, Krueger G, Crawford JR, Phan TL, Ablashi D, Hudnall SD. Human Herpesvirus 6 and Malignancy: A Review. Front Oncol 2018; 8:512. [PMID: 30542640 PMCID: PMC6277865 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to determine the role of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) in human disease, several confounding factors, including methods of detection, types of controls, and the ubiquitous nature of the virus, must be considered. This is particularly problematic in the case of cancer, in which rates of detection vary greatly among studies. To determine what part, if any, HHV-6 plays in oncogenesis, a review of the literature was performed. There is evidence that HHV-6 is present in certain types of cancer; however, detection of the virus within tumor cells is insufficient for assigning a direct role of HHV-6 in tumorigenesis. Findings supportive of a causal role for a virus in cancer include presence of the virus in a large proportion of cases, presence of the virus in most tumor cells, and virus-induced in-vitro cell transformation. HHV-6, if not directly oncogenic, may act as a contributory factor that indirectly enhances tumor cell growth, in some cases by cooperation with other viruses. Another possibility is that HHV-6 may merely be an opportunistic virus that thrives in the immunodeficient tumor microenvironment. Although many studies have been carried out, it is still premature to definitively implicate HHV-6 in several human cancers. In some instances, evidence suggests that HHV-6 may cooperate with other viruses, including EBV, HPV, and HHV-8, in the development of cancer, and HHV-6 may have a role in such conditions as nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma, gastrointestinal cancer, glial tumors, and oral cancers. However, further studies will be required to determine the exact contributions of HHV-6 to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Eliassen
- HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Emily Lum
- HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Joshua Pritchett
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Joseph Ongradi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gerhard Krueger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas- Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - John R Crawford
- Department of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Tuan L Phan
- HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, CA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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43
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Tetz G, Tetz V. Tetz's theory and law of longevity. Theory Biosci 2018; 137:145-154. [PMID: 29978435 PMCID: PMC6208853 DOI: 10.1007/s12064-018-0267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present new theory and law of longevity intended to evaluate fundamental factors that control lifespan. This theory is based on the fact that genes affecting host organism longevity are represented by subpopulations: genes of host eukaryotic cells, commensal microbiota, and non-living genetic elements. Based on Tetz's theory of longevity, we propose that lifespan and aging are defined by the accumulation of alterations over all genes of macroorganism and microbiome and the non-living genetic elements associated with them. Tetz's law of longevity states that longevity is limited by the accumulation of alterations to the limiting value that is not compatible with life. Based on theory and law, we also propose a novel model to calculate several parameters, including the rate of aging and the remaining lifespan of individuals. We suggest that this theory and model have explanatory and predictive potential to eukaryotic organisms, allowing the influence of diseases, medication, and medical procedures to be re-examined in relation to longevity. Such estimates also provide a framework to evaluate new fundamental aspects that control aging and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Tetz
- Human Microbiology Institute, 423 West 127 Street, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Victor Tetz
- Human Microbiology Institute, 423 West 127 Street, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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44
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Håvik AL, Bruland O, Aarhus M, Kalland KH, Stokowy T, Lund-Johansen M, Knappskog PM. Screening for viral nucleic acids in vestibular schwannoma. J Neurovirol 2018; 24:730-737. [DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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45
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Barichievy S, Naidoo J, Boullé M, Scholefield J, Parihar SP, Coussens AK, Brombacher F, Sigal A, Mhlanga MM. Viral Apoptosis Evasion via the MAPK Pathway by Use of a Host Long Noncoding RNA. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:263. [PMID: 30123777 PMCID: PMC6086015 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging realization of infectious disease is that pathogens can cause a high incidence of genetic instability within the host as a result of infection-induced DNA lesions. These often lead to classical hallmarks of cancer, one of which is the ability to evade apoptosis despite the presence of numerous genetic mutations that should be otherwise lethal. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) is one such pathogen as it induces apoptosis in CD4+ T cells but is largely non-cytopathic in macrophages. As a consequence there is long-term dissemination of the pathogen specifically by these infected yet surviving host cells. Apoptosis is triggered by double-strand breaks (DSBs), such as those induced by integrating retroviruses like HIV-1, and is coordinated by the p53-regulated long noncoding RNA lincRNA-p21. As is typical for a long noncoding RNA, lincRNA-p21 mediates its activities in a complex with one of its two protein binding partners, namely HuR and hnRNP-K. In this work, we monitor the cellular response to infection to determine how HIV-1 induces DSBs in macrophages yet evades apoptosis in these cells. We show that the virus does so by securing the pro-survival MAP2K1/ERK2 cascade early upon entry, in a gp120-dependent manner, to orchestrate a complex dysregulation of lincRNA-p21. By sequestering the lincRNA-p21 partner HuR in the nucleus, HIV-1 enables lincRNA-p21 degradation. Simultaneously, the virus permits transcription of pro-survival genes by sequestering lincRNA-p21's other protein partner hnRNP-K in the cytoplasm via the MAP2K1/ERK2 pathway. Of particular note, this MAP2K1/ERK2 pro-survival cascade is switched off during T cell maturation and is thus unavailable for similar viral manipulation in mature CD4+ T cells. We show that the introduction of MAP2K1, ERK2, or HDM2 inhibitors in HIV-infected macrophages results in apoptosis, providing strong evidence that the viral-mediated apoptotic block can be released, specifically by restoring the nuclear interaction of lincRNA-p21 and its apoptosis protein partner hnRNP-K. Together, these results reveal a unique example of pathogenic control over mammalian apoptosis and DNA damage via a host long noncoding RNA, and present MAP2K1/ERK2 inhibitors as a novel therapeutic intervention strategy for HIV-1 infection in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Barichievy
- Gene Expression and Biophysics Group, Synthetic Biology ERA, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa.,Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca AB R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jerolen Naidoo
- Gene Expression and Biophysics Group, Synthetic Biology ERA, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa.,Division of Chemical Systems and Synthetic Biology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mikaël Boullé
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB-HIV, Durban, South Africa.,University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Scholefield
- Gene Expression and Biophysics Group, Synthetic Biology ERA, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Suraj P Parihar
- Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicinem University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anna K Coussens
- Division of Medical Microbiology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicinem University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alex Sigal
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB-HIV, Durban, South Africa.,University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology Berlin, Germany
| | - Musa M Mhlanga
- Gene Expression and Biophysics Group, Synthetic Biology ERA, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa.,Division of Chemical Systems and Synthetic Biology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Gene Expression and Biophysics Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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46
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Khanizadeh S, Hasanvand B, Esmaeil Lashgarian H, Almasian M, Goudarzi G. Interaction of viral oncogenic proteins with the Wnt signaling pathway. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018; 21:651-659. [PMID: 30140402 PMCID: PMC6098952 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2018.28903.6982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated that up to 20% of all types of human cancers worldwide are attributed to viruses. The genome of oncogenic viruses carries genes that have protein products that act as oncoproteins in cell proliferation and transformation. The modulation of cell cycle control mechanisms, cellular regulatory and signaling pathways by oncogenic viruses, plays an important role in viral carcinogenesis. Different signaling pathways play a part in the carcinogenesis that occurs in a cell. Among these pathways, the Wnt signaling pathway plays a predominant role in carcinogenesis and is known as a central cellular pathway in the development of tumors. There are three Wnt signaling pathways that are well identified, including the canonical or Wnt/β-catenin dependent pathway, the noncanonical or β-catenin-independent planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, and the noncanonical Wnt/Ca2+ pathway. Most of the oncogenic viruses modulate the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. This review discusses the interaction between proteins of several human oncogenic viruses with the Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayyad Khanizadeh
- Hepatitis Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Banafsheh Hasanvand
- Hepatitis Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Almasian
- Department of English Language, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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47
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Duffy DJ, Schnitzler C, Karpinski L, Thomas R, Whilde J, Eastman C, Yang C, Krstic A, Rollinson D, Zirkelbach B, Yetsko K, Burkhalter B, Martindale MQ. Sea turtle fibropapilloma tumors share genomic drivers and therapeutic vulnerabilities with human cancers. Commun Biol 2018; 1:63. [PMID: 30271945 PMCID: PMC6123702 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife populations are under intense anthropogenic pressures, with the geographic range of many species shrinking, dramatic reductions in population numbers and undisturbed habitats, and biodiversity loss. It is postulated that we are in the midst of a sixth (Anthropocene) mass extinction event, the first to be induced by human activity. Further, threatening vulnerable species is the increased rate of emerging diseases, another consequence of anthropogenic activities. Innovative approaches are required to help maintain healthy populations until the chronic underlying causes of these issues can be addressed. Fibropapillomatosis in sea turtles is one such wildlife disease. Here, we applied precision-medicine-based approaches to profile fibropapillomatosis tumors to better understand their biology, identify novel therapeutics, and gain insights into viral and environmental triggers for fibropapillomatosis. We show that fibropapillomatosis tumors share genetic vulnerabilities with human cancer types, revealing that they are amenable to treatment with human anti-cancer therapeutics. David Duffy et al. use a precision-medicine-based approach to study fibropapillomatosis tumors in sea turtles to identify environmental triggers and potential therapeutics. They show that these tumors share genetic similarities with human cancer types, and may be treatable using human anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Duffy
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA. .,Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK. .,Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Christine Schnitzler
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Lorraine Karpinski
- The Turtle Hospital, 2396 Overseas Highway, Marathon, FL, 33050, USA.,Pinecrest Veterinary Hospital, 12125 South Dixie Highway, Pinecrest, FL, 33156, USA
| | - Rachel Thomas
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Jenny Whilde
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Catherine Eastman
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Calvin Yang
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Aleksandar Krstic
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Devon Rollinson
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Bette Zirkelbach
- The Turtle Hospital, 2396 Overseas Highway, Marathon, FL, 33050, USA
| | - Kelsey Yetsko
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Brooke Burkhalter
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Mark Q Martindale
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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48
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Lawson JS, Salmons B, Gunzburg WH. Commentary regarding Gannon et al. “Viral infections and breast cancer – A current perspective”. Cancer Lett 2018; 424:117-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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49
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Hasche D, Vinzón SE, Rösl F. Cutaneous Papillomaviruses and Non-melanoma Skin Cancer: Causal Agents or Innocent Bystanders? Front Microbiol 2018; 9:874. [PMID: 29770129 PMCID: PMC5942179 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is still controversy in the scientific field about whether certain types of cutaneous human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are causally involved in the development of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Deciphering the etiological role of cutaneous HPVs requires - besides tissue culture systems - appropriate preclinical models to match the obtained results with clinical data from affected patients. Clear scientific evidence about the etiology and underlying mechanisms involved in NMSC development is fundamental to provide reasonable arguments for public health institutions to classify at least certain cutaneous HPVs as group 1 carcinogens. This in turn would have implications on fundraising institutions and health care decision makers to force - similarly as for anogenital cancer - the implementation of a broad vaccination program against "high-risk" cutaneous HPVs to prevent NMSC as the most frequent cancer worldwide. Precise knowledge of the multi-step progression from normal cells to cancer is a prerequisite to understand the functional and clinical impact of cofactors that affect the individual outcome and the personalized treatment of a disease. This overview summarizes not only recent arguments that favor the acceptance of a viral etiology in NMSC development but also reflects aspects of causality in medicine, the use of empirically meaningful model systems and strategies for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hasche
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, Research Program "Infection, Inflammation and Cancer", German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabrina E Vinzón
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Frank Rösl
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, Research Program "Infection, Inflammation and Cancer", German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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50
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Geßner AL, Borkowetz A, Baier M, Göhlert A, Wilhelm TJ, Thumbs A, Borgstein E, Jansen L, Beer K, Mothes H, Dürst M. Detection of HPV16 in Esophageal Cancer in a High-Incidence Region of Malawi. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E557. [PMID: 29439548 PMCID: PMC5855779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to explore the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Fifty-five patients receiving diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy at Zomba Central Hospital or Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Blantyre (Malawi) in 2010, were included in our study. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsies were collected for histopathological diagnosis. HPV DNA was detected using multiplex Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH). p16INK4a staining served as a surrogate marker for HPV oncogene activity. Cell proliferation was determined by Ki-67 staining. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status was evaluated by serology. Data on the consumption of alcohol and tobacco, and history of tuberculosis (TBC), oral thrush, and Herpes zoster, were obtained by questionnaire. Forty patients displayed ESCC, three displayed dysplastic epithelium, and 12 displayed normal epithelium. HPV16 was detected in six ESCC specimens and in one dysplastic lesion. Among HPV-positive patients, viral load varied from 0.001 to 2.5 copies per tumor cell. HPV DNA presence could not be confirmed by ISH. p16INK4a positivity correlated with the presence of HPV DNA (p = 0.03). Of particular note is that the Ki-67 proliferation index, in areas with diffuse nuclear or cytoplasmatic p16INK4a staining ≥50%, was significantly higher in HPV-positive tumors compared to the corresponding p16INK4a stained areas of HPV-negative tumors (p = 0.004). HPV infection in ESCC was not associated with the consumption of tobacco or alcohol, but there were significantly more patients drinking locally brewed alcohol among HPV-positive tumor patients compared to non-tumor patients (p = 0.02) and compared to HPV-negative tumor patients (p = 0.047). There was no association between HIV infection, history of TBC, Herpes zoster, oral thrush, or HPV infection, in ESCC patients. Our indirect evidence for viral oncogene activity is restricted to single tumor cell areas, indicative of the role of HPV16 in the development of ESCC. The inhomogeneous presence of the virus within the tumor is reminiscent of the "hit and run" mechanism discussed for β-HPV types, such as HPV38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Lidwina Geßner
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich-Schiller-University; 07747 Jena, Germany.
- Department of Gynecology, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Angelika Borkowetz
- Department of Urology, Technische Universität Dresden; 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Michael Baier
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Angela Göhlert
- Institute for Pathology, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Torsten J Wilhelm
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Alexander Thumbs
- Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital-College of Medicine, Blantyre 3, Malawi.
| | - Eric Borgstein
- Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital-College of Medicine, Blantyre 3, Malawi.
| | - Lars Jansen
- Department of Gynecology, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Katrin Beer
- Department of Gynecology, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Henning Mothes
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich-Schiller-University; 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Matthias Dürst
- Department of Gynecology, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07747 Jena, Germany.
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